#environmental multilateralism

[biodiversityday]

Save the date: COP16 Colombia "PAZ CON LA NATURALEZA." from Oct. 21 to Nov. 1st, 2024.

Now is the time to accelerate action and show progress towards turning the Biodiversity Plan into nationally driven action.

In February, Gustavo Petro, the President of the Republic of Colombia announced that Cali will be the host city for the sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP16) to be held from Oct. 21 to Nov. 1, 2024.

“We bow to the most biodiverse region of Colombia,” the President said. The announcement marked the end of a suspenseful few weeks during which the cities of Bogotá and Cali took to the radio waves, television, newspapers, and social media to speak about COP16 and make the case for hosting the world’s foremost multilateral meeting dedicated to biodiversity.

Speaking at the announcement event, Susana Muhamad, Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia, who led her country's bid to host COP16, described it as a meeting for the people, to help humanity live with and aim to achieve peace with nature. “Now begins the journey to COP16,” she said.

As Cali beckons, now is the time to accelerate action and show progress towards turning the four goals and 23 targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Diversity Framework - known as the Biodiversity Plan - into nationally driven action. Parties to the CBD are expected to press ahead with the alignment of their National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) with the Biodiversity Plan. To be effective, NBSAPs will have to embody a whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach, as the Biodiversity Plan itself does. Monitoring, reporting, and reviewing of implementation will be key to driving evidence-based progress. 

In addition, COP16 will pore over the provision of means of implementation. Financial resources, capacity building, technical and scientific cooperation, and access to and transfer of technology are essential to the full implementation of the Biodiversity Plan. Goal D of the Plan includes language on securing the means of implementation and making them accessible to all Parties, especially developing countries, Least Developed Countries, Small Island Developing States, and countries with economies in transition.

Parties are expected to move towards closing the biodiversity finance gap of $700 billion per year, and work towards aligning financial flows with the Biodiversity Plan. The GEF-8 resources for biodiversity - the largest yet from the multilateral family of funds - will provide vital support to countries as they initiate the implementation of the Biodiversity Plan. The required finance will also flow through the new Global Biodiversity Framework Fund and through innovative financing mechanisms such as debt-for-nature swaps and biodiversity bonds.

Access and benefit-sharing, addressed in Article 15 of the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol, will feature prominently on the agenda. COP16 will notably consider the operationalization of the multilateral mechanism for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from Digital Sequence Information on genetic resources, including a global fund.

Peace with nature

Inspired by the Inírida flower, a species endemic to Colombia, the COP16 logo was unveiled during the 6th United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-6), along with the host country’s slogan for COP16: “Peace with Nature.” 

Speaking at the logo unveiling event alongside David Cooper, Acting Executive Secretary of the CBD, Colombia’s Environment and Sustainable Development Minister Muhamad said: “This is a flower that never dies. Its petals never fall apart. We hope that the COP16 in Colombia can help the world to make peace with nature, so that we can sustain and maintain life on the planet forever."

The petals represent the 23 targets of the Biodiversity Plan and the 13 ecoregions of Colombia, one of the most biodiverse countries in the world. The color palette symbolizes three pathways for action - reduce threats, meet people’s needs, and develop tools and solutions, and the need for synergies. 

“The eloquent logo featuring the Inírida flower speaks volumes of the beauty and diversity of Colombia. Under the theme of Peace with Nature, COP16 will bring the world together to promote and support the implementation of the Biodiversity Plan," Cooper said at the logo unveiling event.

The symbolism of the iconography echoes the UN Secretary-General’s call to make peace with nature, as he referred to how our consumption and production systems are destroying the environment.

The Inírida flower grows nowhere else but Colombia, but the message encapsulated in the emblem will reverberate beyond the host country’s national borders, highlighting the importance of environmental multilateralism. In an increasingly fractured world, global environmental accords show that it is still possible for the world to work together to help forge a sustainable future through multilateralism.

Learn more:

Three messages for biodiversity in the COP 16 logo

International Day for Biological Diversity 2024: “Be part of the Plan”

Astrid Schomaker is the next UN Biodiversity chief

[signode-blog]

The Economic Impact of a Kamala Harris Presidency: U.S. and Global Perspectives

The prediction that Kamala Harris could win the U.S. elections has sparked discussions across various fields, including politics, economics, and international relations. While predictions, particularly those based on astrology, are not grounded in empirical evidence, it is an interesting exercise to explore the potential impacts that a Kamala Harris presidency could have on both the U.S. economy…

[kesarijournal]

The Grand WTO's Food, Fishing, and Farming Fiasco

The Grand WTO's Food, Fishing, and Farming Fiasco

Welcome to the latest drama that’s more tangled than your earphones in a pocket – the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) ongoing saga involving a cast of nations with India and South Africa in leading roles, and a contentious plot over food, fishing, and farming subsidies. Set against the backdrop of Abu Dhabi’s Ministerial Conference, our story unfolds with India and South Africa uniting to…

[segsabase]

Analysis of An Absence of Governance & Multilateral Cooperation in Combating Environmental Degradation

– A Review of the Lake Chad Basin Development (LCBDC) & The Nile River Basin (NRB) Countries – Olusegun Ehinfun, MBA PhD. Candidate and Paul R. Sachs, PhD, MBA Summary: Balancing national interest, regional collaboration and economic sustainability will be even more important in a world where climate change affects the distribution of key resources such as water. Leaders must be proactive in…

[socialjusticeday]

Improving workers' protection and enterprises' sustainability.

On the occasion of World Day of Social Justice 2022, ILO Director-General, Guy Ryder, says international community has a rare chance that must not be missed to shape a recovery from COVID-19 that delivers social justice for people and protects the planet we all depend on.

We need a response that focuses on people. That promotes social justice for all while protecting the planet we all depend on.

One priority must be formalizing the informal economy, where 60 per cent of the world’s workers still earn their living, often in poverty, with few rights or protections.

Other key steps must include:

Universal social protection.

Improving workers' protection and enterprises' sustainability.

Promoting decent jobs and inclusive economic growth.

And, creating a just transition towards a carbon-neutral global economy.

To bring it all together we will also need greater and more coherent co-operation between countries and between multilateral organizations.

It’s an enormous challenge. But, we already have a roadmap to guide us.

[ngdrb]

The accomplishments of Joe Biden during his presidency

Joe Biden, the 46th President of the United States, assumed office at a pivotal moment in history, facing a myriad of challenges ranging from a global pandemic to economic uncertainty and social unrest.

Throughout his presidency, President Biden has pursued an ambitious agenda aimed at addressing these pressing issues and advancing key policy priorities. In this essay, we will examine some of the notable accomplishments of Joe Biden during his time in office and the impact of his leadership on the nation.

One of the most significant accomplishments of President Biden during his presidency has been his administration's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon taking office, President Biden made the pandemic a top priority and swiftly implemented a national strategy to combat the spread of the virus and accelerate the vaccination campaign.

Under his leadership, the administration successfully exceeded its initial goal of administering 100 million vaccine doses within the first 100 days, ultimately surpassing 200 million doses. This aggressive vaccination effort has been instrumental in curbing the spread of the virus and has contributed to a significant reduction in COVID-19 cases and deaths across the country.

 In addition to his focus on public health, President Biden has made substantial strides in revitalizing the American economy in the wake of the pandemic. The administration's American Rescue Plan, a comprehensive COVID-19 relief package, provided much-needed financial assistance to individuals, families, and businesses impacted by the economic downturn. The plan included direct stimulus payments to Americans, extended unemployment benefits, support for small businesses, and funding for vaccine distribution and testing. 

President Biden's economic agenda has also centered on job creation and infrastructure investment, culminating in the passage of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, a historic legislation that allocates substantial funding for modernizing the nation's infrastructure, creating millions of jobs, and bolstering economic growth. Furthermore, President Biden has been a vocal advocate for advancing racial equity and social justice in the United States. His administration has taken concrete steps to address systemic inequalities and promote inclusivity, including the signing of executive orders to combat discrimination, promote fair housing, and strengthen tribal sovereignty. 

Additionally, President Biden signed into law the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, establishing Juneteenth as a federal holiday to commemorate the end of slavery in the United States. These actions underscore the administration's commitment to confronting the legacy of racism and fostering a more equitable society for all Americans.

 Moreover, President Biden has demonstrated a strong commitment to combating climate change and advancing environmental sustainability.

 His administration rejoined the Paris Agreement on climate change, signaling a renewed dedication to global cooperation in addressing the climate crisis. In November 2021, President Biden convened a virtual Leaders Summit on Climate, bringing together world leaders to discuss ambitious measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and accelerate the transition to clean energy. 

Additionally, the administration has unveiled a comprehensive plan to invest in clean energy infrastructure, promote energy efficiency, and prioritize environmental justice, aiming to position the United States as a global leader in the fight against climate change. 

In the realm of foreign policy, President Biden has sought to reassert American leadership on the world stage and rebuild alliances with international partners. His administration has prioritized diplomacy and multilateral engagement, working to address global challenges such as nuclear proliferation, cybersecurity threats, and human rights abuses. 

President Biden has reaffirmed the United States' commitment to NATO and other key alliances, signaling a departure from the isolationist policies of the previous administration. His approach to foreign affairs has emphasized the importance of collaboration and collective action in tackling shared global concerns, fostering a more cohesive and cooperative international order. Furthermore, 

President Biden has been a steadfast proponent of expanding access to affordable healthcare and strengthening the Affordable Care Act. His administration has taken steps to bolster the ACA, including increasing enrollment outreach, expanding coverage options, and lowering healthcare costs for millions of Americans. 

President Biden has also championed efforts to address mental health challenges and substance abuse disorders, recognizing the critical importance of mental and behavioral health in overall well-being. 

In conclusion, President Joe Biden has achieved a range of significant accomplishments during his tenure in office, from his swift and effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic to his ambitious efforts to revitalize the economy, promote racial equity, combat climate change, and reinvigorate America's role in global affairs. 

His leadership has been marked by a steadfast commitment to addressing pressing domestic and international challenges and advancing a progressive policy agenda aimed at fostering a more equitable, resilient, and prosperous future for the nation. As his presidency continues to unfold, the enduring impact of his accomplishments is likely to shape the trajectory of the United States for years to come, leaving a lasting imprint on the fabric of American society and the global community.

[mariacallous]

In January 2020, Mexico made history as the first Latin American country to adopt a feminist foreign policy. Pioneered by Sweden six years earlier in 2014, feminist foreign policy (FFP) initially began as a niche effort in the Nordic region. For many years, Sweden stood alone on the global stage, emphasizing that its FFP focused on enhancing women’s “rights, resources, and representation” in the country’s diplomatic and development efforts worldwide. That effort was the result of the vision and leadership of Sweden’s foreign minister at the time, Margot Wallström, although there was widespread support for the policy across the government and it was continued by subsequent ministers.

It would be another three years before other nations followed suit: In 2017, Canada announced a Feminist International Assistance Policy. At the end of 2018, Luxembourg’s new coalition government committed to developing a FFP in their coalition agreement. And in 2019, Mexico and France pledged to co-host a major women’s rights anniversary conference in 2021 while beginning to explore the development of feminist foreign policies simultaneously.

I had an inside view on that process having convened the existing FFP governments and numerous international experts just before Mexico’s announcement. Together, we developed a global definition and framework for FFP. As I wrote for this magazine in January 2020, this approach was largely followed by the Mexican policy. The goals for Mexico in adopting an FFP were to increase the rights of women and LGBTQ+ individuals on the world stage, diversify their diplomatic corps, boost resourcing for gender equality issues, and ensure that internal policies within the foreign ministry aligned with this approach, including a zero-tolerance policy toward gender-based harassment.

Now, under the leadership of a new female foreign minister, Alicia Bárcena, and following the election of Mexico’s first woman president, Claudia Sheinbaum, I was excited to travel to Mexico City in July as it hit another milestone: becoming the first country outside Europe to host the annual ministerial-level conference on FFP. It was an opportunity for me to take stock of what Mexico has achieved since it adopted an FFP, and to see what progress it has made toward its goals.

Initially convened by Germany’s Annalena Baerbock in 2022 and then by the Dutch last year, Mexico took a unique approach to the conference by focusing it on a specific policy issue—in this case, the forthcoming Summit of the Future. This conference, taking place at the U.N. General Assembly in September, aims to begin laying the groundwork for the successor goals to the Sustainable Development Goals framework. It is already a fraught and polarized process, and progressive leadership is sorely needed.

Last week provided clear evidence that Mexico is making progress in modeling that leadership—including in consistently advocating for progressive language in often contentious international multilateral negotiations, such as the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP). For example, in its interventions at the latest COP, Mexico placed human rights, intersectionality and gender equity at the heart of climate action and recognized the role of women environmental defenders and Indigenous women in a just transition.

“Mexico is often a lone voice in holding the line on critical human rights, Indigenous rights and gender equality language at the climate talks, even among the FFP countries,” said Bridget Burns, the executive director of the Women’s Environment and Development Organization who has spent the last 15 years organizing women’s rights activists in climate negotiations and attended the July conference to speak on the sustainable development panel.

Mexico’s decision to link their hosting of the FFP Conference to the Summit of the Future—as evidenced in an outcome document they published and are circulating for signature ahead of the General Assembly’s high-level week in September—challenged FFP governments to engage a feminist approach in mainstream foreign policy dialogue, not just in gender-related discussions like the U.N. Commission on the Status of Women. “The Summit of the Future aspires to a better tomorrow, but lofty goals won’t translate to real systemic change without feminist civil society,” said Sehnaz Kiymaz, senior coordinator of the Women’s Major Group.

On the multilateral front, Mexico has shown leadership by co-chairing the Feminist Foreign Policy Plus Group (FFP+) at the UN, alongside Spain. This body held the first ministerial-level meeting on FFP at the General Assembly last year and adopted the world’s first political declaration on FFP. Signed by 18 countries, governments pledged “to take feminist, intersectional and gender-transformative approaches to our foreign policies,” and outlined six areas for action in this regard. This was the first time FFP countries publicly pledged to work together as a group to address pressing global challenges through a feminist approach. While smaller subsets of this cohort have worked together multilaterally to condemn women’s rights rollbacks in Afghanistan or in support of an international legal framework on the right to care and be cared for, the first big test of this more systematic approach will be the forthcoming Summit of the Future, where feminists have been advocating for gender to be referenced as a cross-cutting priority.

Mexico has also recently ratified two international instruments to directly benefit women: Convention 189 of the International Labor Organization (ILO) on domestic workers and Convention 190 of the ILO on violence and harassment in the workplace. Under the mantle of its FFP, Mexico has championed the importance of care work in the advancement of women’s rights and countries’ development at the U.N. Human Rights Council and at the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean through the Global Alliance for Care Work.

While international women’s rights activists at the conference largely gave positive feedback on Mexico’s track record, the response from Mexican civil society was more critical. Activists organized a side event to present their more skeptical view of Mexican FFP. María Paulina Rivera Chávez, a member of the Mexican coalition and an organizer of the event, argued a conference could only go so far. “It is fundamental to decenter the state, understanding that feminist foreign policies must be horizontal,” she said.

A major theme of that side event and of Mexican activists’ interventions in the official ministerial conference was the incongruence of the Mexican government’s leadership on feminist approaches internationally while women’s human rights at home have suffered. Such criticisms of the Andrés Manuel López Obrador government are not unfounded. In one particularly troubling interview a few years ago, he suggested that Mexico’s high rate of femicide—11 women are murdered daily, with rates on the rise compared to other crimes—was merely a false provocation by his political opponents. Negative biases against women are pervasive in Mexico, with 90 percent of the population holding such biases.

Mexico has made strides in improving gender equality in other areas, however. Women now make up half of the Mexican legislature and have been appointed to lead high-level institutions, such as the Supreme Court, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Central Bank, with cascading positive effects on gender equality. Bárcena, for instance, clearly asserted from her first speech on the job that Mexico’s FFP would remain a top priority. This is no accident. At the federal level, significant efforts have been made to enforce gender parity laws and implement more than 80 percent of the legal frameworks promoting, enforcing and monitoring gender equality as stipulated by international benchmarks. Mexican women have also seen some improvements in maternal mortality rates, access to internet services, and protections to the right to abortion, with numerous national commitments to improve gender equality, such as measures to alleviate the burden of care on women.

But while there has been an increase in the number of women in the legislature and government positions, women from Indigenous, Afro-descendent, and working-class backgrounds continue to be underrepresented in political roles. And there has been a steady increase over the last decade in femicides, disappearances and sexual violence which Mexican feminist organizations and international actors have found are directly linked to the militarization of law enforcement under the guise of Mexico’s war on drugs and organized crime.

Additional criticisms of the Mexican FFP itself include the foreign ministry’s insularity and reluctance to engage with Mexican feminist activists in the development and implementation of its FFP. There was also a hesitation by the previous foreign ministry leadership to collaborate with Inmujeres, Mexico’s gender ministry, preferring to keep control of the FFP within the foreign ministry alone. It is not uncommon for gender ministries to be excluded in foreign policymaking as they are often perceived as lacking the necessary expertise or authority on foreign policy. However, Inmujeres is an exception in this regard and the criticism was valid. This was on my mind as I participated in the conference last month, and straight out of the gate I could observe a clear departure from the past approach under Bárcena’s leadership: The foreign ministry officially partnered with Inmujeres to co-host the conference, and the heads of both agencies were equally prominent voices throughout the three-day event. Similarly, the foreign ministry also made efforts to engage Mexican feminist civil society in conference planning, inviting civil society to a consultation day in the weeks leading up to the conference.

Following the right-wing electoral successes and likely abandonment of FFP in countries like Sweden, Argentina, and potentially the Netherlands, the success of a Mexican model of FFP is all the more important. Mexican activists I spoke with expressed optimism about Bárcena’s leadership, which they had not extended to her predecessor. Certainly, there is some cynicism about whether Mexico’s next president, a woman, will be any better on the issue of femicide than her mentor and predecessor, López Obrador, but there is some room for hope. If the leadership of a female foreign minister like Bárcena has been more effective in mobilizing political and convening power behind FFP, there’s potential that Sheinbaum will also show more interest than her predecessor.

While Mexican civil society has critiqued that Sheinbaum did not present a plan on how she would continue and improve the country’s FFP and repair the government’s relationship with feminist civil society, Sheinbaum’s plan—entitled 100 Pasos Para La Transformación—takes a human rights-based approach to gender equality. This is promising, because political approaches, which are more common, tend to reduce the human rights of women, girls, and gender-diverse persons as a means to an end, such as better economic, education, or health outcomes. The plan proposes measures to alleviate the care burden on women, safeguard sexual and reproductive health and rights, protect LGBTQ+ communities, promote gender parity in cabinets, improve land rights for rural women, reduce femicides, and more.

That Sheinbaum has not explicitly addressed the importance of Mexico’s FFP is not necessarily surprising. Most feminist and women’s rights organizations are understandably more focused on issues within their own borders, and foreign policy rarely drives political power and the focus of the electorate. Discussion of feminist foreign policy is thus typically the domain of the foreign minister and in some cases other relevant ministers—such as international development in Germany, or the trade ministry in Sweden under its previous government. (Canada’s Justin Trudeau stands out as a rare exception, having championed feminism and Canada’s feminist approach to policymaking at the Group of Seven and international gender equality forums throughout his tenure as prime minister.)

But even without top-down leadership from a president, savvy officials within the Mexican foreign and gender ministries are using FFP to make progress. While there has not yet been a public accounting of the progress made in implementing FFP, the clear leadership Mexico is demonstrating on the world stage in key negotiations, its successful conference, and the anticipated new government set the stage for Mexico to boldly advance its FFP. It will serve as a valuable example to the world.

[cookie-nom-nom]

COP29 NOV 11--Blue Zone

review of the notes from my first day of the UN COP29 Climate Change Conference. Disclaimer I'm just a ~silly guy~ not a policy or geopolitical expert. My observations and opinions do not reflect AC or RINGOs. This is what I witnessed, overheard, remember, and (crucially) understand, and may not be representative of final policy decisions.

I was in the Blue Zone today (official UN ground, where negotiations occur). From the RINGO meeting, rumor was the night before COP29 officially began officials were up till 4 am arguing about the agenda. Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement (mechanisms of carbon markets) was deeply contested in particular. Also arguments about unilateral and multilateral trade agreements. Also weather Global Stocktake (assessment of global progress on Paris Agreement) would be filed under general or financial sections. US/EU/Australia/smaller island nations were wanting it to be considered broader, with BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) wanting it under strictly Finance. More Paris Agreement stuff.

This resulted in the opening plenary beginning at 11 am, followed immediately by break for closed door discussions on the second item of the day, the agenda. This was a completely unprecedented delay, and the agenda was only resolved at 9pm.

This is the previous COP president Sultan Al Jaber, who did the opening address of plenary and handed over the presidency to Muhktar Babayev (photo below) with an embrace.

Notes of claims from Babayev's address to the plenary body:

We are set to break records on renewable energy and its investment.

There is a goal of low-carbon growth (as opposed to zero, which I think is an important distinction)

853 million put into the Loss and Damage fund

A call to increase climate financing ambitions. This is not charity, but in the self interest of all countries who with to mitigate the ethical and economical consequences of climate change.

A reinforcement of the call to transition away from fossil fuels (important, as last year is the first time such phrasing was used for the UNFCCC)

Emphasizing the cooperation required of everyone.

Genocide and the environment

Social justice is deeply tied into climate change efforts. Here in the Blue Zone we had a demonstration to end genocide (as relevant by its massive carbon emissions, if the human rights angle doesn't suffice), with particular emphasis on Palestine and reclaiming Indigenous lands. Demonstrations within the blue zone are allowed with permission, and can have a maximum of 20 people actively participating. Those in solidarity of the demonstration raised their fists in support. Also, this could not happen in the Green Zone (public conference) due to it being controlled by the host country, and Azerbaijan has strict laws against protests.

USAmerican election and its future climate policy

I proceeded to get rather lost trying to find a conference on USAmerican climate response to the Trump election, but got there too late because the Blue Zone is massive oof. Did catch the people coming out, and the strategy thus far is that the Biden administration's environmental policies were designed to endure regime shifts and should be difficult to undo without significant political effort. So, we'll be unfortunately testing that durability, particularly with how Trump likes to flout the rules and the Supreme Court deemed that legal.

Additionally, NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) are due in February but the US may potentially do theirs sooner before the regime shift. Effectiveness is questionable because the accountability of countries upholding their NDCs is already kinda honor code.

Subfederal action is going to be a main proponent of climate action from here on.

Conference: Transparency for transforming the agrifood system

I...must admit I was constantly blacking out and jerking back awake during this meeting because of jet lag. So the merit of these notes may be questionable particularly bc I'm having trouble reading them. However, notes from representatives from Mongolia, Pakistan, Georgia, UN, and others.

10% of global green house gas emissions are from agriculture (Technically this was from Babayev's speech but I think it's a useful reference point for this conversation. Production, manufacturing, distribution, and waste of food produces a lot of emissions).

Data quality is of large concern for transparency and effectiveness of implementation purposes. Countries have different methodologies and argue about which is superior, and the quality of others' methods. This can be particularly of note in the carbon markets. Data collection is a large logistical and technological challenge.

Everyone wants increased transparency. Or claim to. I think, aside from technical difficulties in data collection and funding thereof, the countries would actually prefer others are transparent and less themselves to be. As evidenced by things like high levels of methane unaccounted by the summation of all countries' submitted emission reports. But that's just my opinion.

BTRs (Biennial transparency reports) are difficult, and the country representatives present were apologizing for delays.

Calls for increase of human capacity. Imma be level that seems like a vague ideal to me, but I think it might mean carrying capacity (kinda a deeply flawed concept already, sustainability is extremely difficult to ascertain without prolonged unsustainability to confirm it)

Double counting is a problem for carbon removals

Efforts to work with farmers in data collection and to better improve their methods

A claim on carbon neutral livestock farming to balance cattle methane emissions with soil carbon sequestering through grazingland ecosystem management.

Conversion of carbon sink ecosystems into farmland. From personal research: In 2019, 17% of global cropland was newly converted since 2003, and the rate of yearly conversion is accelerating.

Potentially using IPCC software for consistency in data collection and analysis

Ecocide as a tool of war

Lastly, there are country pavilions in the Blue Zone where they raise issues. I did not particularly look too much into most of them, but would like to share Ukraine's because it was amazing imo.

One, the walls are literally full of seeds, and I think it will be really cool seeing them begin to sprout by the end of the conference

Two, how destroying the environment is a concentrated effort to destroy its people. Because again, protecting the environment/climate is protecting the people.

Lastly, these solar panels damaged in the war. A large emphasis in this pavilion was rebuilding from the bombing and coming back greener, which I found particularly admirable. The bravery to forge something new while grieving the comfort of what was lost. The circumstances presenting the opportunity to reinvent their infrastructure is obviously horrendous, but seizing said opportunity nonetheless is inspiring. Renewable energy is also a way to be energy independent, which is particularly important if you’re say Ukraine and the closest major oil exporter is Russia.

Now, I had left the Blue Zone by then (needed dinner where there isn't price gouging! Yikes!) but plenary did eventually assume very late, and massive progress on Article 6 was made!

This is about Carbon Markets, some people are happy others aren't, etc. Also the agenda was implement as the original plan (GST under finance) with acknowledgements made that it was broader consideration. And now plenary can actually continue instead of being stymied! In consideration for the day of lost time, sessions will run later than usual. After today it's going to get busy!

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Ministers of Germany, Brazil, South Africa and Spain: why we need a global tax on billionaires

Finance chiefs say higher taxes for the super-rich are key to battling global inequality and climate crisis

When the governors of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund convened for the spring meetings last week, it was all about the really big questions. What can the international community do to accelerate decarbonisation and fight climate change? How can highly indebted countries retain fiscal space to invest in poverty eradication, social services and global public goods? What does the international community need to do to get back on track towards reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? How can multilateral development banks be strengthened to support these ambitions?

There is one issue that makes addressing these global challenges much harder: inequality. While the disparity between the richest and poorest countries has slightly narrowed, the gap remains alarmingly high. Moreover, in the past two decades, we have witnessed a significant increase in inequalities within most countries, with the income gap between the top 10% and the bottom 50% nearly doubling. Looking ahead, current global economic trends pose serious threats to progress towards higher equality.

The multidimensional character of inequality is undeniable. Basic services such as healthcare and education are not equally available to all. Often, this inequality of opportunity is handed down from generation to generation. Social origins, gender, race or where people live are some of the factors that play a role in reproducing inequalities. Furthermore, high inequality harms economic development because it inhibits innovation and prevents people from developing their full potential. It is corrosive to democracy and weakens social cohesion. And where social cohesion is weak, there is less support for the structural reforms we will need to undertake in the coming years, such as the necessary transformation towards a net zero economy.

Fortunately, there is a growing global awareness of the importance not only of growth, but of sustainable and equitable growth. Increasing prosperity while tackling inequality within and across countries and generations, including entrenched race and gender inequalities, should not be at odds. Achieving truly sustainable growth lies in balancing three fundamental concerns: economic, social, and environmental.

Continue reading.

[beardedmrbean]

Finland's President Alexander Stubb has given his first address to the UN General Assembly, appearing before world leaders late on Wednesday, Finnish time.

Helsingin Sanomat summarised the three points that President Stubb focused on:

1. What unites rather than divides us.

2. How to end the current wars, especially those in Ukraine, Palestine and Sudan.

3. And how to reform the UN to reflect the world we live in today.

HS wrote that Stubb offered the same basic remedy for all three - multilateral cooperation, with less self-interest and more majority interest.

This was the perspective he emphasised, for example, in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, where he said that we have to ask ourselves in whose interest it is to foment war. It is in the interest of the majority of the world to build peace, he pointed out.

"Ending wars would benefit most — if not all of us — but currently we do not have the mechanisms to drive the interest of the global majority. Many countries do not feel they have a say in global institutions. As a result, the institutions are losing their legitimacy," Stubb said, according to a transcript of his speech published by the president's office.

Stubb recalled that Finland's success has been built on UN principles, a rules-based world order and respect for international law.

However, Stubb acknowledged that the UN as it stands is no longer working. The most practical part of his address came when he reiterated to the Assembly his ideas for reforming the Security Council. Stubb has suggested abolishing vetoes by Security Council members and adding five new permanent members. He would also like to see the introduction of the possibility of expulsion from the council any country waging an illegal war of aggression.

Helsingin Sanomat did note, though, that Stubb acknowledged that many people consider these proposals to be overly optimistic.

Post-protest clean-up

Environmental activists from Finland and Sweden on Wednesday defaced the pillars and walls of Finland's Parliament House with red paint, doing so they said, to draw attention to peat harvesting in Sweden by the Finnish state-owned company Neova.

The clean-up started almost immediately, and although protesters said that the paint used was water soluble, Pertti Rauhio, Parliament's Director of Administration told Iltalehti that the building's facade is made of a porous granite that might make the job more challenging than first thought.

"But I can already tell you that there will be not a mark left on it. The building will be cleaned, no matter what technical solution is needed," Rauhio told the paper.

Johanna Björkman, head of the restoration guidance unit of the Finnish Heritage Agency's Cultural Environment Services, said there are several possible cleaning methods that could be used. Laser scrubbing has already been mentioned, and although the technique has not been used in Finland before, Björkman pointed out that it has been used successfully in places such as Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris.

Rauhio was unable to give Iltalehti a firm estimate of the final cost. He guessed that it would run into five figures.

Tensions smoothed over

Ilta-Sanomat told readers that a storm had been brewing inside the coalition government since Finland voted last week in favour of a UN General Assembly motion declaring Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories illegal.

The vote drew criticism first from the Christian Democrats and then from the Finns Party.

According to IS, the dispute escalated to the point that Foreign Minister Elina Valtonen (NCP) was facing a formal request to explain Finland's vote and why the parliamentary groups of the governing parties were not informed before the decision was made public. This, the paper pointed out, would have been an exceptional move by coalition partners.

But now, IS wrote, it looks like the matter will be settled by a joint discussion on the government's rules regarding the internal flow of information, bringing together party leaders, Petteri Orpo (NCP), Riikka Purra (Finns), Anders Adlercreutz (SPP) and Sari Essayah (CD).

According to the paper, it has been difficult for the Christian Democrats and the Finns Party to understand why Finland appeared on the same side as Russia and Iran in the vote on Israeli settlements. The issue is perceived as an embarrassment by these two groupings.

Valtonen herself has already publicly stated that the decision on Finland's vote was taken in the normal manner and is in line with Finnish policy on both the settlements and decisions by the International Court of Justice.

Ho,ho,ho, already?

Helsingin Sanomat expresses no small degree of shock that, "As the hot days of summer are just beginning to fade Santa Claus is already staring at us from the shelves of the supermarket. At the furniture store, a Christmas display is being hastily built and artificial Christmas trees are peeking out of boxes."

According to HS, at least three retail chains, Prisma, Tokmanni and Lidl have already started displaying and selling Christmas items, Advent calendars, holiday chocolates and decorations.

The paper wonders if supermarket purchasing agents have skipped three months of the year, so it asked Tuula Loikkanen, CEO of the Finnish Grocery Trade Association just what is going on.

"I remember when I moved to England in the late 1980s. It was 30 degrees and I went to the shops for the first time. I noticed Christmas decorations and calendars. I think this is a global trend that has gradually spread to Finland. I myself went to the Netherlands last week, and they already had Christmas goods on display," Loikkanen told HS.

Is there already a demand for Christmas goods before Father's Day and Halloween?

"The consumer segment is heterogeneous. We used to follow the same fashions and follow the same trends. Today, there are many more differences among consumers. People like different things. There is also a group of people who are already excited on social media that it's only three months to Christmas. We really have a lot of Christmas people. We want to remember and serve this segment as well at this stage. In the meantime, Father's Day, Halloween and Black Friday are still more prominent."

So are they a kind of mega-Christmas people?

"Yes. I think that's the kind of consumer group we're talking about. And, of course, at the same time, it's a reminder to others that Christmas is on the way."

[mulaasritha]

Tides of Change Addressing Global Garbage on Alaska's Beaches

Alaska's pristine coastline, often celebrated for its rugged beauty and untamed wilderness, faces a growing threat: an influx of garbage from around the globe. Despite its remote location, Alaska's beaches are not immune to the pervasive problem of marine debris, with trash washing ashore from distant shores. From plastic bottles to fishing gear, this garbage poses a significant environmental hazard, endangering wildlife and spoiling the natural beauty of these coastal landscapes.

While Alaska's beaches may seem isolated, they serve as a final destination for marine debris carried by ocean currents from far-flung regions. Discarded items from coastal communities, commercial fishing vessels, and even overseas shipping contribute to the mounting problem of garbage washing up on Alaska's shores. Once ashore, this debris can persist for years, polluting habitats, entangling marine life, and leaching harmful chemicals into the environment.

The impact of marine debris on Alaska's coastal ecosystems is profound. Wildlife, including seabirds, marine mammals, and fish, often mistake plastic fragments for food, leading to ingestion and starvation. Entanglement in discarded fishing nets and lines can prove fatal for marine animals, hindering their ability to feed, swim, and reproduce. Moreover, the accumulation of garbage diminishes the aesthetic value of Alaska's beaches, tarnishing their allure for residents and visitors alike.

Addressing the issue of global garbage on Alaska's beaches requires a concerted effort at local, national, and international levels. Coastal communities must implement waste management strategies to reduce the amount of trash entering marine environments, including recycling programs, beach cleanups, and public education campaigns. Collaboration between government agencies, non-profit organizations, and industry stakeholders is essential to coordinate cleanup efforts and promote sustainable practices.

Furthermore, international cooperation is vital to address the root causes of marine debris, including plastic pollution and improper waste disposal. Multilateral agreements, such as the Basel Convention and the International Maritime Organization's MARPOL Annex V, aim to regulate the transboundary movement of hazardous waste and prevent marine pollution. By strengthening these agreements and enforcing regulations, the global community can mitigate the impacts of marine debris on Alaska's beaches and beyond.

In conclusion, Alaska's beaches are not immune to the scourge of marine debris, with garbage from around the world washing ashore on its pristine shores. The proliferation of plastic pollution, discarded fishing gear, and other waste poses a significant threat to coastal ecosystems and wildlife. Addressing this issue requires collective action at the local, national, and international levels, including waste management initiatives, cleanup efforts, and international cooperation. Only through concerted efforts can we protect Alaska's beaches and preserve their natural beauty for future generations to enjoy.

[adrianodiprato]

+ “The final chapter is ours to write. We know what we need to do. What happens next is up to us.” Sir David Attenborough

Our Common Home: Lessons from Pope Francis' 'Laudate Deum'

In a world increasingly grappling with environmental challenges, Pope Francis' recent apostolic exhortation, "Laudate Deum," offers invaluable insights into the urgent need for care and stewardship of our planet, lovingly referred to as "our common home." This blog piece explores the significance of environmental protection, the challenges of our current multilateral system, the role of faith in fostering a deeper connection with the Earth, and why it is particularly relevant to Christians across the globe. Pope Francis' message underscores the notion that hope-filled, faith-inspired actions are vital, for "The world sings of an infinite Love: how can we fail to care for it?" (#65).

The Challenge of International Climate Agreements: A Historical Perspective

For several decades, representatives from around the world have convened to address climate change. While these meetings have had their successes and shortcomings, there is much to be learned from the past. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but it failed to meet them. It is reminiscent of the wisdom found in Matthew 6:28-29:

"Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow: they toil not, neither do they spin. And yet I say unto you that even Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these."

In 2015, the Paris Agreement breathed new life into global climate efforts, but its success depends on unwavering commitment and political determination.

The Urgent Need for Climate Action: Lessons from COP28

COP28, hosted by the United Arab Emirates, presents a pivotal opportunity to accelerate the shift to sustainable energy sources. This is especially significant given the UAE's role as a major fossil fuel exporter. Their investments in renewable energy align with biblical wisdom in Leviticus 25:23, which reminds us that "the land shall not be sold in perpetuity, for the land is mine; with me, you are but aliens and tenants."

COP28 is our chance to prove that the years of effort since 1992 were not in vain. The urgency of the situation cannot be overstated, and it is in line with Pope Francis' message: every effort counts, and even the smallest action can alleviate suffering. The time to reduce global carbon emissions is running out, and action cannot be delayed. We need binding, efficient, obligatory, and readily monitored commitments from all nations for a sustainable energy transition.

The Role of Faith in Environmental Stewardship

In Laudate Deum, Pope Francis emphasizes the crucial role of faith and spirituality in fostering a deep connection with nature. He invokes passages from the Bible, emphasizing God's proclamation that "everything... was very good." This biblical perspective recognises the Earth as sacred and deserving of our care.

For Christians worldwide, our motivation to respond is hope-filled. We believe that the risen Christ reconciles all creatures to himself. As Pope Francis says,

"The world sings of an infinite Love: how can we fail to care for it?" (#65)

This deep-rooted faith calls us to see the world as a gift from God, worthy of reverence and protection. We must remember that we are tenants of the Earth, not its owners. Pope Francis’ situated anthropocentrism (#67) compels us to live in harmony with the environment instead of exploiting it for short-term gain.

Hope in the Face of Adversity

Despite the grave challenges we face, Pope Francis reminds us that we must maintain hope. To "‘say there is nothing to hope for... would mean exposing humanity, especially the poorest, to the worst impacts of climate change" (#54). Our faith compels us to have hope, as Romans 8:19-21 tells us,

"For the creation waits with eager longing for the revealing of the sons of God. For the creation was subjected to futility, not willingly, but because of him who subjected it, in hope that the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to corruption and obtain the freedom of the glory of the children of God."

Hope is not merely wishful thinking; it is a powerful motivator for change. It inspires individuals, communities, and nations to act and preserve our common home. Hope encourages us to look beyond the challenges and work collectively towards a sustainable and harmonious future.

Journeying in Communion and Commitment

For Christians across the globe, our faith calls us to recognize that we are part of a universal family. That human life is incomprehensible and unsustainable without other creatures.

For “as part of the universe… all of us are linked by unseen bonds and together form a kind of universal family, a sublime communion which fills us with a sacred, affectionate and humble respect”. Laudato Si (#42)

Individual, family, and community efforts are pivotal in creating a culture of environmental responsibility. Changes in daily habits contribute to a cultural shift essential for addressing environmental challenges. Furthermore, these changes exert pressure on political sectors to prioritize long-term environmental interests over short-term gains.

Conclusion: A Christian Duty

In conclusion, Laudate Deum by Pope Francis calls for a renewal of our commitment to care for our common home. International climate agreements and the urgency of COP28, the transformative power of faith, and the importance of hope underscore the vital role of Christians across the globe in environmental stewardship. Our faith and the risen Christ's reconciliation of all creatures to himself are motivating factors. In the face of environmental degradation and climate change, we have a calling that transcends borders, denominations, and ideologies. As Christians, we must unite in the noble pursuit of a sustainable and harmonious future for our planet, guided by the ever-present light of hope.

References

Apostolic Exhortation Laudato Deum (4 October 2013), Libreria Editrice Vaticana.

Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), 89: AAS 107 (2015), 883.

Adriano Di Prato is a best-selling author, broadcaster and the Academic Operations Manager at LCI Melbourne, a progressive art, design + enterprise private institute of higher education.

[kesarijournal]

The Grand WTO's Food, Fishing, and Farming Fiasco

The Grand WTO's Food, Fishing, and Farming Fiasco

Welcome to the latest drama that’s more tangled than your earphones in a pocket – the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) ongoing saga involving a cast of nations with India and South Africa in leading roles, and a contentious plot over food, fishing, and farming subsidies. Set against the backdrop of Abu Dhabi’s Ministerial Conference, our story unfolds with India and South Africa uniting to…

[wilsondavalosnieves]

Trump Reverses U.S. Commitment To Paris Climate Agreement, Aligning With Iran, Libya, Yemen

Trump Reverses U.S. Commitment To Paris Climate Agreement, Aligning With Iran, Libya, Yemen

The United States has once again withdrawn from the Paris Climate Agreement under President Donald Trump, aligning itself with Iran, Libya, and Yemen—the only other nations that have not ratified the accord. This decision is not just a policy shift; it’s a strategic abdication of global leadership on one of the most pressing issues of our time. By prioritizing short-term fossil fuel profits over long-term planetary survival, Trump has placed the U.S. in the company of nations whose economies are deeply tied to oil exports and whose commitment to climate action has been negligible at best.

"The Paris Agreement is a bad deal for America," Trump declared, echoing his 2017 rhetoric. "It unfairly disadvantages our industries while allowing countries like China to pollute without consequence."

This argument is as flawed as it is dangerous. China, while still the world’s largest emitter, has made significant strides in renewable energy investment and carbon reduction targets. The U.S., by contrast, is now actively rolling back environmental protections and doubling down on fossil fuel extraction. The irony is staggering: the world’s second-largest emitter is abandoning a global effort to curb emissions, while nations like China and the European Union are stepping up their commitments.

The implications of this withdrawal are catastrophic. Scientists warn that without aggressive action, global temperatures could rise to levels that make parts of the planet uninhabitable. The U.S. withdrawal undermines the collective effort to limit warming to 1.5°C, a threshold beyond which the risks of extreme weather, food shortages, and mass displacement skyrocket. By aligning with Iran, Libya, and Yemen—nations that together account for just over 2% of global emissions—the U.S. is effectively ceding its role as a climate leader to countries that are already leading the charge.

This decision is part of a broader pattern of Trump’s isolationist policies, from withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal to cutting ties with the World Health Organization. Each move reflects a deliberate rejection of multilateralism in favor of unilateralism, a strategy that prioritizes immediate political gains over long-term global stability. The Paris Agreement, like these other accords, is not just a policy document—it’s a symbol of international cooperation. By walking away, Trump is sending a clear message: the U.S. no longer sees itself as part of the global community.

The real tragedy is that this withdrawal is not just a blow to the environment; it’s a betrayal of future generations. Climate change is not a partisan issue—it’s a human issue. The consequences of inaction will be felt by everyone, regardless of political affiliation. By aligning with nations that have shown little regard for climate action, the U.S. is not just isolating itself diplomatically; it’s isolating itself morally.

The question now is whether this decision can be reversed—again. President Biden’s swift reentry into the Paris Agreement in 2021 showed that the U.S. can still reclaim its leadership role. But with Trump back in office, the window for meaningful action is closing fast. The world cannot afford to wait for another administration change. The stakes are too high, and the clock is ticking.

This is not just a policy failure; it’s a moral failure. And history will judge it as such.

[hpcaatcop29]

"What ended up coming out of this COP was a kind of kitchen sink approach where developed countries said, 'we will take the lead in trying to get together around 300 billion a year and not starting right now but starting a decade from now.' And the additional trillion will be made up by a huge variety of sources in the private sector, in multilateral development banks, carbon markets, you name it, basically everything else."

--Max Bearak, energy politics and global climate negotiations reporter for the New York Times in a podcast conversation with HPCA Director Robert Stavins.

[gauravmohindrachicago]

How Does International Law Work?

International law governs the relationships between sovereign states and other international actors, such as international organizations and, in some cases, individuals. Unlike national legal systems, international law operates in a decentralized environment without a single overarching authority. Instead, it relies on a complex web of treaties, customary practices, principles, and judicial decisions. Understanding how international law works requires examining its sources, the mechanisms for its creation and enforcement, and the institutions that play pivotal roles in its application says, Gaurav Mohindra.

 

Sources of International Law

International law derives from several primary sources:

 

Treaties and Conventions

Treaties are formal agreements between states that are legally binding. Conventions are a type of multilateral treaty often organized by international organizations, such as the United Nations. Treaties cover a wide range of issues, including human rights, trade, environmental protection, and arms control. Once ratified, treaties become part of the legal framework that states must follow.

Customary International Law

Customary international law arises from consistent and general practices of states followed out of a sense of legal obligation (opinio juris). Unlike treaties, customary law is unwritten but equally binding. Examples include the principles of diplomatic immunity and the prohibition of genocide.

General Principles of Law

These are fundamental principles that are recognized by a large number of legal systems worldwide. They fill gaps where neither treaty law nor customary law provides guidance. Examples include principles of justice, equity, and good faith.

Judicial Decisions and Scholarly Writings

Gaurav Mohindra: While not binding like treaties or customs, decisions by international courts (e.g., the International Court of Justice) and the writings of renowned legal scholars can influence the development of international law by clarifying and interpreting existing laws.

Creation of International Law

International law is primarily created through the consensual agreement of states:

Treaty Negotiation and Ratification

States negotiate the terms of treaties, often through diplomatic conferences or international organizations. Once agreed upon, treaties must be ratified according to each state's domestic legal procedures. Only then do they become binding international obligations.

Formation of Customary Law

Customary law develops over time as states consistently follow certain practices and perceive them as legally required. The acceptance of these practices by the international community solidifies them as customary law.

International Organizations

Organizations like the United Nations play a crucial role in creating and promoting international law. They facilitate treaty negotiations, provide forums for dispute resolution, and adopt resolutions and declarations that, while not always legally binding, can shape state behavior and contribute to the development of customary law.

Enforcement of International Law

Enforcing international law is challenging due to the lack of a centralized enforcement mechanism. However, various methods ensure compliance:

Diplomatic and Economic Sanctions

States and international organizations can impose sanctions on states that violate international law. These sanctions can be diplomatic (e.g., breaking off diplomatic relations) or economic (e.g., trade embargoes, asset freezes).

International Courts and Tribunals

Courts like the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) adjudicate disputes and hold individuals accountable for serious crimes. The ICJ settles disputes between states, while the ICC prosecutes individuals for crimes such as genocide and war crimes.

Domestic Courts

National courts can enforce international law within their jurisdictions. For example, they might adjudicate cases involving treaty obligations or prosecute individuals under universal jurisdiction for crimes like torture.

Peer Pressure and Reputational Consequences

States value their reputation and standing in the international community. Non-compliance with international law can lead to diplomatic isolation, loss of prestige, and diminished influence in global affairs.

Compliance Mechanisms

Many international treaties establish monitoring bodies and compliance mechanisms. These bodies review state practices, issue recommendations, and, in some cases, have the authority to investigate violations. Examples include the Human Rights Council and the International Atomic Energy Agency.

International Law Institutions

Several key institutions facilitate the functioning and enforcement of international law:

United Nations (UN)

The UN is the foremost international organization, playing a central role in developing, promoting, and enforcing international law. It provides a platform for negotiation, conflict resolution, and the development of international norms through its various organs, such as the General Assembly, Security Council, and International Court of Justice.

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The ICJ settles legal disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues. It is a principal judicial organ of the UN.

International Criminal Court (ICC)

The ICC prosecutes individuals for the most serious international crimes: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression. It operates independently of the UN but cooperates closely with it.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The WTO oversees international trade laws and resolves trade disputes between member states. Its dispute resolution mechanism is a crucial tool for enforcing compliance with trade agreements.

Regional Organizations

Regional organizations like the European Union (EU), African Union (AU), and Organization of American States (OAS) also play significant roles in creating and enforcing international law within their regions.

Challenges and Future Directions

While international law has made significant strides in regulating state behavior and addressing global issues, it faces several challenges:

Sovereignty vs. International Obligations

States often prioritize national sovereignty over international commitments, leading to non-compliance or selective adherence to international law.

Lack of Enforcement Mechanisms

The absence of a global police force or a central enforcement authority means that international law relies heavily on state cooperation and voluntary compliance.

Evolving Global Issues

New challenges such as cyber warfare, climate change, and global pandemics require the development of new legal norms and frameworks. The international legal system must adapt quickly to address these emerging issues effectively.

Geopolitical Tensions

Power dynamics between major states can hinder the development and enforcement of international law. Geopolitical rivalries often lead to selective enforcement and undermine the legitimacy of international legal institutions.

Gaurav Mohindra: International law is a complex and evolving system that regulates the conduct of states and other international actors. Despite its decentralized nature and the challenges it faces, international law plays a crucial role in promoting global peace, security, and justice. Through treaties, customary practices, and international institutions, the international community strives to create a legal order that addresses the diverse and interconnected issues of our time. As global challenges continue to evolve, so too must international law, adapting to ensure it remains effective and relevant in an increasingly interconnected world.

Originally Posted: https://gauravmohindrachicago.com/how-does-international-law-work/