#industrialist history

[menandwomanofhistory]

Andrew Carnegie

[severalowls]

I know this line has been made fun of endlessly already and their core point is like "its 'punk' because the nightmarish conditions arising from immense societal change was the birthplace of the counter movements, ideologies and revolutions which form the basis of modern conceptions of anticapitalism" but this IS inches from wording it as "capitalism is punk as fuck"

[scotianostra]

George Lauder was born on November 11th 1837 at Dunfermline, Fife.

Lauder is probably a wee bit more well known in his native Dunfermline, or maybe so Americans, I would think this is due to him being a bit overshadowed by a guy described as his "cousin-brother", Andrew Carnegie.

George Lauder was the son of George Lauder, Sr. and Seaton Morrison. His father, a local shop owner on the high street, Dunfermline. Very well read, Lauder Sr. was instrumental in the upbringing of his only son George, as well as his nephew the aforementioned Carnegie.

Lauder Jr. and Carnegie were two years apart in age and best friends as a result of their shared experiences. They affectionately referred to one another as “Dod” and “Naig”, as young children. After Andrew and his family left for America, George stayed in Scotland where he would go on to graduate from Glasgow University with a degree in mechanical engineering while studying under another famous name Lord Kelvin.

Carnegie wrote to Lauder asking him to join him in America as a partner in the Carnegie Steel Corporation. At the time, the major shareholders were Carnegie himself, Carnegie’s brother and two others.

Lauder brought several new developments to the steel business in America, including the process for washing and coking dross from coal mines, which resulted in a significant increase to the overall value of the business.

Lauder would go on to lead the development of the use of steel in armour and armaments. By the turn of the Twentieth Century, Lauder was a director of Carnegie Steel and its second largest shareholder behind his cousin Andrew. Throughout the course of his career, Lauder created a number of patented scientific advancements useful both in the steel industry and beyond.

The sale of Carnegie Steel to JP Morgan in 1901 created U.S Steel where Lauder sat on the board of directors. This became the first corporation in the world with a market capitalization exceeding $1 billion ($43 billion today).

Lauder’s oldest daughter, Harriet married Dr. James C. Greenway combining the Lauder and Greenway families into what is now known as the Lauder Greenway Family, their influence in American political and economic affairs dates from the 1640s through the contemporary era. Their primary contributions have been in the sciences, government, and intelligence. His son George Lauder III, was a high-profile sailor who set the record in 1900 (held until 1905) for the fastest trans-Atlantic crossing with his yacht, Endymion,

In 1905 Harriet bought, what has become known as The Lauder-Greenway Estate a 50-acre property in Greenwich, Connecticut, where George lived out the last eleven years of his life passing away on August 24th, 1924.

The Estate, for a time, was the most expensive private residence in the United States in 2014 when it sold for an eye watering $120 million.

Pics are of George Lauder, the second is Andrew Carnegie, George Lauder, and Thomas Miller in 1862 taken in Glasgow, it is one of very few pics of Carnegie without a beard, Thomas Miller is said to be the man who started Carnegie in the steel business.

[aurianneor]

The forced march towards the destruction of nature

The state and the media blamed workers considered not productive enough for the loss of their factories in the 70s. For the past twenty years, they’ve been blaming this same generation for environmental pollution. It would be the people who polluted without regard for the environment. It’s the same strategy for the same end: pit one part of the population against another and divert people’s anger away from the real culprits: the industry owners and the politicians who serve them instead of representing their citizens.

Since the beginning of industrialization, there has been resistance to protect nature.

Peasants were driven off their farms by physical violence or by burning down their homes to force them to become city workers. The population was unable to protect nature. They were repressed by the police and army.

It’s impossible to blame the population for the destruction of the environment. Many have spoken out against it. It is the decision-makers, in the hands of those who benefit in the short term from this pollution, who have forced the population to do it. It’s not true that our forefathers didn’t care about the environment, or that people are to blame for pollution.

Le Temps des ouvriers – 4 épisodes – Arte: https://educ.arte.tv/serie/le-temps-des-ouvriers-tous-les-episodes

Artists have taken up the cause of nature. For example, William Morris, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Romantics such as Victor Hugo, Alphonse de Lamartine, Henri David Thoreau, Caspar David Friedrich, François René Chateaubriand, William Wordsworth, William Turner, Théodore Géricault and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

William Morris – Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris

La nature chez les romantiques – Wikipedia: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8mes_r%C3%A9currents_du_romantisme_fran%C3%A7ais

Romanticism – Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism

In the 19th century, workers and the poorest sections of the population suffered disproportionately from pollution, while those who could afford it moved to the greener, higher-altitude suburbs further west.

“Towards the end of the nineteenth century, concern about nature grew among wealthy, educated citizens. They form groups to protect nature (as well as culture) for aesthetic purposes in their region – Heimat or small homeland. With the rise of nationalism, the preservation of nature was increasingly put forward as a patriotic cause. Anti-modernist and anti-capitalist idealism informed some of the patriotic movement’s criticism of hedge trimming and the intensification of agricultural production, for example. The emergence of tourist interests strengthens local support, as in the Rhineland, the heart of nineteenth century tourism, or in France, against the mining of picturesque rock formations. These groups show their disagreement by writing letters to the authorities, or organize lotteries to raise funds to acquire land.”

National parks, nature protection groups, “natural monuments” and bird protection laws are emerging in Europe and the United States. This was made possible by the mobilization of the population for the preservation of nature.

In the 1930s, the naturist movement was very popular. The term “biological ecology” was born at this time. Farmers were against chemical fertilizers. They resisted from 1924 to 1947.

An Agricultural Testament – Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Agricultural_Testament

The Pioneers of Biodynamics in Great Britain: From Anthroposophic Farming to Organic Agriculture (1924-1940): https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/37261/1/Paull2019.BDpioneersUK.pdf

Organic architecture advocates that habitat should resemble nature.

“After the Second World War, socialists “stressed that victory over capitalism would also put an end to the exploitation of nature (…) In the 1950s, socialist countries passed numerous ambitious nature conservation laws and created new national parks.” After the Second World War, France underwent land consolidation, to the benefit of productivist agriculture.” “The state redrew farmland in most of the French countryside, so that fields could be accessed by roads and easily cultivated by machines. This is known as “remembrement”. Small plots were grouped together to form larger ones. In bocage regions, hedges and embankments disappeared under the bulldozers’ blades. The aim was for the peasantry to produce more, and for France to become a world agricultural power. In the process, farm sizes are increasing dramatically, and the smallest peasants are disappearing.” Inès Léraud

Here we see “the opposition of the peasantry to land consolidation, a peasantry itself fractured between farmers who benefit from consolidation, and those who suffer from it, the “injured”. According to Inès Léraud, the policy of land consolidation was designed to serve France’s industrial expansion: the mechanization of agriculture was to enable farmers to farm larger areas with fewer workers, thus freeing up a substantial workforce for the factories. Hundreds of thousands of farms disappeared. “The number of farmers and farm workers fell from 7 million in 1946 to 3.8 million in 1962 (…) It was the biggest “social plan” France had ever seen”, explains the author. “In 1961, farmless peasants made up 70% of the workforce at the Citroën factory, built in Rennes a year earlier. A skilfully orchestrated labor transfer policy…”, continues Inès Léraud.”

“In Western Europe, older ideas dating back to the nature conservation and Heimat movements of the nineteenth century continued to develop in the 1950s and 1960s. In West Germany and Austria, museums and films celebrate traditions and picturesque landscapes. Landscape planning develops in the age of government planning. Wealthy members of society take an active part in nature conservation. Hamburg merchant Alfred Töpfer buys up land in rural areas to create “nature parks” where traditional farming practices and landscapes can be preserved, while opening them up to the public for tourist purposes”.

Environnement : les premières sensibilisations des jeunes | Franceinfo INA: https://youtu.be/fGLXNCMP42g?si=iqYD8pyu6-0oEh2L

“Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring , published in 1962 and rapidly translated into all European languages, warns of the impact of DDT and other chemicals on human health and nature. By the late 1960s, scientists and experts were gathering alarming data on pollution, waste management and environmental destruction in every country. International organizations provided a platform for concern about these issues. Governments increasingly discussed the impact of the side-effects of growth on the quality of life of their citizens and initiated environmental policy.”

In the wake of the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Environment in Stockholm, the European Communities (EC) promulgated the first action program for the environment, laying the foundations for many future laws on air and water pollution control, and even on bird protection in the 1970s.

The environmental revolution of the 1970s globalized and politicized concerns about nature. “The early 1970s also saw new environmental movements take the place of the old nature conservation movements.”

“Traditionally, nature conservation preoccupies older, conservative people who write docile letters or petitions to the authorities, or weave a network of relationships with influential people. On the other hand, the new ecologists are influenced by the new left-wing ideas and protest methods of the 1968 student movements”: site occupations, street demonstrations, or informal ways of organizing militant citizen groups. “They stage spectacular demonstrations with the aim of gaining media coverage. Ecology also puts new issues on the agenda by translating them into environmental problems. The most salient and controversial of these was nuclear power, which was becoming widespread throughout Europe at the time, in anticipation of the growing need for electricity”.

“The fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989-1990 meant that environmental issues were eclipsed for a time by pressing social and economic problems and the transition to democracy. This is surprising, given the major role played by environmental issues in opposition to the former socialist regimes. The economic transition is advantageous for the environment because of the closure of certain polluting industries, even if it comes at the price of high unemployment. ”

Environmental protection has been a preoccupation of the population at least since the beginning of industrialization, and across all generations. It’s wrong to say that it’s a matter for current generations and that past generations weren’t concerned. It’s a myth that there’s a silent majority who want to pollute. Politicians give gifts to industrialists against the will of the people. Power serves the rich. It seeks to divide and conquer: it blames immigrants, the young, the unemployed, country folk and so on. They fear that the people are united.

Idées, acteurs et pratiques politiques de l’histoire environnementale européenne – Jan-Henrik MEYER – Université de la Sorbonne: https://ehne.fr/fr/encyclopedie/th%C3%A9matiques/%C3%A9cologies-et-environnements/id%C3%A9es-acteurs-et-pratiques-politiques/id%C3%A9es-acteurs-et-pratiques-politiques-de-l%E2%80%99histoire-environnementale-europ%C3%A9enne

“Le remembrement, une division des terres et des êtres” – Radio France: https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/questions-du-soir-l-idee/le-remembrement-selon-ines-leraud-et-pierre-van-hove-9818632

“L’Occident et ses baby-boomers” – Radio France: https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/geopolitique/l-occident-et-ses-baby-boomers-3388560

L’écologie dans la France des années 1960-1970 – ESSF: https://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article10428

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La marche forcée vers la destruction de la nature: https://www.aurianneor.org/la-marche-forcee-vers-la-destruction-de-la-nature/

Fund: https://www.aurianneor.org/fund-according-to-the-latest-international/

Ecoterrorism: https://www.aurianneor.org/ecoterrorism/

Police, Army: https://www.aurianneor.org/police-army/

Police and justice for the people: https://www.aurianneor.org/police-and-justice-for-the-people/

The workers: https://www.aurianneor.org/the-workers/

The Red and the Yellow: https://www.aurianneor.org/the-red-and-the-yellow-red-scarves-against-yellow/

The richest 1% are at war with the rest of the world: https://www.aurianneor.org/the-richest-1-are-at-war-with-the-rest-of-the-world/

[townpostin]

Piloting a Nation through Uncharted Territories: The JRD Tata Story

JRD Tata, a legendary industrialist, guided India’s growth with visionary leadership, ethical principles, and a deep love for the nation. Chanakya Chaudhary Vice President, Tata Steel JRD Tata’s leadership and ethical values shaped India’s industrial landscape, creating lasting impacts through his dedication to excellence and social responsibility. In the archives of Indian industry, few…

[thebloggingbuzz2024]

"Legacy of Innovation: Speech at Krupp Factory" Speech, Krupp Factory, L...

[hoodienanami]

this post about indiana jones annoys me so much bc the answer to why he fights nazis is so incredibly simple if your head isnt up your ass. hes jewish. hes a jewish character created by one of the most famous jewish filmmakers in history who made the most famous movie about the holocaust in history. he is literally played by a jewish actor. its not anachronistic for him to hate nazis

anyway watch this video about how raiders of the lost ark and the last crusade are structured around the punishment of nazis and their collaborators- including rich white american industrialists. steven spielberg made indiana jones hate nazis bc HE hates nazis

[menandwomanofhistory]

Oskar Schindler

[whencyclopedia]

Nuremberg Trials

The Nuremberg trials (1945-6), held in Nürnberg (Nuremberg), Germany, were a series of trials involving the senior surviving Nazis to hold them accountable for waging war and committing war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Second World War (1939-45). 22 Nazis were tried, with 19 found guilty and sentenced to either death by hanging or lengthy prison terms.

The first Nuremberg trials were conducted from November 1945 to October 1946, and then, a second phase, which involved a much larger number of defendants, was conducted from November 1946 to April 1949. The Nuremberg trials were the first in history where the victors in a war sought to make senior figures from the losing side accountable for their actions. The trials were filmed and contributed greatly to our understanding of how WWII was conducted and revealed both the irrefutable evidence for and enormous scale of such atrocities as the Holocaust. The first month of the trials, the initial proceedings only, were hosted in the Supreme Court Building in Berlin, but they moved on 20 November to the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg. The Palace of Justice was selected because it had been the heart of Nazi show trials against enemies of the Third Reich, the city was the home of the Nuremberg Rally, the infamous annual Nazi Party congress, and the complex had the practical advantage of an adjoining prison where the defendants were detained.

The International Military Tribunal

At the close of WWII, the victorious Allies of France, Britain, the United States, and the USSR, as agreed by their respective leaders at a conference in Moscow back in October 1943, jointly formed an International Military Tribunal (IMT) to bring German Nazi war criminals to justice. There were some calls to have judges from neutral nations head the IMT, but the allied leaders were determined to be directly involved in getting their pound of flesh. The idea of the trials was supported by a number of other nations besides the four main powers.

The panel that would decide the fate of the defendants brought before the IMT consisted of one judge and one prosecutor from each of the four nations mentioned above. The judging panel was presided over by the British judge Lord Justice Geoffrey Lawrence, described by one American lawyer as "like God...Hollywood would have cast him" (MacDonald, 23). The chief Soviet judge was I. T. Nikitchenko, the French lead judge was Henri Donnedieu de Vabres, and the US judge was Francis B. Biddle. The legal proceedings followed the common law practice applied in the United States and Britain. Translators worked in the courtroom, and everyone present had access to a set of headphones. There was a large screen to show the court relevant film clips and statistical information. 250 journalists attended the court sessions, and the whole proceedings were filmed and sound recorded.

Nuremberg Trials Judges

U.S. Army (CC BY-NC-SA)

In the closing stages of the war, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945), and Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) had all committed suicide, but there remained 24 senior Nazi figures whom the Allies were determined to bring to justice. The group was selected not only for their individual roles but also as representatives of particular Nazi institutions. Before the trials could begin, Robert Ley (1890-1945), head of the German Labour Front, committed suicide, and Gustav Krupp (1870-1950), an industrialist who had used forced labour, was considered too physically frail to stand trial. The 22 remaining defendants faced four charges, as expressed in the Oxford Companion to World War II, they were:

Count 1: Contributing to a common plan or conspiracy to wage war

Count 2: Crimes against peace

Count 3: War crimes (e.g. violations of the Geneva Convention such as the abuse and murder of prisoners of war, use of prisoners for labour, destruction of private property, and devastation of property and places with no military justification)

Count 4: Crimes against humanity (e.g. the murder of civilian populations, use of slave labour, the forced deportation of civilians, and the persecution of specific social, political, religious, and racial groups)

Counts 1 and 2 proved problematic to define, and therefore it was difficult to find the defendants either innocent or guilty of them. This is hardly surprising considering the debate amongst historians ever since as to why and how WWII started and how far one should go back exactly in order to discover the causes of WWII, causes which could be attributed in some cases to both the victors and losers. The court essentially considered counts 1 and 2 as involving actions such as breaking international treaties and invading and occupying free countries. Much easier to establish were cases of counts 3 and 4, although even here there was the added complication that the victors had themselves been guilty of what would today be called war crimes, for example, the Allied bombing of Germany, submarine attacks on unarmed vessels, and the Katyn Forest massacre of Polish prisoners of war by USSR forces. Certain facts were taken as given, such as that Hitler had fully intended to start a world war. In addition, such Nazi organisations as the Gestapo (secret police), the SS (Schutzstaffel), and SA (Sturmabteilung) were condemned as criminal organisations.

Palace of Justice, Nuremberg

US Army (Public Domain)

The judges not only benefitted from the cross-examination of the defendants but also the testimony of around 360 witnesses (including both victims of and members of the Nazi regime) and a huge quantity of incriminating documents, official and otherwise, including indisputable photographs, sound recordings, and films, such as those taken at concentration and death camps. As noted by Dr Robert Kempner, a lawyer who had fled the Nazi regime:

One of the biggest helps to us was the German bureaucratic sense – they kept everything and they even made publications and films and lot of material had been discovered by our Allied search teams. Some of the people like General Governor Frank of Poland was so anxious to show his friend Hitler after the war what he has done that he kept diaries, volumes and volumes and volumes. In fact he had written his own indictment.

(Holmes, 593)

It is important to note, however, that the documentation for Nuremberg was compiled in order to support the legal case that the defendants were guilty of one or more of the four counts (and not to create a comprehensive reconstruction of past events as, say, a historian would do). There was, too, a degree of negotiation between the various national judges regarding particular defendants – the USSR judge, for example, wanted Rudolf Hess hanged while his fellow judges preferred a prison sentence – but there was a conscious effort on all parties to deliberate with as much fairness as possible given the seriousness of the trials and the world's scrutiny of them. To this end, the defendants were collectively represented by a legal counsel, Otto Kranzenbühler, and permitted individual lawyers to present their defence.

Camp Guard Giving Evidence at Nuremberg

Imperial War Museums (CC BY-NC-SA)

Continue reading...

[scotianostra]

May 3rd 1768 saw the birth of Charles Tennant who became a chemist and an industrialist.

Tennant was born at Laigh Corton, Alloway, Ayrshire to John Tennant and his second wife Margaret McClure. Tennant’s family had farmed there for generations - and had been friends of the local poet Robert Burns. They moved to Glenconner, Ochiltree, Ayrshire, shortly after his birth and Charles attended Ochiltree parish school. After leaving school, he was apprenticed as a weaver.

In his work he saw that the weaving industry was being constrained by the method used to bleach cloth which involved crude chemicals and long exposure to sunlight for many months. He started his own bleaching fields in Ayrshire and looked at the methods used for bleaching. There had already been progress (times had been reduced from 18 months to four) but in 1799 Tennant (in partnership with Charles Macintosh who is best known for his technique of macintosh waterproofing clothing) patented a new method to create a dry bleaching powder that could be used indoors. He built a factory at St Rollox in Glasgow and demand for his bleaching powder soared. By the 1830s and 1840s it was the largest chemical plant in the world, with over 1,000 workers.

Later, he was to become a social reformer, helping to create one of the most productive periods of social progress and reform in Scotland’s history. His works needed large quantities of coal and as he was a good friend George Stephenson, the great railway engineer, Tennant was one of the prime movers in railway expansion. He was mainly responsible for getting a railway into Glasgow. The chemical business founded by Tennant eventually merged with others in 1926 to form the chemical giant Imperial Chemical Industries, that’s ICI, in case you were wondering!

As well as a social reformer they say that he was sharply aware of the atmospheric pollution his works were creating and so he ordered the building of the worlds highest chimney - 450 feet high - in an attempt to lose his fumes into the upper atmosphere. Tennant’s Stack was a Glasgow Landmark well into the twentieth century. Of course pumping it into the atmosphere was doing as much damage up there as it was in Glasgow. I call into question his credentials in this respect as over the decades the St Rollox works has been one of the cities worst eyesores. Chemical waste was dumped in the Sighthill area causing a deadly spread of contaminants through the soil, which local people called the Stinking Ocean. Many of his workers suffered perforated septums and blindness due to continued exposure to toxic chemicals and were colloquially known as ‘Tennant’s White Mice’.

Charles Tennant died suddenly at his home in Abercrombie Place, Glasgow in 1838 aged 71.

Pics are of Tennant, his St. Rollox Chemical Works in 1831 and his grave on the Necropolis.

[spaceprincessleia]

"The magistrate is a former Imperial, but she's an industrialist. My idea was that she had a knowledge of metallurgy and obviously knew what beskar was. And she was pillaging this planet and stealing all of its resources - people who were willing to take everything from a world and give it to the Empire were valuable to the Empire. And even after the fall of the Empire, the people who built the war machine were still out there and really dangerous. They need to be tracked down because otherwise, they're going to keep doing what they're doing and find new ways to exploit people." (Dave Filoni, The Art of Star Wars - The Mandalorian S2)

MAGISTRATE VERSION 1B “It was around this time

that they wanted to make the magistrate a woman and

to maybe wear more red, the wine palette.“ Matyas

MAGISTRATE VERSION 119 “I really like graphic elements, something that has a really strong silhouette, especially for Star Wars; it‘s so important. [My concept art mentor] Dermot Power does such a good job with side profiles of characters. I think some of that, in my brain, it came out in this side view. [I was also exploring] the airbrush Blade Runner look for combat makeup and different hairstyles; if you can get the hair to work with the origami look for the clothing, heat-pressed hair that can be like very chiseled in structure.“ Matyas

MAGISTRATE VERSION 02 Matyas

MAGISTRATE VERSION 4B Matyas

MAGISTRATE VERSION 122 Matyas

“Jon was very insistent that the person playing the magistrate had to be somebody who was obviously skilled with martial arts, and we did a deep search trying to find somebody who could embody this character. Then I happened upon Diana Inosanto‘s name, and her history and her father [Dan Inosanto], who is a martial arts legend. Her family‘s connections to Bruce Lee [Dan Inosanto being his student and Diana, his goddaughter]. And that just felt right to me. Then, when we called her in, [we found out that] she‘s somebody who watches Clone Wars and Rebels with her kids. And she was just ecstatic. I said, ‘Well, you know who you‘re going to fight, right?’ She almost fell over right there.“ Filoni

MAGISTRATE VERSION 109

“I was also looking at kendo uniforms, or something that has that really graphic read [with strong shapes and silhouettes] like an origami look. They weren‘t saying ‘No,’ so I kept exploring things in that realm. Maybe her combat outfit is hidden under her formal look.“ Matyas

[seat-safety-switch]

There is a secret war happening in the heart of our world, friends. Combatants strive for absolute supremacy, a way to force their onerous new rules on regular human beings just like you and me. You only need to go to the cereal aisle at your local grocery store to see it for yourself.

When I was a kid, there were thousands of breakfast cereals. It was big business: fill kids with sugar laced corn byproducts. Quick breakfast, get them out the door. That was before the Carb Panic, which is not related in any way to carburetors, which remain a perfectly valid form of fuel metering and injection. Suddenly, breakfast cereal wasn't "cool" anymore. Sales dropped. MBAs freaked out. And a huge portion of our shared cultural history evaporated, just like that.

Even now, people of a certain age still have these brands woven into their sense of identity. You will lumber through the rest of your life, sleeper-like, until abruptly activated by a series of names that industrialists tattooed onto your prefrontal cortex. Post Oat Flakes, your brain will screech, we remember the titan it once was. A gentle frisson of nostalgia, followed by a haunting void and an awareness of the irreversible march of time.

Reduced competition means an easier time making money, right? Not so: as our civilization slowly looks down, Wile E. Coyote-like, and realizes that we actually stopped doing anything at all a couple decades ago in favour of moving some numbers around in Excel, people are cutting out things like Fruit Loops in favour of "eating actual food" and "paying my rent." This time, though, the cereal pushers learned their lesson. If the grocery stores don't want to stock their cereal because of low demand, they can simply hike the prices so that everyone gets their respective beaks wet. Seven bucks a box! Sir Grapefellow would have been ashamed.

Don't worry, though. I've got a plan. You see, the Canadian government stocked a bunch of anti-nuke bunkers with food and water and other supplies way back in the 50s, 60s, and 70s. In the 80s, they had kind of gotten used to the whole idea of being obliterated in a millisecond and largely stopped caring as much. All that cereal is still perfectly good. If you bring your dad's old bolt cutters, we can probably sneak out a couple boxes before the Mounties figure out we're there. Might be a little stale, but that's better than living under the whip hand of Bob Kellogg's. I swear to whatever deity is listening that I will once again sup of Count Chocula.

[hard--headed--woman]

Annemarie Schwarzenbach

(i am so glad i learned about her!)

Born in 1908 and died in 1942, she is a Swiss writer, poet, explorer, philosopher,  photographer, journalist and traveler (yeah that's impressive!).

Her family was a family of Swiss industrialists from the upper bourgeoisie and close to the far-right ; openly lesbian, she lives with difficulty with them and can't wait to leave.

From 1927, she studied history and literature in Zurich and Paris and then began writing articles for the Swiss press.

In 1930, she became friends with Klaus Mann (writer) and Erika Mann (writer, actress, singer) children of Thomas Mann (writer) and had a long affair with the latter. She supported them in their fight against Nazism. The three friends joined the anti-fascist magazine Die Sammlung.

In 1931, she obtained a doctorate. At the age of 23, she published her first novel, Les Amis de Bernhard. She became friends with Claude Bourdet, Catherine Pozzi's (poet and writer) son and a future member of the French Resistance.

In 1933, Annemarie Schwarzenbach made her first trip as a journalist, travelling to Spain with the photographer Marianne Breslauer.

That same year, she travelled to Persia and decided to marry, in Tehran, Achille Clarac, the secretary of the French legation, who was openly homosexual. She did this so that she was no longer dependent on her parents. Thanks to her marriage, she was able to obtain a diplomatic passport, which facilitated her travels. Obviously, it wasn't a love marriage; the two of them did it to help each other and to be able to live free.

She later returned to Switzerland, then left for the Soviet Union and the United States. In 1938, she underwent several detox treatments for her morphine addiction. She fell in love with one of the women in charge of her treatment. During these stays at the clinic, she wrote "La Vallée Heureuse","Das glückliche Tal" (The Happy Valley).

In 1939-1940, when Europe was once again embroiled in war, she travelled by Ford from Geneva to Kabul, via Iran, with the Swiss traveller, writer and photographer Ella Maillart, a journey marked by her addiction problems. The two women's epic journey is recounted by Ella Maillart in her book "La Voie cruelle". It was during this journey that Annemarie Schwarzenbach wrote "Un hiver au Proche-Orient". She also wrote various reports for Swiss newspapers.

On her return, she went back to the United States, where her addiction to morphine, her depressive tendencies and her suicide attempts forced her to undergo several psychiatric treatments. She then became interested in the trade union movement. In New York, she befriended Carson McCullers, who fell madly in love with her and dedicated "Reflections in a Golden Eye" to her.

During a stay in the Belgian Congo, Annemarie Schwarzenbach joined the Free French forces in Brazzaville; she was mistaken for a Nazi spy. Disturbed by this comparison, she began writing a series of poems, including Les Rives du Congo-Tétouan. In 1942, having regained her serenity, she decided to return to Switzerland.

On 7 September 1942, a fall from her bicycle seriously injured her head. She was treated in a psychiatric hospital in Prangins, with electric shocks. Her mother then had her taken back to the Engadine, where she died on 15 November, aged 34.

After her death, her mother chose to destroy a large part of her correspondence. However, the Annemarie Schwarzenbach fonds is preserved at the Swiss Literary Archives in Bern and was made freely accessible on Wikimedia Commons in 2017. She was nicknamed the "inconsolable angel" by the French writer Roger Martin du Gard.

She has created a number of novels, poems, photos and reports during her many travels, and I invite you to take a look at her work!!! She was such an interesting person!!!

I love women with a thirst for life and the world like that; she wanted to discover everything, and created such interesting things!!!

Do check her books, her poems and her photos!

[howardduck1490]

Teen Titans Go! Batman

Batman is the super-hero protector of Gotham City, a man dressed like a bat who fights against evil and strikes terror into the hearts of criminals everywhere. In his secret identity, he assumes the alias of Bruce Wayne, billionaire industrialist and notorious playboy; though "Bruce Wayne" is technically his real name, this Bruce Wayne is a disguise--that of the man he would have been had his parents not been murdered before his eyes when he was no more than a mere boy.

Although Batman possesses no super-human powers, he is one of the world's smartest men and greatest fighters. His physical prowess and technical ingenuity make him an incredibly dangerous opponent. He is also a founding member of the Justice League and the Outsiders. Dick Grayson, the first "crime orphan" to assume the identity of Robin and be nicknamed "The Boy Wonder," who currently uses the alias of Nightwing, is Wayne's hand-picked successor.

Batman was created by writer Bill Finger and artist Bob Kane, first appearing in Detective Comics #27. (1939) Since then, Batman has been one of the most well-known DC Comics characters rivaling Superman and Wonder Woman, throughout his entire publication history and even in other media. This also extends to his supporting cast and his rogues gallery, particularly his archenemy the Joker.

[tagamantra]

Infraperegrination of the Utter Islands

Want to make or run something in Hingsajagra? Check this out.

First order of business, the state of affairs for Hingsajagra.

The year 11664 is largely parallel to our world's 20th Century, but without the huge advancements into machinery (while industry being important). More importantly, the world is an industrialistic world but industry is forwarded by magick and war. Industrialized magick. The end of the world that follows after World War I vibes.

The world is mostly split into five eras, as reckoned by Shennin scholarship. The modern year is 11,664 of the Lotus Calendar. This puts it at the 243rd Cycle of History.

1 - Burgeoning Era (1000s to 7000s.) The Agricultural Revolution. The time of Chiefdoms, Warbands, roving eras, Naka Kingdoms, Yakka Kingdoms, Siyukuy Kingdoms, etc. This era ended during The Ultimate Cleave. The great apocalypse that split the Great Southern Continent from the Dakmalan Continent and turned it into a fractured archipelago.

2 - The Ancient Era (8000s-9000s). The time of Ancient Shen, Ancient Metoma, and Ancient Razru cultures. Widely accepted that the end of this era was during the Black Meteor Cataclysm, an ancient Metoman prophecy that came true. A meteor slammed into the earth and shattered the Utter Islands even more, into its modern geography.

3 - The Classical Era (9000s-10,000s). A time of great upheaval, but also the rise of classical cultures. The influential Old Razru Empires, the Asitowan Principalities, the Lotus States (filled with the Jing, Rak, Sanun, Si, and Yun ethnic groups, which would eventually coalesce under the Meteorite Emperor to become the Shen people), Utrang kingdoms, the Yagan Kingdom, the Meshiri Kingdom, the Yeung Kingdom, the Natara Kingdom, the Kamitan Communes, the Dakai Tribes, the first few Raga tribes, the Tawun Chiefdoms, and more. It is widely accepted that this time only ended after the victory of Shen and the World Collective against the Devil King Roghan.

4 - The Rebirth Era (10,000s to 11000). The Industrial Revolution. The Smith-Kings and the Merchant Princes created textile factories, weapon factories, and machine tools. Most significant was the invention of the Karma Engine. Surplus yields across all industries, creating industry, as well as machineway of engineering and architecture. This era is said to have ended with the first Uprisings against Kings, spearheaded by humanitarian sages that arose during the time of increasing industry.

5 - The Modern Era (11000s to 11500s). The Bourgeois Revolution. The merchant princes and machine-capitalists seized the means of production and operated from there, hiring and putting laborers to work them. The power of these engines and the strength of free market trade caused even gods (see: Hri Vaizzan the God of Merchantry), spirits, and monsters (yakshas, anjuras, uki, etc.) to be subsumed into the labor force. It is widely believed that this era ended with the overthrow of the monarchies that ruled for 2500 years, represented the most with the First Apocalypse with the consummation of the Heavenly Shennin Kingdom spearheaded by the Invincible Blade Princess the Empress of the Universe. On the Fire Dog Year 11512 Kafeng Masagwa and the Knights of the World set to motion the First World Revolution that shattered all bourgeois and aristocrat rule. It was not to last.

6 - The Revolutionary Era (11500s to 11607s). The Hundred Revolutions Era. With the power of factories, the proletariat of the world fought to consolidate power, but with Kafeng Masagwa's death and growing distrust in the Knights, the world alliance shattered into nation-states. The nation states fought separately for national liberation, explosive uprisings filled the 100 Year Revolution. This caused unprecedented global bloodshed and violence. Wars that ended all wars. Separated into nations, they were easily cowed and beaten into "Peace" through the concerted efforts of the International Bourgeoisie, headed by the Universal Capitalists and the Trillionaires of the Trichiliocosm, which would quickly vanish as they appealed to the people. In the guise of a successful revolution, the revolutionary efforts were cowed. This era ended with the rising of the efforts of the Second World Knights Coalition who tried and failed to bind the people together in the face of unprecedented genocide. This was the Second World Revolution, which failed.

7 - The End Of The World (11608 to modern day). The End of the World. The bloodshed of the revolutionary era ended the world. The international bourgeoisie, headed now by the Central Yavinian Guild of the Ressen-Nalenji Empire, penetrates the world and seeks to join it together under the guise of "After The End" where the world must rise. The revolutionaries have been defeated and stamped down, the majority of the people, tired of war, do not want any more revolutions. Communism and Revolution is seen with contempt, as "mountaineers" and "foresters." As banditry and piracy. As detrimental to human progress. Will you prove them wrong? Or finish the job? You know it deep in your heart that there's only one way for the new world to be born.

The Karma Engine

The most important invention of the Revolutionary Era. It resembles a giant spirit house but with the offering platform replaced with a closed in sacrificial furnace. There, little gods, weaponsouls, ghosts, sacrificial people, and mantra-mandalas are burned upon samadhi fires. Karma Engines are therefore a joint machinist-monk invention (and indeed, the patenter of the technology is widely agreed to have been Vajra Monk Rakan Jesung, who grew up in a working-class machinist family).

In doing their karma is converted into usable energy, often electrical energy or mechanical energy. The study of karma is known as Karmalogy in the world. In Karmalogy, karma is seen as the potential energy of existence and being itself, and many Karmologists posit that the entire current world of Hingsajagra exists because of the Karma of the past world. When sentient beings are sacrificed to the Karma Engine, this is seen as a painful but purificatory ritual, and is deemed ethical by many world faiths as the being that dies from the Karma Engine's samadhi fires is almost always reborn as a human due to the neutralizing of their karma. Many who have surplus good karma do not go through this, and so the majority of criminals and harmful animals are given to the Karma Engine.

Infrakarmalogists, however, put forth that there are abundant amounts of ambient karma that arises from the world itself, surplus karma that emanates from the deeds of the past world, and this can be used to power karma engines without voluntary suicide.

Magnetitologists have been creating Magnetite Engines, which seek to replace Karma Engines. Magnetite is widely believed to be the infrasubstance, the aggregates of atoms. A level above the smallest quantum, where the material dissolves from perception. Magnetite arises from places of intense emotion and thoughts, and so it can be mined from worship, war, joy, and other such sites of powerful explosive emotion. Currently magnetite is being used in socialist Hokou and in Selorong. The bourgeoisie that own Karma Engines (many of them non-religious themselves) have become ardent anti-magnetitians, and have begun slander campaigns against them.

Important Bans

No default fantasy. The major cultural power of this world is China, Thailand, and Indonesia. Use their medieval aesthetics to fluence and inform your End of the World depictions.

No "races." Elves, dwarves, etc. aren't demihuman races, they're completely different magickal beings and spirits. Lean on the folklore.

No automatic rifles. The extent of guns is matchlocks. The chemistry of the world does not allow for automatic weapons. Armamental Technology therefore is focused on blade-and-bow-technologies. Sappers are important industrialists. There are Sword Factories, Bow Factories. Cannons exist but these are few and far between.

No automatic vehicles. Keep the cavalry, the chariot, the dragonriders and the phoenix knights. But no cars. Keep the carriages and the boats.

No tanks. Tanks are replaced by magick mechs called Yakshamachines.

No Latin. If you want to look for a lingua franca that performs the duty of Latin, use either Sanskrit, Old Chinese, or Old Javanese. In the World, they're Ancient Razrunan languages or Ancient Rakeen languages [Rak is where the Meteorite Emperor arose from and he turned it into the Court Language for the First Dynasty]) Yes, you can in fact translate Latin phrases into one of those languages. Such as Shantim Krute, Yuddhaya Sajjah for If you want peace, para bellum. Or bajingan perang for casus belli. Ignore this for prefixes and suffixes (e.g., -istry, -ology, -onomy). Keep it for proper nouns that must come from an in-world language.

Everything else we can justify into a 20th century analog. A kind of perfect ideal is Late Medieval Warfare.

Features

Non-exhaustible list.

Buildings. Large rectangular buildings are a feature of only one world place. Tall multiple-roofed places are still built with either wood or skystone (a stone of colder make) that creates a facsimile of our world.

Expressways. Don't exist. The world is connected together by railways and riverways. Riverboats are cheaper to make and use than karmaboats.

Industry. Industry hinges on the karma engine rather than the steam engine.

High-rises. High-rises are crafted by ancient building-wizards. The majority of high-rises in the world are giant yaksha statues hollowed out and repurposed.

Automata exist but are rare. It requires decades of study for a wizard to reach automata level construction. Automaton wizards are known as automatists.

Industry. Almost everyone has swords, but these swords come not from the artisan but from the worker working the weapon-machines. Wagons and horse bridles, tiger-bridles, clothing... all the mass-produced clothing arise from a Manufactory. The machines here are often created by either wizards, machinists, or gods and made to be owned by capitalists and merchants.

Inspirations and Approximations

Each major region is inspired by the following regions, though they're not exactly those regions. It would be impossible to fully map any of the regions accurately to a real world culture because of the difference in material conditions, but you can use the following for aesthetic, cultural, and religious inspirations.

Temog Ra-Om, the Charnel Isles, Pemi, and the Heavenshards are inspired by Maritime Asian cultures, Southeast Asian cultures, and Pacific cultures. This includes coastal Vietnam and Thailand.

Hiraga Ra-Om's southern coast inspired by inland Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Further up north it is inspired by China, Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Tibet, and other Central Asian cultures.

Jagged Swordfields people are inspired by Russo-Siberian people.

North Wadzara is inspired by Japan and West Coast America.

South and Eastern Wadzara is inspired by mixing Arabia and Central America.

Southern Nilatpa is inspired by the Indianic cultures.

Western Nilatpa is inspired by Spain, Germany, and France.

Central and Northern Nilatpa is inspired by Italy, England, and Danish cultures.