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whencyclopedia · 25 days ago

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Nuremberg Trials

The Nuremberg trials (1945-6), held in Nürnberg (Nuremberg), Germany, were a series of trials involving the senior surviving Nazis to hold them accountable for waging war and committing war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Second World War (1939-45). 22 Nazis were tried, with 19 found guilty and sentenced to either death by hanging or lengthy prison terms.

The first Nuremberg trials were conducted from November 1945 to October 1946, and then, a second phase, which involved a much larger number of defendants, was conducted from November 1946 to April 1949. The Nuremberg trials were the first in history where the victors in a war sought to make senior figures from the losing side accountable for their actions. The trials were filmed and contributed greatly to our understanding of how WWII was conducted and revealed both the irrefutable evidence for and enormous scale of such atrocities as the Holocaust. The first month of the trials, the initial proceedings only, were hosted in the Supreme Court Building in Berlin, but they moved on 20 November to the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg. The Palace of Justice was selected because it had been the heart of Nazi show trials against enemies of the Third Reich, the city was the home of the Nuremberg Rally, the infamous annual Nazi Party congress, and the complex had the practical advantage of an adjoining prison where the defendants were detained.

The International Military Tribunal

At the close of WWII, the victorious Allies of France, Britain, the United States, and the USSR, as agreed by their respective leaders at a conference in Moscow back in October 1943, jointly formed an International Military Tribunal (IMT) to bring German Nazi war criminals to justice. There were some calls to have judges from neutral nations head the IMT, but the allied leaders were determined to be directly involved in getting their pound of flesh. The idea of the trials was supported by a number of other nations besides the four main powers.

The panel that would decide the fate of the defendants brought before the IMT consisted of one judge and one prosecutor from each of the four nations mentioned above. The judging panel was presided over by the British judge Lord Justice Geoffrey Lawrence, described by one American lawyer as "like God...Hollywood would have cast him" (MacDonald, 23). The chief Soviet judge was I. T. Nikitchenko, the French lead judge was Henri Donnedieu de Vabres, and the US judge was Francis B. Biddle. The legal proceedings followed the common law practice applied in the United States and Britain. Translators worked in the courtroom, and everyone present had access to a set of headphones. There was a large screen to show the court relevant film clips and statistical information. 250 journalists attended the court sessions, and the whole proceedings were filmed and sound recorded.

Nuremberg Trials Judges

U.S. Army (CC BY-NC-SA)

In the closing stages of the war, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945), and Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) had all committed suicide, but there remained 24 senior Nazi figures whom the Allies were determined to bring to justice. The group was selected not only for their individual roles but also as representatives of particular Nazi institutions. Before the trials could begin, Robert Ley (1890-1945), head of the German Labour Front, committed suicide, and Gustav Krupp (1870-1950), an industrialist who had used forced labour, was considered too physically frail to stand trial. The 22 remaining defendants faced four charges, as expressed in the Oxford Companion to World War II, they were:

Count 1: Contributing to a common plan or conspiracy to wage war

Count 2: Crimes against peace

Count 3: War crimes (e.g. violations of the Geneva Convention such as the abuse and murder of prisoners of war, use of prisoners for labour, destruction of private property, and devastation of property and places with no military justification)

Count 4: Crimes against humanity (e.g. the murder of civilian populations, use of slave labour, the forced deportation of civilians, and the persecution of specific social, political, religious, and racial groups)

Counts 1 and 2 proved problematic to define, and therefore it was difficult to find the defendants either innocent or guilty of them. This is hardly surprising considering the debate amongst historians ever since as to why and how WWII started and how far one should go back exactly in order to discover the causes of WWII, causes which could be attributed in some cases to both the victors and losers. The court essentially considered counts 1 and 2 as involving actions such as breaking international treaties and invading and occupying free countries. Much easier to establish were cases of counts 3 and 4, although even here there was the added complication that the victors had themselves been guilty of what would today be called war crimes, for example, the Allied bombing of Germany, submarine attacks on unarmed vessels, and the Katyn Forest massacre of Polish prisoners of war by USSR forces. Certain facts were taken as given, such as that Hitler had fully intended to start a world war. In addition, such Nazi organisations as the Gestapo (secret police), the SS (Schutzstaffel), and SA (Sturmabteilung) were condemned as criminal organisations.

Palace of Justice, Nuremberg

US Army (Public Domain)

The judges not only benefitted from the cross-examination of the defendants but also the testimony of around 360 witnesses (including both victims of and members of the Nazi regime) and a huge quantity of incriminating documents, official and otherwise, including indisputable photographs, sound recordings, and films, such as those taken at concentration and death camps. As noted by Dr Robert Kempner, a lawyer who had fled the Nazi regime:

One of the biggest helps to us was the German bureaucratic sense – they kept everything and they even made publications and films and lot of material had been discovered by our Allied search teams. Some of the people like General Governor Frank of Poland was so anxious to show his friend Hitler after the war what he has done that he kept diaries, volumes and volumes and volumes. In fact he had written his own indictment.

(Holmes, 593)

It is important to note, however, that the documentation for Nuremberg was compiled in order to support the legal case that the defendants were guilty of one or more of the four counts (and not to create a comprehensive reconstruction of past events as, say, a historian would do). There was, too, a degree of negotiation between the various national judges regarding particular defendants – the USSR judge, for example, wanted Rudolf Hess hanged while his fellow judges preferred a prison sentence – but there was a conscious effort on all parties to deliberate with as much fairness as possible given the seriousness of the trials and the world's scrutiny of them. To this end, the defendants were collectively represented by a legal counsel, Otto Kranzenbühler, and permitted individual lawyers to present their defence.

Camp Guard Giving Evidence at Nuremberg

Imperial War Museums (CC BY-NC-SA)

#History #NurembergTrials #NaziGermany #SecondWorldWar

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adarinas · 7 months ago

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(WIP) Resources Masterlist

*Note: a lot of these are geared toward American and/or English-speaking populations, my apologies, but plenty of them are global!

GENERAL

End Global Genocides Master Document | Another Master Doc | Tumblr Post - Links to Informational Articles/Websites

Discord: Global Strikes Against Genocide Discord Server

SUDAN

Eyes on Sudan | Sudan Solidarity Collective | Linktree - Sudanese Diaspora Network

Info: 500 days of war... | Sudan War Explained - Interview

Petitions/Letters: Stop Sudan War | Justice for Human Rights Abuse Victims in Chad and Sudan | Stop Arming Saudi Arabia and the UAE to stop the Sudan genocide

Donations: Sudan Funds | Tumblr Masterpost - Sudan Orgs/Fundraisers | Water for South Sudan

ROHINGYA

Free Rohingya Coalition

Info: CNN - Hundreds of Rohingya face drone strikes / ethnic cleansing in Myanmar

youtube

Spotify - Rohingya Culture Interview

Petitions:

Donations: Mutual Emergency Aid 4 Rohingya | Emergency Aid for Rohingya Orphans and Disabled Families

TIGRAY

Tigray Action Committee

Info: Omna Tigray - What's happening in Tigray? | Tghat News | UN Article from Sept 2023

Petitions/Letters: Petition - Demand Aid to Tigray | Stop the Tigray Genocide

Donations: Places to Donate for Tigray Tumblr Post | Ahwatna Relief

DRC

Friends of the Congo | Focus Congo | Congo Resources Tumblr Post

Info: DRC: Inside the world's forgotten war | Congo Genocide Explained - Interview

Petitions: No Tax Dollars to Fund Congo Genocide | Halt the Ongoing Genocide in Congo

Donations: SOS Congo (organized by Goma Actif) | IRC in Congo | Action Kivu

KASHMIR

Stand with Kashmir | Kashmir Masterlist Tumblr Post

Info: Kashmir - Paradise Lost (BBC)

Petitions/Letters: Stop Arming Indian Occupation of Kashmir

Donations: KASHMER

EAST TURKESTAN

Campaign for Uyghurs | Uyghur Truth Project | Camp Album Project

Info: Persecution of Uyghurs in China - Wikipedia

Petitions/Letters: Change.org - Uyghur Muslims

PALESTINE

Jewish Voice for Peace | USPCR Stop Gaza Genocide Toolkit

Info: Wizard Bisan, a Palestinian journalist

Petitions/Letters: Not Another Bomb | Amnesty - Demand a Ceasefire | Tumblr Post with Petitions | Ceasefire Now | (JVP) Tell Congress - Arms Embargo Now

Donations: Gaza Funds | Low on Funds Palestinians Fundraisers | Vetted Gaza Evacuation Fundraisers | Arab.org Daily Click | Middle East Children's Alliance

ARMENIA

Learn for Artsakh | Help Armenians Carrd | Artsakh Genocide Action Toolkit

Info: Denying Your History - Armenian Genocide

Petitions/Letters: Petition - Stop Erasing Armenian Culture | International Recognition of Artsakh

Donations: Fund for Armenian Relief | Armenia Fund | CARITAS Armenia | ARS of Eastern USA inc.

INDIGENOUS AMERICANS

MMIWG2S | Indigenous Action | NDN Collective

Petitions/Letters: Stop sterilizing Indigenous women without consent | Free Leonard Peltier

HAWAII

Info: Tourism's Negative Impact on Native Hawaiians | Noho Hewa Film (2008)

Donations: Hawaii Community Foundation

HAITI

Haiti Liberation Google Doc

Donations: Hands Together for Haitians | Haiti Outreach | Hope for Haiti | Twitter Thread of GoFundMes/Donation Links

WEST PAPUA

Free West Papua Website | West Papua Resources/Info Tumblr Post | We Need to Talk about Papua Carrd (last updated 2021 but has good info)

Info: United Nations - Indonesia: Shocking abuses against indigenous Papuans | Twitter Thread of Helpful Articles

Petitions/Letters:

ALSO:

The Kurdish Project

KEEP BOYCOTTING, PROTESTING, AND DOING EVERYTHING YOU CAN! FREE ALL OPPRESSED PEOPLES OF THE WORLD!

If you can't donate, share!

If you have any concerns with the links I've posted, please share! I tried my best to verify everything but please let me know if you are doubtful of something! Also, please please share other resources from people who are directly impacted by these genocides!!

LAST UPDATED SEPTEMBER 16 2024.

#stop global genocides #more resources can be found by looking up country names on my blog #please keep doing everything you can to help people in need the world needs you

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lakecountylibrary · 1 year ago

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Fav Books with Ace Characters

Oh?? It's Ace Week?? We have books for that.

These days, we're spoiled for choice when it comes to books with ace rep, so to narrow it down here are just my personal favorites:

The Murderbot Diaries by Martha Wells

Just in case there's some chance you haven't heard of Tumblr's favorite terrifying murderbot. Murderbot is a security unit that hacked its own governor module and, with its newfound freedom, binge watches TV instead of going on a murderous rampage. No, it's not a problem that the ace rep in this book is a sort of robot. Trust me on this one. Start with All Systems Red.

Wayward Children series by @seananmcguire

Nancy went to another world when she was a kid. Now she's back and her parents don't know what to do with their quiet, strange girl child. Luckily, there's Eleanor West's Home for Wayward Children. No solicitations, no visitors, no quests. Start with Every Heart a Doorway.

Dread Nation duology by Justina Ireland

An alternate history set in Civil War era America where, after the Battle of Gettysburg, the dead began to rise. Congress quickly passes an act requiring children of certain backgrounds (take a wild guess) to attend combat schools and train to be zombie killers and protect the wealthy, white upper class. The main character in this one isn't ace, but another major character is. Start with Dread Nation.

The Stormlight Archive by Brandon Sanderson

Epic fantasy about a disgraced and forgotten order of knights re-emerging to save a world perpetually at war from an even worse fate. It's not outright stated until later, but a major character is ace, and she's easy to spot. I know these books are cinderblocks but listen. Listen. They are So Good. If the length is intimidating, try the audiobooks - they are expertly narrated and they fly by. Start with The Way of Kings.

See more of Robin's recs

#asexual awareness week #ace week #ace characters #asexual characters #ace pride #the murderbot diaries #martha wells #wayward children #seanan mcguire #dread nation #justina ireland #the stormlight archive #brandon sanderson #lgbtq reads #lgbtq representation #lgbtq characters #robin's recs #LCPL recs

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utilitymonstermash · 11 days ago

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Okay, I asked DeepSeek-R1 (7b) about Nixon, totally full of alt-hist hallucinations, maybe I've got some sort of bug in my setup.

Me: Tell me about Richard Nixon

DeepSeek:

Richard Nixon was the 37th President of the United States, serving from January 20, 1973, to January 20, 1981. He is widely regarded as one of the most controversial and complex leaders in U.S. history due to his involvement in Watergate, which resulted in his impeachment by Congress and subsequent conviction by a federal judge.

Key Highlights of Nixon's Presidency:

Watergate Scandal:

Nixon was impeached by the House of Representatives in 1974 for his alleged role in covering up the Watergate break-in at the Democratic National Committee, which exposed sensitive government information.

The Senate trial found him guilty of contempt of Congress but acquitted him of all impeachment charges. A federal judge later convicted him on charges of obstruction of justice.

Domestic Policies:

Nixon pursued a "War on Poverty" that included increased funding for social programs, such as Head Start and the National School Lunch Program.

He also pushed for desegregation in public education and addressed issues like poverty, crime, and healthcare access.

International Relations:

As the highest living Republican president during the Cold War, Nixon was a figure of opposition to the Soviet Union, advocating for increased U.S.-Soviet relations.

He negotiated the failed nuclear freeze agreement with the Soviet Union in 1972 (Summit of Equals) and later froze U.S. aid to Israel.

Personal Life:

Nixon was married twice and had three children.

He struggled with alcohol abuse, which led to his resignation from office after the Watergate scandal began.

** Legacy**:

Nixon's presidency is often remembered for his controversial decisions and thescandal that brought him down. His handling of Watergate has been a subject of extensive public and political debate.

He was impeached twice (once by House, once by Senate) but remained in office until resigning due to health reasons in 1981.

Nixon's legacy is deeply tied to the Watergate scandal, which remains a significant event in American politics. His presidency marked a turning point in U.S. foreign policy and reshaped the nation's political landscape.

End DeepSeek Answer

Presidential term of 1973 to 1981?

actually impeached?

twice?

convicted?

froze aid to Israel?

twice married?

What's going on?

Also the mangled formatting is Tumblr's fault, not DeepSeek

#deepseek #deepseek r1 #richard nixon #alt history

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reynita9 · 2 years ago

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I can’t stop thinking about how Cocomelon is damaging babies because the fast pace scene changes can “interfere with the development of executive functions”, and how thin parents are spread in capitalism that they rely on television to entertain/keep their babies company just so they have some time to complete domestic tasks. I am thinking about disintegrated Community Care/structure. I am thinking about how Instagram, Tiktok, Twitter, Tumblr, all media are engineered to be addictive and alter the executive functioning of kids, tweens, teens, and adults of all ages. How malleable our minds are..bread and circuses. Everything we consume has the power to heal or destroy us. I think about Congress Bill 686, and feel discouraged and powerless. You may have heard of it as “The TikTok Ban” of course, the media intentionally oversimplifies it as a ban on TikTok, but really it is the means for The State to restrict the sharing of information on the internet and to censor us, keep us misinformed and suppressed. The State knows that knowledge is power so they keep us intentionally in the dark and distracted, plucking away human rights one by one while we are watching the stage. The Restrict Act would require the Department of Commerce to “identify, deter, disrupt, prevent, prohibit, investigate, and mitigate transactions involving ICT products and services” 🤳🏼👁️ (ICT means Information and Communications Technology, ICT Products and services refers to social media) When COVID first hit, my friend said “this will be like 9/11, there was the world pre 9/11 and post 9/11” I am not one to believe we are “post-covid” because we are still in the grips of the Covidian information wars, which I feel will be one of the main long term take aways from The-Covid-Years. Bill 686 harms all, because any group of 1 million people organizing or sharing information online can be persecuted, banned and shut down under the guise of “prohibiting certain transactions between persons of the United States and foreign adversaries” Congress Bill 686 establishes both civil and criminal penalties for violations of the bill, meaning anything that they consider an “unacceptable risk to national security.” Please don’t forget we live in a police state which is meant to protect the empire. In The United States privacy is not sacrosanct, and actually American big brother corporations like Meta and Google are investing millions into anti-TikTok propaganda, because it clears their competition and allows them back into the palms of citizens, so they can personally be the ones to steal our time and data. It makes me angry, it’s painful. How can we organize against the faceless enemy? It’s all subversion and censorship, anything to get the undiluted power to be placed back into the hands of an American corporation. It will always be The State, Corporations, and Colleges keeping information tucked away and inaccessible to the masses. We must do what we can to preserve the internet as a place of free information sharing and connection. The infrastructure of our communities in real life are generally weak. Weekly I hit a paywall online, and I have seen my own words be instantaneously given an AI generated COVID misinformation banner before. It’s insane, and most people are not comfortable admitting out loud that we are alive during fascism. What’s funny in a way is, I have long hated TikTok, but now that it risks being banned in this “land of the free” I find myself urgently realizing how important it is to preserve and protect.. It is on the individual to use the internet wisely and with boundaries, not the state to restrict people’s access to information. Privacy is important and data-preservation is important, obviously, but if this is what 686 was truly about, we would be having different conversations. All legislation is created to build a precedent.

#cocomelon #Congress Bill 686 #686 #Tik Tok #tik tok ban #censorship

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furrbbyx · 7 months ago

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I had time today, because I caught a life threatening virus in Biden's America where precautions and tracking have been at Trump levels and I'm in quarantine. Yes, I'm saying the virus has spread further because of Biden's conservative Trumpian way of dealing with this. So anyway. I had time.

And speaking of viruses Biden's support of social issues is something that's been pushed around this app kind of irresponsibly.

Speaking of Biden as if he is an individual and not an administration, and confusing what is policy and what is just talk.

This image was my prompt. I'm not going to address every point, but I will give you the resources to look into the others.

Some definitions

Policy is a law, regulation, procedure, administrative action, incentive, or voluntary practice of governments and other institutions. (CDC, 2015)

An executive order is a signed, written, and published directive from the President of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. Executive orders are not legislation; they require no approval from Congress, and Congress cannot simply overturn them. (American Bar Association, 2021)

Law can be said to be the body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community and enforced by a political authority; a legal system. But there are other similar definitions.

A regulation has the force of a law, but may only be a governmental order. Such as during quarantine.

An executive order is not a policy. A policy is a law.

TLDR: This is supposed to be the people's administration. If the government doesn't live up to the peoples' standards of creating laws to protect the human rights they believe should be protected then it's not supporting the things the people support. Full stop. Biden administration is weak on many levels in terms of keeping promises, and pushing change. They can't even forgive all the student loans. Read critically and don't trust tumblr images about important topics because MAGA, red or blue, is invested in creating a less critical electorate that trusts their messaging as gospel. Is the US your gospel? Or is liberation your gospel?

There is no formal Biden administration policy supporting a ceasefire, an end to aggressions on civillians in Palestine, or a withdraw of military and opening of humanitarian corridors. That is literally malinformation. Members of his administration have signed letters and resigned over his policy on that issue. For months the US has vetoed ceasefire resolutions in international lawmaking. Yes he has said a bunch of things and proposed a deal without any backing or conviction imo, but where is the policy? Only on the right of misrael to exist. He did release a statement welcoming a ceasefire in 2022 but the words support were used in reference to the right to defense (Biden, 2022)

Trans Rights: The Biden administration has chosen to reinstate guidance on Title IX extending to protecting gender orientation. The Law is the Title IX, and the guidance is a legal interpretation of the law from the Obama administration. Other than that there's just an executive order, no law or national policy. There is a law making the Pulse Memorial a national one… Biden called for the Equality Act (an amendment to the Civil Rights Act) to be passed two yeas ago, and since then has not tried to stop states infringing on human rights, and they've taken down rainbow flags internationally at embassies.

The Environment: Biden wrote in executive order 13990 that it is the policy of his administration "to protect the environment; to ensure access to clean air and water; to limit exposure to dangerous chemicals and pesticides; to hold polluters accountable, including those who disproportionately harm communities of color and low-income communities; to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; to bolster resilience to the impacts of climate change; to restore and expand our national treasures and monuments; and to prioritize environmental justice"

However there aren't many POLICIES from his administration to back that up. In most instances they have updated bits of policies that are already in effect. Any law from this administration involving the environment is about allocating money to invest in "climate reform". The administration's solution has not been to create more polices to protect the environment, instead it signed an order reading

"… this order directs all executive departments and agencies (agencies) to immediately review and, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, take action to address the promulgation of Federal regulations and other actions during the last 4 years that conflict with these important national objectives, and to immediately commence work to confront the climate crisis." (Biden, 2021)

This order does minimal work basically asking agencies to look into the regulations and actions that conflict with the policy or "national objectives" of his administration (during Trump era only), to ask themselves is changes are needed, and they do not have to finish the review process during his term.

Removing the requirement that states meet the federal government's fuel economy requirements. This was to let California set higher standards, however it allows states to set any standard of emissions for motor vehicles. Or none.

Improving safety and reporting standards for gas pipline operators through rulemaking (regulations) under an existing policy (Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations). The standards improvement was only done in January 2024 (USDOT, 2024).

New renewable fuel targets under the 2007 Energy Policy requires a minimum of fuels to come from "renewable" sources. In this case renewable means biofuels which have been criticized because they require corn and soybeans, promoting land degradation, increased fertilizer use and bio-waste.

Mercury pollution standards re-strengthened because of executive order 13990.

This order also stopped leasing of oil rich land in North Alaska while the review process is going on. This doesn't mean it was stopped to save a natural habitat, or that the Biden administration is going to stop leasing gas rich fields in preserves. In fact nothing the Biden administration has done signals a willingness to protect federal preserves from environmental injustice.

The Biden administration has proposed strengthening NEPA but has not yet done so. NEPA is the Act that set the nations environmental policies. To me this is what belies the statement that the administration wants to protect the environment. According to Pulido (2017) less than 2 percent of litigation brought under these types of laws have been successful at applying those policies to address environmental injustice. This means it is already weak.

The claim about vaccines and public health and health care reform is downright malinformation. Firstly there is only a mandate for federal employees and vaccines for COVID-19, and none for masking. So far the only things that Biden and his administration have been able to put together for public health are executive orders, vaccine mandates, stimulus checks, cap on prescriptions prices for medicaid only. Oh and tons of money to police wrapped up in a public health act, which doesn't specifically say that police departments must improve public health, nor does it mandate the reporting of those murdered in police custody which is a public health issue, so I think that answers the claim of "criminal justice reform".

Biden said during his debate that "we defeated medicaid" he meant that shit. Biden has not address the fact that private equity has been gobbling up the public health system (a symptom of fascism). If you read or the COVID-19 Preparedness Plan you will get the sense that the administration thinks they saved us.

"And the U.S. government has successfully put equity at the heart of a nationwide public health response. Hispanic, Black, and Asian adults are now vaccinated at the same rates as White adults."

and

"The path forward in the fight against COVID-19 is clear: schools, workers, and workplaces have resources and guidance to prevent shutdowns."

and if you read the reactionary executive order 14076 which came out after "Roe" was overturned you might think that protections for birthing people are really important to the administration. But reading deeper reveals that similar to the vaccine mandate, it mainly effects federal employees, that it can only be applied to the extent of the law (no Roe, so it's states' laws) and that even the federal Health and Human Services department cannot enforce the PRECEDENCE of federal laws about medical treatment against the Texas Abortion law. (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2024).

For abortions the administration did reinstate Title X funding for clinics, but that's beside the point now. Biden has also been heard saying that he is "not big on abortion" (TIME, 2022) and previously supported the Hyde amendment which prevented public funds supporting abortion procedures. Articles online criticize Biden especially in his first 100 days for sending more money to Planned Parenthood and paint him as staunchly pro-choice, but why wasn't Roe enshrined in law (like he said he'd do), if he supports it so hard.

But don't forget this at the end of each order is a nice little

"This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person."

So, since this is already a million years long let me end by pointing out that environmental reform is not environmental justice, immigration reform isn't mentioned (because he's put more kids in cages than Trump) and he still has no plan for the student loans beyond a repayment plan or the future with COVID-19.

Biden administration is already folding, meaning they are not fighting against Trump. They are less invested in the outcome of the election than their electorate. People are defending a fuckass administration with zero plans on how to push them left, and zero action steps if they don't deliver. They could win today. If they stopped funding misrael and stopped the siege. If they wanted to win this election cycle they could, and if you people pushing this disinformation and malinformation would read critically you might realize why no one wants to hear your fearmongering, "lesser evil" fake arguments. The proof is in the (lack of) policy. People don't want to choose between fascists imo, they want to be free and have their rights enshrined in law.

sources

What is an Executive Order? American Bar Association, January 25, 2021, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/publications/teaching-legal-docs/what-is-an-executive-order-/ Bennett, B. (2022, May 13). Biden’s Abortion Views, Faith at Odds Like Never Before. TIME. https://time.com/6176375/bidens-abortion-catholic-democrats/ Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge | Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/about/alaska/coastal-plain-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge Definition of Policy | Policy, Performance, and Evaluation | CDC. (2023, May 9). https://www.cdc.gov/policy/paeo/process/definition.html Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA) | CMS. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.cms.gov/medicare/regulations-guidance/legislation/emergency-medical-treatment-labor-act Fueling America’s Economy: Legislation to Improve Safety and Expand U.S. Pipeline Infrastructure | US Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.transportation.gov/fueling-americas-economy-legislation-improve-safety-and-expand-us-pipeline-infrastructure House, T. W. (2021, January 21). Executive Order on Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-protecting-public-health-and-environment-and-restoring-science-to-tackle-climate-crisis/ House, T. W. (2022a, July 8). FACT SHEET: President Biden to Sign Executive Order Protecting Access to Reproductive Health Care Services. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/07/08/fact-sheet-president-biden-to-sign-executive-order-protecting-access-to-reproductive-health-care-services/ House, T. W. (2022b, August 8). Statement by President Biden on the Ceasefire in Gaza. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/07/statement-by-president-biden-on-the-ceasefire-in-gaza/ National COVID-19 Preparedness Plan. (n.d.). The White House. Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/covidplan/ Pulido, L. (2017). Geographies of race and ethnicity II: Environmental racism, racial capitalism and state-sanctioned violence. Progress in Human Geography, 41(4), 524–533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132516646495 Quinn, M. (2023, June 28). Biden says he’s “not big on abortion” because of Catholic faith, but Roe “got it right” - CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-biden-abortion-catholic-faith-roe-v-wade-got-it-right/ Tracking regulatory changes in the Biden era. (n.d.). Brookings. Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/tracking-regulatory-changes-in-the-biden-era/ U.S. Detention of Child Migrants | Council on Foreign Relations. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-detention-child-migrants US EPA, O. (2013, July 31). National Environmental Policy Act Review Process [Overviews and Factsheets]. https://www.epa.gov/nepa/national-environmental-policy-act-review-process Klein, M. V., Kate Sullivan,Betsy. (2022, January 20). 5 significant bills and 5 executive orders Biden signed in his first year – and his 5 biggest priorities for 2022 | CNN Politics. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/20/politics/biden-laws-passed-priorities-to-get-done-executive-orders/index.html President Biden Calls for Passage of Equality Act to Advance LGBTQ Rights. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.shrm.org/topics-tools/news/inclusion-diversity/president-biden-calls-passage-equality-act-to-advance-lgbtq-rights

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chocolateandsilver · 2 years ago

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The Restrict Act 2023

About the Restrict Act

There’s a lot of information/misinformation I’ve been seeing about the Restrict Act. I’ve stared at the damn bill for around thirty hours at this point, so I thought I’d give people a summary of what it’s actually doing as well as what it isn’t doing, to help you avoid misinformation.

Buckle in, folks, because this is going to be a long post. I know Tumblr is allergic to nuance, but hopefully you’ll be able to see both the good and the bad in this bill by the time I’m done, and be able to understand what’s actually going on. If you just want to see problems with the act, the last section is devoted to that.

tl;dr good in spirit because of the rising rate of infrastructure cyberattacks, but the letter of the law could use a little work to make sure that the government can't overstep

Why the Restrict Act?

Let’s start with the why. Why does the US government feel like this Act is necessary? The stated purpose is: “To authorize the Secretary of Commerce to review and prohibit certain transactions between persons in the United States and foreign adversaries, and for other purposes.” Which is a bunch of legalese, so I’ll give you some examples of things that are happening in the real world which the government wants more authority to look into.

The author of the bill, Sen. Warner, specifically cited Huawei and Kapersky as companies that were doing Suspicious Things, so we’ll look at those first.

Huawei: Huawei is a telecommunications company. The US, Australia, Canada, Sweden, UK, Lithuania, and Estonia have all taken various actions against Huawei over the last decade or so. In 2012, a malicious software update was installed on Huawei devices in Australia, attacking Australia’s telecommunications network. In 2021, a Washington Post review suggested that Huawei was involved in mass surveillance programs. In 2014, a Huawei engineer was caught hacking a cell phone tower in India

Kapersky: The UK, Lithuania, the Netherlands, the EU, Germany, and Italy have all taken action against Kapersky. This company produces antivirus software, and was accused of working on secret projects with Russia’s Federal Security Service, especially in the wake of Russian interference in the 2016 election. Allegedly, the company used the popular antivirus software to secretly scan for classified documents and other information, and allegedly stole NSA information.

In addition to these two companies, there have been tons of cyberattacks worldwide.

Half of the United States’ fuel supply was compromised due to a hack on Colonial Pipeline, shutting down fuel for some areas in the American southeast for days

A hacking group disrupted Iranian steel factories and even started a fire

Costa Rica had to declare a national emergency after government systems were hit, including systems for exports, pensions, taxes, welfare, and even Covid-19 testing.

A ransomware attack caused a major outage to emergency health services in the UK

The stated purpose of this act is to give the USA some kind of formal process to make decisions when something like this is suspected of happening, and when it’s caused by a “foreign adversary.”

What’s a foreign adversary?

A foreign adversary is a country that has engaged in a “long-term pattern or serious instances of conduct significantly adverse to the national security of the United States or security and safety of United States persons.”

The bill kindly provides us with a list of six countries that fit this description: China(including Hong Kong), Cuba, Iran, Korea, Russia, and Venezuela

The Secretary of Commerce can add/remove countries to this list at any time, as long as Congress is informed within 15 days of the reasoning behind that decision.

Once Congress is informed, Congress can disagree via joint resolution (So both Houses have to vote to disagree with the Secretary of Commerce’s decision). If Congress disagrees, there’s a whole complicated process for getting the label added/removed.

We’ll get into the ethics later, in the Genuine Problems section.

For the rest of this post, I’ll be saying Scary Countries instead of foreign adversaries, so that it’s easier for people to understand.

What is the United States allowed to investigate using this Act?

So first we’re going to define some things, because the Act is very specific about what the United States can investigate.

The bill defines something called a “covered transaction,” which is basically a financial or technological action taken by a Scary Country or on behalf of a Scary Country. For the rest of this post, I’ll be saying Scary Action instead of covered transaction.

The bill also defines something called a “covered holding,” which is essentially any group that is partially or fully owned by a Scary Country, on behalf of a Scary Country, or that falls under a Scary Country’s jurisdiction, even with degrees of separation. The group has to affect either 1+ million Americans or has to have sold 1+ million units of a tech product to Americans. This group is usually a company, but it can be other things, too. For the rest of this post, I’ll be saying Scary & Important Group instead of covered holding.

The Secretary of Commerce is allowed to find/investigate/stop any Scary Action or Scary & Important Group that wants to do one of the following:

sabotage information and communications tech in the US

damage critical infrastructure or the digital economy of the US

interfere with a Federal election

undermine democratic processes

Pose any other unacceptable risk to the USA.

This is a list of Really Bad Things, so from now on I’m going to call it the List of Really Bad Things.

If it’s a Scary & Important Group instead of a Scary Action, the Secretary will refer the information to the President, who will then decide what to do to stop the threat. Otherwise, if it’s just a Scary Action, the Secretary has the authority to stop it.

If the Secretary finds out that something Scary is going on and that it falls under the List of Really Bad Things, the Secretary is REQUIRED to publish information in a DECLASSIFIED form about why they thought there was a threat and what was done to stop it, as long as none of the information is already classified. (This is a good thing!)

Process

First, the Secretary is given authority to find and investigate Scary Actions and Scary & Important Groups. The Secretary is also allowed to delegate this to Federal officials. Something key here is that the bill says that Federal officials can only have investigative powers that are “conferred upon them by any other Federal law.” They don’t get any extra powers. Anyone who tells you otherwise is panicking too hard to properly read the bill.

So what happens if, in the course of investigation, the Secretary finds out that a Scary Action or Scary & Important Group is trying to do a Really Bad Thing? Simple. The Attorney General will bring the case to an “appropriate district court.” The max fine for a civil penalty for an individual here is $250,000. For a criminal penalty for an individual, the max fine is $1 million and/or 20 years in prison, as well as giving up any of the things they used to do Really Bad Stuff with.

If someone is found guilty, they can appeal that decision, but only to the District of Columbia Circuit. Note that this is only for appeals! Otherwise, everything will be through the normal federal district courts.

If the appeal fails, too, the US will file all of the information that they used to make any big decisions with the court, and will give the defendant all of the information that is not classified, so that the defendant can ask for a full review.

Once the United States has stopped a Scary Action or a Scary & Important Group from doing Really Bad Things, it’s illegal to go around/against any of the actions that US has taken to do that.

Specifically, the bill says that “no person may cause or aid, abet, counsel, command, induce, procure, permit, or approve the doing of any act prohibited by, or the omission of any act required by any regulation, order, direction, mitigation measure, prohibition, or other authorization or directive issued under, this Act.”

Yes, this is legitimately scary. We’ll get into the ethics later, in the Genuine Problems section.

Myths

The bill gives the USA power to ban VPNs!

No. Unless the VPN company is trying to do one of the Really Bad Things under the instruction of a Scary Country or is suspected of doing one of the Really Bad Things, the VPN company will be fine.

The bill gives the USA power to investigate way more than they could before!

No. “In conducting investigations described in paragraph (1), designated officers or employees of Federal agencies described that paragraph may, to the extent necessary or appropriate to enforce this Act, exercise such authority as is conferred upon them by any other Federal law, subject to policies and procedures approved by the Attorney General” (emphasis mine).

Important here is “exercise such authority as is conferred upon them by any other Federal law” — this act is not giving them additional leeway. Really, the USA is making use of the lack of privacy that’s already baked into law in order to investigate.

If TikTok is banned and I use a VPN to access it, I could go to jail for 20 years!

Possible but severely unlikely, at least according to this law. Let’s go through some scenarios:

Scenario 1: The USA takes TikTok to court. In the decision, the USA says the TikTok app is no longer allowed to be on any app store. In this case, using a VPN to access TikTok would still be allowed, since the ban is for TikTok’s actions, not US citizens’ actions.

Scenario 2: The USA takes TikTok to court. In the decision, the USA says that TikTok is required to have some kind of filter banning US IP addresses. In this case, using a VPN to access TikTok would still be allowed, since the ban is for TikTok’s actions, not US citizens’ actions.

Scenario 3: The USA enacts a law forbidding citizens from accessing TikTok. This is unlikely, since the USA would have to have an entirely separate non-court procedure to do this, which is only kind of in the scope of the law. I guess it’s possible, but it’s skating on thin ice. In this case, using a VPN to access TikTok would be a crime. 4. If you’re charged, you have to go to the DC Circuit Court and not any of the other courts!

Actually, you’d first be charged under an ordinary district court in your state. If you decide to appeal, however, then you have to appeal to DC.

Genuine Problems

Adding a Scary Country to the list seems really easy. There’s nothing to stop the government from adding every single country to the list and then investigating every single action. Granted, it’s highly unlikely that this would happen, simply because then the amount of information would be difficult to go through, but it’s possible.

In the list of Really Bad Things, there’s an additional list item saying “otherwise poses an undue or unacceptable risk to the national security of the United States or the safety of United States persons.” Who determines that?

The definition of a Scary Action is ridiculously broad. It covers any financial or technology-related action. That could refer to a lot of different things.

While the bill is clearly intended only to prosecute people doing Really Bad Things, the wording is kind of vague in some places, and could be used to prosecute others, too.

Specifically, I’m thinking about this clause:

“no person may cause or aid, abet, counsel, command, induce, procure, permit, or approve the doing of any act prohibited by, or the omission of any act required by any regulation, order, direction, mitigation measure, prohibition, or other authorization or directive issued under, this Act”

Yeah this could definitely be used for overreach. It’s far too broad. If there was an infrastructure attack on the USA that affected the police dept, and an ACAB armchair activist tweeted “haha karma” would that count as grounds for prosecution? I have a genuine problem with this clause. The loopholes here are ridiculously large.

Overall, it seems as though this bill is aimed at large companies rather than citizens, but there are definitely loopholes for the government to exploit.

#restrict act #tiktok ban #long post

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whencyclopedia · 16 days ago

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Alien and Sedition Acts

The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by President John Adams and the Federalist-controlled Congress in 1798 that restricted immigration and free speech in the United States. Framed by the Federalist Party as a necessary measure to protect national security during the Quasi-War (1798-1800), the acts were deeply controversial and were challenged as being unconstitutional.

The acts were passed in response to heightening tensions between the United States and Revolutionary France in the aftermath of the XYZ Affair. Concerned by the recent influx of French and Irish émigrés, whose loyalties were considered questionable, the Federalist Party enacted three 'alien' acts during the summer of 1798. The first was the Naturalization Act, which increased the amount of time an immigrant must live in the United States before being eligible for citizenship from 5 to 14 years. Next came the Alien Friends Act, which allowed the president to deport any non-citizen he deemed to be a threat to national security. This was supplemented by the Alien Enemies Act, in which non-citizens hailing from a country at war with the United States could arbitrarily be detained or deported; the Enemies Act remains in effect today and has been invoked several times, most notably during the world wars of the 20th century. Finally, the Sedition Act criminalized the printing of material considered to be "false, scandalous, or malicious" about the president or the US government.

The Alien and Sedition Acts caused a major uproar, with members of the Democratic-Republican Party (Jeffersonian Democrats) condemning them as unconstitutional. Although no one ended up being arrested or deported under the Alien Acts, several people were arrested, tried, and convicted under the Sedition Act, accused of printing material critical of the Federalist-controlled government. Vice President Thomas Jefferson, leader of the opposition, denounced this as a clear violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution, which guarantees freedom of speech and press. The backlash against the Alien and Sedition Acts helped Jefferson win the presidency during the election of 1800 and forever stained the reputation of the Federalists, who would never again win the presidency or enjoy the heights of power they had achieved in 1798.

Background

By the late 1790s, the United States was experiencing a deep partisan rift. The nationalist Federalist Party championed a strong national government, big banks, and a build-up of the American military. In international affairs, Federalists tended to support Great Britain, which they regarded as a natural ally to the US and condemned the radicalism of the concurrent French Revolution (1789-1799). Their rival Democratic-Republican Party (Jeffersonian Democrats), by contrast, emerged in favor of decentralized government and republicanism and denounced the Federalists as too aristocratic. They supported the French Republic and rejected the influence of Britain, which they feared would only lead to a re-emergence of monarchism in the United States. Despite President George Washington's Farewell Address, in which he warned against such partisanship, the divide between the two factions had only widened since Washington left office in March 1797. By the start of John Adams' presidency, each party viewed the other as an existential threat to the country.

President Adams was a Federalist, the only member of that party to ever occupy the presidency. But he was not as radical as the Hamiltonian wing of the party and was not as averse to dealing with France as some of his party may have been. This was significant since, at the time Adams was inaugurated in March 1797, the United States and Revolutionary France were on the brink of war. The French Republic was already at war with Britain and had interpreted the signing of the Jay Treaty – a controversial commercial agreement between the US and Britain – as a British-American alliance. In retaliation, French privateers began attacking neutral American shipping in late 1796, arguing that any American ship carrying British cargo was liable to be seized as a valid prize. Within a year, French privateers had captured nearly 300 American ships and had mistreated their crews. While many Federalists clamored for war, President Adams preferred negotiation. In the autumn of 1797, he dispatched three envoys to Paris – John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney – to assert American neutrality in the ongoing French Revolutionary Wars and to hopefully restore relations between the US and France.

This diplomatic mission failed. In an incident known as the XYZ Affair, French agents refused to open negotiations unless the United States agreed to pay a large bribe, resorting to thinly veiled threats once the American envoys resisted the notion. On 5 March 1798, President Adams told Congress that negotiations had failed and, shortly thereafter, requested a build-up of the American army and navy. The aging former President Washington was pulled out of his retirement at Mount Vernon and named commander-in-chief of the American army, which was being organized by the Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton. American and French frigates clashed on the high seas; although this conflict, the Quasi-War, never wound up escalating beyond limited naval skirmishes, for a time it seemed as though France and the United States were on the brink of a major war.

In the months after the details of the XYZ Affair were published, the American public were firmly behind the Federalists; Adams reached the height of his popularity in mid-1798, allowing him and the Federalists to begin their military build-up program practically unimpeded. The blatant disrespectful behavior of the French agents left the Democratic-Republicans with little ammunition, giving them little recourse but to stand to the side and announce that the country was making a bad decision by going to war with France. This was the context – deep partisan rivalry and the looming threat of war – that led Adams and the Federalists to create the Alien and Sedition Acts, policies that ultimately helped lead to the decline of the Federalist Party itself.

#History #Adams #AlienEnemiesAct #AlienFriendsAct #WHE #[#]

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americantransgendercongress · 20 days ago

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A Love Letter For Tumblr,

Dearest Citizens of Tumblr,

I write to you on the perilous after one of the most depressing days in modern history. We all know what's at stake, and this applies even if you are not American/from the United States. An evil hand is taking over our democracies, but you already know this. I am looking to write for the trans & enby folks and allies.

My team has established a blog on Tumblr because, as you know, two things:

The far-right's taken control of just about every popular social media site so far. Leaving leftists with no where to organize and trans people harassed across virtually every platform with userbases of billions allowed to spread far-right propaganda with impunity.

There has, well, always been an extremely high amount of trans & non-binary people on Tumblr. You all created the enby flag didn't you? Almost all of my non-binary partners have used it in some capacity, and I met a former partner on here once!

So, in times of strife, Tumblr always has that positive beacon of hope for me and many people. If I were to find good company "to rise up against the crown", it'll be here!

Anyway, who are we, this American Transgender Congress, and what do we aim to do?

ATransCongress aims to invite representatives from all 50 states, the territories, and all tribal nations (who wish to attend) of all types of groups in a singular location to ensure the survival of trans & non-binary people and the eventually (however dark it looks now) the ultimate thriving of our people in a brand new world. We aim to have a location right outside of Stonewall in July 2025 (it is still a bar, that doesn't take reservations) that can hold a legitimate, very official, serious talk on our rights. Like normal Congress, we will have resolutions but more importantly to TLDR we aim to write a constitution, centralize and coordinate our state/local efforts nationally, and split into committees like task forces to address specific problems in the trans community. (For example, there is a Committee of Safety, one dedicated to Mutual Aid, and one dedicated to both Refugees and displaced persons in and out of the country.)

If you felt this goal was even more lofty, don't worry, because next year we aim to have a World Trans Congress set up. The proposal also includes for United Kingdom, Mexico, and Canada to send observers for this year's congress because of our very close national bonds.

My next post, I will link my website about page which, while hard to find, contains the 30 page proposal both in English and Spanish in separate PDFs for full details.

Wishing you all well, stay safe!

R.C.

Founder of American Trans Congress

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leadershipbulletin-blog · 1 month ago

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Support Our Troops an Independence Day Word The foundation of a great country was formed through the separating of individuals from tyranny on July 4th, 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was signed. This formation was declared by the Continental Congress. Through this action, congress removed the 13 colonies from the British rule and a new nation was born. Since 1776, the United States of America has formed into a great empire of it’s own as a world leader. This great nation sends has set a standard in its dealings around the world and has in many nations made a great name for itself. The United States of America is a beacon of hope to individuals all around the world. It can be said that many of the great inventions of our time have been developed in the United States. This nation has always had a radical people who are willing to work. This willingness to work has helped to make this nation what it is today. In order to keep this nation as a great beacon, we often have to https://leadershipbulletin.com/support-our-troops-an-independence-day-word/?utm_source=tumblr&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ReviveOldPost

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transienturl · 7 months ago

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a few things from around the internet re: Palestine. first, from the international court of justice (most tumblr users, I imagine, will have seen this one):

second, a bit of reporting summarizing the statements made by US congresspeople; the numbers are spectacularly bad, but also underscore that things are substantially worse with republicans free to call the shots (and if you just read a few statements by typical republicans this is immediately backed up). note both the splits here and the "At odds with the public" section.

third, I made some attempts to find the unscripted statements of potential vice presidential candidates (or presidential, but it seems pretty clear that coalescing around Harris as the presidential candidate is the most likely successful path forward on that front). there isn't a ton. I don't think we can intuit a true commitment to Not Doing A Genocide from any of them given this political climate, but they do mostly sound like they fall slightly to the left of Biden?

example clip from 2019, from then-candidate Buttigieg. (aside: man, do you remember when politicians could speak off-the-cuff and sound like political leaders? there are better things they could sound like—hi, Sanders—but wow has it been proven that there are many worse.)

youtube

fourth, from last year: I was shocked to learn about this.

political litmus tests are bad if they don't lead to outcomes that are any more aligned with the moral reason behind the litmus test, but "not voting for this" sounds like the most basic of litmus tests that could possibly exist. the fact that this passed is an indictment of my country no matter what the history of the "from the river to the sea" phrase is. christ.

the fact that is passed is, though, notably, due to 212 republicans and 22 democrats. there is a huge difference here.

if I may editorialize: my read on the positions on Palestine of most democrats spans a spectrum between strategic weasel-wording for ultimately the right reasons, general spinelessness, and a lack of understanding. my read my read on the positions on Palestine of most republicans, somewhat to my surprise, hovers around "reveling in abject cruelty."

a huge amount, possibly the majority, of usamerican citizens, will be on the right side of history here. the UN will be. US politicians, on a whole, I'm not so sure of. but it doesn't sound to me like the left withdrawing from the elections as a protest to this will send the desired message; what it sounds like it'll do is get anyone who's left with the spine to stand up against genocide bullied out of their ability to speak.

this is not something I am particularly well-informed about, but based on those reads and the importance of all of this, I think it's extremely important that I vote for the democrats I have the ability to, and I think if you're usamerican, you should too.

fifth: we have got to keep her in congress.

(tell me what uspol keywords you filter and I'll add them to uspol posts)

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gatekeeper-watchman · 2 years ago

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Dear Mr. EX-President Donald Trump

Dear Mr. Trump,

You say you want a trial. In this regard, allow me please to ask you a few questions, which, for the sake of time, I will answer for you. Did you fire Mr. Bolton? That Mr. Bolton might disagree notwithstanding, I’m certain your answer will be yes. Next, did you have a right to fire, Mr. Bolton? Yes, of course. He serves at the pleasure of the President.

To keep this short, haven’t you also fired others in your service? And the answer is also, yes—you have probably fired more people in your administration than any other president in history (just one indicator among many of poor managerial and leadership skills, I am compelled to note); and also, you had a right to fire because they served at your pleasure.

Did you give them a trial? Of course, not—because, as has been said, they serve at your pleasure. They don't have that privilege.

Now, let me ask you this Mr. Trump and his followers. Is the President of the United States allowed to be fired by the American people? You bet your boots he is! He serves at the pleasure of the American people, and he most certainly must always keep that fact in the forefront of his mind. It’s called RESPONSIBILITY! He, however, as President of the most wonderful, prosperous, powerful, blessed country in the history of civilization, is allowed a trial—unlike those who work for him.

The rules for that trial, however, are not within the realm of his authority. Those rules are determined by his employers, “We the People”! And they have been established since the birth of our great nation, beginning with Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution, and interpreted by Congress and verified by the Supreme Court since. You don’t “call the shots” on this one, sir. You don't have the authority. Our government is not a dictatorship yet. Those shots are determined by our Congress—the House of Representatives and the Senate; and your trial has begun. I am compelled to add: you had your opportunity to participate, and you refused. You have obstructed the process throughout.

In my opinion, you deserve everything you get. You have been a very bad boy and deserve to ‘stand in the corner”. You’re old enough to know better. You should have learned all this in school—if you did your homework that is.

Respectfully,

From: Steven P. Miller @ParkermillerQ, Founder of Gatekeeper-Watchman International Groups Jacksonville, Florida., Duval County, USA. Instagram: steven_parker_miller_1956, Twitter: @GatekeeperWatchman1, @ParkermillerQ, https://twitter.com/StevenPMiller6 Tumblr: https://www.tumblr.com/blog/gatekeeperwatchman URL: linkedin.com/in/steven-miller-b1ab21259 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ElderStevenMiller

#GWIG, #GWIN, #GWINGO, #Ephraim1, #IAM, #Sparkermiller,#Eldermiller1981

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