#gluconeogenesis

[er-cryptid]

Second Bypass Reaction of Gluconeogenesis

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[mehmetyildizmelbourne-blog]

Here’s Why and How to Shift from a Sugar to a Fat-Burning Metabolism

Regardless of age, when our body is fat-adapted, it can effortlessly generate energy from sugar and fat, giving us a better metabolic position and a defined body.  A long time ago, when struggling with metabolic issues, I learned that anthropological studies indicated that humans survived famines and evolved by gaining fat-adapted bodies. When studying mechanisms, I found that gluconeogenesis…

[justinnault]

No, Your Brain Does Not Need Carbs The Carb Myth AMA #86

In this episode, we’ll uncover why your brain doesn’t need carbs and debunk the long-standing carb myth once and for all. Learn about gluconeogenesis, the body’s natural process of creating glucose without dietary carbs, and why carbohydrates aren’t essential for optimal brain function. We’ll explore how even well-meaning doctors, personal trainers, and nutritionists have contributed to this misconception for decades.

Discover the science behind how your body efficiently produces glucose on its own, proving that carbs are not the sole fuel source for your brain. We’ll break down the misinformation that’s been accepted in the health community and reveal the truth about your body’s real energy sources.

Join the Clovis Culture as we bust the myths surrounding carbohydrates and empower you with evidence-backed insights for a healthier, more confident you.

Why Clovis?

✅ Certified Nutritional Therapist

✅ Sports & Fitness Nutrition Expert

✅ Founder of Clovis & Creator of the Clovis Daily Superfood Powder

With years of studying human metabolism, nutrition, and fitness, Justin Nault has helped over 2,500 individuals completely transform their health and lifestyles. Clovis is your anti-mainstream solution for unlocking abundant health, mental performance, and, most importantly, unshakable confidence!

🚀 Ready to Transform Your Life? Schedule a FREE Call with the Clovis team now: Book Here

Clovis: Your Confidence Solution.

[theclovisculture]

No, Your Brain Does Not Need Carbs | The Carb Myth

In this episode, we dive deep into why your brain does not need carbs and debunk the carb myth once and for all. We'll explore gluconeogenesis, the process by which your body creates glucose without dietary carbs, and why carbohydrates are not essential for brain fuel. We'll also discuss how well-intentioned doctors, personal trainers, and nutritionists have perpetuated this myth over decades.

Discover how the body creates the essential glucose it needs without relying on dietary carbs, and how this myth has been wrongly accepted and spread across the health community.

Join the Clovis Culture as we shatter the misconceptions about carbohydrates and reveal the science behind your body’s true fuel sources.

**Full Medical Disclaimer: *The opinions expressed in this video and by Justin Nault are published for educational and informational purposes only and are not intended as a diagnosis, treatment or as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, and treatment. Please consult a local physician or other health care professionals for your specific health care and/or medical needs or concerns. Justin Nault, as well as any site or distribution channel where this video may appear, does not endorse or recommend any commercial products, medical treatments, diet plans (i.e. but not limited to terms like “paleo” or “keto”), pharmaceuticals, brand names, processes, or services, or the use of any trade, firm, or corporation name is for the information and education of the viewing public, and the mention of any of the above does not constitute an endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by Justin Nault, or Clovis LLC or any third party whatsoever. In most instances Justin Nault is speaking “off the cuff”; for that reason, all statements – even a statement such as “studies show” and the like – should be heavily scrutinized. Should you decide to take any advice in this video, and act on it in your own life, or suggest it to another, you do so at your own risk and detriment.*

[pharmaguidelines]

Gluconeogenesis: The Backbone of Cellular Metabolism

In the intricate symphony of cellular processes, glucose stands as the maestro, providing energy for a diverse array of cellular operations. However, when blood glucose levels plummet, a backup plan kicks in, ensuring that energy demands are met. This remarkable process is known as gluconeogenesis. A Journey from Non-Carbohydrates to Glucose Gluconeogenesis revolves around the conversion of…

[vinnieworld]

Eukaryotes control the switch between the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Author: Bharathi Kavindi Jayaratne Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are fundamental metabolic pathways for eucaryotic cells. Glycolysis involves converting glucose into pyruvate and similarly, gluconeogenesis is converting pyruvate into glucose. In eukaryotes, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis do not occur at the same time because one process is inactivated while the other process is…

[autumnoakes]

good things about having hyperfixations/special interests: there is soomething that makes you incredibly happy whenever you think about it and even happier when you get to actually engage with it however possible

bad things about having hyperfixations/special interests: when you can't engage with it and must focus on something entirely different but your brain just refuses to focus on anything else but that

[ms-demeanor]

Okay THANK YOU for saying “your body craves what it needs” is bs because that felt like bs this whole time.

Like you don’t need more sugar if you crave sweets that is NOT what that means. Sugar is a food that people crave because it tastes good/sugar I think is an addictive food??

Idk it just felt like people making excuses when they’re supposed to be trying to eat a little healthier (healthier, not low cal, not low fat or keto or whatever. Diets are bs but craving sweets does not mean sugar is healthy thing for your body rn)

People crave sugar because it tastes good, which is not a bad thing, and there is an evolutionary reason that sugar and fat taste good to us. Carbs are your body's favorite thing because it is SUPER easy for your body to break them down into useful molecules.

I'm not a fan of the idea that any foods are addictive and I'm skeptical of models that suggest "refined food addiction" is a thing with a measurable, real-world impact; there's a lot of debate in that area of nutrition science and to me it kind of seems like the tools people use to track food addiction aren't really examining the addictiveness of specific foods, but are decent screening tools for people who have compulsive behaviors around food (for instance, one group of people who the Yale Food Addiction Scale has repeatedly been demonstrated to be REALLY good at identifying is people with anorexia).

But your body needs sugar all the time, whether that's in the form of complex carbohydrates that get broken down into simple sugars by your body, or simple sugars that you stir into your tea that then gets sent to your cells as energy. If your diet doesn't have enough sugar in it, your body has a processes to turn non-sugars into sugar so that it can use the sugar (gluconeogenesis!). Sugar is unambiguously good for you in the way that fat is unambiguously good for you. You need sugar to survive and it's not a bad thing if you want to have a cookie or a soda or some candy, and again - your craving probably isn't telling you that you're deficient in a specific micro or macronutrient, but I still think that you should listen to your craving.

Like, I don't know how much you know about psychotherapy but the attitude that a lot of diet-focused discussion takes toward cravings reminds me of cognitive behavioral therapy. "When you crave chocolate, no you don't! Don't think about the chocolate, you actually probably need starch or sugar or something, let's redirect that into having a banana, or some frozen berries, or some spinach. Point away from the unhealthy craving and into the healthy replacement, or, better yet, ignore the craving. Mind over matter. You choose how you act."

(I actually think "X craving means that I want Y food so I shall replace it with Z, which is similar" "craving salt means that I am dehydrated and need electrolytes so instead of potato chips I'll have some soup" is how this goes most of the time. I think this is a diet culture thing, not a food positivity thing.)

And you know what I think that's a garbage way to look at both food and emotions.

When I'm craving ice cream it's not because I've been mostly vegetarian for a week and am low on dietary cholesterol (AN IMPORTANT NUTRIENT. Don't be scared of consuming some cholesterol), I'm craving ice cream because sugar and fat taste good. So instead of trying to pretend that I'm getting "what I need" from a piece of salmon the size of a deck of cards with no salt and some lemon squeezed on top, I'm going to scoop out a moderate portion of ice cream and eat it while focusing on how much I enjoy it. And I'm going to do that instead of sitting down with a pint and a spoon while I'm stressed at work and eating something that tastes good to distract from the fact that work is stressful. (And sometimes it's fine to sit down with a pint and a spoon but I will say that's generally best not to do while you're in the middle of something stressful)

And if you want to relate that back to therapy I see this as more of the DBT approach. I've accepted that I want ice cream so I'm going to eat it in an intentional way and enjoy it instead of eating so much that I don't want dinner, or that it makes me feel sick, or that I eat it without noticing it because I'm using it as a distraction instead of a snack.

I'm not trying to shut down the negative emotion or shun the "bad" food, I'm accepting that I have that emotion and I'm working this neutral food into my day so that I'll feel good tomorrow and won't get heartburn overnight.

So I see that you're trying to be kind of anti diet culture here, but I don't think people need excuses to eat sugar, and I actually think that making excuses to eat it is significantly less healthy than just eating the sugar (which, again, is unambiguously healthy to eat as part of a varied, filling, nutritious diet). It seems like you may have internalized some ideas about sugar that are not great even if you are trying to separate from diet culture.

Nobody is ever going to eat a diet so healthy and nutritionally complete that they don't want candy or cake or cookies sometimes. Food is not only fuel, it is entertainment and culture and comfort and distraction and celebration and a million other things, but it is not bad. I don't think there's a single universally bad food out there, or any food that never belongs as part of someone's diet (unless it's something you're allergic to - I don't care if you're craving peanuts, do not eat peanuts if you have a peanut allergy).

So it's okay to make sugar, you don't need to make excuses. It's okay to eat sugar if you're craving sugar, even if that's not what your body "needs". But also sometimes a craving is your body saying "I'm hungry and this sounds good, please feed me" even if you're not a finely-tuned spectrometer that's craving blueberries pie because you actually need antioxidants from the blueberries (you're not a finely tuned spectrometer, you don't need the antioxidants from the blueberries, it's perfectly fine to just eat a slice of pie).

[stuckinapril]

glycolysis gluconeogenesis glycogenesis krebs cycle electron transport chain fermentation pentose phosphate pathway fatty acid synthesis fatty acid oxidation molecular cloning native gels sds-page gel electrophoresis tissue specific metabolism cholesterol metabolism ketone bodies recombinant dna and biotechnology zeroth law of thermodynamics hydrostatics fluid dynamics fluids in physiology nuclear binding energy and mass defect nuclear reactions consciousness-altering drugs drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain the role of emotion in retrieving memories retrieval cues neural plasticity james-lange theory cannon-bard theory schachter-singer theory biological bases of behavior genetically based behavioral variation in natural populations psychoanalytic perspective dissociative disorders trauma and stressor related disorders drive reduction theory incentive theory bystander effect social loafing habituation and dishabituation operant conditioning fixed-ratio reinforcement prejudice and bias individual vs institutional discrimination microsociology vs macrosociology theories of demographic change.......................

[divine-nonchalance]

I stopped eating bread and it's amazing how much smarter I feel, and how much easier it is to express my thoughts cohesively and clearly. Regular wheat really does something to the brain… We're eating way too many carbohydrates.

There's a reason Caesar organized free bread and games. It distracts people from what's really going on and keeps the population sick and dumb.

I'm eating apples instead, peeled. And eating more eggs. I feel more grounded.

No more bulging belly. My skin is healthier. Feeling happier!

On top of that, I have a small growth in my gums above one of my front teeth that I can feel with my tongue, a leftover from an allergic reaction to an antibiotic. I've had it for about 18 years. It's only recently that I figured out it grows when I eat lots of sweet stuff and cream. So I'm drastically reducing that, I haven't had any dairy in weeks now and the only bread I've been eating lately is fullcorn spelt bread, which still has regular wheat in it.

I've reduced that to one slice, every few days, and I feel so much sharper mentally.

I only drink water with a fresh living hemp leaf i it, which oxygenates the water and gives it a beneficial electromagnetic charge, I just keep adding more water as I drink it. One leaf can last days.

So now I'm living on apples for breakfast and a warm meal of veggies and eggs for the rest of the day. I don't do heavy labor anymore, I'd probably just add extra eggs and apples if I would be.

Cheese and every form of dairy and fake dairy I've given up too.

I'm amazed at the results from these adjustments after just a couple of weeks. The growth in my gums was almost gone until I ate some white bread, now it's bigger again, and that's the only thing I ate differently.

What an eye opener...

"The energy from burning protein can be used to synthesize glucose. That's slightly different from what the word conversion means. When protein is burned for fuel about half of the energy goes to a process named gluconeogenesis to produce glucose."

The human body is amazing, it can use protein for fuel as well as to repair cells and make new ones, but it can't turn carbs into protein. Carbs are basically just fuel, and when there's too much fuel the body stores it as fat cells, or burns it off through inflammation.

"...the effect that processed carbs have on blood sugar—whether that's slow and steady or a sudden spike—is considered a primary driver of inflammation."

The only things I'm gonna keep eating now: Apples, bananas and walnuts, dried figs and cashews, dried dates and almonds, veggies, eggs, mushrooms like reishi, oyster mushrooms and shiitake, virgin olive oil, virgin coconut oil, steamed potatoes. And small amounts dark chocolate.

And ofcourse many different herbs and spices.

That's it for me now.

It took me 37 years to figure this out... wtf. Better late than never!

[delta86-art]

Why does the removal of CO2 from oxaloacetate in the gluconeogenesis pathway inhibit glycolysis?

I have been trying to figure that out to no avail. Either I’m missing something or my professor is just wrong.

[starrynyxa]

by the end of today i will know everything there is to know about gluconeogenesis and the krebs cycle and beta oxidation and the ETC and atp synthase and photosynthesis TRUST 🙏

[tchaikovskym]

Stress systems

There are many things happening during stress, and it all starts with my beloved nemesis, the hypothalamus. It senses a stressor and gets to work by switching on other parts.

Sympathetic nervous system

It goes right to adrenal gland (right above your kidneys). The secretory cells there are actually a part of the nervous system, but that's a secret, don't tell anyone.

Either way, it produces adrenaline and noradrenaline (see how it makes sense paired together with the name "adrenal gland". however, if you are american then they produce epinephrine and norepinephrine).

This causes visceral stress reactions:

increased heart rate and strength

vasoconstriction (smaller diameter of blood vessels) in inner organs (mainly digestive) and skin (to not waste precious blood on them)

vasodilation (opposite of the prev point) in heart, lungs, brain and skeletal muscle (because those are the bad guys you need for fighting or running away)

glycogenolysis in the liver (where you would normally have glucose stored as glycogen just in case, and this is the case)

sweating (let the toxins out babey), hindering digestive processes (not relevant at the moment)

Anterior pituitary

This bad boy is up there with my beloved nemesis, and it is there to activate a bunch of hormonal systems.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or, ACTH. Abbreviations are there to make life easier for real). This guy will go to adrenal gland, but to a different par of it! In turn, we will get:

aldosterone - to keep inside sodium (and due to all known laws of chemistry and physics, water with it. so, basically, no pee in bladder!), but! at the same time it stimulates hydrogen ion excretion (to not make it awfully acidic in the organism)

glucocorticoids (most popular babe being cortisol) - to promote gluconeogenesis (a bit different process of what I described earlier. this has nothing to do with storage. this has everything to do with the Krebs cycle. long story short, more glucose! in circulation!). They also promote protein catablosim (it literally breaks down stuff in order to get energy. it would be like chopping up your bed for fire to keep the war forces running or smth. this was a bad metaphor but you got me). And! Finally - hindering inflammatory reactions. To keep one alert etc. (But beware! if the stress is prolonged it means that your body cannot deal with pathogens)

Somatotropin, also known as growth hormone, also takes part in stress reaction. It's target is liver, where somatomedins are produced, which, in turn, increase fat catabolism. You see I think we've finally reached the breaking down of all the main substrates with this. Energy: available!

Finally, we've come to thyroid-stimulating hormone, which does what the name says. In turn, it produces thyroid hormones, which increase the breaking down of carbohydrates to get even more energy

Conclusion: awfully lot of systems that work together to make energy available.

[sergeifyodorov]

This NHL playoffs season REMEMBER: Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and elsewhere. Because glycogen is converted to glucose-6-phosphate, which requires the presence of glucose-6-phosphatase to send outside the cell that myocytes lack, glycogen in muscles must be consumed in the muscle, leading to the buildup of lactic acid which is then exported to be reconstituted via gluconeogenesis in the liver.

[justkidneying]

Why You're Hungover on Monday Morning

So you know when you get drunk and feel like shit the next day? Have you ever wanted to be able to drink without getting a hangover? Well, I can't really help you there, but I can at least tell you why hair of the dog doesn't work.

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH): this is normal drinking alcohol. When you drink it, most of it gets dumped into your blood and into the liver. What does the liver do with it? It breaks it down into acetaldehyde (which is very toxic) and then breaks that down to acetate. The enzymes involved are Alcohol Dehydrogenase (in the cytosol) and Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (in the mitochondria). These both use NAD+ (which is needed for normal metabolism) to do their thing, which leaves us with NADH.

So why is drinking bad for you? Cause it inhibits gluconeogenesis, causes lactic acid build up, and damages your cells (yes, you can handle it and drinking in moderation is fine, but molecularly, it is bad).

Cell Damage: acetaldehyde damages pancreas, brain, liver, and GI tract. It also impairs memory and coordination (obviously, lol), and makes you tired (wow who could have guessed that??). Basically, this compound is the reason you feel like shit. Acetaldehyde is bad for you, but you have to make it to get rid of ethanol. Some people (especially those of Asian descent) don't have enough acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. This causes a build up, so they feel worse and get that nice red face when they drink.

Lactic Acid Build Up: okay so remember all that NADH we made to break down ethanol? It's making us have a bad NADH to NAD+ ratio. We really need that NAD+ to accept an electron and allow us to make ATP (energy). So how can we make more of that? We are going to convert pyruvate (made from breaking down glucose) to lactate. What does lactate cause? LACTIC ACIDOSIS! That is bad.

Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis: do you know what you do when you haven't eaten in a little while? You make glucose (gluconeogenesis). You can make glucose from all kinds of shit, isn't that cool? One of these things is called oxaloacetate. When you have no NAD+, you convert oxaloacetate to malate. You can't make glucose from that. The high NADH to NAD+ ratio also inhibits the gluconeogenesis dehydrogenases needed to make glucose. What I'm getting at here is hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) because you have no usable glucose and you can't make any.

So why is this bad? Well, because you don't have glucose, but your cells are still working (and getting damaged :() you need to give some energy to them to function. This comes in the form of ketone bodies. This is really only an issue for heavy drinkers, but over time and with increased frequency, drinking can lead to ketoacidosis.

But yeah, the reason you feel bad after drinking is mostly due to how toxic acetaldehyde is. That's what causes head ache, nausea, and memory problems (from all the damage it does to those cells). So no, drinking more won't get rid of a hangover, and hair of the dog does not work. Eating food helps though, so you can finally have some glucose to work with.

Now some more notes:

Fatty Liver: this is going to be more prevalent in heavy drinkers, but it happens because you convert DHAP to glycerol-3-phosphate. G3P can combine with fatty acids to make triglycerides, which can go live in the liver and cause hepatosteatosis (fatty liver). This is also bad.

Methanol (CH3OH): this is also called wood alcohol, and can most commonly be drunk via bootleg liquor. Your body uses the same enzymes to break it down, but this time it is making formaldehyde and fomic acid. Fomic acid causes ocular toxicity (aka going blind) and brain damage. So make sure you trust whoever you get your bootleg liquor from, okay?

Ethylene Glycol (OHCH2CH2OH): this is antifreeze. Same enzymes again, but you get glycoaldehyde. This then becomes oxalic acid and glyoxylic acid. These cause lactic acidosis and calcium oxalate formation, which crystalizes in the kidneys, causing renal failure.

Final note: your body can handle drinking, like 1-2 drinks per day. I'm not your mom, so do whatever you want, but at least now you know why you feel like shit as your friends hold your hair back so you can puke in the shitty bar toilet :)

[expertacademicassignmenthelp]

The Physiology Of The Liver

The liver is a vital organ responsible for numerous functions including metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, and vitamin storage. It weighs around 2% of an adult’s body weight and is unique due to its dual blood supply from the portal vein (75%) and the hepatic artery (25%).

Cellular Structure

The liver’s functional unit is the lobule, which is hexagonal in shape. Each corner of the hexagon has a portal triad consisting of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. The lobule is composed mainly of hepatocytes, which have distinct apical and basolateral membranes. Hepatocytes are categorized into three zones based on their function and blood supply:

Zone I (periportal region): Closest to the blood supply, involved in oxidative metabolism (e.g., gluconeogenesis, bile formation).

Zone II (pericentral region): Sits between Zones I and III.

Zone III: Farthest from the blood supply, primarily involved in detoxification and biotransformation.

Blood and bile flow in opposite directions within the liver. The space of Disse, between the hepatocytes and the sinusoidal lumen, contains Kupffer cells (macrophages) and Ito cells (fat-storing stellate cells).

Development

The liver develops from endodermal cells of the foregut as the hepatic diverticulum around the fourth week of embryonic development. It undergoes complex differentiation influenced by various pathways (e.g., Wnt/β-catenin, FGF). By the sixth week, the liver participates in hematopoiesis, and hepatocytes begin bile production by the 12th week.

Organ Systems and Functions

The liver interacts with multiple body systems:

Digestive and Metabolic Roles: Aids in digestion, stores fat-soluble vitamins, and handles cholesterol.

Hematological Functions: Produces clotting factors and proteins.

Detoxification: Metabolizes drugs and other xenobiotics through phase I (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis) and phase II (conjugation) reactions.

Bilirubin Metabolism: Converts heme to unconjugated bilirubin, then conjugates it for excretion.

Hormonal and Protein Synthesis: Involved in thyroid hormone activation and synthesis of nearly all plasma proteins.

Related Testing

Liver function tests (LFTs), including ALT, AST, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), help assess liver health. Imaging techniques like ultrasound, CT, and MRI are also employed to identify liver abnormalities.

Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis results from chronic liver injury (e.g., due to alcoholism, hepatitis B and C), leading to fibrosis and necrosis. It causes symptoms like portal hypertension, coagulopathy, and jaundice. Hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, E), autoimmune diseases (e.g., primary biliary cholangitis), and metabolic conditions (e.g., non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) also contribute to liver pathology.

Clinical Significance

Understanding liver physiology helps manage conditions like viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, benign liver lesions, and liver cancers. Early detection through appropriate testing and management strategies is essential for preventing end-stage liver disease and improving patient outcomes

As academic students and researchers navigate the challenges of their assignments and research endeavors, Expert Academic Assignment Help stands ready to provide professional guidance and assistance. Whether you require support with assignment writing, research paper assistance, or essay help, our team of experts is dedicated to helping you achieve academic excellence. Reach out to us today at expertassignment46@gmail.com and let us support you on your academic journey. We wish you success and professional excellence.