#fatimid caliphate

[yiddishlore]

The Cairo Geniza illuminates many fascinating aspects of Jewish life under Islamic rule, but one that I find especially interesting is how some Jews used Islamic courts! Under Dhimmi laws, Jews were second-class citizens but retained the ability to have their own courts, known in Hebrew as a “Beit Din.”

To pressure Jewish courts to rule in their favor, many people threatened to turn to the ruling Islamic court for help if they lost their case (Oded Zinger argues that this was a particularly useful strategy for women, who were usually disadvantaged in local Jewish courts)

In some cases, they followed through on this threat. For example, TS 12.16 includes an 11th-century letter from the Jewish community of Rafah (now part of the Gaza Strip) complaining about a member going to an Islamic court after losing an inheritance dispute.

[hahahakeemu]

Bismillah. I hope to put the writings on some other sites as well at some point, but it was easiest to copy and paste on this, so here we go. Forgive any errors, mistakes, etc. Enjoy.

P.S. the endnotes have translations or explanations where I thought they’d be necessary.

[lightdancer1]

This battle is a good look at how the same event can be viewed very differently in different perspectives:

Salah Al-Din Ibn Yussuf would not and should not be a name renowned in Black history. He not only uprooted the increasingly ineffectual and indecisive Fatimid Caliphate, but did so by defeating the Sudan Mamluks, and then having his brother treacherously massacre them and their families after promising they would be allowed to retreat in peace back to their homes. For the history of the recovery of Islamic power in the Levant and the Crusades this was a significant moment in the re-centralization of Muslim power begin by Zengi and Nur Al-Din. For the Sudan Mamluks it was a disaster illustrating a fundamental rule and weakness of the Mamluk system.

[charlesreeza]

The east end of Palermo Cathedral is an example of Arab-Norman architecture decorated with motifs typical of Fatimid textile art. Photo by Charles Reeza.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

In 907 Ifriqiya,* roughly modern Tunisia (Figure 7.8), broke away from the caliphs in Baghdad. Radical Shiites† set up a line of officially infallible caliph-imams, known as Fatimids because they claimed descent (and imamhood) from Muhammad's daughter Fatima.

*Ifriqiya is an Arabized version of Africa, the Roman name for Tunisia.

†Radical in the sense that they belonged to the Isma'ili Shiite sect, which often used violence to oppose what it saw as illegitimate Sunni regimes, rather than the "Twelver" Shiites, who awaited more peacefully the return of the hidden twelfth imam.

"Why the West Rules – For Now: The patterns of history and what they reveal about the future" - Ian Morris

[artist-ellen]

Fooduary Day 28: Cannoli

The history of the cannoli is an interesting one, which is why I did it anyway despite not being really confident about my design. Not my best idea? Maybe, so take this design with a healthy serving of salt it’s based more on Byzantine style art than more specific location examples because I could only find a handful of illustrations of men which wasn’t the most helpful. Allegedly the cannoli was invented around 827-1091 Sicily. At this time it was the Emirate of Sicily, so I could only really find a few photos of figures from this period from the ceiling of Cappella Palatina in Palermo that were even close to the place+era I was looking for. The Fatimid Caliphate decorated Sicily mostly with script and zoomorphic designs so it’s only really this chapel that had preserved figures illustrated at all. So she kind of has a powdered sugar mother Mary look going on…

I am the artist! Do not post without permission & credit! Thank you! Come visit me over on: instagram, tiktok or check out my coloring book available now \ („• ֊ •„) /

https://linktr.ee/ellen.artistic

[mybeautifulchristianjourney]

Quick History Lesson

1) Before the modern state of Israel there was the British mandate, Not a Palestinian state.

2) Before the British mandate there was the ottoman empire, Not a Palestinian state.

3) Before the ottoman empire there was the Islamic mamluk sultanate of Egypt, Not a Palestinian state.

4) Before the Islamic mamluk sultanate of Egypt there was the ayyubid dynasty, Not a Palestinian state. Godfrey of bouillon conquered it in 1099.

5) Before the ayyubid dynasty there was the christian kingdom of Jerusalem, Not a Palestinian state.

6) Before the christian kingdom of Jerusalem there was the Fatimid caliphate, Not a Palestinian state.

7) Before the Fatimid caliphate there was the byzantine empire, Not a Palestinian state.

8) Before the byzantine empire there was the Roman empire, Not a Palestinian state.

9) Before the Roman empire there was the hasmonean dynasty, Not a Palestinian state.

10) Before the hasmonean dynasty there was the Seleucid empire,Not a Palestinian state.

11) Before the Seleucid empire there was the empire of Alexander the 3rd of Macedon, Not a Palestinian state.

12) Before the empire of Alexander the 3rd of Macedon there was the Persian empire, Not a Palestinian state.

13) Before the Persian empire there was the Babylonian empire, Not a Palestinian state.

14) Before the Babylonian empire there was the kingdoms of Israel and Judea, Not a Palestinian state.

15) Before the kingdoms of Israel and Judea there was the kingdom of Israel, Not a Palestinian state.

16) Before the kingdom of Israel there was the theocracy of the 12 tribes of Israel, Not a Palestinian state.

17) Before the theocracy of the 12 tribes of Israel there was the individual state of Canaan, Not a Palestinian state.

In fact in this corner of the earth there was everything but a Palestinian state!

[tamamita]

back when i was playing fgo, I was deeply fascinated by king hassan, is he an important figure in islam

He's he founder of the Tariqat al-Hashashin (Order of the Assassins) as well as being the founder of the Shi'a Nizari Ismailiyya sub-branch. Initially a Twelver Shi'a, Hassan i Sabbah converted to the Sevener branch and believed that the next in line in the Ismailyya Imamate after the Fatimid Caliph/Imam al-Mustansir was his son al-Nizar, while the vizier of the Caliph claimed that he had appointed al-Nizar's younger brother al-Musta'ali as the successor, thus leading to a schism between those who belong to the Nizari sub-branch and the Musta'ali sub-branch. Nizar began his revolt to reclaim the caliphate, but ultimately lost. Hassan i Sabbah would go on to become the dai (missionary) of the Nizaris and would go on to form the Nizari branch and the order of Assassins, while the Fatimid caliph remained under the rule of al-Musta'ali until the Ayyubids under the control of Salah-ad-Deen defeated them.

Hassan i Sabbah is an important person for he laid the foundation of one of the oldest living sub-branches of Shi'a Islam with a continuous chain of Imams and a current living Imam. Both the Nizari and Musta'ali Ismailiyyas exist today.

[1americanconservative]

@visegrad24

1. Before the modern state of Israel (established in 1948), there was the British Mandate (1920-1948), not a Palestinian state.

2. Before the British Mandate, there was the Ottoman Empire (1517-1917), not a Palestinian state.

3. Before the Ottoman Empire, there was the Islamic Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (1250-1517), not a Palestinian state.

4. Before the Islamic Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, there was the Ayyubid Dynasty (1171-1260), not a Palestinian state. Godfrey of Bouillon conquered it in 1099.

5. Before the Ayyubid Dynasty, there was the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291), not a Palestinian state.

6. Before the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem, there was the Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171), not a Palestinian state.

7. Before the Fatimid Caliphate, there was the Byzantine Empire (330-636), not a Palestinian state.

8. Before the Byzantine Empire, there was the Roman Empire (27 BCE - 476 CE), not a Palestinian state.

9. Before the Roman Empire, there was the Hasmonean Dynasty (140-37 BCE), not a Palestinian state.

10. Before the Hasmonean Dynasty, there was the Seleucid Empire (312-63 BCE), not a Palestinian state.

11. Before the Seleucid Empire, there was the Empire of Alexander the Great (334-323 BCE), not a Palestinian state.

12. Before the Empire of Alexander the Great, there was the Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE), not a Palestinian state.

13. Before the Persian Empire, there was the Babylonian Empire (c. 1894-539 BCE), not a Palestinian state.

14. Before the Babylonian Empire, there were the Kingdoms of Israel and Judea (c. 1050-586 BCE), not a Palestinian state.

15. Before the Kingdoms of Israel and Judea, there was the Kingdom of Israel (c. 1040-722 BCE), not a Palestinian state.

16. Before the Kingdom of Israel, there was the theocracy of the Twelve Tribes of Israel (c. 1400-1050 BCE), not a Palestinian state.

17. Before the theocracy of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, there was the individual state of Canaan (c. 3000-1200 BCE), not a Palestinian state.

In fact, in this corner of the earth, there was everything but a Palestinian state!

[grecoromanyaoi]

we need a barbie movie about an 11th century merchant in the fatimid caliphate

[alphaman99]

no excuse for ignorance in the information age. Palestine always has been a fictitious country.

Ory Lang

I'm sure you all have friends who are asking questions, you can send them this :

1)Before the modern state of Israel there was the British mandate, Not a Palestinian state .

2) Before the British mandate there was the ottoman empire, Not a Palestinian state .

3) Before the ottoman empire there was the Islamic mamluk sultanate of Egypt, Not a Palestinian state .

4)Before the Islamic mamluk sultanate of Egypt there was the ayyubid dynasty, Not a Palestinian state .Godfrey of bouillon conquered it in 1099.

5) Before the ayyubid dynasty there was the christian kingdom of Jerusalem, Not a Palestinian state .

6) Before the christian kingdom of Jerusalem there was the Fatimid caliphate, Not a Palestinian state .

7) Before the Fatimid caliphate there was the byzantine empire, Not a Palestinian state .

9) Before the Roman empire there was the hasmonean dynasty, Not a Palestinian state .

10)Before the hasmonean dynasty there was the Seleucid empire,Not a Palestinian state .

11) Before the Seleucid empire there was the empire of Alexander the 3rd of Macedon, Not a Palestinian state .

12) Before the empire of Alexander the 3rd of Macedon there was the Persian empire, Not a Palestinian state .

13) Before the Persian empire there was the Babylonian empire, Not a Palestinian state .

14) Before the Babylonian empire there was the kingdoms of Israel and Judea, Not a Palestinian state .

15) Before the kingdoms of Israel and Judea there was the kingdom of Israel, Not a Palestinian state .

16) Before the kingdom of Israel there was the theocracy of the 12 tribes of Israel, Not a Palestinian state .

17) Before the theocracy of the 12 tribes of Israel there was the individual state of Canaan, Not a Palestinian state .

In fact in this corner of the earth there was everything but a Palestinian state!

Origins @voiceofisrael

[hahahakeemu]

I remember,-- narrates Ja'far,-- that while we were resting there, al-Mahdi told me once to go and find for him a small fat lamb, and, if found, to buy it, roast it, and serve it to him. I went to look for it, and a local inhabitant offered me one, inviting me to come to his house. I went with him, and he took me into his house where I found a hairy dog on a strong chain, with reddened eyes (ready to attack). The owner said to me that it was then two months that he had been feeding it with dates. He kept it chained so that it could not move,-- its skin had become tight on it because of the great amount of fat. It appears that the local people eat dogs, applying to them the name of lambs. So the dog jumped upon me on its chain,-- a dog fearsome as a lion when it attacks. I was sure that it would break the chain, tearing my stomach. So I fled for all that I was worth, out of the house, despairing of my life, while the owner was shouting (to return), but I did not dare to do this. I felt terror stricken until I entered the house of al-Mahdi half mad, with hands on my heart. When he saw me frightened, with pale face, he asked me, who was chasing me. I replied, "My lord, curse be upon the people of this town!" and I told him how I had gone in search of what he ordered me to get, and what happened as a result of this,-- the whole story. And while I was telling my story, he, and my lord al-Qa'im never ceased laughing, and consoling me until I became quiet.

Sirat Ja’far

This story lives in my head daily, the imagery always makes me laugh. Poor Ja’far lol

[lightdancer1]

There is again that irony that the Hoteps never claim Fatimids any more than they do Tulunids:

The Fatimids, who succeeded the Tulunids, were the first to establish their own Caliphate, where they would later be matched by the Caliphate of Cordoba. Unlike the Safavids they were unable to convert Sunni Egyptians to Shia Islam, unlike the Safavids, their regime ultimately fell apart and nothing like it took its place. They expanded on what the Tulunids began and a combination of dynastic instability and the growing power of their Sudan Mamluks would enable Salah-Al-Din Ibn Yussuf to conquer Egypt and pave the way for the Battle of Hattin. Like the Tulunids you will never see a Fatimid Egyptian motif with modern people who try to claim Black history has this great role even when the Sudan were the mainstays of Fatimid temporal power and their defeat by Saladin was the thing that brought it to its doom. With Tulunids and Fatimids the Black soldiers of the Sultans and Caliphs were the decisive force who called the shots.

[krindor]

So re your tags on the pope post...

Where's the menorah krindor?

So, starting at the very beginning.

70 CE: Titus sacks Jerusalem and loots the Second Temple. In his triumph (fancy war parade) he has the Menorah, as is recorded by Josephus Flavius in 71 CE and by the Arch of Titus' reliefs in 81 CE

The Menorah is displayed in the Tempulum Pacis in Rome, and 2nd century CE Rabbis claim to have seen it in Rome, as well as various other artifacts from the desroyed temple including the parochet and the choshen.

Now here's the thing. This is the last time historical texts mention the Menorah by name so everything below here needs to be taken with an increasing pile of salt

410 CE: The Visigoths sack Rome. Procipius of Ceasarea (500-560), a Byzantine Historian, writes that the Visigoths take "treasures of Solomon the King of the Hebrews." If this includes the Menorah, the trail goes cold. So that's it right? The Menorah got taken to a secondary location and was lost forever, right?

Wrong, because that's not the only time Procipius mentions Jewish Temple loot.

425 CE: The Vandals sack Rome again, to the point where the word vandalize comes from it. Procipius notes that their leader, Geiseric, takes "a huge amount of imperial treasure" with him to Carthage, which was at that time the Vandal capital.

Trust me this is relevant

534 CE: The Byzantine Emperor Justinian sacks Carthage, and they hold a triumph in Constantinople. Among the paraded items are "treasures of the Jews, which Titus, the son of Vespasian, together with certain others, had brought to Rome after the capture of Jerusalem”

That these "treasures of the Jews" include the Menorah is not a new theory, as is indicated in the 19th century painting Geiseric sacking Rome by Karl Bryullov

(Note the Menorah)

So it's in Istanbul right?

Wrong, because our boy Procipius isn't done yet: according to him, Justinian sent the "treasures of the Jews" to Christian sanctuaries in Jerusalem, since he heard that they were cursed that any city save Jerusalem that held them was doomed to be sacked.

This is the last time the "treasures of the Jews" are mentioned in historical texts.

So for our next step, lets look at major churches in Jerusalem in the 6th century, and officially enter the cork-board and string section of this rant post.

As well as the extant Church of the Holy Sepulcher, the Hagia Sion Basilica, and the Church of the Holy Apostles, Justinian built a church himself in the city, called the Nea, in 534 CE, just nine years after sacking Carthage. It would not be unreasonable that he'd send the Menorah to his own church, so we can theorize that it's in the Nea for the remainder of the 6th century (there are, of course, problems with relying on one historian's account of these things, but this is for fun, not a published article)

So that's it? It's in one of the churches of Jerusalem?

...

So in 614 CE Jerusalem gets sacked by the Sasanian/Persian Empire, who according to historical records destroy all the churches.

Now here's the thing. Recent archaeological evidence gives rise to the possibility that our Byzantine historical sources are trying to stir up outrage against the Sasanians: While mass graves dating to around 614 CE were found, the churches and Christian residential neighborhoods were barely, if at all, damaged, and the Nea itself was very possibly completely undamaged. This is, however, a recent theory, and the academics are still hashing it out.

So it may be in one of the churches of Jerusalem?

Tragically, even if the 614 siege didn't get the churches, in 1009 the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroyed all churches, synagogues, and many religious artifacts of both Christians and Jews in Jerusalem. So if by some miracle the Menorah had survived until this point, if it was in Jerusalem it was most likely destroyed.

But that's disappointing, and what's a good conspiracy theory without going a step or two beyond what is reasonable?

Apparently, while the churches, synagogues and most of the artifacts were destroyed, at least in the case of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, objects that could be carried away were looted, rather than destroyed. And if we know anything about the Menorah at this point, that thing is certainly able to be carried away by people.

If the Menorah was looted rather than destroyed, it's not unreasonable that it would have made it's way to the Fatimid capital of Cairo. However, as the historical record dried up some 500 years beforehand, beyond this point it's unreasonable to attempt to track the Menorah.

So that's it. If the Menorah wasn't destroyed it most likely made its way to Egypt and was lost or destroyed there.

Is what I'd say if I wasn't so far down this rabbit hole I was beyond reason. Because as we all know there's one place that has all the significant treasures of Cairo and a penchant for looting:

The British Museum

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.18 (before 1900)

33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, observes an eclipse of the Sun and writes a commentary on The Great Astronomer (Almagest). 614 – King Chlothar II promulgates the Edict of Paris (Edictum Chlotacharii), a sort of Frankish Magna Carta that defends the rights of the Frankish nobles while it excludes Jews from all civil employment in the Frankish Kingdom. 629 – Dagobert I is crowned King of the Franks. 1009 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who hacks the Church's foundations down to bedrock. 1016 – The Danes defeat the English in the Battle of Assandun. 1081 – The Normans defeat the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Dyrrhachium. 1281 – Pope Martin IV excommunicates King Peter III of Aragon for usurping the crown of Sicily (a sentence renewed on 7 May and 18 November 1282). 1356 – Basel earthquake, the most significant historic seismological event north of the Alps, destroys the town of Basel, Switzerland. 1540 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto's forces destroy the fortified town of Mabila in present-day Alabama, killing Tuskaloosa. 1561 – In Japan the fourth Battle of Kawanakajima is fought between the forces of Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen, resulting in a draw. 1565 – Ships belonging to the Matsura clan of Japan fail to capture the Portuguese trading carrack in the Battle of Fukuda Bay, the first recorded naval battle between Japan and the West. 1597 – King Philip II of Spain sends his third and final armada against England, but it ends in failure due to storms. The remaining ships are captured or sunk by the English. 1599 – Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the Army of Andrew Báthory in the Battle of Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded unification of the Romanian people. 1630 – Frendraught Castle in Scotland, the home of James Crichton of Frendraught, burns down. 1648 – Boston shoemakers form the first American labor organization. 1748 – Signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession. 1775 – African-American poet Phillis Wheatley is freed from slavery. 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The Burning of Falmouth (now Portland, Maine). 1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Franco-American Siege of Savannah is lifted. 1797 – Treaty of Campo Formio is signed between France and Austria 1851 – Herman Melville's Moby-Dick is first published as The Whale by Richard Bentley of London. 1860 – The Second Opium War finally ends at the Convention of Peking with the ratification of the Treaty of Tientsin, an unequal treaty. 1867 – United States takes possession of Alaska after purchasing it from Russia for $7.2 million. Celebrated annually in the state as Alaska Day. 1898 – The United States takes possession of Puerto Rico from Spain. 1900 – Count Bernhard von Bülow becomes chancellor of Germany.

[tanadrin]

if all the Roman rulers collectively are the 34th Dynasty of Egypt (despite not being from one familial line) then i think we should consider the Rashidun caliphs the 35th dynasty, the Umayyads the 36th, the Abbasids the 37th, the Fatimids the 38th, the Ayyubids the 39th, the Mamluks the 40th, the Ottomans the 41st, and the Muhammad Ali dynasty the 42nd, after which the monarchy was disestablished. though it would be kind of funny (and not super inaccurate) to refer to the Republic period as the “43rd dynasty,” given the antidemocratic orientation of its presidents so far