#Disruption

[xtruss]

Stanford Reverses Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s With Brain Metabolism Drug

Neuroscientists at Stanford have Linked Alzheimer’s Disease to the Disruption of Brain Metabolism via the Kynurenine Pathway, which is Affected by Amyloid Plaque and Tau Proteins.

— By Stanford University | August 22, 2024

Stanford Researchers Have Found That Blocking the Kynurenine Pathway in the Brain Can Reverse the Metabolic Disruptions Caused By Alzheimer’s Disease, Improving Cognitive Functions in Mice. Credit: SciTechDaily.com

Alzheimer’s Disease and Brain Energy Metabolism

Their research has demonstrated that drugs blocking this pathway can restore cognitive function in Alzheimer’s mice by improving brain metabolism. This discovery not only bridges the gap between neuroscience and oncology but also provides a fast track to repurposing existing drugs for Alzheimer’s treatment.

Neuroscientists believe one of the key mechanisms by which Alzheimer’s disease impairs brain function is through the disruption of glucose metabolism, which is essential for energizing a healthy brain. Essentially, a decrease in metabolism deprives the brain of vital energy, thereby hindering cognitive functions and memory.

Against that backdrop, a team of neuroscientists at the Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience at Stanford’s Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute have zeroed in on a critical regulator of brain metabolism known as the kynurenine pathway. They hypothesize that the kynurenine pathway is overactivated as a result of amyloid plaque and tau proteins that accumulate in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

Restoring Cognitive Function in Lab Mice

Now, with support from research and training grants from the Knight Initiative, they have shown that by blocking the kynurenine pathway in lab mice with Alzheimer’s Disease, they can improve, or even restore, cognitive function by reinstating healthy brain metabolism.

“We were surprised that these metabolic improvements were so effective at not just preserving healthy synapses, but in actually rescuing behavior. The mice performed better in cognitive and memory tests when we gave them drugs that block the kynurenine pathway,” said senior author, Katrin Andreasson, a neurologist at the Stanford School of Medicine and member of the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute.

The study, which included collaborations with researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Penn State University, and others, was published on August 22, 2024, in the journal Science.

Hungry Neurons

In the brain, kynurenine regulates production of the energy molecule lactate, which nourishes the brain’s neurons and helps maintain healthy synapses. Andreasson and her fellow researchers specifically looked at the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 — or IDO1, for short — which generates kynurenine. Their hypothesis was that increases in IDO1 and kynurenine triggered by accumulation of amyloid and tau proteins would disrupt healthy brain metabolism and lead to cognitive decline.

“The kynurenine pathway is over activated in astrocytes, a critical cell type that metabolically supports neurons. When this happens, astrocytes cannot produce enough lactate as an energy source for neurons, and this disrupts healthy brain metabolism and harms synapses” Andreasson said. Blocking production of kynurenine by blocking IDO1 restores the ability of astrocytes to nourish neurons with lactate.

Potential Fast-Tracking of IDO1 Inhibitors

Best of all for Andreasson, and for Alzheimer’s patients, IDO1 is well known in oncology and there are already drugs in clinical trials to suppress IDO1 activity and production of kynurenine. That meant Andreasson could circumvent the time-intensive work of identifying new drugs and to begin testing in lab mice almost immediately.

In those tests, in which mice with Alzheimer’s Disease must navigate an obstacle course before and after drug intervention, Andreasson and team found that the drugs improved hippocampal glucose metabolism, corrected deficient astrocytic performance, and improved the mice’s spatial memory.

Promising Results Across Different Pathologies

“We also can’t overlook the fact that we saw this improvement in brain plasticity in mice with both amyloid and tau mice models. These are completely different pathologies, and the drugs appear to work for both,” Andreasson noted. “That was really exciting to us.”

Better yet, this intersection between neuroscience, oncology, and pharmacology could help speed drugs to market if proved effective in ongoing human clinical trials for cancer.

“We’re hopeful that IDO1 inhibitors developed for cancer could be repurposed for treatment of AD,” Andreasson stressed.

A Glimpse into the Future of Alzheimer’s Treatment

The next step is to test IDO1 inhibitors in human Alzheimer’s patients to see if they show similar improvements in cognition and memory. Prior clinical tests in cancer patients tested the effectiveness of IDO1 inhibitors on cancer but did not anticipate or measure improvements in cognition and memory. Andreasson is hoping to investigate IDO1 inhibitors in human trials for Alzheimer’s disease in the near future.

Reference: “Restoring hippocampal glucose metabolism rescues cognition across Alzheimer's disease pathologies” 22 August 2024, Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6131

Stanford Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute / Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience Authors:

Paras S. Minhas (co-lead), Amira Latif-Hernandez (co-lead), Aarooran S. Durairaj, Qian Wang, Siddhita D. Mhatre, Takeshi Uenaka, Joshua Crapser, Travis Conley, Hannah Ennerfelt, Yoo Jin Jung, Yeonglong Albert Ay, Matthew Matrongolo, Edward N. Wilson, Tao Yang, Marius Wernig, Frank M. Longo, and Katrin I. Andreasson (corresponding).

Other Contributing Institutions

The Salk Institute for Biological Studies (including co-lead author Jeffrey R. Jones), Keio University, Princeton University, Penn State University, UC San Francisco, and the Banner Sun Research Institute.

Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute / Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience Support:

The research was supported by an Innovation Award and a Brain Resilience Scholar Award from the Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience at the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. The study made use of Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute Community Laboratories: the Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory and the Stanford Neuroscience Microscopy Service, as well as the Stanford Mass Spectroscopy Core.

— Competing Interests: Andreasson is a Co-Founder, Board Member, and Consultant for Willow Neuroscience, Inc. Longo is a Founder of, Board Member of, and Consultant for and has Financial Interest in PharmatrophiX, a Company Focused on Small-Molecule Development for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders.

[theambitiouswoman]

GUT HEALTH: How it Affects Your body 🍽️🤍✨

Having a healthy gut is important because it plays a central role in the overall functioning of your body. The state of a healthy or unhealthy gut affects all of these things:

Digestion and Nutrient Absorption: The gut's main role is to break down food and absorb important nutrients, including vitamins and minerals. When the gut is healthy, it digests food effectively and maximizes nutrient absorption. When it is not, it can result in digestive issues such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea, as well as nutrient deficiencies.

Immune System Support: About 70% of our immune cells are located in the gut. A balanced gut supports a strong immune response, helping the body fend off illnesses and reduce the risk of infections.

Emotions and Mood: The gut and brain are intricately connected through the gut-brain axis. The gut produces many neurotransmitters, including serotonin, which regulates your mood. An imbalanced gut can influence mental health, leading to issues like anxiety, depression, and even cognitive impairments.

Hormonal Balance: The gut plays a role in the production and modulation of certain hormones. This can impact various bodily functions, from stress responses to reproductive health.

Weight Management: The gut microbiome can influence metabolism, appetite, and fat storage. An imbalanced gut can lead to weight gain and metabolic disorders.

Protection Against Chronic Diseases: Poor gut health has been linked to a higher risk of chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.

Detoxification: The gut plays a role in eliminating waste products and toxins from the body.

Inflammation Regulation: A healthy gut can help regulate inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation, often resulting from an imbalanced gut is a root cause of many diseases.

Skin Health: There's a connection between gut health and skin conditions. Issues like acne, eczema, and rosacea can be influenced by the state of the gut. An unhealthy gut can lead to inflammation, which may manifest as skin issues.

Barrier Function: The gut lining acts as a barrier, preventing harmful substances from entering the bloodstream. A compromised gut lining, often referred to as "leaky gut," can allow toxins and pathogens to enter the bloodstream leading to various health issues.

Production of Vital Compounds: Your gut produces essential compounds, like short-chain fatty acids, which has a lot of positive effects on health from reducing inflammation to supporting brain function.

Sleep Function: The gut produces neurotransmitters and hormones that regulate sleep, such as serotonin and melatonin. An unhealthy gut can disrupt sleep patterns.

[gallifreyinstituteforlearning]

can we put the doctor on antidepressants. would that be ok for them....... god knows they need it

Can Gallifreyans take human antidepressants?

Gallifreyans have brains that are way more sophisticated than humans. They've got all the usual brainy bits—like a cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stems—but with some extra bells and whistles that make them, well, alien. So here's why popping a Prozac might not be so straightforward.

🧠 Gallifreyan Brains

Gallifreyan brains are wired differently. They have an extra lobe specifically for time, a super-charged cerebellum for balance and coordination, and a cluster of nerves that lets them literally rewire their brain pathways. They even have a pineal gland that's beefed up to handle psionic abilities like telepathy. In short, their brains are very complex, which means they process things—including drugs—differently.

💊 The Problems with Human Antidepressants

Metabolism Might Be Too Fast: Gallifreyans have a super-efficient digestive and metabolic system, meaning they break down substances really quickly. A standard dose of antidepressants might just get chewed up and spit out by their system before it can do anything.

Neurotransmitter Differences: Antidepressants work by balancing neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. Although Gallifreyan brains probably have these two, they might not rely on these chemicals in the same way, or they might have additional ones we don't even know about. Plus, their ability to control their brain's activity means they might override or negate the effects of the meds.

Psionic Side Effects: Gallifreyans use alpha waves for telepathy, and those same brainwaves are linked to mood regulation, which is what antidepressants can influence. Messing with these could throw their telepathic abilities out of whack, leading to issues like loss of telepathic control or psionic overloads.

Regeneration Risks: And then there's regeneration. Since regenerating involves a complete overhaul of their body and brain, anything that messes with their neurochemistry could potentially interfere with this process, and that's not something you want to gamble with.

📝 Types of Antidepressants and Gallifreyan Considerations

There are different classes of antidepressants, and each works a bit differently in humans. These differences could lead to varied effects on Gallifreyans:

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): These increase serotonin levels by blocking its reabsorption in the brain. For Gallifreyans, the effects could be dampened by their advanced neural controls, and the increase in serotonin might disrupt their natural balance of neurotransmitters.

SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors): These work on both serotonin and norepinephrine. Given the potential extra neurotransmitters in a Gallifreyan brain, SNRIs could have unpredictable effects, possibly overloading the system or causing extreme mood swings.

MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors): These prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitters. However, with the Gallifreyan ability to reroute neural pathways and regulate brain chemistry, MAOIs might interact unpredictably, potentially leading to a dangerous buildup of neurochemicals.

Tricyclics: These affect several neurotransmitters at once. For a Gallifreyan, the broad action of tricyclics could be too blunt an instrument, leading to severe side effects like disrupted time perception, cognitive confusion, or even interfering with the autonomic brain's control over vital functions.

⚠️ Potential Side Effects of Antidepressant Use in Gallifreyans

Considering their complex biology, Gallifreyans could experience a range of side effects from human antidepressants, including:

Telepathic Disruption: Loss of telepathic control or interference with psionic abilities.

Cognitive Overload: Overstimulation of neural pathways leading to headaches, confusion, or even temporary cognitive impairment.

Emotional Dysregulation: Extreme mood swings due to interference with their natural emotional balance.

Impaired Regeneration: Disruption of the regeneration process, leading to incomplete or faulty regeneration.

Metabolic Reactions: Ineffective metabolism of the drug leading to either no effect or toxic buildup.

🏫 So …

In theory, Gallifreyans could take human antidepressants, but they'd probably need something much stronger, specifically tailored to their biology. Standard human meds might not work as intended—or at all—and could even cause some pretty weird side effects that can't be predicted. Given their advanced neural controls, complex neurotransmitter systems, and unique regenerative abilities, Gallifreyan antidepressant therapy would need to be a highly specialised field all on its own. We await the arrival of the Universe's first Gallifreyan Pharmacologist.

Related:

💬|🥗💊How do recreational drugs affect Gallifreyans?: The effect of human drugs on Gallifreyans, and some of their own.

🤔|🥗😆Why is my Gallifreyan a little bit giggly today?

💬|🧑‍🤝‍🧑😔How do you help a lonely Time Lord?: Brief guide to helping your lonely Time Lord

Hope that helped! 😃

Any purple text is educated guesswork or theoretical. More content ... →📫Got a question? | 📚Complete list of Q+A and factoids →😆Jokes |🩻Biology |🗨️Language |🕰️Throwbacks |🤓Facts →🫀Gallifreyan Anatomy and Physiology Guide (pending) →⚕️Gallifreyan Emergency Medicine Guides →📝Source list (WIP) →📜Masterpost If you're finding your happy place in this part of the internet, feel free to buy a coffee to help keep our exhausted human conscious. She works full-time in medicine and is so very tired 😴

[my-autism-adhd-blog]

Is autism and bowel/digestive problems a popular thing? Does anyone know what causes it or what can help? I have been to doctors and hospitals so many times over the years and never get any results or help.

Hi there,

Unfortunately people with ASD have some difficulty with the gastrointestinal tract. I’ll leave some excerpts from articles below. Warning: they are very long:

Of the many medical comorbidities associated with ASD, GI distress has gained significant attention because of its reported prevalence and association with symptom severity. In fact, out of the children that Leo Kanner described in his landmark article defining “infantile autism” are described as having eating/feeding or dietary problems, supporting an early association of ASD with GI issues. Of the GI problems reported in subsets of autistic individuals, the most common are chronic constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Gastroesophageal reflux, bloody stools, vomiting, and gaseousness are also elevated in some autistic individuals, as are signs of GI inflammation, such as lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, complement activation, and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, and intestinal pathologies, such as enterocolitis, gastritis, and esophagitis. Increased intestinal permeability is linked to autism and hypothesized to have detrimental effects not only on intestinal barrier integrity but also on the systemic metabolome, with potential for translocation of intestinal metabolites or bacteria and consequent immune activation. Furthermore, food allergies, altered dietary nutrient intake, and metabolic disruptions have been associated with ASD.10–12 Autistic individuals with comorbid GI abnormalities exhibit altered carbohydrate digestion. Taken together, the variety of GI conditions, dietary issues, and enteric immune abnormalities reported in ASD individuals suggests that GI dysfunction can contribute to the manifestation of core symptoms of autism.

Characterized by difficulties with socializing, and often accompanied by repetitive behaviors, this neurodevelopmental disorder harbors many mysteries.

Despite its prevalence and a glut of research, the causes behind ASD are still not fully understood.

Although ASD primarily impacts the brain, over recent years, links with other systems have become clear — in particular, gastrointestinal (GI) issues seem to occur more often in individuals with ASD than in the rest of the population.

In one study, compared with typically developing (TD) children, those with ASD were six to eight times more likely to report GI symptoms such as bloating, constipation, and diarrhea.

Other studies have shown that children with ASD who experience GI problems are more likely to have more severe symptoms of ASD. Also, treating the GI symptoms can sometimes relieve the behavioral and social symptoms of ASD.

Interestingly, behavioral issues are found alongside other conditions that impact the gut. For instance, people with celiac disease are more likely to have autism-like traits and other psychological symptoms. The gut and behavior seem tied together in some way.

According to many researchers, the GI issues that come with ASD might be due to two factors: firstly, inappropriate immune activation causing inflammation of the tract; and, secondly, differences in the types of gut bacteria that are present.

However, the picture is still incredibly murky, and studies produce differing results, finding different types of inflammation and various changes in gut bacteria.

Children with autism experience more gastrointestinal symptoms

Gastrointestinal concerns are frequently reported by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Researchers from the UC Davis MIND Institute evaluated the presence of GI symptoms in preschool-aged children with and without autism.

The study included 255 (184 males/71 females) children with ASD between two and 3-5 years of age and 129 (75 males/54 females) typically developing children in the same age group. Pediatricians specializing in autism interviewed caregivers during the children’s medical evaluation. They asked the parents how often their children experienced GI symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, painful stooling, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, blood in stool and blood in vomit.

The researchers grouped children in two categories: those who experienced one or more GI symptom and those who never or rarely had GI symptoms in the last three months. They compared the children in the two groups on measures of developmental, behavioral and adaptive functioning.

The study found that preschool-aged children with ASD were 2-7 times more likely to experience GI symptoms than their typically developing peers. In fact, almost 50% of children with ASD reported frequent GI symptoms - compared to 18% of children with typical development. Around 30% of the children with ASD experienced multiple GI symptoms.

I hope these sources can help. I have GI issues too and have to resort to stool softener

…

Anyway, thank you for the inbox. I hope you have a wonderful day/night. ♥️

[teine-mallaichte]

Day 17 @whumpmasinjuly-archive : What has been your most recent whump obsession?

Sleep deprivation!

As someone with schizoaffective disorder, and so have a fair bit of experience with (hypo)manic episodes, in the hypomania I am often still somewhat aware of the situation and can go for days, week, on only an hour of two's sleep a night. I can even trigger mania by not sleeping - this made uni fun… As such sleep is a complex thing for me, something I forever struggle with but somehow have to obtain. So maybe that's why the concept fascinates me… but just think about it... Ever wonder what happens when you push your limits and stay awake for too long?

First 24 Hours:

Cognitive Function: Your attention, alertness, and concentration start to falter. Reaction times slow, and problem-solving skills take a hit.

Mood: Expect irritability and mood swings. Emotional regulation becomes a bit of a mess.

Physical Effects: Notice tired eyes, constant yawning, and a growing sense of fatigue.

1-2 Days (24-48 Hours):

Cognitive Decline: Your memory gets shaky, and decision-making becomes even tougher.

Physical Health: Your immune system takes a hit, making you more prone to infections.

Mood and Behavior: Increased moodiness, anxiety, and stress. You might even start feeling a bit paranoid or aggressive.

2-3 Days:

Cognitive Impairment: Severe disorientation and hallucinations can kick in.

Physical Effects: Coordination and motor skills drop. Overall physical performance declines.

Sleep Deprivation Psychosis: Some might experience delusions and severe psychosis symptoms.

3-7 Days:

Brain Function: The frontal lobe (for executive functions) and limbic system (emotions) are severely impacted.

Health Risks: Chronic sleep deprivation can worsen physical health issues like hypertension and diabetes.

Emotional and Mental Health: Persistent mood swings, severe anxiety, and depression set in. Cognitive function is heavily compromised.

Beyond 1 Week:

Cognitive and Emotional Health: Long-term risks include serious cognitive impairments and mental health disorders.

Physical Health: More severe conditions like metabolic disorders and weakened immune function can develop.

Fun Fact: The record for staying awake without sedatives is 11 days! 🤯 Imagine what they went through to achieve this!

Also, I studied the brain for years, and anything that effects it kind of fascinated me... so, on that topic, I'm going to leave you with a bit of a (very much cut down but if you want anything expanding just ask) science dump: Cognitive Function and Brain Structures:

Frontal Lobe: Handles decision-making and impulse control. Sleep deprivation impairs this, leading to poor judgment.

Hippocampus: Essential for memory. Lack of sleep messes with memory formation and consolidation.

Amygdala: Manages emotions. With sleep deprivation, it becomes hyperactive, increasing stress and emotional instability.

Neurotransmitters & Neurochemicals:

Cortisol: Rises with sleep deprivation, ramping up stress and anxiety.

Serotonin & Dopamine: Imbalances can lead to mood swings and depression.

Adenosine: Builds up during wakefulness and promotes sleep pressure. Too much leads to a “sleep rebound” effect.

Neural Connectivity & Brain Systems:

Synaptic Homeostasis Hypothesis: Sleep helps balance synaptic connections. Deprivation disrupts this, affecting learning and memory.

Brain Plasticity: Sleep is crucial for brain reorganization. Lack of it impairs this ability.

Default Mode Network (DMN): Disrupted by sleep deprivation, making introspection and self-reflection difficult.

Reward System: Deprivation can mess with pleasure and risk-taking behaviors.

Whumpmas In July 2024 posts

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 37, 2024

Simple spike patterns and synaptic mechanisms encoding sensory and motor signals in Purkinje cells and the cerebellar nuclei. Brown, S. T., Medina-Pizarro, M., Holla, M., Vaaga, C. E., & Raman, I. M. (2024). Neuron, 112(11), 1848-1861.e4.

Disentangling the effects of metabolic cost and accuracy on movement speed. Bruening, G. W., Courter, R. J., Sukumar, S., O’Brien, M. K., & Ahmed, A. A. (2024). PLOS Computational Biology, 20(5), e1012169.

Two Prediction Error Systems in the Nonlemniscal Inferior Colliculus: “Spectral” and “Nonspectral”. Carbajal, G. V, Casado-Román, L., & Malmierca, M. S. (2024). Journal of Neuroscience, 44(23), e2327232024.

In and Out of Criticality? State-Dependent Scaling in the Rat Visual Cortex. Castro, D. M., Feliciano, T., de Vasconcelos, N. A. P., Soares-Cunha, C., Coimbra, B., Rodrigues, A. J., … Copelli, M. (2024). PRX Life, 2(2), 023008.

Visual working memories are abstractions of percepts. Duan, Z., & Curtis, C. E. (2024). eLife, 13, e94191.3.

A scalable spiking amygdala model that explains fear conditioning, extinction, renewal and generalization. Duggins, P., & Eliasmith, C. (2024). European Journal of Neuroscience, 59(11), 3093–3116.

Mesostriatal dopamine is sensitive to changes in specific cue-reward contingencies. Garr, E., Cheng, Y., Jeong, H., Brooke, S., Castell, L., Bal, A., … Janak, P. H. (2024). Science Advances, 10(22).

Astrocytes as a mechanism for contextually-guided network dynamics and function. Gong, L., Pasqualetti, F., Papouin, T., & Ching, S. (2024). PLOS Computational Biology, 20(5), e1012186.

Ventral Pallidum and Amygdala Cooperate to Restrain Reward Approach under Threat. Hernández-Jaramillo, A., Illescas-Huerta, E., & Sotres-Bayon, F. (2024). Journal of Neuroscience, 44(23), e2327232024.

Choice overload interferes with early processing and necessitates late compensation: Evidence from electroencephalogram. Hu, X., Meng, Z., & He, Q. (2024). European Journal of Neuroscience, 59(11), 2995–3008.

Decision-related activity and movement selection in primate visual cortex. Laamerad, P., Liu, L. D., & Pack, C. C. (2024). Science Advances, 10(22).

Intrinsic and synaptic determinants of receptive field plasticity in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum. Lin, T.-F., Busch, S. E., & Hansel, C. (2024). Nature Communications, 15, 4645.

Effects of post-saccadic oscillations on visual processing times. Llapashtica, E., Sun, T., Grattan, K. T. V., & Barbur, J. L. (2024). PLOS ONE, 19(5), e0302459.

Cholinergic Neuromodulation of Prefrontal Attractor Dynamics Controls Performance in Spatial Working Memory. Mahrach, A., Bestue, D., Qi, X.-L., Constantinidis, C., & Compte, A. (2024). Journal of Neuroscience, 44(23), e1225232024.

Binocular receptive-field construction in the primary visual cortex. Olianezhad, F., Jin, J., Najafian, S., Pons, C., Mazade, R., Kremkow, J., & Alonso, J.-M. (2024). Current Biology, 34(11), 2474-2486.e5.

Behavioral strategy shapes activation of the Vip-Sst disinhibitory circuit in visual cortex. Piet, A., Ponvert, N., Ollerenshaw, D., Garrett, M., Groblewski, P. A., Olsen, S., … Arkhipov, A. (2024). Neuron, 112(11), 1876-1890.e4.

Exact Distribution of the Quantal Content in Synaptic Transmission. Rijal, K., Müller, N. I. C., Friauf, E., Singh, A., Prasad, A., & Das, D. (2024). Physical Review Letters, 132(22), 228401.

Phase-dependent word perception emerges from region-specific sensitivity to the statistics of language. Ten Oever, S., Titone, L., te Rietmolen, N., & Martin, A. E. (2024). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(23), e2320489121.

Temporal interference stimulation disrupts spike timing in the primate brain. Vieira, P. G., Krause, M. R., & Pack, C. C. (2024). Nature Communications, 15, 4558.

Theoretical principles explain the structure of the insect head direction circuit. Vilimelis Aceituno, P., Dall’Osto, D., & Pisokas, I. (2024). eLife, 13, e91533.

[darkmaga-retard]

Perchlorate is known to cause thyroid issues, which increases the risk for metabolic disorders, and disruption of the brain and nervous system development in infants.

by Brenda Baletti, Ph.D.

August 9, 2024

[optimal-living-lab]

The importance of water on the human body

Water is crucial for the survival of all living beings on earth, and human beings are no exception. It is an essential element that our bodies require to function properly. Although it is often overlooked, it serves countless vital functions that aid in maintaining our health and well-being.

The human body is composed of approximately 60% water. This makes it clear that water is a vital component of the human body, and we cannot live without it. It is involved in the functioning of various organs and systems in the human body. Here are some of the critical functions of water:

1.Regulating Body Temperature

One of water's primary functions is to help regulate body temperature. The body's internal temperature needs to remain constant for various chemical reactions to occur optimally. Thus, a change in temperature can disrupt the body's functions and be detrimental to health. When the body's temperature rises when we exercise or are in hot environments, we sweat to enable our bodies to cool off. This sweating helps regulate our body's temperature, as the sweat evaporates, it lowers the skin temperature, and hence, the body temperature falls.

2.Eliminating Waste

Another important function of water is helping the body eliminate waste. Water makes up a significant component of various bodily fluids, including urine and stool. Water flushes out waste products, toxins, and unwanted metabolic by-products from the body through urine and stool. This helps keep our kidneys, bladder, and digestive system healthy and functioning appropriately.

3.Supporting Nutrient Transport

Water is important because it aids in nutrient transport. It is the primary component of blood, which moves nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body. Water transports these nutrients while also removing waste and carbon dioxide, making sure our organs and tissues receive everything they need to function correctly.

4.Lubricating Joints and Tissues

Water is vital for the proper functioning of our muscles, joints, and tissues. It helps keep bones and joints lubricated, reducing friction and allowing us to move our joints more easily. Additionally, water helps maintain the elasticity of our tissues and joints, making them less prone to injury.

5.Reducing the Risk of Dehydration

Dehydration occurs when the body does not have enough water to function correctly. It is characterized by symptoms such as thirst, dry mouth, and fatigue, among others. Severe dehydration can be a life-threatening condition, and it is essential to prevent it by drinking enough water regularly.

6.Maintaining Healthy Skin

Water is essential to skin health. It keeps the skin hydrated, making it look and feel healthy. Adequate water intake helps prevent dry skin, acne, and other skin problems. Additionally, water helps the skin maintain an optimal pH balance, making it less prone to damage from environmental factors.

7.Supporting Cognitive Function

The brain is composed of approximately 80% water, making water intake essential to cognitive function. Water helps deliver oxygen to the brain, boosting focus and cognitive function. It also maintains the brain's structure and aids in the production of hormones and neurotransmitters.

8.Aiding Digestion

Water is necessary for proper digestion. Drinking water before and during meals helps the body break down food and absorb nutrients more efficiently. Additionally, water facilitates the movement of food through the digestive system, preventing constipation and other digestive problems.

9.Improving Exercise Performance

Water is essential during physical exercise, as it helps keep the body hydrated and maintain optimal performance. During exercise, the body generates heat and sweats to cool down. Drinking water before, during, and after exercise helps replace lost fluids, keeping the body hydrated and enhancing performance.

In conclusion, it is clear that water is essential to the human body's proper functioning. Its countless vital functions aid in maintaining our health and well-being, making consuming enough water per day an absolute necessity. Drinking at least eight glasses of water daily is essential for optimal health and wellness. With so many benefits of water, it is easy to see why it is the most essential nutrient for the human body.

[healthy444]

How does sleep affect weight loss?

In the quest for weight loss, many people focus on diet and exercise, often overlooking another crucial factor: sleep. However, growing evidence suggests that sleep plays a significant role in weight management. Understanding the intricate relationship between sleep and weight loss can empower individuals to achieve their health goals more effectively. This detailed exploration delves into how sleep affects weight loss, covering the physiological, psychological, and behavioral aspects of this connection.

The Physiology of Sleep and Weight Regulation

The Sleep-Wake Cycle and Metabolism

The sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm, governs numerous physiological processes, including metabolism. This internal clock regulates the release of hormones that control hunger, satiety, and energy expenditure. Disruptions in the circadian rhythm, such as those caused by insufficient or poor-quality sleep, can lead to metabolic imbalances that hinder weight loss.

During sleep, the body undergoes vital processes such as tissue repair, muscle growth, and energy restoration. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) — the number of calories the body burns at rest — is influenced by the quality and duration of sleep. Adequate sleep supports a higher RMR, facilitating more efficient calorie burning even when at rest.

Hormonal Regulation

Sleep has a profound impact on the hormones that regulate hunger and appetite, particularly ghrelin and leptin. Ghrelin, often referred to as the “hunger hormone,” is responsible for stimulating appetite. Leptin, on the other hand, signals satiety and helps to suppress hunger.

When sleep is inadequate, the balance between these hormones is disrupted. Research shows that sleep deprivation leads to an increase in ghrelin levels and a decrease in leptin levels. This hormonal imbalance results in heightened hunger and reduced feelings of fullness, which can lead to overeating and weight gain.

Furthermore, sleep deprivation increases cortisol levels, the stress hormone. Elevated cortisol levels are associated with increased appetite, particularly for high-calorie, sugary, and fatty foods. Chronic sleep deprivation can thus create a cycle of stress, overeating, and weight gain that is difficult to break.

Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Metabolism

Insulin is a hormone that plays a critical role in glucose metabolism, allowing cells to use glucose for energy. Sleep deprivation can impair insulin sensitivity, making it more challenging for the body to regulate blood sugar levels. When cells become less responsive to insulin, the body requires more of the hormone to manage glucose levels, which can lead to insulin resistance over time.

Insulin resistance is a key feature of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. By improving sleep quality and duration, individuals can enhance insulin sensitivity, thereby supporting weight loss and reducing the risk of metabolic disorders.

Sleep and Behavioral Aspects of Weight Loss

Sleep Deprivation and Dietary Choices

Sleep deprivation affects the brain’s decision-making processes, particularly those related to food choices. The prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain responsible for impulse control and rational decision-making, is impaired by lack of sleep. As a result, individuals who are sleep-deprived are more likely to make poor dietary choices, such as opting for unhealthy, calorie-dense foods.

Moreover, sleep-deprived individuals tend to crave foods high in sugar and fat, which provide quick energy but contribute to weight gain. This is partly due to the increased activity in the brain’s reward centers, which are more responsive to the sight and smell of food when sleep is lacking. Consequently, sleep deprivation can lead to a preference for unhealthy foods, increased caloric intake, and, ultimately, weight gain.

Impact on Physical Activity

Adequate sleep is essential for physical recovery and energy levels, both of which are critical for maintaining an active lifestyle. Sleep deprivation can lead to fatigue, reduced motivation, and decreased physical performance, making it harder to stick to an exercise routine.

In addition to diminishing the quality of workouts, lack of sleep can also reduce the likelihood of engaging in physical activity altogether. Individuals who are sleep-deprived are more likely to choose sedentary activities over exercise, further contributing to weight gain and impeding weight loss efforts.

Emotional and Psychological Factors

Sleep has a profound impact on mood and emotional regulation. Chronic sleep deprivation is associated with increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, all of which can negatively affect weight loss efforts. Emotional eating, a common response to stress and negative emotions, is more likely to occur when sleep is insufficient.

Furthermore, poor sleep can lead to a cycle of negative thinking and self-criticism, which can undermine motivation and self-efficacy. Individuals who struggle with sleep are more likely to experience feelings of hopelessness and frustration in their weight loss journey, making it more challenging to stay committed to healthy habits.

The Role of Sleep in Long-Term Weight Maintenance

Preventing Weight Regain

While losing weight is often the primary goal, maintaining weight loss over the long term is equally important. Sleep plays a crucial role in preventing weight regain by supporting metabolic health, appetite regulation, and behavioral consistency.

Studies have shown that individuals who prioritize sleep are more likely to maintain their weight loss over time. This is because adequate sleep helps to stabilize hormones, improve insulin sensitivity, and support consistent dietary and exercise habits. On the other hand, those who neglect sleep are at a higher risk of experiencing weight regain, even if they initially succeed in losing weight.

Sleep as a Sustainable Lifestyle Factor

Incorporating healthy sleep habits into a weight loss plan is essential for long-term success. Unlike crash diets or extreme exercise regimens, sleep is a sustainable lifestyle factor that can be consistently managed. By making sleep a priority, individuals can create a foundation for lasting weight management and overall well-being.

Strategies such as establishing a regular sleep schedule, creating a sleep-friendly environment, and managing stress can all contribute to better sleep quality and, by extension, more effective weight management.

Practical Strategies for Improving Sleep and Supporting Weight Loss

Establishing a Sleep Routine

One of the most effective ways to improve sleep quality is to establish a consistent sleep routine. Going to bed and waking up at the same time each day helps to regulate the circadian rhythm, making it easier to fall asleep and wake up naturally.

Creating a bedtime routine that includes relaxing activities, such as reading, meditation, or taking a warm bath, can signal to the body that it is time to wind down. Avoiding stimulating activities, such as using electronic devices or consuming caffeine, in the hours leading up to bedtime can also improve sleep quality.

Creating a Sleep-Conducive Environment

The sleep environment plays a crucial role in sleep quality. A dark, quiet, and cool bedroom is ideal for promoting restful sleep. Using blackout curtains, earplugs, or a white noise machine can help minimize disruptions and create a more conducive environment for sleep.

Investing in a comfortable mattress and pillows can also make a significant difference in sleep quality. Since each individual’s preferences and needs vary, it’s important to choose bedding that provides adequate support and comfort.

Managing Stress and Relaxation

Stress is a major contributor to sleep disturbances, and managing stress is essential for improving sleep quality. Incorporating relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, or mindfulness meditation, into a daily routine can help reduce stress and promote better sleep.

Regular physical activity is another effective way to manage stress and improve sleep. However, it’s important to avoid vigorous exercise close to bedtime, as it can have a stimulating effect and interfere with sleep.

Nutrition and Sleep

Certain dietary habits can influence sleep quality. For instance, consuming large meals, caffeine, or alcohol close to bedtime can disrupt sleep. It’s advisable to have dinner several hours before going to bed and to limit the intake of stimulants in the evening.

Some foods and nutrients, such as those rich in magnesium and tryptophan, can promote relaxation and improve sleep. Including foods like almonds, bananas, and turkey in the diet can support better sleep and, by extension, weight loss.

The Intersection of Sleep and Weight Loss: Real-World Evidence

Research Findings

Numerous studies have explored the relationship between sleep and weight loss, providing compelling evidence of the importance of sleep in weight management. For example, a study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine found that dieters who slept for 8.5 hours per night lost more fat than those who slept for only 5.5 hours, despite consuming the same number of calories.

Another study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that sleep-deprived individuals consumed an average of 385 more calories per day than those who had adequate sleep. The study also noted that the extra calories came primarily from high-fat and carbohydrate-rich foods.

Case Studies and Anecdotal Evidence

In addition to scientific research, anecdotal evidence from individuals who have successfully lost weight underscores the importance of sleep. Many people report that improving their sleep habits was a turning point in their weight loss journey, helping them to make healthier food choices, stick to their exercise routines, and manage stress more effectively.

Health professionals, such as dietitians and fitness coaches, also emphasize the role of sleep in weight management. They often encourage their clients to prioritize sleep alongside diet and exercise, recognizing that all three factors are interrelated and essential for achieving lasting results.

Conclusion

Sleep is a critical, yet often overlooked, factor in weight loss and weight management. By understanding the complex interplay between sleep, metabolism, hormone regulation, and behavior, individuals can take a more holistic approach to their health goals. Improving sleep quality and duration can lead to more effective weight loss, better long-term maintenance, and overall well-being.

As research continues to uncover the connections between sleep and weight, it becomes increasingly clear that sleep is not just a passive state but an active contributor to health. By prioritizing sleep, individuals can unlock new potential in their weight loss efforts and create a sustainable path to a healthier life.

Final Thoughts

While diet and exercise are undeniably important components of weight loss, they are not the only factors that matter. Sleep plays an equally vital role in regulating the body’s metabolism, hormones, and behaviors that influence weight. Therefore, for those looking to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight, addressing sleep should be a key part of their strategy.

Prioritizing sleep is not only beneficial for weight loss but also for overall health and well-being. By making small, manageable changes to sleep habits, individuals can create a foundation for lasting success in their weight loss journey and beyond.

P.S. “Melt Away Stubborn Fat with This Clinically Proven Supplement!”

[aint-love-heavy]

In 2011, The New York Times published an article about liposuction. It seems that women who have liposuction on their hips and thighs do grow back some of their fat, but they grow it back in different places. Basically, your thighs may stay thinner, but your upper arms will soon be fatter than they were before. It was a cute article. A bit of fluff, really. But unlike the majority of plastic surgeons, I'd guess, I'd just been reading the latest research on the evolution of adipose tissue--specifically female adipose tissue.

As it turns out, women's fat isn't the same as men's. Each fat deposit on our body is a little bit different, but women's hip, buttock, and upper thigh fat, or "gluteofemoral" fat, is chock-full of unusual lipids: long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, or LC-PUFAs. (Think omega-3. Think fish oil.) Our livers are bad at making these kids of fats from scratch, so we need to get most of them from our diet. And bodies that can become pregnant need them so they can make baby brains and retinas.

Most of the time, female gluteofemoral fat resists being metabolized. As many women know, these areas are the first places we gain weight and the last places we lose it. But in the last trimester of pregnancy--when the fetus ramps up its brain development and its own fat stores--the mother's body starts retrieving and dumping these special lipids by the boatload into the baby's body. This specialized hoovering of the mother's gluteofemoral fat stores continues throughout the first year of breast-feeding--the most important time, as it happens, for infant brain and eye development. Some evolutionary biologists now believe that women evolved to have fatty hips precisely because they're specialized to provide the building blocks for human babies' big brains. Since we can't get enough of those LC-PUFAs from our daily diet, women start storing them from childhood forward. Other primates don't seem to have this pattern.

Meanwhile, we found out just a few years ago--again, someone finally asked the question--that a human girl's hip fat may be one of the best predictors for when she'll get her first period. Not her skeletal growth, not her height, not even her day-to-day diet, but how much gluteofemoral fat she has. That's how important this fat is for reproduction. Our ovaries won't even kick in until we've stored up enough of this fat to form a decent baseline. When we lose too much weight, our periods stop. We also learned--again, this is recent research--that while taking supplements can up a breast-feeding woman's LC-PUFAs, the vast majority of what the baby's getting is coming from her body's fat stores--particularly her big fat butt. Most women's bodies begin preparing for pregnancy in childhood, not because it's a woman's destiny to be a mother, but because human pregnancy sucks, and our bodies have evolved ways to help us survive it.

But every year, nearly 190,000 women undergo liposuction in the United States alone. As reported in various medical journals since 2013, there seems to be something about the violent disruption of women's tissue during liposuction that prevents fat from recovering at the surgery site. I suspect that the new fat that accumulates on women's underarms post-liposuction is not the same kind of fat that was sucked from their thighs and buttocks. So I have to ask: With a violently disrupted store of LC-PUFAs, which may or may not be able to do quite what it did before, what happens if that body becomes pregnant?

[...] Meanwhile, women keep undergoing liposuction, and no one has the foggiest clue if it matters which long-evolved depot of fat they destroy. As with huge swaths of modern medical science, female patients and their doctors are basically crossing their fingers.

Cat Bohannon, Eve: How the Female Body Drove 200 Million Years of Human Evolution

[harmonyhealinghub]

Unveiling the Secrets of Your Gut Microbiome: A Journey into the Hidden Garden Within Shaina Tranquilino May 1, 2024

In the vast ecosystem of our bodies, there lies a secret garden teeming with life and vitality—the gut microbiome. Much like a hidden sanctuary waiting to be discovered, the intricacies of this microbial community have long fascinated scientists and health enthusiasts alike. As we delve deeper into the mysteries of our inner world, we uncover parallels between the gut microbiome and a flourishing garden, both nurturing and complex in their own right.

The Seeds of Diversity

Every garden begins with a single seed, and so does the gut microbiome. At birth, our gut is a blank canvas, awaiting the seeds of microbial life to take root. As we journey through life, our microbiome flourishes, shaped by various factors such as diet, environment, and genetics. Just as a diverse array of flora enriches a garden, a diverse microbiome fosters resilience and balance within our bodies.

Tending to the Soil: Nutrient Richness

The soil of a garden serves as the foundation for growth, providing essential nutrients for plants to thrive. Similarly, the gut environment plays a crucial role in nurturing microbial life. A balanced diet abundant in fibers, prebiotics, and probiotics acts as fertile soil, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria while keeping harmful pathogens at bay. Just as a gardener tends to the soil with care, we too can cultivate a healthy gut environment through mindful dietary choices.

The Symphony of Interactions

Within the confines of a garden, a symphony of interactions unfolds—bees pollinate flowers, earthworms aerate the soil, and plants compete for sunlight and space. Similarly, the gut microbiome orchestrates a complex dance of interactions, influencing everything from digestion to immune function. Bacteria communicate with host cells, metabolize nutrients, and even produce essential vitamins, underscoring the interconnectedness of our inner ecosystem.

Weeding Out the Unwanted

In every garden, weeds pose a threat to the vitality of surrounding plants, competing for resources and space. Likewise, the gut microbiome must contend with invasive species that disrupt its delicate balance. Antibiotics, stress, and poor dietary choices can perturb the microbiome, leading to dysbiosis—a state characterized by an overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Just as a vigilant gardener weeds out unwanted intruders, we too can support our microbiome by fostering a healthy lifestyle and avoiding practices that disrupt its equilibrium.

Cultivating Harmony: The Mind-Body Connection

In the serene ambiance of a well-tended garden, there lies a sense of harmony and tranquility. Similarly, research suggests a profound connection between the gut microbiome and our mental and emotional well-being. The gut-brain axis—a bidirectional communication network linking the gut and the brain—underscores the profound influence of gut health on mood, cognition, and stress resilience. By nurturing our inner garden, we cultivate not only physical health but also emotional resilience and mental clarity.

Nurturing the Garden Within

As stewards of our inner ecosystem, we possess the power to cultivate a thriving garden within. By nourishing our bodies with wholesome foods, fostering a diverse microbial community, and tending to our mental and emotional well-being, we lay the foundation for vibrant health and vitality. Just as a garden flourishes under the care of a devoted gardener, so too does our gut microbiome thrive under the guidance of mindful stewardship.

In the tapestry of life, the gut microbiome emerges as a testament to the intricate interplay between human health and the natural world. As we unlock the secrets of our inner garden, we embark on a journey of discovery, forging a deeper connection with the hidden forces that shape our well-being. So, let us tend to our inner sanctuary with reverence and care, nurturing the delicate ecosystem that sustains us from within.

[teasetmonster]

A new study has been published where they were very carefully selected 17 ME/CFS patients who've been sick for less than 5 years (probably for clarity of deconditioning cause?) and don't have any other health issues that could possibly be blamed for any of their symptoms--and 21 healthy controls--, and then did fMRIs, analyzed spinal fluids, did immune testing, and other tests.

(To give you a sense of time scale, this study was started in 2016, the year I was diagnosed. It did take longer than usual to finish and publish due to the pandemic though.)

“This in-depth study of a small group of people found a number of factors that likely contribute to their ME/CFS. Now researchers can test whether these findings apply to a larger patient group and move towards identifying treatments that target core drivers of the disease.”

“Results from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain scans showed that people with ME/CFS had lower activity in a brain region called the temporal-parietal junction (TPJ), which may cause fatigue by disrupting the way the brain decides how to exert effort”

“They also analyzed spinal fluid collected from participants and found abnormally low levels of catecholamines and other molecules that help regulate the nervous system in people with ME/CFS compared to healthy controls. Reduced levels of certain catecholamines were associated with worse motor performance, effort-related behaviors, and cognitive symptoms.”

"Immune testing revealed that the ME/CFS group had higher levels of naive B cells and lower levels of switched memory B cells—cells that help the immune system fight off pathogens—in blood compared to healthy controls."

the study:

"Post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (PI-ME/CFS) is a disabling disorder, yet the clinical phenotype is poorly defined, the pathophysiology is unknown, and no disease-modifying treatments are available. We used rigorous criteria to recruit PI-ME/CFS participants with matched controls to conduct deep phenotyping. Among the many physical and cognitive complaints, one defining feature of PI-ME/CFS was an alteration of effort preference, rather than physical or central fatigue, due to dysfunction of integrative brain regions potentially associated with central catechol pathway dysregulation, with consequences on autonomic functioning and physical conditioning. Immune profiling suggested chronic antigenic stimulation with increase in naïve and decrease in switched memory B-cells. Alterations in gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and metabolic pathways were consistent with cellular phenotypic studies and demonstrated differences according to s*x. Together these clinical abnormalities and biomarker differences provide unique insight into the underlying pathophysiology of PI-ME/CFS, which may guide future intervention."

[healthandweightloss23]

The Ultimate Guide to Effective Weight Loss

Are you tired of struggling with weight loss? Do you want to shed those extra pounds and feel confident in your own skin? Look no further! In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the most effective strategies and techniques for achieving sustainable weight loss. Whether you're a beginner or have tried various methods before, this guide will provide you with valuable insights and practical tips to help you reach your weight loss goals.

Understanding the Science of Weight Loss

Before diving into the strategies, it's important to understand the science behind weight loss. When we consume more calories than our body needs for daily activities, the excess energy is stored as fat. To lose weight, we need to create a calorie deficit by either reducing our calorie intake or increasing our physical activity. However, weight loss is not just about calories in versus calories out. It's a complex process influenced by various factors, including metabolism, hormones, and genetics.

The Role of Metabolism in Weight Loss

Metabolism plays a crucial role in weight loss. It refers to the chemical processes in our body that convert food into energy. A higher metabolism means our body burns calories at a faster rate, making it easier to lose weight. Factors such as age, gender, and body composition can affect our metabolic rate. While we can't control these factors, we can adopt lifestyle changes to boost our metabolism.

Hormones and Weight Loss

Hormones also play a significant role in weight management. Insulin, for example, regulates blood sugar levels and influences fat storage. High insulin levels can lead to weight gain and make it challenging to lose weight. On the other hand, hormones like leptin and ghrelin control hunger and satiety. Imbalances in these hormones can disrupt our appetite regulation, leading to overeating. Understanding the interplay between hormones and weight loss can help us tailor our approach for better results.

Effective Strategies for Weight Loss

Now that we have a basic understanding of the science behind weight loss, let's explore some effective strategies to help you achieve your goals.

1. Set Realistic Goals

Setting realistic weight loss goals is crucial for long-term success. Aim for a gradual weight loss of 1-2 pounds per week. Rapid weight loss can be unsustainable and may lead to muscle loss instead of fat loss. By setting achievable goals, you can stay motivated and maintain a healthy approach to weight loss.

2. Create a Calorie Deficit

To lose weight, you need to consume fewer calories than you burn. Start by calculating your daily calorie needs using an online calculator. Then, create a calorie deficit by reducing your calorie intake or increasing your physical activity. It's essential to strike a balance and avoid extreme calorie restrictions, as this can hinder your progress and affect your overall health.

3. Focus on Nutrient-Dense Foods

Instead of obsessing over calories, focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods. These foods are rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber, providing essential nutrients for your body while keeping you full and satisfied. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats in your diet.

4. Practice Portion Control

Portion control is key to managing your calorie intake. Use smaller plates and bowls to trick your brain into thinking you're eating more than you actually are. Be mindful of serving sizes and listen to your body's hunger and fullness cues. Avoid mindless eating and savor each bite.

5. Stay Hydrated

Drinking an adequate amount of water is essential for weight loss. Not only does it keep you hydrated, but it can also help control your appetite. Sometimes, we mistake thirst for hunger, leading to unnecessary snacking. Aim to drink at least 8 cups (64 ounces) of water per day.

6. Incorporate Regular Physical Activity

Regular physical activity is crucial for weight loss and overall health. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week. Find activities you enjoy, whether it's walking, jogging, swimming, or dancing. Additionally, incorporate strength training exercises to build lean muscle, which can boost your metabolism.

7. Get Adequate Sleep

Sleep plays a vital role in weight management. Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones related to hunger and satiety, leading to increased appetite and cravings. Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night to support your weight loss efforts.

8. Manage Stress Levels

Chronic stress can contribute to weight gain and hinder weight loss efforts. Find healthy ways to manage stress, such as practicing mindfulness, engaging in relaxation techniques, or pursuing hobbies you enjoy. Prioritizing self-care can help you maintain a healthy mindset throughout your weight loss journey.

9. Seek Support

Weight loss can be challenging, so it's essential to seek support from friends, family, or a support group. Having a support system can provide accountability, motivation, and encouragement during difficult times. Consider joining online communities or finding a workout buddy to keep you on track.

10. Track Your Progress

Tracking your progress is crucial for staying motivated and making adjustments along the way. Keep a journal or use a weight loss app to record your daily food intake, exercise routines, and measurements. Celebrate your achievements and learn from any setbacks to continually improve.

11. Be Patient and Persistent

Weight loss is a journey that requires patience and persistence. Understand that progress may not always be linear, and there will be ups and downs along the way. Stay committed to your goals and trust the process. Remember, sustainable weight loss takes time.

12. Consult a Healthcare Professional

If you have underlying health conditions or are unsure about the best approach for your weight loss journey, consult a healthcare professional. They can provide personalized guidance based on your individual needs and help you navigate any challenges you may encounter.

Conclusion

Achieving effective and sustainable weight loss is possible with the right strategies and mindset. By understanding the science behind weight loss, setting realistic goals, adopting healthy habits, and seeking support, you can embark on a successful weight loss journey. Remember, it's not just about the number on the scale but also about improving your overall health and well-being. Start today and embrace a healthier lifestyle for a happier you.

Disclaimer: Always consult a healthcare professional before making any significant changes to your diet or exercise routine.

http://tinyurl.com/5yrzse7b

[madamlaydebug]

Replacing traditional cookware and containers made from aluminum, plastic or even those coated with a non-stick finish can be hugely beneficial to both your health and the integrity of your wellbeing as such materials are known to release toxins when heated. Try replacing these items with materials that are non-toxic such as glass, ceramic, untreated wood, stainless steel, cast iron or copper cookware/utensils as these will not release toxins during the cooking process and will help reduce any potentially negative impacts on your long-term health. Making such changes takes only a few moments but the beneficial long term effects are substantial,

⚠️ Toxicity from improper cookware/utensils devastate our immune-system. They displace nutrients necessary for good health and leave toxic trace chemicals in the body. An overburdened immune system leaves the body open to attack, especially from viruses, which further breaks down the immune system.

❌ Aluminum can pass the blood-brain barrier and build up in the brain. Symptoms of aluminums toxicity are digestive system failure, neural disorders symptoms resembling Alzheimer’s disease. Research shows high concentrations of aluminum in the brain and the incidence of Alzheimer’s.

❌ Plastic Containers for food and beverages carry toxic chemical compounds, they are usually petroleum or soy based. Studies have found that certain chemicals in plastic can leach out of the plastic and into the food and beverages we eat. Some of these chemicals have been linked to health problems such as metabolic disorders (including obesity) and reduced fertility. (Endocrine disruption, which can lead to cancers, birth defects, immune system suppression and developmental problems in children.)

❌Non-stick has been linked to a frightening range of health problems including thyroid disease, infertility in women, organ damage and developmental and reproductive problems.

[science-lover33]

Unraveling the Mystery: Circadian Rhythm

Have you ever wondered why you feel sleepy at night and energized during the day? Or why your body seems to have an internal clock that regulates various bodily functions? The answer lies in the fascinating concept of circadian rhythm. In this blog post, we will delve into the scientific explanation behind circadian rhythm, shedding light on its importance, mechanisms, and impact on our overall well-being.

Understanding Circadian Rhythm:

At its core, circadian rhythm refers to the 24-hour internal clock that governs our physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, metabolism, and even cognitive performance. The term "circadian" originates from the Latin words "circa" (meaning around) and "diem" (meaning day), emphasizing the regularity of these rhythms. While most commonly associated with sleep patterns, circadian rhythms influence a wide range of biological functions, impacting our health and daily functioning.

The Role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN):

To comprehend how circadian rhythm works, we must first explore the master controller behind this intricate system: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Located in a region of the brain known as the hypothalamus, the SCN acts as our internal pacemaker. It receives signals from specialized cells in the retina called photosensitive ganglion cells, which are particularly sensitive to light. These cells transmit information about light exposure to the SCN, helping it synchronize with the external environment.

The SCN, in turn, orchestrates a series of complex events by producing and releasing various hormones and neurotransmitters. One of the key players is melatonin, a hormone responsible for regulating sleep. Under normal circumstances, melatonin levels rise in the evening, inducing drowsiness, and decline in the morning, signaling wakefulness. This fluctuation is a prime example of the circadian rhythm in action.

Influence of External Factors:

While light serves as the primary cue for regulating circadian rhythm, other external factors can also influence its delicate balance. Social routines, such as work schedules, meal times, and physical activity, act as secondary synchronizers. These external zeitgebers help align our internal clock with the demands of the external world, ensuring optimal functioning.

The Impacts of Circadian Rhythm on Health:

Maintaining a synchronized circadian rhythm is crucial for overall health and well-being. Disturbances in this delicate balance can lead to various health issues, including sleep disorders, mood disorders, metabolic dysregulation, and impaired cognitive function. Furthermore, disruptions to the circadian rhythm have been associated with an increased risk of chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and even certain types of cancer.

Practical Tips for Optimizing Circadian Rhythm:

Fortunately, there are several strategies you can employ to optimize your circadian rhythm and promote a healthy sleep-wake cycle:

1. Establish a consistent sleep schedule: Aim for regular bedtimes and wake-up times, even on weekends.

2. Create a sleep-friendly environment: Keep your bedroom dark, quiet, and cool to promote better sleep quality.

3. Limit exposure to blue light: Avoid screens (e.g., smartphones, tablets, computers) before bed, as they can disrupt melatonin production.

4. Get regular exposure to natural light: Spend time outdoors during the day to help synchronize your internal clock with the external environment.

5. Practice good sleep hygiene: Engage in relaxing activities before bed, such as reading or taking a warm bath, and avoid stimulants like caffeine close to bedtime.

[bpod-bpod]

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Fat Talks Back

Anyone watching their weight will feel all too aware of their fat, but can fat feed back too? It has long been thought that our adipose tissue, which stores energy as fat cells, communicates information about hunger and metabolism through hormones released into the bloodstream. But a new study using an imaging technique that renders tissues transparent so neurons can be clearly visualised (video) has revealed a direct cellular connection between brain and fat. Some of these neurons link to the sympathetic nervous system – involved in our fight or flight response – but researchers were surprised to see others directly communicating with the brain. Selectively silencing certain groups of these cells showed that they ferry stop and go signals to regulate how fat is broken down. The information exchange is often disrupted in conditions like diabetes and obesity, so perhaps tapping into this line of communication could help with new treatments.

Written by Anthony Lewis

Video from work by Yu Wang and colleagues

Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research, San Diego, CA, USA

Video originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Published in Nature, August 2022

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