#confused adipose

[dooweedoo]

WhoTube Showcase 6 // Confused Adipose

Confused Adipose is a Doctor Who jack of all trades!

While I can't list everything, Joe has done many things for the fandom. Echo's End is probably one of his biggest projects. It's a fan film that's a real love letter to the show and the fans.

More recently he's focused on news, reviews and reactions. In the past, he's also done video essays!

[planariaareneat]

How The Nocturnal Bottleneck and Nipples Make Us Human

Almost every post here considers what humans do have, really. It’s a little tiring; realistically every world has its harsh environments and vicious species and a sophont to match. We probably wouldn’t be unique for our adaptability or our persistence or even adrenaline

But our evolution is fucked up as hell, to put it lightly.

Mammals went through what’s been dubbed the nocturnal bottleneck essentially since the start of the mesozoic right up until the Cretaceous ended the archosaur’s exclusive hold over the daylight. We lost a lot of things from every mammal spending most of its time in either a cramped, suffocating burrow or scrounging around in the faint hours of nighttime. Our blood cells lost their nuclei to hold more oxygen while we spent time deep underground, we lost protections against ultraviolet rays in our skin and eyes, we can’t even repair our own DNA using the light of the sun. Most aliens probably wouldn’t have such traits unless their evolution followed a very similar path to ours. They’d be able to see ultraviolet and wouldn’t have to worry about sunburn and all the wonderful privileges essentially all fish, birds, amphibians, and reptiles enjoy as we speak. 

There’s also what we gained from spending so much time in the dark.

Brown fat is only found in mammals, it’s a special type of fat which bear cells with several oil droplets and are utterly jammed with mitochondria. This lets it make heat, a lot of it, fast. We don’t even need to shiver to induce this heat generation from brown adipose tissue - factor in our downright hyperactive mitochondria, and we can warm up quickly. Sure, it doesn’t have too much use in adult humans, but it keeps our infants warm and still provides a little boost the whole run we have in this universe.

Unless aliens also went through a time where their small ancestors had to face cold nights, they’d have to produce heat the old fashioned way when chilled. Aliens might have to shiver the whole time they’re in a cold room while the human watches in confusion, quite literally unshaken, and wonders if the room is a lot colder than the thermostat set to 60 says. The aliens stare at their companion in confusion, it’s just a normal temperature to shiver at after all, how is the human sitting so still?

Our small ancestors spending all their time out foraging at night is also why we have such a good sense of touch, smell, and hearing. They were more important senses than vision (we’re lucky to have even redeveloped basic color vision, frankly) at the time and place and simply ended up continuing to serve us well. Birds and reptiles rarely have acute senses of smell and the latter especially are lucky to have acute hearing, and birds rarely have impeccable hearing themselves either. Our skin is free of scales and honed to sensitivity, and our external ears and complicated ear bones provide an immense range of hearing (from 20 all the way to 17,000 hertz!).

Aliens might not be able to pin down the chirp of a cricket or the light click of a lock being picked. The human might be the only one on board a ship that can pick out the finer sounds of the engine’s constant thrum and know the critical difference between when everything is fine and when something is wrong. The human could probably pick out the sounds of an approaching enemy’s careless footsteps - they’re only as light enough for *them* to stop hearing them, after all - and be the one to see the horrified expression (well, more on that later) on their face when we get the drop on them in spite of their perceived stealth. 

But perhaps the most versatile, convoluted, amazing, and utterly unique trait we have is right on your face this instant. Lips.

Lips in most animals are a simple seal to hold in the mouth’s moisture and protect the teeth, even if they’re supple they’re NEVER muscular except in mammals, and we have only one thing to thank for it; milk and nipples. Lips evolved exclusively to allow babies to suckle, it required a vacuum to be created in the mouth, and with no other animal having anything like a nipple it never happened in other animals. Many animals make milk, to be frank, but no other animal has nipples.

Your cheeks and lips are a marvel among tetrapods, no other animal can suck like mammals can. Aliens wouldn’t have straws or even be able to sip from the edge of a glass, they’d have to have a proboscis or simply tilt the whole thing back. Aliens likely won’t have woodwind instruments or balloons you can blow into. We take so much about our lips for granted. Hell, our muscular faces are vital for expressions, we’re probably absolute facial contortionists among a cast of creatures with mandibles and beaks and expressionless scaly maws. Aliens might find us ridiculously easy to read, if anything, compared to their own kind (all the better to deceive them) - or perhaps they’d find us hard to decipher anyways, with our lack of color-changing skin or erectable crests of bright feathers. Baring teeth might not be seen as a sign of aggression in most of the universe, smiling would be all too distinctly human. 

Perhaps with how infectious we are sometimes, that’s what we’d contribute to the universe; others might have to make do with opening their mouths just enough to show their teeth or splaying their innumerable mouthparts with just the right curve, but perhaps we’d teach the galaxy to smile, one ally at a time. 

Wouldn’t that be amazing?

[johnbrand]

Call of Duty: Next Potential Chief

With @mrrharper

Inspired by nothing but boredom, Craig booted up his older brother’s console. If he found out that Craig was touching his stuff, his brother would have easily put him in the hospital. The two often fought, being on either end of the masculine spectrum. Craig, the liberal, more effeminate gay, had nothing in common with his conservative, ultra macho douchebag of a brother. Their fights were more or less his older brother shouting slurs at him for being girly, “a pussy” and “a fag," before landing numerous kicks and punches.

The home screen of the console displayed an array of games, most of which were the standard first person shooters. One however caught the short, slim boy’s eyes: Call of Duty: New Potential Chief. He was unfamiliar with any of the COD titles, but this one appeared to be new. At least, that’s what the small “NEW” banner above the icon hinted at. Intrigued, Craig decided to engage, opening the application. It took a while for the game to load, but eventually he was brought to the main menu. 

Complete the Entry Campaign before joining online.

Craig assumed that was reasonable; he would have to endure a tutorial if he wanted to play the game properly. As soon as his finger accepted the prompt, a piercing electric shock paralyzed his entire body. Frozen, Craig now sat completely still as the screen continued forward, ready to engage its program.

Entry Campaign activated, downloading Physicality package…

The screen in front of Craig began to display multiple bars with different characteristics. 

HEIGHT - 68/77 Units

WEIGHT - 152/200 Units

ADIPOSE TISSUE - 16/15%

MUSCULATURE - 23/85%

FEET - 8/15 Units

PHALLUS - 5/9 Units

The standardized inputs confused Craig at first, who although unable to move, still held some consciousness to the situation around him. After the first bones began to crack however, he began to understand the situation a bit more. Fearfully, Craig desperately attempted to move any portion of his body while tendons and ligaments shifted and expanded. As his HEIGHT bar slowly ticked further, Craig could literally hear himself stretching larger and larger, eventually reaching a height of 6’5.

Craig began to plead internally for escape as his muscles proceeded to bloat. His lanky body was quickly evolving, broadening with power. His calves and upper arms swelled, thickening with strength and testosterone. His quads widened, bolstering incredible durability along with his newly-prominent muscle gut. Craig’s seat expanded beneath him, plumping while his hardware opposite upgraded into a juicy 9 inches. Although still paralyzed, Craig’s legs were forcibly separated to accommodate the masculinized bundle, his soles inflating into obscenely large monsters.

Physicality package downloaded. Installing required MASCULINITY data points…

VOCAL HEIGHT - C5/D#4

VOCAL DEPTH - C#3/D2

FACIAL SHAPE - J

FACIAL HAIR - 2/61%

STRENGTH - 21/85%

AGGRESSION - 14/95%

Craig’s head naturally arched back as an emerging Adam’s apple distended from his neck, his vocal chords sculpting an uncommonly deep bass. His jaw was restructured as it jutted forward, stretching his nose and accentuating his brow along with it. A beard quickly grew in to cover the squaring shape, with dark hair flowing through Craig’s pits, down the sternum, across his crotch, and along his arms and legs.

Still fighting for release, Craig felt his inward ambition grow stronger, more offensive. In his mind, he had begun cursing the game, swearing to do unholy things to it and its creator once freed. His language and manner became cruder, brasher, and brutish–akin to his older brother’s demeanor that he had typically admonished. Craig's less analytical behavior distracted him from the the final set of downloads that were being made.

Finalizing Subordination supplements…

INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT - 145/60 Units

INTERPRETATIVE ANALYSIS - 97/10%

EXECUTIVE SUBORDINATION - 0/100%

Initializing GAMEPLAY package, uploading TF4971-Wolf onto virtual network…

Without realization, Craig’s protests slowly became weaker and less deliberate. His specific remarks began to loosen, his targeted opinions evaporating as the progress bars ticked towards their end quotients. While his aggressive demeanor remained, Craig gradually lost the language he wished to use. Eventually, even his reasoning was wiped away, diluting his directed anger into simplistic barbarism. 

Once his numbers matched the game’s standards, Craig’s brain was completely devoid of any independent thought. His head was cluttered with only the required media truly necessary. Images of loyal men, bulky men, masculine men in specific uniforms established only one precedent. Instructions on how to shoot, when to shoot, and who to shoot became his only scripture. His mind absorbed the gameplay, understanding its commands.

Now unable to process anything but the mission, TF4971-Wolf did not comprehend his teleportation into an online match in the game. He stood at one end of a battleground, surrounded by other men with the same objective. They all wore the same camo utility pants, thick jackets, and beige caps. They held the rifles they were all programmed to easily operate.

TF4971-Wolf did not question who he was, where he was, or even why he was as he proceeded towards the battleground. He was nothing more than a strong, masculine soldier NPC with permanent instructions to follow the COD programming and win the next match.

[yuri-for-businesswomen]

i’m really confused as to why so many radfems support fat liberation, when it’s a movement started by nasty fetishist men. it was started by men who just wanted to be unashamed of their fetish for having sex with obese women. how could a radfem support that?

no one should be fat; it’s objectively unhealthy. i don’t see why that’s controversial. no one should starve themselves and follow stupid diets either, but i don’t know why people act like those are the only two options. i think it’s fine to advocate for people being kind and respectful human beings towards fat people, and to not harass and bully them for being fat, but we’ve moved onto saying it’s perfectly fine. i have a chronic illness myself and it’s not fine; no one should have this illness. same with excess adipose tissue. the only difference is that it’s always possible to lose weight, and not always possible to cure yourself of diseases and disorders.

i think radical feminists support body neutrality more than fat liberation. i have a lot of grievances with the fat positivity movement which i have aired on this blog before but i think youre confused if you think fat people need to be lectured on how unhealthy it is to be fat, or have their fatness further moralised. they know.

what feminists rightfully focus on is to shine a light on the specific mistreatment fat women and especially fat girls face. overeating can be a coping mechanism for trauma like sexual abuse. and you know who is very vulnerable to sexual abuse? fat girls, who are marginalised for being female and ostracised for being fat on top, which often leads to loneliness and isolation which makes them easy prey for predators. i actually wish radical feminists would not treat any woman trying to bring up beauty bias (i consider fat bias to be where beauty bias and ableism cross) and how being unattractive negatively impacted her life with a flippant „well beauty doesnt/shouldnt matter“ because being attractive does help building selfesteem, and not just regarding your looks. also, medical misogyny is amplified for fat women, and obviously radical feminists oppose diet culture, which is inherently connected to the culture around fatness, etc

lastly, i think most radical feminists encourage other women to be fit to their best ability, to build muscle and strength, because gender norms of women having to be tiny and weak are disadvantageous to women in many ways, especially when it comes to self defence. some women are fat and its honestly none of our business why they have not lost weight. the only ones i personally criticise are the extremist online fat activists who are either making liberal feminist („fat is beautiful“ etc) or lowkey fetish content.

[rileysloa]

Selective Metabolism

A Case Study:

This is a type of metabolism shown by research to occur in only few individuals.

As the name implies, the body selectively metabolises food, and egests the rest.

In individuals with selective metabolism, all food is broken down in the GI tract, like all individuals, however, unlike other metabolisms, all the nutrients are not absorbed in the small intestine; only nutrients lower than the set balance in the body get absorbed.

For example if the body contains the set amount of carbohydrates already, they will not be absorbed in the SI. If the person’s reserves change eg decrease in glucose due to exercise, the body will absorb the carbohydrates during their next meal.

Normal mechanism of metabolism is that all nutrients get absorbed, no matter the quantity in the body already, and if the nutrient gets in excess, it gets stored eg adipose tissue or glycogen stores in the liver.

Individuals with selective metabolism hence egest out the unneeded nutrients in the form of faeces.

As a result, individuals with this metabolism do not seem to gain or loose weight, and remain at a stagnant constant no matter their diet or physical activity.

There have been no reported case of negative effects as one would imagine such as malnutrition due to not ingesting the proper nutrient because:

1- almost all foods and diets have the three macronutrients

2- the individuals have been observed to get cravings for the foods that contain the lacking nutrient or just end up eating those foods within the weeks end.

However there have been abnormalities reported with stool, eg individuals with high fatty diet seem to have more fatty stools and individuals with high carb diets seem to have carb-rich stools, as the excess of the macronutrient gets evacuated in the stool.

These symptoms do not seem to have any adverse effects apart from minor confusion to the physical appearance and odour of the stool.

Exact mechanism of development of selective metabolism is not known but most cases have been reported to have developed following some form of gut disorder or syndrome such as IBS or duodenal ulcers. Another common finding amongst all the researched individuals was that they had previously been in high stress environments (school or career wise), and/or they faced high stressed environment in their foetal life (especially if congenitally born with selective metabolism).

[wormworker]

( content notes: fatphobia, medical negligence )

GUESS WHAT. Doctors have been wrong about me for nearly 10 years, if not more!!

I told them I had a hard place in my belly. That it wasn't all just adipose. They NEVER LISTENED. I thought it was a tumor that kept growing bigger.

2-3 years ago, I did the "family testimony" cheat. Instead of telling my primary care physician that I was concerned about my abdomen, I said my family was.

FINALLY got my ultrasound scheduled after that. Smh.

Ultrasound results: Gallstones.

Doctor said it wasn't serious enough to have surgery.

But it had to have been serious, because the hard place in my belly was so huge that I often felt it pressing against my ribs & it was becoming too painful to sit or stand without a bra.

This was because the weight of my chest would rest on the hard place if it wasn't supported with a bra. Didn't hurt when lying down.

Eating hurt, too. Exercising hurt terribly, as it had since I was little, only it's much worse in adulthood.

There was obviously something serious. But I was so sick of going to the doctor & of being treated like I was a woman from the 1950s with "hysteria."

And then, a month ago, I had the worst abdominal pain I'd ever experienced.

I went to bed early with discomfort. And then I woke up with extreme pain. Enough that, despite my history with doctors telling me not to, I HAD to go to the hospital.

At the time, I thought it was my appendix. I had no idea gallbladder complications could cause such acute pain.

Around 8 hours after I got to the hospital, they took out my gallbladder laparoscopically. I went home an hour later.

I thought my belly looked funny. There was a weird dip in the middle, Like I was made of memory foam & had been punched in the gut.

It almost seemed to keep changing shape throughout the month.

Now, 4 weeks later, the swelling is gone. Once I noticed a strange shape again, I finally felt safe to press on the area with my hand.

Pushed right in. No hard mass anymore. It's all just fat now! No more pain!

YEARS of so much agony, confusion, body image issues, & disordered eating could've been avoided if just ONE doctor, nurse, etc, would have just LISTENED to me!! And treated me like a PERSON!!

[aceinspaceart]

Do you want silly Star Wars fan fiction ideas? Boy do I have a list for you.

I have a bunch of Star Wars fanfic ideas that are just sitting in my notes app that will probably never get written so I think I'm going to start posting them here. If anyone uses these ideas/prompts please lmk! I would love to read them

(also credits to my friend who has helped come up with basically all of these and is equally keen to see them written)

Feel free to reblog this with other ideas/prompts you wish to add!

Obi-wan and Anakin from the end of the war time-travel back to the start of the war (like right after Geonosis) but never cross paths with their younger selves. But not in the way them being in different parts of the galaxy, more like them being on the same ship. Like old Anakin walks out one door and young Anakin walks into the room from a different door. If anyone has seen that one episode of Doctor Who with the adipose (S4E1 I believe), it's like that. The clones and Ahsoka are very confused by this development. Bonus points if both Anakin's just kept force-throwing Rex around the battlefield.

Echo time-travels back from his bad batch era to the start of the war and gaslights everyone into thinking he always had his cybernetics as they can all tell that it is the Echo they know and love. Can decide if rookie Echo is there or not.

And for one that is not time travel: Fox drinks too much caff and starts to see ghosts. Can be actual like force ghosts, ghosts of clones, just random other people, you decide!

I'll keep reblogging this with the prompts as I go as I do have quite a few written down. (and yes time travel will come up pretty often)

[pangtasias-atelier]

A Portly Knight Lord

Warning: This is a fetish story!

I am so incredibly upset over the lack of any news about new game that I needed to write something quick. And like, god I love Deirdre and Sigurd so much abshsbhdsb. Also, realized how much I need to do more quick drabbles even though them being short kind of means you can't put much in the story like I love to do.

"Did you enjoy the meal, lord Sigurd?" Now standing when she was seated only moments ago, Deirdre picks up the table. She reaches for the porcelain dishes, stacking her and Sigurd's salad plates on top of her own dinner plate. Her own portion had been small yet sufficiently filling for her usual appetite. A rich, spicy pork and rice paired with a creamy salad.

Sigurd still eating, the portion Deirdre served him had been twice the amount of his wife's. The surplus of food is clearly a usual occurrence for him with the state of his body. No longer able to blame his figure on a lapse of discipline, Sigurd's plump figure is past being just pudgy; the small ounce of flab that presses against his outfit is no more, his stomach replaced by a noticeable stomach that is always outlined by the fabric of whatever outfit he wears—even after visiting Chalphy's seamstress to obtain larger clothes that can properly cover up his bulk. His pristine white clothes show off the soft curved flab that makes up Sigurd's belly. His stomach goes slightly past his waistband, the squishy, hefty underside roll of flab pressing against his pants that ever so slightly dig into him. His stomach now has motion to it, the small mound for a gut jiggling with each step he takes. Sigurd rather top heavy, his chest has also received an ample amount of adipose. Now, the once defined pecs are a pair of breasts that are just large enough to be cupped by a hand. The bottom most curve of his breasts currently graze against his stomach with him still seated. 

Sgurd still has his refined etiquette despite his increased size and hunger, yet he eats his food with an increased sense of urgency, the still juicy pork from Verdane seasoned perfectly to Sigurd’s preferences. His fork is close to being overfilled with food as he not quite crams the meat and rice into his mouth. “Of course Deirdre,” He responds after wiping the nonexistent errant drips of sauce on his face. “Anything made by you is something I will always cherish, dearest. And your culinary prowess is already outstanding. I am lucky to have you by my side,” 

“Then I am blessed to hear your praise,” The table is now organized, the used dishes stacked to the side. “I am glad that Ethlyn’s advice worked out well,” Deirdre smiles to herself, the fresh memories of Ethlyn’s tips and advice on her brother’s preferences all merrily dancing around in her mind like all the Spirit Forest festivals she was unable to partake in.

Sigurd’s brows raise at the mention of Ethlyn. He can’t help but allow the small burst of subdued laughter to escape him as he understands and recognises the familiarity of all the cooking. He keeps the note of oversized portions and abundant use of oil and butter to himself. Well aware of his sister’s preferences, Sigurd had congratulated his best friend and wished the initially confused Quan the best for the two along with his waistline. And it didn’t take long for him to blimp out, the shorter man clearly taking well to Ethlyn’s cooking and preference in men to eventually become a rather obese man weighing more than twice his original weight. And that had been when he had last seen Quan; so much of Quan’s weight went to his rear, his enormous thighs and ass requiring another chair simply to hold his bulk without destroying the seat. And yet, neither of the loving couple clearly seemed to take any issue with his size, the two even seeming to relish Quan’s immense size that dwarfs his slimmer self back when he and Sigurd were nothing more than fresh teens back when they were in Belhalla’s royal academy. 

And as Sigurd thinks about Quan’s hefty size—his friend apparently close to pushing the quarter ton boundary last he saw of him—he takes no umbrage regarding his size; he also doesn’t dismiss the idea of perhaps gaining some more weight himself, the small pebble of an idea starting off with ambivalent reluctance regarding his current weight before growing into a boulder of a thought about being as fat as Quan. Especially with how well his friend holds the weight with such large thighs that are wider than Ethlyn’s waistline along with an ass that smothers chairs, the lower half of Quan’s obese figure paired with a smaller upper half that still has a rather sizable gut that sags past the stretchy waistband of his pants to reach his groin along with a pair of breasts that surpass Ethlyn’s own modest set. Sigurd’s thoughts shift over to his own ample figure, the fascination of the idea taking hold as he imagines himself—a massive gut that juts in front of him, the enormous stomach a result of his gorging combined with Deirdre’s expertise, a shelf of a chest with breasts that always splay down the side of his dome of a gut, each swollen tit larger than his wife’s impressive chest,  and a hefty set of arms ready to hug and caress his wonderful wife. Lost in the temptations of his own thoughts, it takes several moments for Sigurd to break out of his wondrous daze, the ideas dissipating from feeling a hand on his stomach. 

“Deirdre,” Sigurd’s voice comes out in a near whisper. His own face red, he holds back the bubbling wince as he moves around and disturbs his stuffed stomach.

Broken out of her own trance, Deirdre’s lilac eyes stare wide eyed at Sigurd before narrowing them; a blush tints her face along with the onset of a gentle smile. “Forgive me, Lord Sigurd. You seemed full after such a meal-”

“You never need to apologize to me, dearest,” Sigurd pushes himself off his seat and embraces her. His churning stomach presses up against her flat stomach as he holds her tightly, as though Naga were to take such a wondrous human away from him. He lowers his head, burying his face into the crook of her neck. "You are enjoying yourself. That is all I ask of you," He pulls back and, caressing Deirdre's hand, he places the palm of her right hand on his grumbling belly. "And I must admit, I find this rather enjoyable myself,"

Deirdre smiles. She relaxes into the embrace even further and rubs Sigurd's belly. "I am so very happy," Her slim figure rests against her husband's soft, doughy body, her back slightly arched from his gut. Her cheek rests on his pillowy breasts. 

The two's moment ends up interrupted by Sigurd's grumbling stomach, the pile of flab suddenly hungry and demanding for food. 

"Perhaps we should go to the kitchen and see what else you might eat," Deirdre whisks her husband away, to feed him some more, the merry couple hand in hand as always.

[autisticdoomslayer]

Anatomy & injury tips, P2

Here are some's some more anatomy stuff from my class that could be useful for writing/making art.

I'm doing this series by the modules of my class, so it's going to be fairly spread out. If you want more of this, you might want to follow my "Doom's Anatomy Tips" tag instead of following my blog.

Tumblr doesn't let me indent bullet points so this is structured a little confusingly. Feel free to ask any questions (just be open to the fact that it's possible I might not know the answer.)

PLEASE NOTE: there's a lot of Fancy Tedious Medical Names in these posts, but you don't need to actually remember them or tell the difference between them all. I only use the names so that it's easier to know what I'm referring to. So I might refer to areolar connective tissue or whatever, but the name of it isn't actually important, the important part is where it is and what it does. If you're confused about anything, let me know!

This post is about tissue types, which is great for knowing how different parts of the body heals. In this post, we talk about:

Some different types of tissue, where they're located, what purpose they generally serve, and how good they are at healing.

Tissue responses to injury - note that we'll get into individual systems' and locations responses to injury later on.

OK, lets go!

Certain types of tissues regenerate/heal better than others.

Epithelial tissue is one of the best at healing. We don't really need to get into what epithelial tissue is (there are 7 or 8 types that don't differ too much in their purpose, it's incredibly tedious to learn). We just need to know that it's great at healing and where it is (so that we can accurately portray the healing process in our writing/art).

Epithelial tissue is found in a lot of places. You might remember me mentioning epithelial tissue in my last post - serosae are made of epithelial tissue. Other places epithelial tissue are found include the top layer of skin (called the epidermis, we'll get into that in the next post), and the surface of the inside of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina. It's found in other places but I think these are the most important to know for writing. So these areas will heal faster - about as fast as a surface-level injury to the skin.

Epithelial tissue is always sitting on top of some underlying connective tissue. If the wound(s) are deeper, the wound will damage the underlying connective tissue - and connective tissue isn't quite as good at healing.

The next type of tissue is connective tissue. It's quite not as good at healing. Like epithelial tissue, there are a fuck ton of different types of connective tissue that are very tedious to learn. Unlike epithelial tissue, the different types of connective tissue actually differ in their functions sometimes.

Areolar Connective Tissue is basically a soft packaging tissue. It wraps around organs and capillaries (very small, delicate blood vessels) and cushions them. Areolar tissue is pretty good at healing - it has to be, because it houses white blood cells and fibroblasts (cell that forms fiber & connective tissue), which are the two main cells used in healing.

Adipose tissue (fat) is used for insulation and serves as a protective layer, which is why it's usually found around our softer parts. The hypodermis (the bottom layer of skin, sometimes called just subcutaneous tissue) is made mostly of fat, for example. Adipose tissue is thick and a bit harder to cut through. We'll get into it's insulation properties later in this post, since it works hand-in-hand with muscle tissue.

Dense Regular connective tissue makes up tendons, most ligaments, and fascia. It can withstand great amounts of tensile stress so long as the pulling force is pulling only in one direction. It's not super great at healing; if you tear a tendon, for example, it should heal, but it'll take a long time and it's function and elasticity will never be quite as good as it was before the injury. (in case you're wondering, ligaments attach bone to bone, while tendons attach muscle to bone).

Dense Irregular connective tissue is kind of the opposite of dense regular tissue. It's able to withstand forces pulling in multiple different directions. It forms the fibrous capsules of joints and the dermis of the skin. Dense irregular tissue is decent at healing, but it's not as good as epithelial, areolar, or bone tissue.

Next up is Cartilage. It's a type of connective tissue, but like epithelial tissue, the different types of cartilage mostly serve the same purpose.

First off, here are the two most important things to keep in mind for writing - 1) cartilage has a zero or near-zero regeneration rate. 2) cartilage has no nerve or blood supply. Keep this in mind when I mention where the cartilage is.

Cartilage mostly serves to cushion. Cartilage is found covering the ends of long bones in joints; In the nose, ears, trachea, and larynx; In the intervertebral discs; as costal cartilage (forming the parts of the ribs that attach to the sternum); In pubic symphysis (the point where the pubis bones in your pelvis attach, right around your crotch)

diagram showing costal cartilage

diagram showing the pubic symphysis

Cartilage's lack of regeneration abilities is what causes osteoarthritis. In a normal joint, the hyaline cartilage acts as a cushion with no nerve supply and almost no friction, so you can land on it, stretch it a little, rotate it, etc without any problems. But sometimes the cartilage deteriorates (i do not know exactly why), and so then you have bone scraping on bone, which sucks because bone does have a nerve supply, and also it's hard so it's pretty not great to land on, so it hurts like a motherfucker.

We all know that cartilage is in the nose and ear, but injuries to the nose often hurt a lot more than injuries to the ear, because the we use the nose to breath and stuff and therefore there's a lot of other types of tissue there as well. We also have a bone in our nose, and bones have nerve supply.

Injury to ears don't hurt too horribly! If you've ever gotten your ears pierced, you might've noticed that the sting from the needle feels mostly surface level, whereas if you got a puncture wound like that somewhere else, you'd feel some pain all the way down the injury. This is because of the cartilage. Some piercings to the ears (like a conch piercing) hurt a lot more - this is because while the cartilage has no nerve supply, the dermis (thickest part of the skin) does have a nerve supply, and there's a nerve like right there.

Next tissues - bone. This will be brief because everyone knows what bone does.

Bone is pretty good at healing. The problem is that bone is not super great at healing in the same shape it used to be. For example - remember when I mentioned how osteoarthritis works? Well, when bone is scraping on bone like that, the bone freaks out and tries to repair itself by building extra bone, resulting in osteophytes (bone spurs). Osteophytes don't just happen in response to arthritis, they happen in response to prolonged stress or damage in general. (IMPORTANT NOTE: it's kind of hard to explain what an osteophyte looks like, so I'd suggest looking up images BUT - it's best if you look up "bone spurs" or "bone spurs joints", since if you look up "osteophytes" like the 6th image is of a real, fresh bone that might be triggering since it looks a little bit gross.)

BONE HAS NERVES AND A BLOOD SUPPLY! There's a lot of people who don't know that, or at least never really thought about it. I kind of figured that there were nerves and blood vessels surrounding bone but not in the bone. I was wrong. There are nerves and blood in the bone.

Next up - Muscle!

The healing capacity of Muscle tissue differs based on type.

Smooth muscle is ok at healing. Not good, not bad. Smooth muscle is mostly found in the walls of hollow organs.

Skeletal muscle is poor at healing. Skeletal muscles are directly attached to bone and are the only muscles we can move voluntarily.

Cardiac muscle is found on the walls of the heart, and has no or almost no healing capacity.

Everyone knows most of what muscle does, but one thing you might not know is that muscles generate much of the body heat. A character with little muscle mass may have difficulty staying warm. (note that fat does not generate body heat, but instead acts like a blanket that retains the body heat.)

A mix of fat and muscle would be ideal for staying warm in cold temperatures. Lots of muscle but little fat, or lots of fat but little muscle aren't the greatest (note that it doesn't have to be a perfect balance - someone with an above average fat percentage and an average muscle percentage will be just fine). Being super skinny with little muscle or fat could be potentially dangerous in the cold. (this is why many people with slavic ancestry, for example, may have higher fat retention. This is also why native siberians and native canadian people have higher birth weights - their babies are born with more fat so they can survive the cold. Make your viking and slavic characters muscle-fat!)

As you increase in age, the healing capacity of your tissue decreases. In old age, your epithelial tissue thins (epithelial tissue is mostly used for protection), your collagen decreases (collegen is a protein fiber in skin), your bone and muscle tissue begin to atrophy, etc.

Now we get into Tissue Responses to injury:

There are two types - the inflammatory response and immune response. We're talking about the inflammatory response (we'll talk about the immune response when we get the the immune system).

The Inflammatory response is an acute/fast response. The inflammatory response is nonspecific, meaning it affects the general area around the injury as well as the injury itself. It's most commonly used in skin injuries - we've all experienced the inflammatory response. Before I continue I gotta briefly mention the layers of the skin. The epidermis is the surface level of skin made of fast-healing epithelial tissue. The dermis makes up the beefier part of the skin under the epidermis and is made of dense irregular connective tissue, so it's not as good at healing.

we get more into the skin in the next post in this series.

Symptoms of the inflammatory response include heat, redness, swelling, and pain. Here are the general "stages" of the inflammatory response (most of them assume that the dermis is injured)*:

Inflammation sets the stage. Severed blood vessels bleed. Inflammatory chemicals are released. White blood cells and clotting proteins seep into the injured area. Then clotting occurs, and the surface dries and becomes a scab.

Organization restores the blood supply. The clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores the blood supply. A type of white blood cell called a macrophage consumes dead or dying cells and other debris. The surface epithelial cells that make up the epidermis multiple and migrate over the granulation tissue (in short, the epidermis is healing faster than the dermis).

Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair. This results in a fully regenerated epidermis/epithelium layer with scar tissue under it in the dermis.

Next up we'll talk about the integumentary system (skin, hair, nails).

[alda-rana]

Trying out a new avatar; sorry for the confusion. I've been an Adipose for almost ten years now and felt like showing my true face for a change (especially since I guess there are fewer and fewer people on this site who know what an Adipose is...)

[presidentdisastraofgallifrey]

Rating Every Nu Who Episode: Season 4

Voyage of the Damned: 5/10 didn't care much for it, though there were a couple of funny moments.

Partners in Crime: 10/10 DONNA!!!!! Also the adipose are cute and funny and horrifying and although the implication is MEANT to be that they took advantage of there being so many fat people in existence, I choose to read it as taking advantage of the predatory weight loss industry. Also Ten and Donna are the perfect Doctor and companion pair. They are chaos twins.

The Fires of Pompeii: 8/10 it was interesting and funny and I love the ending with "save someone, just someone" bit.

Planet of the Ood: 9/10 despite the weird hair loss poisoning which I'm not sure can cause one to change species. But every other part was so perfect and heart-wrenching I'm not even taking points off.

The Sontaran Strategem/The Poison Sky: 7/10 the sontarans are a lot of fun and I liked the cars turning against people, but the young genius guy and his private school felt sort of random and out of place.

The Doctor's Daughter: 8/10 while not the most exciting episode ever, the Doctor's complex family feelings were great and the idea of war spreading so fast that whole lifetimes pass in days was beautiful.

The Unicorn and the Wasp: 9/10 yes it's one of the silliest premises since the revival and yes it feels just like an Agatha Christie book and yes it's sweet and charming and tragic and I love it.

Silence in the Library/Forest of the Dead: 10/10 RIVER!!! This was a GREAT introduction for a fellow time traveler married to him. And also a very creepy premise. And also a very sweet solution when you expect greed to be the cause, or some villain, but it was just a little girl who wanted to save everyone. Note, however: people do so say however many were saved, the show tried too hard to be clever here.

Midnight: 3/10 nothing wrong with it and I know it's a very popular episode, but I don't care as much for plots that take place in a closed space (that felt very spaceshipy) with a mystery threat, and it wasn't fun to me how quickly everyone turned on each other even though I'm not saying it's unrealistic.

Turn Left: 10/10 genuinely one of my favorite episodes. (1) I love in-show AUs, (2) Donna is the most ordinary and most extraordinary person in the universe, and (3) I actually liked Rose a lot more here.

The Stolen Earth/Journey's End: 10/10 I love everything about it, but especially the coming together of all the Doctor's friends. It was fantastic. Also the tragedy of Donna's leaving was beautiful.

The Next Doctor: 8/10 it was charming and funny and I loved the confusion of "well he COULD be me, this happens every few years."

The End of Time: 6/10 thought the Time Lord plot was clever and enjoyed Wilf as a proper companion. The Master's plot to make everyone him was unusually nonsensical, though, and I hate everything about his over-the-top vibes.

Waters of Mars: 0/10 because scary water zombies. I literally only watched it once. It lost its last point because I like the rest of the plot but can't watch it again.

Bonus Character Rating:

Ten: 10/10 he's great and sad and silly but trying so hard to live life.

Donna: 10/10 she's just such a Person. She's normal and abrasive and unapologetic and utterly perfectly complimentary for him.

Wilf: 10/10 perfect grandpa

[iamanathemadevice]

Losing weight

I just blocked a post that turned up in my timeline yelling about how losing weight was pointless and unnecessary and too difficult and harmful. It claimed you can be fat and healthy, that diets are dangerous and counter productive, all the usual fat-positive stuff.

The thing is, for some people, it's true. You can be fat and healthy. If you're young, active, genetically blessed, and lucky, you can indeed be very fat and still have all the right numbers. It's certainly true that fat !=ugly or unattractive or sexually inactive or anything else to do with appearance and desirability.

And if you're an old person, having a little extra padding is actually a good thing.

But if you're like me, a short person (158cm) who weighed over 110kg a couple of years ago, and who's been heavy almost all my adult life with the weight carried mainly on my gut, it's more likely that this level of overweight is doing you harm. You get into middle age, and your blood pressure starts to worry your GP. As does your blood cholesterol. Your knees start to hurt a lot, and you might even have already developed osteoarthritis.

And one day, after having metabolic syndrome for a long time (essentially, pre-diabetes) your yearly blood test tells your GP you are this close to full-blown diabetes, and she sends you to a diabetes educator who gives you a very serious talk about losing weight, cutting carbs, and other modifications to your life. Even if you are active.

After having watched a close friend die of diabetes just months before.

Let me tell you, uncontrolled diabetes II is a nasty, undignified way to die.

All the fat positivity in the world won't change this fact. Now, you have to choose. Life, or death with years and years of poor health before it.

You have to choose whether you do nothing about the adipose tissue in your abdomen which is making your pancreas dysfunctional, and hope that medications will somehow save you from all of the complications of diabetes; or you do whatever you can to either prevent tipping over into the full disease or winning yourself a remission.

You then have to cut carbs and cut calories, educate yourself properly about macronutrients, exercise more, and keep doing this until your blood sugar normalises, and then you have to keep doing this.

Once you get down to an actual healthy weight, you have to keep it off and it. is. hard. Your body is fighting you with higher levels of ghrelin to keep you hungry. Society is bombarding you nonstop with advertising all those yummy things that you can only eat in tiny amounts, if at all (and if you're like me, it's almost impossible to stop once you start with some of the nicest things). Your friends and family won't make it easy either, in all kinds of ways.

Your body, brain, society, social media, and your intimate circle are all arrayed against you in your battle to lose the dangerous weight and keep it off.

The only things on your side are your determination, and your doctor (hopefully). And it doesn't take much to disable these two supports in your battle.

Still. It's possible to win. It's definitely possible to try, fail, try again, and keep trying.

It's also possible to look at social media posts telling you that overweight is healthy blah blah, and ask yourself if you feel healthy in your body? Does your weight stop you living the life you want to life? Is your doctor happy? Have you had the blood tests, and are they all good? Then great! Go on with your chubby self and have the best life!

But if those things aren't true, or you're an older person, or you don't know what damage overweight could be doing to you, then please - don't take your advice from some shrieking Tumblr post. Do some cold, hard research of your own. Ask for help in understanding it if it's confusing or contradictory, because there is a mountain of misinformation out there.

I'm not here to tell you that being fat is bad or that you are bad for being fat. I'm here to tell you that serious overweight is linked to a lot of serious diseases, and if you're not lucky, young, and fit, it's worth finding out the real risks.

Then do what you've gotta do. Because you're worth it.

[marissadickens]

Water retention: know it, and then fight it!

If there is a skin blemish that puts a strain on our self-confidence, it is water retention, especially with the arrival of summer. It makes our legs heavy and swollen, and we can add the emotional discomfort to the physical one. This happens because this condition often imposes itself as an obstacle too difficult to overcome, and that is why it tends to run for cover at the last minute, spending a lot of money to witness a miracle that never arrives!

Nowadays we often hear about many strategies against the accumulation of water in the body, such as facial lymphatic drainage massage that is becoming popular, but there is still a lot of confusion about it. This happens because it is not clear to everyone what the real causes are, and consequently, what the right treatment is.

What is water retention?

Water retention is a common condition that occurs when excess fluid accumulates in body tissues: the organism tends to accumulate liquids in the spaces between the cells, thus causing more or less evident swelling called edemas. These edemas are often spread in areas of the body predisposed to the accumulation of adipose tissue, such as the buttocks, legs, ankles, and abdomen. This condition is related to the action of estrogen hormones, typically female, which is why water retention affects women the most. 

We often tend to confuse water retention with cellulite, but in reality, these are two different ailments: cellulite is an inflammatory process of subcutaneous adipose tissue, due to hypertrophy of fat cells and changes in the venous and lymphatic systems. Cellulite, compared to water retention, it is more difficult to treat. That said, water retention can be cured, especially if the causes are identified. 

What causes water retention?

Understanding the causes and symptoms of water retention is essential to effectively combat this condition and improve overall health. Several factors can contribute to water retention, and some of the most common causes include:

• Sodium intake

• Excessive use of salt

• Dehydration

• Hormonal changes

• Some medications

• Problems of blood circulation

• Sedentary 

• Keeping a static position for too long

• Clothes too tight

• Heels too high

• Smoking

• Excessive consumption of alcohol

How to combat water retention?

There are several effective ways to combat water retention and reduce swelling in the body, and many of them are directly proportional to the causes mentioned above: 

• Reduce sodium intake and eat foods rich in potassium, because it helps balance sodium levels in the body and reduce water retention.

• Reduce the use of salt

• Stay hydrated (drink at least 2 liters of water a day)

• Treat hormonal dysfunctions

• Do sports or go for a walk

• Lead a healthy lifestyle (sleep well and eat healthy)

Follow these tips if you want to get many more results:

• Drinking draining herbal teas: herbal teas based on draining plants such as dandelion, nettle, fennel, or birch, can help stimulate lymphatic drainage and reduce water retention.

• Lymphatic massages: specific massages that stimulate the lymphatic system can be effective in promoting excess fluid drainage and reducing swelling.

• Raising legs to the wall: maintaining this position for 10-20 minutes stimulates blood circulation and reduces swelling considerably.

• Eating diuretic foods: many plant-based foods counteract water retention thanks to their diuretic action. The most common are: pineapple, watermelon, asparagus, artichokes, cucumbers, melon, blueberries, celery, apples, and tomatoes.

• Taking specific supplements: Using supplements based on natural components further increases the diuretic action. The most effective ones contain birch, centella, dandelion, melilot, pineapple, and bromelain.

Conclusion 

Water retention occurs in the same way, through heaviness, swelling, and stagnation, but the causes are multiple. Fortunately, the solutions are no less, and they are not unattainable. Unless you are dealing with specific issues, following strategic precautions can cure and also eliminate the accumulation of water in your body. Once you individualize the cause, go and find the right solution. But don’t go too far... it’s closer than you think!

[travelinglibrariansdesk]

Two Awesome Picture Books Rather Different in Nature

Another terrific title I could not resist when circulating books today: Dan Santat's The Adventures of Beekle, the Unimaginary Friend. The story opens on the Island of Imaginary Friends (not to be confused with the Island of Misfit Toys!), and this grabbed me immediately - what a lovely idea! Plus - "Beekle". What a perfect name for an imaginary friend. The story is otherwise fairly predictable, the illustrations pleasant, but in a few places, like the whale-filled ocean over which Beekle sails to find the real world, the dazzling sea monster and the glorious tree he eventually climbs to look for "his" friend, the art is dazzling. Likewise, the text is somewhat uneven. Beekle and his friend Alice get to know one another through a series of funny, awkward and creative moments, yet Santat also employs sentences like "He sailed through unknown waters and faced many scary things.". Ugh. Lazy writing frustrates the heck out of me as a teacher of literature. "Many scary things" just begs for elaboration. No decent editor just lets such a sentence sit there, and no harm would have come to the story in a few more pages! Beekle himself reminds me of an adipose - a creature from the "Partners in Crime" episode of Doctor Who - sweet face, the body of a soft rubber squeaky toy, waddling movements. I would choose this book for shyer kids, especially if they already have imaginary friends, because it endorses proactive behavior: if there's something you want, don't wait for it to come to you - go get it!

Kabir Sehgal and Surishtha Sehgal's book The Wheels on the Tuk Tuk takes the familiar song "The Wheels on the Bus" and adapts it for India (though it could be almost anywhere in the developing world - most of them have tuk-tuks of some sort). The fun in this book is the details of the adapted song, though I enjoyed the art as well. But lines like "People on the street jump on and off", "Tuk tuk walla says squish in together" and "Tuk tuk walla sips-sips chai" just created a happy feeling, reminding me of all the tuk tuks I've jumped on and off of. Even if this book is alien to your own (American) culture, the song is practically an earworm, and songs are a terrific way to teach anything, including the details of another culture.

There's one other book I'm going to comment on today: Bettina Love's Punished for Dreaming: How School Reform Harms Black Children and How We Heal. I haven't read an education book for a while because it seems fruitless and painful to fill my head with ideas (which is what happens when I read books on education) of how to improve my teaching when I'll never see the inside of a classroom again. However, since I agree with the premise, I snatched the book. Since probably the majority of school reform ideas come out of the heads of white, reasonably well- or over-educated politicians, they very often don't take into account variables well-known to the teachers of underprivileged, black, brown or simply poor rural white students. This mismatch leads to thousands of misspent dollars and hours on ideas that had no hope of affecting the students they (possibly) intend to help. I'm looking forward to Love's new ideas, even if I can't implement any of them myself.

[denimbex1986]

'Say what you want: David Tennant is one of the best Doctors of modern Who. Ever since he strolled into the Tardis for the first time in his pyjamas (it's a long story), he has captivated audiences and arguably (under the showrunning command of Russell T Davies) helped make Doctor Who the international success is it today.

Part of it, of course, is down to Tennant's amazing acting range. From fury to playfulness, we got the full gamut during his time as Doctor - but in the interests of whittling them down, we've picked some of his best moments here. Enjoy.

Meeting Donna again – Partners in Crime

Both Tennant and Catherine Tate really get to show off their comedy chops in this episode. After first appearing in the 2006 special The Christmas Bride, Donna and the Doctor end up running into each other again when both start investigating the obviously evil Adipose Industries (yes, they’re aliens).

Mouthing words at each other from opposite sides of an office window, the wordless comedy is on point, Tennant’s confusion is priceless and their energy gels perfectly: an auspicious start to the new season.

Time Lord Victorious – The Waters of Mars

Sometimes, the Doctor bites off more than he can chew; nowhere more so than in ultra-horror special The Waters of Mars. As evil sentient water wreaks soggy havoc and kills members of a Martian research station one by one, the Doctor is forced to watch helplessly because it’s a nexus event – i.e. a moment in the timeline that can’t be changed. Until, that is, he stops caring and rescues the last member of the research station - only for her to commit suicide.

It’s a shocking moment and Tennant sells the whole thing utterly as the weary, battle-worn Doctor who ultimately tells the Tardis: “I’ve overreached myself.”

Sarah-Jane returns – School Reunion

One for the classic Doctor Who fans: the Doctor’s companions always leave, but just sometimes, they get to come back. School Reunion marked Elisabeth Sladen’s return to the Whoniverse after more than two decades as fan favourite Sarah-Jane Smith, who (as it turns out) has become somewhat of a mini-Doctor in her own right. Everything about this scene is gold: the Doctor’s simple introduction (“Hello, Sarah-Jane”), her sudden realisation of who he is, Tennant’s giddy grin, and their reminiscing about the old times. Chef’s kiss.

John Smith is the Doctor – Family of Blood

Family of Blood is one of the more out-there Who episodes. On the run from a mysterious family of aliens, the Doctor traps his Time Lord essence in a pocket watch and starts a new life without his memories, living happily as “John Smith” the literary professor.

He even ends up in a relationship – so imagine his horror when he is told that John Smith isn’t real, and that he has to give up his life (aka restore his memories as the Doctor, thus making him a completely different person) in order to save the school from the supernatural horrors plaguing it. Even though John Smith only appears for one episode, he makes an impression, especially with his anguish towards the end of the episode.

The Doctor and Rose are separated – Doomsday

This devastating scene happens at the end of Tennant’s first season as the Doctor, when Rose is dragged into a parallel universe and the two are separated forever. Or so they think!

It’s not just the heartbreaking scene where the pair realise they’re stranded on opposite sides of the massive white wall that serves as a portal between dimensions (sob) but their final goodbye in Bad Wolf Bay, where Ten tells her he’s burning up an entire sun to say goodbye. Tennant is acting his heart out, the puppy dog eyes are working overtime. Those who don’t want it and end up crying have hearts of stone.

“Did you miss me?” - The Christmas Invasion

Tennant’s Doctor spends most of his first episode trapped in a deep slumber after a traumatic regeneration. As the warlike Sycorax attempt to take over the planet, Rose puts him in the Tardis with a flask full of tea… which magically revives him. Strolling nonchalantly into the heart of the war operation armed with nothing but a satsuma, he winks at her and asks, “Did you miss me?” And in no time at all, it’s as if he never went away.

Possessed by Cassandra – New Earth

Few would argue that New Earth is one of the best Doctor Who episodes, but there’s one thing it does get right: when Ten gets possessed by the malicious sentient trampoline (yes, really) Cassandra. It’s a golden opportunity to Tennant to showcase his comedy chops. “Two hearts!” he crows. “Oh, baby, I’m beating out a samba!” In fact, he was so good he reportedly had co-star Billie Piper in fits of giggles throughout.

Timey-wimey – Blink

Who’d have thunk it: the most iconic Who episode ever is the one where the Doctor hardly appears. Zapped back in time by the Weeping Angels, the only way he can communicate with modern-day protagonist Sally Sparrow (Carey Mulligan) is via pre-recorded video tape. This is the episode that coined the phrase ‘wibbly wobbly, time-wimey’ that are now common Who parlance. Plus, while it’s hard to be charismatic through a grainy TV screen, he manages it.

The Master dies – Last of the Time Lords

Though Derek Jacobi was the first person to play the Master since the show’s reboot (what a catch), John Simm was the one who made the role his own. After capturing the Doctor, he transformed the Earth into an ultra-capitalist hellscape. When his comeuppance finally arrives, he’s shot by Martha’s mum Francine (Adjoa Andoh) but in one final act of spite, he refuses to regenerate, leaving the Doctor completely alone. The closing shots of him sobbing over his old rival’s body are gut-wrenching.

Goodbye Donna – Journey’s End

The scene that spawned a thousand memes: Sad Doctor In The Rain. After successfully saving the world (yet again) it turns out that Donna (who has sort-of merged with the Doctor’s DNA in order to save them all; another long story) is going to die unless she has her memory wiped. That means removing any trace at all of the Doctor. She pleads and begs to try and prevent it, but it’s no good – and that parting shot of him leaving her for ever is haunting. Sad eyes for days.

The Doctor regenerates – The End of Time (Part 2)

It’s the big’un. David Tennant plays a blinder in his last-ever episode as the Doctor who has lost his way: alternately raging, terrified, and accepting of his fate. His last swansong - revisiting all his companions, checking in that they're doing okay - is sweetly touching, and of course his final words, "I don't want to go," are delivered with such gusto that they elicit all the emotions. Every single time.'

[breeding-puppie]

I've never been that into the Silence, that era in general had some confusing writing but I do like how they're related to Matt Smith's regeneration special. And I like their memory wipe thing.

Do you have a fav alien?

Yeah him and Capaldi had some weird writing, there was a lot of stuff I kinda zoned out on cause it wasn't making sense

Either the Vashta Nerada, the Weeping Angels, or the Adipose