#molecular oxygen

[whats-in-a-sentence]

ROS generation occurs in several cellular compartments and as a result of the activities of specialized oxidases, such as NADPH oxidases, amine oxidases, and cell wall-bound peroxidases (Table 24.2).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[nexus-nebulae]

goes to the ocean depths to get myself some evil oxygen

[butchyena]

finally landed on an apocalyptic event idea good enough to base a campaign on. thank fucking god

[panvani]

I have to check what “antioxidants” actually do cuz if they work the way I think they do then that is very very funny

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The science dairies of S. Sunkavally. Page 132.

[blueoaknx]

The Connection Between Damaged Mitochondria and Arthritis

Mitochondria are integral organelles responsible for various critical cellular functions, primarily energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. They are involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis, regulating metabolism, modulating calcium levels, and controlling apoptosis. Emerging evidence has highlighted mitochondrial dysfunction as a key contributor to a variety of diseases, including arthritis. This formal overview aims to explore the complex relationship between damaged mitochondria and arthritis, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that link mitochondrial dysfunction to the pathogenesis of inflammatory joint diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA).

Mitochondrial Structure and Function

Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles found in eukaryotic cells, and they are crucial for cellular energy metabolism. Their primary role is the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation, a process that takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. During this process, the electron transport chain (ETC) generates a proton gradient across the inner membrane, which drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase. However, this process also generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts, primarily from complexes I and III of the ETC. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS are neutralized by antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione. However, under pathological conditions, excessive ROS production can lead to oxidative stress, contributing to cellular damage and dysfunction.

In addition to ATP production, mitochondria have essential roles in calcium buffering, apoptosis regulation, and the maintenance of cellular integrity. Damage to these organelles disrupts these functions, contributing to various diseases, including arthritis.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Arthritis

Arthritis is a group of diseases characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the joints. It includes conditions like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease, and osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative disease. In both types of arthritis, mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a critical factor that exacerbates disease progression through several mechanisms, including increased oxidative stress, immune activation, and tissue damage.

1. Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage

Oxidative stress is a hallmark of both RA and OA, and mitochondria are central to its production. In these conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction results in an increase in ROS production, overwhelming the cell’s antioxidant defenses. This oxidative stress leads to the modification of cellular structures, including proteins, lipids, and DNA, causing further mitochondrial damage. In RA, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulate immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils to release large amounts of ROS. These ROS contribute to the local inflammatory environment and accelerate joint destruction by damaging mitochondria and amplifying oxidative stress.

Mitochondrial damage results in a feedback loop where impaired mitochondrial function generates more ROS, further promoting inflammation. For instance, in RA, markers of oxidative damage such as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) have been found to correlate with disease activity, suggesting a direct relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and disease severity.

2. Mitochondrial DNA Damage and Inflammatory Signaling

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its proximity to the ETC, where ROS are produced during ATP synthesis. Unlike nuclear DNA, mtDNA is not protected by histones and has limited repair mechanisms, making it prone to mutations. Damage to mtDNA impairs mitochondrial function and can lead to the release of mtDNA fragments into the cytoplasm or extracellular space.

In the context of arthritis, mtDNA damage has been implicated in immune activation. When damaged mtDNA is released into the cytoplasm, it is recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), on immune cells. TLRs, particularly TLR9, activate downstream inflammatory signaling pathways that lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. This further exacerbates the inflammatory response in joints and contributes to the progression of arthritis. Studies have shown that the presence of mtDNA fragments in the serum of RA patients correlates with disease activity, indicating the role of mtDNA in driving inflammation.

3. Mitochondrial Dynamics and Arthritis Pathogenesis

Mitochondrial dynamics refer to the continuous processes of mitochondrial fission (division) and fusion (joining), which maintain mitochondrial function and integrity. Fission allows for the removal of damaged mitochondria, while fusion helps to integrate mitochondrial contents and maintain a healthy mitochondrial pool. Imbalance between fission and fusion is associated with several diseases, including arthritis.

In the case of RA, excessive mitochondrial fission and reduced fusion have been observed. This imbalance results in mitochondrial fragmentation, which impairs mitochondrial function, increases ROS production, and contributes to cellular stress. Fission is regulated by proteins such as dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and fission 1 protein (Fis1), while fusion is controlled by mitofusins (Mfn1 and Mfn2) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). Dysregulation of these proteins in RA leads to a fragmented mitochondrial network, which exacerbates oxidative stress and inflammation in synovial tissues.

4. Mitochondrial-Dependent Cell Death

Mitochondria are also central regulators of programmed cell death, particularly apoptosis. In the pathogenesis of arthritis, excessive or dysregulated apoptosis contributes to joint destruction. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by releasing pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). These factors activate caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways, leading to the death of synovial cells and cartilage cells, which contributes to the progressive tissue damage observed in both RA and OA.

Furthermore, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, which is induced by oxidative stress, can lead to necrosis, a form of uncontrolled cell death. Necrotic cell death in the joints increases inflammation and tissue degradation, particularly in OA, where cartilage breakdown is a hallmark feature.

Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Arthritis

Given the significant role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of arthritis, various therapeutic strategies aimed at improving mitochondrial function are under investigation.

1. Mitochondrial Antioxidants

Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, such as MitoQ and MitoTEMPO, have been developed to selectively accumulate in mitochondria, where they can neutralize ROS and reduce oxidative stress. These compounds have shown promise in preclinical models of arthritis, where they help to reduce inflammation, protect mitochondrial function, and limit joint damage. The use of mitochondrial antioxidants could be an effective strategy to mitigate oxidative stress in arthritic conditions.

2. Mitochondrial Biogenesis Enhancement

Another potential therapeutic approach is the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, the process by which new mitochondria are formed to compensate for damaged mitochondria. Agents that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, could help restore mitochondrial function in arthritic tissues. Compounds such as resveratrol and NAD+ precursors are under investigation for their ability to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and improve cellular metabolism in arthritis.

3. Mitochondrial Dynamics Modulation

Restoring the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion is another therapeutic strategy. Inhibiting excessive mitochondrial fission or promoting mitochondrial fusion may help maintain mitochondrial integrity and reduce inflammation in arthritis. Drugs targeting Drp1 or enhancing Mfn1/Mfn2 activity are potential candidates for modulating mitochondrial dynamics in arthritic diseases.

4. Mitophagy Enhancement

Mitophagy, the selective autophagic degradation of damaged mitochondria, is essential for maintaining mitochondrial quality. Enhancing mitophagy through the use of compounds like spermidine or activators of the PINK1/PARK2 pathway could help eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria and reduce inflammation, making it a promising therapeutic approach in arthritis.

Conclusion

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of arthritis, contributing to oxidative stress, inflammation, and joint damage. The intricate relationship between damaged mitochondria and immune activation highlights the importance of targeting mitochondrial health in the treatment of arthritis. Emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating mitochondrial dynamics hold promise for improving the management of arthritis and preventing joint destruction. Further research into mitochondrial biology and its role in arthritis is essential for the development of more effective, targeted therapies for these debilitating conditions.

[aanews69]

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[oozechem]

Understanding the Role of Molecular Sieve Oxygen Generator in Gas Separation

In industrial and medical applications, the molecular sieve oxygen generator (MSOG) plays a pivotal role in separating oxygen from air using advanced adsorption techniques. These generators utilize molecular sieves, specifically designed to selectively adsorb nitrogen molecules while allowing oxygen to pass through, thus producing high-purity oxygen gas.

Molecular sieve oxygen generators operate on the principle of pressure swing adsorption (PSA), where compressed air is passed through a bed of molecular sieves. These sieves, typically made of zeolite materials, have uniform pore sizes that trap nitrogen molecules, leaving behind oxygen-enriched gas for various applications.

The MSOG process begins with the compression of ambient air, which is then directed into the PSA unit. Inside the unit, the air passes through multiple layers of molecular sieves, where nitrogen molecules are adsorbed onto the surface of the sieves due to their larger size and higher affinity compared to oxygen molecules. This selective adsorption process allows the oxygen to pass through, resulting in a higher concentration of oxygen in the outgoing stream.

The efficiency of Molecular Sieve Oxygen Generators lies in their ability to continuously regenerate the molecular sieves. This regeneration process involves depressurizing the adsorption bed, which releases the trapped nitrogen molecules and prepares the sieves for the next cycle of oxygen production. This cyclic process ensures a steady supply of high-purity oxygen gas suitable for medical treatments, industrial processes, and specialized applications like underwater welding and cutting.

Applications of Molecular Sieve Oxygen Generators

Medical Use: In healthcare settings, MSOGs provide a reliable source of medical-grade oxygen for patients requiring respiratory support, anesthesia, and emergency treatments. The high purity of oxygen produced ensures safety and efficacy in medical applications.

Industrial Processes: Industries utilize molecular sieve oxygen generators for various applications such as metal fabrication, glass manufacturing, and wastewater treatment. Oxygen-enriched air enhances combustion processes, improves efficiency in chemical reactions, and supports environmental control measures.

Aquaculture and Environmental Remediation: MSOGs contribute to aquaculture by enriching water bodies with oxygen, which is crucial for fish farming and maintaining aquatic ecosystems. They also aid in environmental remediation efforts by supporting oxidation processes that neutralize pollutants in soil and water.

Military and Aerospace: In military and aerospace applications, molecular sieve oxygen generators provide oxygen supply solutions for aircraft, submarines, and enclosed environments where conventional oxygen cylinders may not be feasible.

Emergency Response: During disasters and emergencies, MSOGs serve as essential equipment for providing oxygen to victims and responders in remote or inaccessible locations, ensuring rapid medical assistance and support.

Benefits of Molecular Sieve Oxygen Generators

Cost-Effective: Compared to traditional methods of oxygen supply, MSOGs offer lower operational costs and reduced reliance on external oxygen suppliers.

Continuous Operation: The cyclic adsorption and regeneration process allows for uninterrupted production of oxygen, meeting continuous demand without downtime.

Compact and Portable: Modern molecular sieve oxygen generators are designed to be compact and portable, making them suitable for mobile medical units, disaster response teams, and remote industrial sites.

Environmental Friendly: The production of oxygen through PSA technology is energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, minimizing carbon footprint and resource consumption.

In conclusion, molecular sieve oxygen generators represent a significant advancement in gas separation technology, offering reliable, high-purity oxygen for diverse applications ranging from medical treatments to industrial processes and environmental management. Their efficiency, reliability, and versatility make them indispensable in modern healthcare, industry, and emergency response scenarios, ensuring safe and sustainable oxygen supply solutions.

[molecularsievedesi]

Use Carbon Molecular Sieve For Gas Separation

Molecular sieves have been popular and widely used adsorbent material in various industrial applications and processes. Molecular sieves contain a highly porous structure, are inert in nature, have high adsorption selectivity, and can effectively separate different gases from the air according to their affinity towards the material. 

The use of Carbon molecular sieve for gas separation works best due to its highly porous and well defined pore structure, where different sizes of molecules are adsorbed in the passage of molecules across the membrane. Pores that are smaller tend to allow for the passage of smaller molecules, while pores that are larger tend to allow the passage of larger molecules.

For more information

contact us +91 9879203377,

Email us - molecularsievedesiccants@gmail.com

Website - https://www.molecularsievedesiccants.com

[sciencesolutions]

[1d1195]

Most I

Read Most here | ~3.9k words

From me: I've been watching sad Instagram reels to feel something so I wanted to just write those feelings out.

Warnings: angsty af. Like you're gonna be sad in this part. It's only some fluff and a lot of love, but it's a lot of angst. Just like an absolute ton of it. Also you're supposed to envision Harry as a firefighter so you have to deal with that at the same time.

Summary: She was his soulmate when he didn’t believe in them. He was the love of her life–the one she planned to write about. But was soulmates going to be enough?

“Hi baby,” her giggle was infectious. The kind of laugh that sounded like music and felt like sunshine. He didn’t even need to see her to know there was a smile on her face. The very same smile that had been his favorite one to see since they were young. Only recently did it turn into the one that he loved so much. Well, at least he could admit how much he loved it openly. It made his own smile appear; just knowing when he turned around, he was going to see those pretty lips, her straight teeth (although when he envisioned it, he still remembered it before she had braces; teeth just slightly crooked at the cutest angle—but he would never tell her that). The word baby was for him. She was in his heart. So completely, so wholly. He loved the way the word baby sounded in her voice. How it left her smiling lips. He had dreamed about it for ages. Since he was old enough to name that she really was his crush.

But in the end, he didn’t even have to tell her he liked the name baby. It was just the one she chose.

Like she knew that’s what he wanted.

“Hey kitten,” he chuckled, smiling over his shoulder as she approached. She wrapped her arms around his waist from behind. She nuzzled her face against his back. His shirt smelled so intoxicatingly good—like him. He was warm, perfect. He continued his conversation with Niall. Resting his hand on top of hers, settled on the front of his stomach, right above his belt. She stayed glued to him. Niall hardly paid any attention to her. Not in a mean way, of course; no, she was simply there because she was supposed to be. She was a permanent fixture—no, an extension of Harry’s body. When she wasn’t around, it was the first thing anyone asked. Where was she? Was she okay? She liked to be thought of as a package deal. Even her mom, for all her faults, always wondered where Harry was when he wasn’t there. It was like he was the oxygen in the air and when he wasn’t around it was hard for her to breathe.

She loved Harry. She was so in love with him, she thought you could take a sample of her blood and find love for him in the cells at a molecular level. Loved him beyond description. She didn’t think it was possible to love someone that much until she did. It was the stuff of dreams and romance novels. Every time he looked at her, she was overcome with the feeling like he never wanted to stop looking at her.

Harry truly was in love with her. Astronomically in love with her. He thought he would need to create a new unit of measurement just to explain how vast and deeply he loved her. But there wasn’t any justice for it. He simply loved her. Like his life depended on it. He loved her more than he could describe. More than anyone could ever really witness.

He encouraged all her dreams and ambitions throughout the years. When she wanted to be an astronaut he stayed up until three in the morning researching workout routines for them to practice in his backyard so he could help train her for a life on the space station. The week she wanted to be a baker was spent experimenting with flour and sugar. Failing miserably when they set the smoke alarm off so many times that his mum insisted that they take a break.

But it was her writing that he encouraged more than anything else.

He didn’t care what she chose to write. He read it all. Essays, articles, love stories, a grocery list turned into poetry when it came from her pen. He bought her notebooks upon notebooks for birthdays and Christmases. When she was feeling upset, he never brought her flowers; a new pen and notebook, that was all she needed.

People who didn’t know them well, said they were crazy. Falling in love at a young age like that. It wasn’t a good idea. Harry was going to leave for college a year before her and it seemed doomed before it started. But to her it didn’t matter. Because each of those notebooks that Harry never opened without her permission, never strayed from the page she let him read, all were inscribed on the inside front cover with a heart she had drawn and written their two names inside. Like she was going to write their very future into existence.

Yes, Harry loved her, but it was more than that. There wasn’t anyone sweeter. No one was prettier—inside or out. Her kindness was so touching he couldn’t believe someone like her was in love with him some days. It seemed unfair. If there was a perfect person, it was Harry. She was sure.

Harry didn’t believe in soulmates. But whatever she was and how she fit into his life, he was certain it was as close to a soulmate as he would ever get.

So finally, when Harry was finally exhausted from waiting, the day before his last year of school started—before he would be going off and applying to universities, he needed her to know. “You know I’m in love with you, right?” He asked, point-blank.

She smiled.

That gorgeous, perfect smile that melted him right to his core.

“Yes,” she whispered, and she opened one of the notebooks that were stacked beside her bed, all the ones from over the years that she had hidden exactly what she wanted on the inside front cover. “I know.”

Harry saw the hearts, their names.

She was his soulmate. Whether he liked it or not.

So, when they held hands in the school hallways, went to astronomy class together, and sat so close to one another at lunch and in study hall, no one really paid any mind to them. It seemed like most everyone already thought they were a couple, so their adorableness didn’t change how anyone perceived one another. No one noticed how in love Harry was with her because it seemed like nothing had changed at all.

No one cared that she loved Harry with every piece of her heart. Every part of her mind and soul because it seemed like she always had.

Well. 

Almost everyone.

*

Their love wasn’t without fault. Harry worried about the future, if she would grow tired of him because he wanted nothing more than to live in this town of theirs, the place where he met the love of his life and take care of it in thanks for bringing her to him.

“I can write from anywhere, Harry,” she reminded him. “Actually, I would go nowhere to be with you,” she smiled. It was corny. A poem she would probably jot down later before she fell asleep.

“Y’would go nowhere,” he repeated. That dimpled smile of his made her heartbeat twice as fast. His hands slid around her waist. It nearly made her shiver even though it wasn’t the first time he touched her, and it wouldn’t be the last.

She nodded; her hands linked behind his neck. His forehead pressed to hers and he brushed the tip of his nose against hers. His mouth felt like a magnet, and he was going to draw her in whether she wanted to be drawn in or not (but she did—oh, did she want). “Nowhere with you seems like heaven.”

“When y’write your first poetry book, are y’gonna dedicate it to me?”

She nodded. “Absolutely.”

“Yeah? Y’really gonna dedicate it t’nobody?”

“You’re not a nobody,” she rolled her eyes.

“M’not going anywhere. M’jus’ a nobody from nowhere.”

“Harry,” she giggled. “You’re not a nobody... this isn’t nowhere. You’re... everywhere. And you’ll always be my somebody,” she promised. 

Her lips were touching his. Not quite kissing, but as she nodded, they brushed in a half-kiss that she didn’t have enough words to adequately describe the feeling and how it would put any full kiss written by any other author to shame. “Think I want t’have your body all t’myself,” he pulled her closer, somehow. His body was so warm and when he smiled, his mouth curved upwards made her lips follow his. She couldn’t take it a moment longer. She sank into the kiss, feeling like the oxygen was almost too pure for her. Leaving her breathless but wanting more of it all the same.

He was her first kiss, her first poem, her first love, and her first everything. There wasn’t an inch of skin that hadn’t been touched by him. So really, the poems, the stories, the writing came naturally. Harry was her muse. There was nothing else to do but write.

*

But her own insecurities in her writing abilities and her appearance made her nervous that she would hold Harry back. 

Harry wanted to be a firefighter for their sweet little town; and she wasn’t oblivious, he had the body for it. She joked with him that he was going to sell thousands of dollars’ worth of calendars when the time came. “Are y’going t’be the one buying thousands of dollars’ worth of calendars?” He chuckled.

“Obviously,” she rolled her eyes. He kissed every inch of her face until she giggled more and more.

“Kitten?” he whispered.

“Yes?”

“M’gonna buy thousands of dollars’ worth of y’books.”

“With my calendar money?”

He tickled her until she squealed.

Harry was beautiful. More beautiful than she felt on most days, and it pained her sometimes to look in the mirror. But it always seemed like Harry knew when those days hit her hardest. “Do y’know you are the most beautiful person I know?” He whispered to her, as if it were a secret. But he would have shouted it from the rooftops. He showed all their friends the pictures he had taken of her and put them in their group chat and reminded them to tell her how pretty she looked. It made her giggle and shy from the attention. He would brush his fingers along her cheek, “So, so pretty,” he reminded her. “Should be illegal t’look at you for this long. Hogging all your beauty t’myself.”

But they always reassured one another that this was it. She was his soulmate—even when he didn’t believe in them. He was the love of her life—the one she planned to write about until she couldn’t physically write anymore.

It helped that people like Eleanor, Louis, Niall, Sarah, and Mitch, all assured her too that no one loved anyone as much as Harry loved her. Everyone loved them together. It wasn’t close to the amount they loved each other, but it was a good amount—one that suggested everyone knew they were meant for each other.

Almost everyone.

*

Lauren was the same year as she was. She was popular, smart, insanely beautiful. In another dimension, she was sure Harry was meant to be with Lauren. But they were a good pair. Lauren was kind and almost always worked with her on school projects. Arguably one of her closest friends outside her main group of friends she shared with Harry.

When they were out and about, Harry watched out for the girls in the group nearly as much as he watched out for the girl that made his heart stutter. He kept spare hair ties around his wrist for when drinking at parties got to be too much and he worried their hair would fall into the toilet. “Harry, can you come get Lo and I?” She asked once Harry picked up at the other end. It was Harry’s least favorite kind of call. The kind he knew Lauren had dragged her to a party that was too much. It made his heartbeat faster, worried beyond belief until he saw that sweet smile holding her friend’s hair back as she threw up in the bushes. “Can you help me get her into bed?” Of course he would. He would do anything she asked.

Harry noticed the way Lauren’s grip tightened around his neck as he held her and carefully placed her into bed. Out of the kindness of his heart, he ignored it. For Lauren’s sake, for his sake, and of course the sake of the pretty girl whose concern for her friend grew as she gathered items needed to cure a hangover. 

*

Lauren was in love with Harry. Had been for years. But it couldn’t even come close to her and her love for Harry. Not in any way, shape, or form. Lauren adored her friend, because how could she not? She was too sweet for words. But there was a part of her, a gnawing, growing part of her that wanted her friend out of the picture. She told herself all she needed was a chance, but it didn’t seem doable. They were inseparable. There was no way she could tear them apart. It was impossible.

Or was it?

*

“Harry?” Lauren asked. She was smiling at her phone again. The way she always did when Harry texted her. During the week, it was a little hard to see one another—even though Harry was commuting to the local university just a half hour drive away and they were still in town. So, Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays were meant for dates and kisses and being so obsessed with one another, it would probably make anyone want to throw up.

Especially if they were jealous.

“Yeah, he’s out early. Wanted to know if we needed anything for our study session.”

Lauren felt a crack in her plan. They were really too sweet. Both of them.

“Do you ever… worry about Harry?” Lauren asked. 

She frowned. “Yeah, like every day.”

“No,” Lauren felt a stab of hatred for herself as she pressed. Of course, her friend would say something sickeningly kind like that. Of course, she worried about Harry. “No like… him at university.”

“What do you mean?” She asked innocently. The innocence in her voice was sincere. Genuinely asking her friend what she meant. Worry coated her face. Was there something she missed? Should she have been worrying about Harry more?

“Uh… just… forget it,” Lauren shook her head. “It’s stupid.”

That was going to be the end of it. If it was, maybe Harry would have fared better. Maybe it wouldn’t have led to this horrible moment. Left wondering and aching and wishing.

But she was nothing if not the best and most fantastic friend of all.

“Lo, are you sure? You seem… nervous.”

So, she continued. Planted the tiny seed of doubt. “It’s just… Harry’s been with you his whole life and he’s made it well known he won’t be leaving. So, do you ever feel like you should… let him be free to experience more? I don’t know… I just… I think I would worry if it were me.”

That was all it took.

The self-doubt was so easy. It made so much sense coming from her mouth. Harry did deserve more. She thought that on a regular normal day.

Staying close to home wasn’t going to make Harry’s life any richer. He wasn’t staying in a dorm. He wasn’t going to be studying abroad or anything like that. A degree in psychology to help as much as he humanly could. Training to be a firefighter the moment he finished his degree. He would love his life and living here. 

But what if he deserved more?

*

Harry’s house was like her second home. She rarely knocked—only if she was unsure if anyone was home. If the car was in the driveway, she made her way in.

Except today. Because today, Anne’s porch didn’t feel like home. The steps that made her trip and fall on Halloween when Harry tended to her like he planned on being a doctor. It solidified   the picture that he would be a fireman, an amazing one at that. But he would have been great at anything he set his mind to. The flower garden where she and Harry found a bird’s nest after a bad storm. The study sessions and poems that she scribbled on the porch where Anne would bring them lemonade and cookies.

It was one of her favorite places on earth.

But it wasn’t today.

She knocked.

Harry pulled the door out of the way. “Hey baby,” he pecked her cheek, oblivious to everything she felt and how she sounded. He was in his own happy world. Nothing was wrong. He wasn’t told that she was less when Harry needed more. He didn’t notice she knocked. That she hadn’t toed over the threshold. “How was school and work? Are y’tired?”

“Harry,” she whispered.

“I was thinking we could order in and watch a movie.”

It’s not fair.

“Harry,” she repeated.

“I think pizza—oh we had pizza two days ago. Maybe Chinese?”

It’s. Not. Fair.

“Harry.”

Finally, he noticed she hadn’t moved much beyond the doorway while he was rushing about. He turned to her finally. Noting her crestfallen face, the way her eyes were bloodshot, and she refused to look him in the eye.

“Hey, kitten,” he frowned and moved toward her. “S’matter, love?” He asked. “Did y’have a bad day? See a sad video?”

It pained her to no end that he knew her so well that a sad video could have been the culprit for her sadness on a normal day. But this wasn’t a normal day. This was the day she was going to break her own heart.

“I uh…” she swiped at her eye.

“Kitten, baby,” he cooed and reached for her arm gently, but she pulled away. “Hey, what—”

“I think I’m gonna…” her throat hurt. Like the words were burning her esophagus like they weren’t supposed to come out. “I want to go away,” she whispered. That was at least in part true. She did want to go away. Far, far away so she wouldn’t feel the hurt like she was in that moment. “For school.”

There was a pang of frustration that went through him. Not because he was mad at her. No, he was going to miss her, that was it. But her success, her happiness, all of it was more important than a few hundred miles. Or even thousands. Harry sighed, wiped a hand over his face, and nodded. It would be hard. Long distance would be really hard. “Alright, yeah. Course, baby. Whatever’s best for y’education.”

She shook her head trying to talk herself out of saying it. Or maybe into saying it. It seemed so wrong. So awful. It wasn’t worth it. All this hurt. She hadn’t even started really. She could stop right then. But she looked at him. Looked at his kind, worried face. The way he looked at her when she had a stomachache or a headache. When she smacked her head on the corner of a table she was cleaning under or when she fell off her bike when she was young. “It’s… it’s really far away, Harry,” she reminded him. Maybe she wouldn’t have to say it. Wouldn’t have to do the hard part. He would just know, he would agree.

“Yeah… yeah, it is. But s’okay,” it sounded like he was trying to convince himself. Just a minor hiccup. “I’ll come t’you every weekend. And there will be holidays. M’sure your mum will want y’home and—”

His poor heart. He’s got no idea I’m about to ruin everything.

“Harry,” she swallowed. “It’s… it’s too far,” it wasn’t even a whisper.

Harry frowning was her least favorite thing. It made it all so much harder. “Too far for what, kitten?” He asked almost rhetorically.

Her inhale of breath was shaky. Like it was hurting her to breathe. Everything hurt. Every inch of her body. Like she had been hit by a car or had fallen from a tree. It wasn’t fair. Harry was oxygen. He always had been for as long as she had known him. Now it was hurting her to be in the same room as him. “For us,” she croaked.

It felt like the whole world had shifted. Flipped on its axis. He remembered hearing about it in their astronomy class. She was sitting right beside him. He wanted to ask her if she remembered because it wasn’t supposed to be like that. It was supposed to happen gradually, in hundreds of thousands of years. No one was supposed to notice. But Harry did. He noticed immediately.

He scoffed and looked at her like she was insane. Like it was a mean joke. She wasn’t mean so where had this come from? The tears were a nice touch. Realistic even. It felt terrible to look at her in such a way, but surely it was only the natural reaction when someone he loved just caused the magnetic field to flip the entire globe. “Baby, what are y’saying?” He asked. It didn’t really make sense and so his only option was to question her. She covered her mouth releasing a sob that he hadn’t ever heard come from her mouth. Not when her childhood dog died. Not when her mom got in a scary car accident and started losing her mind just enough to make her anxious and worried. Not when she got a terrible grade on her math test or hurt her ankle in soccer. There wasn’t a moment he could compare it to. There was no grief she had ever felt that elicited such a sound. Harry reached for her again, instinctively, his hand touching her upper arm. She flinched. Like it stung.

Like it hurt.

In hindsight, it was the last time he touched her, and she flinched away.

“Baby,” his throat felt tight. Nothing in his brain was connecting—the pattern wasn’t something he had encountered before. She didn’t flinch at his touch. The words didn’t make sense. Not from her mouth. What did any of that mean? “Kitten…”

“I’m sorry Harry. It’s too much. We’re too young and…” she took a heaving breath. One that shook her whole body. The only thing Harry could think about was holding her. It didn’t matter that his heart was splintering into pieces. She was in pain, and he wanted to cure it and he wanted to hold her to do it. “I’m sorry, Harry. I’m so sorry,” she left the doorway without another word. Not a single touch, nor kiss. When was the last time he kissed her? Oh, he was so lucky his class finished early, and it was the night before. A goodnight kiss when everything was happy and wonderful. He had an early day. So, he told her he loved her and went to bed. It seemed like a lifetime ago. Like the world had tipped and opened a blackhole to this terrible dimension.

“Harry?” Anne asked, coming from the kitchen. He was staring at the door. Where the love of his life had previously stood. Harry was only 19, but he was never surer of how she fit in his life. “Are you alright?”

“No, not at all,” he croaked, and the tears flooded his vision and down his face. There was nothing else to be said.

--

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[whats-in-a-sentence]

Figure 5.55 shows the energy level diagram for CO.

"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.

[literallymechanical]

One of the things they don’t tell you is that you’ll take a grad-level engineering thermodynamics course and it will permanently alter the way you experience reality.

So in undergrad, we learn that everything is just shunting the Big Bang around. I’m not even just talking about the obvious stuff, like sunlight -> grain -> people, but like. Here:

Big Bang -> ancient star -> supernova -> molecular cloud -> our solar system -> water, carbon, sunlight -> Carboniferous-era swamp plants -> methane -> liquid hydrogen, kerosene, liquid oxygen -> humans walk on the moon.

But then later you learn that you can take any process of energy flow and represent it as a bond graph, where each node represents a handful of differential equations:

This is a steam generator, and the bond graph of energy flowing through it. It looks complicated but a one-semester course will teach you how to read it and solve it.

Then you realize that you can stick the bond graphs for a nuclear reactor core on the “heater” input and a turbine generator on the “environment” output and turn it into one bigger graph.

Then you realize you can just keep doing that forever until you get to the Big Bang on one end and this tumblr post on the other.

And if you really really wanted to, you could put all those equations into one gigantic matrix and solve the whole thing. It would be gnarly, but it’s. It’s everything. This is everything.

I need to lie down.

[apod]

2024 November 4

M42: The Great Nebula in Orion Credit & Copyright: Fényes Lóránd

Explanation: The Great Nebula in Orion, an immense, nearby starbirth region, is probably the most famous of all astronomical nebulas. Here, glowing gas surrounds hot young stars at the edge of an immense interstellar molecular cloud only 1500 light-years away. In the featured deep image in assigned colors highlighted by emission in oxygen and hydrogen, wisps and sheets of dust and gas are particularly evident. The Great Nebula in Orion can be found with the unaided eye near the easily identifiable belt of three stars in the popular constellation Orion. In addition to housing a bright open cluster of stars known as the Trapezium, the Orion Nebula contains many stellar nurseries. These nurseries contain much hydrogen gas, hot young stars, proplyds, and stellar jets spewing material at high speeds. Also known as M42, the Orion Nebula spans about 40 light years and is located in the same spiral arm of our Galaxy as the Sun.

∞ Source: apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap241104.html

[evermore-grimoire]

The Evermore Grimoire: Molecular Powers

Hematokinesis is the power to manipulate blood. This includes being able to create, shape and manipulate the essential body fluid in humans and animals. Those that wield this power are able shape their blood into tendrils to strike enemies from afar or use it to trap opponents in a prison of blood. They can also concentrate blood into a single point, and shoot it out akin to bullets, or sharpen their blood to the point that they can slice and tear flesh with ease or solidify blood to use as rock-hard ammunition. Another use of this power is controlling the blood within the body of oneself, increasing physical abilities by speeding up the transport of nutrients and oxygen via blood to all parts of their body, thus improving their energy and power. They can also use this to speed up healing by immediately clotting their blood, preventing blood loss and speeding up the recovery process, gaining a form of manual healing. Blood manipulators can also gain a form of cold immunity by increasing body temperature through blood-flow. Over time this power can grow to the point where they will be able to manipulate blood from anywhere such as the bodies of other living creatures, allowing them to control them like puppets, induce nosebleeds, headaches, or even cause blood-related diseases. They could even instantly kill others by making their blood explode from the inside out or forcibly causing their heart to stop or knocking them unconscious by restricting blood-flow to the brain.

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The research notebooks of S. Sunkavally. Page 111.