#immune activation

[internationalbiotherapy]

Unveiling the Power of Oncolytic Viruses in Cancer Therapy: A Promising Frontier

Oncolytic viruses represent a promising frontier in cancer therapy, leveraging the innate ability of viruses to selectively target and destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. This innovative approach harnesses the dual power of direct cytotoxicity and immune system activation, offering new hope in the fight against various forms of cancer.

Historical Perspective and Evolution

The concept of using viruses to combat cancer dates back to the 1960s, when initial experiments explored the potential of viruses like poliovirus and adenovirus to induce tumor regression. These early efforts, though promising, faced significant challenges due to the potential for uncontrollable systemic infections. This led to a temporary halt in research until advances in DNA and RNA mapping technology enabled scientists to engineer safer, more targeted oncolytic viruses.

Among the most promising oncolytic viruses is the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). NDV specifically targets and kills cancer cells, inducing immune responses that further aid in eliminating tumors. Its unique properties make it an invaluable tool in developing personalized cancer therapies, enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. Alongside NDV, other oncolytic viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), reovirus, and vaccinia virus are being extensively studied and show significant potential in the realm of cancer treatment. Each of these viruses offers unique mechanisms of action and therapeutic benefits, broadening the scope and effectiveness of oncolytic virotherapy.

How Oncolytic Viruses Operate

Oncolytic viruses are adept at identifying and attaching themselves to cancer cells, exploiting specific receptors that distinguish them from healthy cells. Once inside the cancer cell, these viruses replicate, triggering a process known as apoptosis—programmed cell death. As infected cancer cells break down, they release new viral particles, which then proceed to infect neighboring cancer cells. This cycle continues, effectively amplifying the treatment's impact within the tumor.

Moreover, oncolytic viruses initiate an immune response against cancer cells by exposing viral antigens. This dual mechanism—direct cell destruction and immune activation—enhances the body's natural defenses against cancer, potentially eliminating residual cancer cells that conventional therapies might miss.

Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy

To optimize the efficiency of oncolytic viruses, researchers are exploring various strategies. One approach involves combining oncolytic virotherapy with existing treatments such as radiation or chemotherapy. These therapies not only complement each other but also help mitigate immune responses that could prematurely neutralize the virus. By weakening the immune system's vigilance around the tumor site, these treatments create a more conducive environment for the oncolytic viruses to exert their effects.

Furthermore, scientists are investigating ways to augment the immune response triggered by oncolytic viruses. This includes integrating viral antigens into personalized cancer vaccines, which educate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells displaying these antigens. Such approaches transform "cold" tumors—those previously resistant to immune attacks—into "hot" targets for immune-mediated destruction.

Administration and Future Directions

Currently, oncolytic viruses are primarily administered intravenously or directly into localized tumors that are accessible. Intravenous administration allows for widespread dissemination of the virus throughout the body, targeting metastatic cancer cells that may have spread beyond the primary tumor site. Alternatively, direct injection into tumors converts them into sites of ongoing viral replication, essentially turning the tumor itself into an internal factory for generating anti-cancer agents.

Looking Ahead

The future of oncolytic virotherapy holds promise for further advancements. Ongoing research aims to refine virus engineering techniques to enhance tumor specificity and reduce potential side effects. Additionally, regulatory approvals for systemic administration are pending, suggesting broader accessibility and adoption of this cutting-edge treatment modality.

In conclusion, oncolytic viruses represent a paradigm shift in cancer treatment, merging virology with immunotherapy to combat malignancies in novel ways. As research continues to unravel the complexities of viral interactions with cancer cells and the immune system, the potential for personalized and potent cancer therapies continues to grow. With each breakthrough, the prospect of turning viruses once considered harmful into potent allies in the fight against cancer becomes increasingly tangible.

[slyandthefamilybook]

[the-bat-bros]

Bruce wdym you don’t want your girlfriend bonding with your kids how else is she supposed to integrate into the family?

From the latest update of Wayne Family Adventures on Webtoons

[actiwitch]

i think a lot of people mistake vegans for believing themselves to be "morally superior" rather than the actual, and very reasonable stance that IF YOU HAVE THE OPTION NOT TO KILL OTHER LIVING BEINGS, YOU SHOULDN'T DO IT.

most of us can understand that it's stupid to wield "oh so you think you're morally superior" against any type of human or environmental rights activists because how do you even respond to that? sure? Because its NOT ABOUT MORAL SUPERIORITY. IT'S ABOUT NOT UNNECESARILY CAUSING HARM.

Also, an activist could be the most annoying, self righteous person on the entire planet, but their stances having NOTHING to do with that. An asshole saying "trans rights" doesn't mean you shouldn't support trans rights because an asshole said it.

PLEASE start looking at veganism like you look at any other form of activism and resistance, and consider what disinformation and propaganda you've been fed about it.

[therantingsage]

This is riddled with spoilers so it's under the cut, but here's my theory:

Doll was never in as much danger as she thought she was.

Doll is down in the labs because she wants to cure herself of the Solver. But I don't think she actually even needed to. I think her solver wasn't a threat to her at all (or at least in the way she thinks it is).

The only two Solver users alive to use for reference here are Nori and Yeva, but if you see that list it says that Yeva had a version of the Patch installed. Reasonably speaking, we can assume that she was patched before the core collapse, because if this happened after, why would Nori still be down there looking for it? They would've known where it is cuz Yeva used it.

But:

Yeva still uses her Solver right before the collapse. I think most people are under the assumption that the Patch completely removes the Solver from the host drone, but this doesn't seem to be the case based on this? While I think it's possible the Patch that gets thrown around by Nori in the flashback is a more recent version than the one Yeva has installed, I'd like to propose an alternative idea.

What if the Patch doesn't remove the abilities associated with the Solver at all? What if it just removes the ability for it to possess you?

You'd likely still overheat and need oil to soothe it, as we see with Doll, but Doll never gets possessed by this need on screen like Uzi does. Uzi's murders are all done under direct influence of the Solver, while Doll is very much in control of herself every single time she kills someone.

Yeva passed down a patched version of the Solver to her daughter, but Nori didn't.

But I don't think Doll knows this. I think Doll just assumed she was better at managing this than Uzi was. That needing to drink oil at all was the curse given to them, and needed to be fixed based on that. And then she sees (since she was there at camp) how Uzi lost control and figured that could probably happen to her too.

So she goes down into the labs, trying to find the cure because she fears that same loss of control, and what does she get told by the one who'd be doing the possessing?

Doll can't get possessed. The Solver has no use for a vessel it cannot control. Therefore, all Doll is is someone who could cause problems if she helps cure the others.

Doll had all the benefits and only some of the drawbacks, thought that was because she was just really good with her powers, and then got killed for not having enough information to do proper risk assessment. The moment she decided to go down there she was on the chopping block.

[overclock-00]

i spend way too much time looking at chaos and nyx's design and i enjoy finding all of the little similarities that symbolize their relationship as parent & child.

maximizing their joint slay by wearing matching earrings and gems on their foreheads.

the purple wispy things floating around nyx as well as the circular parts of the gold collar she wears resemble whatever body horror chaos has going on. and this one might be a reach but it looks like ??? chaos is wearing rings on their left hand just like nyx is.

this one wasn't as obvious to me but chaos' first design has black bat wings sprouting from their head while nyx has them on her shoulders.

the wings change drastically with their second design but one thing that remains similar is that one of their wings reflects the void. or maybe its just made of void ???

they both have little faces on their clothes! these little faces were prevalent in chaos' first design as well but they're smaller in their 2nd design and the ones on the buttons match nyx's really well.

the gemstones on their chest (also retained from chaos' first design) is the most obvious similarity here but also the gold collar thingy that chaos now wears to match nyx. and not to mention the makeup!!

[farads]

Au concept:

Viggo is a telepath (maybe develops telepathy later on in life so he can develop a love for the game beforehand?) and gets quite bored of playing games when he knows what someone's going to do next

Then enter hiccup who's actions are impossible to glean because they're all in dragonese

He would be so intrigued I think

Unfortunately I don't have time or spoons to write this :(

[braxix]

Elrond: I think I might have just killed Gil-Galad...

Galadriel: What? Oh, good for you I guess.

Elrond: You're not mad?

Galadriel: Gil-Galad is fine, Elrond. This is the tenth time you've almost killed him.

Elrond: Um... It is?

[moonmoonthecrabking]

it's so funny that nerdy prudes must die (the song) has so much michie shipping content when. ghost!max literally fucking kills richie. i think. we have a problem.

[jules-ln]

After seeing Act 2 of Arcane s2

Yeah, I still ship Jayvik Lmao And I know people are sad, but honestly my favorite ship is Patrochilles, so I'm sitting here seeing other people sad for what happened to Viktor and I'm like that meme "First time?" Lol

Also, I'll admit that I dislike Cait less after she betrayed Ambessa, still dislike her, but less now

[pjharvey]

tumblr is the place to be if you want to see posts about politics by people who don't really know how politics work. i also don't really but that's why you don't see me confidently making posts about it unlike lots of ppl who were drawing an eye in their high school government class

[dukeofthomas]

The most confusing thing to me is when people bring up Joker having diplomatic immunity after Jason's death as something he would care about and would change his perception of Bruce not avenging him. Buddy Jason ambiguously pushed a man with diplomatic immunity off a balcony to his death like 4 issues ago, he would not give a shit!!

[scorpiusmalfoylovesoscarwilde]

headcanon that scorpius was a sick child and was in and out of hospital constantly, perhaps related to astoria's blood curse but not directly. his immune system isnt very strong, and everytime he gets sick they're terrified that it's the blood curse but also whatever else it could be, because it's always so sudden and so intense and they call healers over to the house who recommend this delirious feverish 4 year old is hospitalised immediately, and you'd think it'd get easier to some extent because they'd be used to it, but everytime they feel like this is it, this is the time he'll walk in to the hospital and not walk out again

[royaielfroot]

it means a lot to me that irving is that coworker who gets wasted 2 beers in at the office party and cries about feeling lonely