Are you new to D&D? Think caster classes are complicated and hard to learn? Do you want to understand how each caster class works in one easy analogy? Then this is for you!
Let's think of casting spells as cooking. When cooking (casting spells) you need to:
1. Have a way to learn the recipe. (Known Spells)
2. Prepare the recipe. (Prepared Spells)
3. Eat the recipe. (Spell Slots)
The way each caster class does spells is different, but they can be categorized into 3 separate groups:
Prepared Casters, Spontaneous Casters, and Wizards.
With this in mind, we can categorize them by how each class learns their recipes (known spells) as well as how they get ready to make them (prepared spells).
Prepared Casters: These casters have access to any recipe they could ever need. Think of it like having access to Google, or Pinterest (known spells). If they want a recipe, they just spend their morning finding what they want, grocery shopping and getting it ready (prepared spells). They can make any food you give them a recipe for.
Spontaneous Casters: These casters don't have internet. They do, however, have a few recipe books (known spells). They have few really good recipes that they like, and have basically memorized these recipes. They always have the ingredients to make their favourite things (prepared spells).
Wizards: A grouping of their own, they are somewhat a combination of the two. Wizards do not use Google or Pinterest, they're better than that. Any recipe they like, they compile into a recipe blog (known spells). Their recipe blog is pretty full, any time they find a new recipe that they like they can add it to their blog, though adding new recipes can sometimes be costly (they need materials to copy down the recipe). That said, like prepared casters, they do their grocery shopping in the morning, when they'd decide what recipes they're going to make that day (prepared spells).
The next section is spell slots. If you make the food, you have to eat it too, right? Spell slots are basically how much a given caster can eat.
All full casters (Druids, Bards, Clerics, Wizards, Sorcerers) have the capacity to eat a decent amount of food.
Half casters (Paladins, Rangers), can only eat a portion of the food that they make.
Warlocks are weird, the food they make is always top notch, but they can't eat very much of it (they cast their spells at the highest level they can and don't have many spell slots). That said, their metabolism is beefy as hell and after a few hours of rest they can eat again.
I'll probably add a section to this later to explain regaining spell slots. If anyone has any additions they wanna make, please go for it!
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