#carbonyl group
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Polarization of the Carbonyl Group
-- Carbonyl group:
-- The oxygen has two lone pairs
-- The oxygen is more electronegative than the carbon
-- The polarization arrow will show electrons being pulled toward the oxygen
-- The carbon is partially positive
-- Partially positive = δ+
-- The oxygen is partially negative
-- Partially negative = δ-
-- These symbols go by the arrow
-- The polarization makes the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones higher than hydrocarbons
-- The larger the carbonyl group, the less soluble it is in water
-- If it has more than six carbons, it is insoluble
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#studyblr#notes#my notes#functional groups#polarization#electronegativity#carbonyl group#aldehydes#ketones#polarity#organic chemistry#ochem#orgo#orgo notes#organic chemistry notes#organic chem#orgo chem#study guides#mcat#mcat chemistry#mcat orgo#mcat ochem#mcat organic chemistry#mcat studyblr#premed studyblr#organic chemicals#organic reactions#chemical reactions#advanced chemistry#life science
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OH before I like, fully lose my mind and forget: organic chemistry as a field has the stupidest fucking terms and I’m in love with it. did you know that today I got to watch a 50 year old man with a PhD and a research lab be forced to explain why he just called a mechanism an ‘umpolung’ (pronounced in a way reminiscent of Oompa Loompa in the emphasis, for those who aren’t good with Germanic pronunciations). he literally had to stop and be like yeah idk a lot of organic chemistry happens in Germany and I. Have to assume it sounds more reasonable to them.
#for those who are wondering - it describes the reversing of a specific functional groups reactivity#if you turn your carbonyl from a nucleophile to an electrophile. reverse the polarity of that region. you get the vibe
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If the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone is lower in precedence than other functional groups in the molecule, it is indicated by the infix, -oxo-.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
#book quote#chemistry#nonfiction#textbook#carbonyl#aldehyde#ketone#precedence#priority#functional group#infix#oxo
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But first, the common functional groups that you will encounter are outlined in table 2.7.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
#book quotes#chemistry#nonfiction#textbook#functional group#hydroxyl#alcohol#carbonyl#aldehyde#ketone#carboxyl#carboxylic acid
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When sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution is added to luminol, a chemical reaction occurs that releases energy in the form of light. This is called chemiluminescence. The bleach solution acts as an oxidizing agent, which means it takes electrons away from the luminol molecule. This causes the luminol molecule to become excited, and it releases the energy as light.
🎥 Courtesy: Kendra Frederick
The luminol molecule is made up of two amino groups, a carbonyl group, and an azo group. The amino groups are electron-rich, while the carbonyl group is electron-poor. The azo group is a conjugated system, which means that the electrons in the double bonds can move freely from one atom to another.
When sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution is added to luminol, the bleach molecules react with the amino groups of the luminol molecule. This reaction takes electrons away from the luminol molecule, which causes the luminol molecule to become oxidized. The oxidized luminol molecule is in an excited state, which means that it has more energy than it normally does.
The excited luminol molecule then releases the extra energy as light. This light is called chemiluminescence. The light emitted by the chemiluminescence reaction is blue because the luminol molecule has a blue fluorescence.
The chemiluminescence reaction between luminol and sodium hypochlorite is catalyzed by the presence of a metal ion, such as iron or copper. The metal ion helps to stabilize the excited state of the luminol molecule, which makes it more likely to release the extra energy as light.
The chemiluminescence reaction is very sensitive to impurities, so it is important to use pure chemicals. The reaction can also be affected by the pH of the solution. The optimal pH for the reaction is around 9.
The chemiluminescence reaction between luminol and sodium hypochlorite can be used to detect blood, as the iron in hemoglobin can catalyze the reaction. The reaction is also used in some commercial products, such as glow sticks and emergency lights.
I hope you enjoyed learning about this. ❤️🙏
#chemiluminescence#luminol#bleach#science#chemistry#scienceexperiment#glowing#light#excitedstate#oxidation#chemicalreact
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New research has uncovered the potentially harmful substances that are produced when e-liquids in vaping devices are heated for inhalation. The study, published in Scientific Reports, highlights the urgent need for public health policies concerning flavored vapes. The research team at RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, used artificial intelligence (AI) to simulate the effects of heating e-liquid flavor chemicals found in nicotine vapes. They included all 180 known e-liquid flavor chemicals, predicting the new compounds formed when these substances are heated within a vaping device immediately prior to inhalation. The analysis revealed the formation of many hazardous chemicals including 127 which are classified as "Acute Toxic," 153 as "Health Hazards" and 225 as "Irritants." Notably, these included a group of chemicals called volatile carbonyls (VCs) which are known to pose health risks. Sources for VCs were predicted to be the most popular fruit, candy and dessert-flavored products.
Continue Reading.
#Science#Chemistry#Analytical Chemistry#AI#Artifical Intelligence#Machine Learning#Vapes#Nicotine Vapes#E-liquids
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How do you make a whore moan?
Extract sapogenins from a Mexican yam and employ Marker degradation to degrade the sapogenin side chain while leaving similar functional groups on the steroid nucleus (relatively) unaffected. Use acetic anhydride to block the hydroxyl group formed by opening the six-membered pyran ring. Then oxidatively open the five-membered furan ring with chromic acid. This forms the acetyl side chain of progesterone and an esterified hydroxyl group on the steroid nucleus. The ester is then hydrolyzed under strongly basic conditions. The use of acetic acid leads to the production of 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate (16-DPA). 16-DP can be converted into progesterone in two steps. Firstly, the double bond in ring D is hydrogenated, followed by Oppenauer oxidation of the hydroxyl group and the concurrent migration of the remaining olefin from ring B to ring A so that it is in conjugation with the ketone carbonyl group at position 3. Alternatively, a three-step procedure involving Br2, CrO3, and Zn/HOAc can be used. 16-DP can also be converted into testosterone and the downstream products estrone and estradiol. 👍
#jokes#funny#lmao#lol#monday giggles#teehee moment#humour#comedic#thoughtful humour#joke of the day#classic laughs#silly#goofs#entertaining#lighthearted#share if you chuckled#laughter provoking#witty#the lighter side of life#guffaw daily#hilarious#amusing stuff#rofl#lmbo#droll#merriments#jestercore#weekday smiles#laughter is the best medicine#grin and the world grins back
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#organic chemistry#ochem#o-chem#o chem#ochem 1#ochem 2#organic chemistry 1#organic chemistry 2#mcat organic chemistry#orgo#reactions#orgo reactions#chemical reactions#orgo mcat#mcat orgo#ochem reactions#carbonyl group#carbonyl#carbonyls#carbonyl group structures#carbonyl structures
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if I were a weak little ketone and you were a strapping borohydride would you hold me down by my r chains and reduce my carbonyl groups and make me a secondary alcohol or do you hate me
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Degradable polyethylene plastics from the nonalternating terpolymerization of ethylene, CO, and polar monomers
In a study published in the journal National Science Review and led by Dr. Zhongbao Jian (State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS), E/CO/PM terpolymerizations were carried out with seven palladium catalysts, which were strictly non-alternating (>99%) with Pd4.
Polar monomers included acrylates, acrylic acid, vinyl ethers, vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile. High molecular weight linear polyethylene with the low content of isolated carbonyl group (selectivity > 99%) and polar functional group was developed.
The molecular structure of the resulting polymer was analyzed in detail, and the microstructure of the E/CO/PM copolymer was clearly characterized by IR, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H/13C/2-D NMR) and 13CO labeling technology.
Read more.
#Materials Science#Science#Polyethylene#Catalysts#Palladium#Polymers#Plastics#Materials Characterization
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for the ask game!! 🔭 🪐 and 🔬 :)
🔬 a science class you loved, and why
i am currently loving my organic chemistry class, my prof is amazing! he explains everything on such a fundamental level, and brings in applications in other fields such as biochemistry :) yesterday he explained how poison ivy works on a molecular level just because it involves one of the concepts from lecture (α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds)
🪐 something you learned this week
in the same class, we also learned how benzene rings can act as nucleophiles when attacking a sufficiently activated electrophile! we then learned the effects of different (de)activating groups on reactions of substituted arenes and how to, given a disubstituted arene, decide on the mechanism of reaction :)
🔭 what sparked your interest in science/your field?
i've been interested in the human body basically forever, but i took a molecular neuroscience class the summer before uni and really loved it, so i'm a neuro major now with minors in chemistry and art! i looooove biochem and want a PhD in cancer immunology
thank you so much for the ask <333
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Because several different functional groups contain a carbonyl group, it is often not possible to tell from signals in this region alone whether the carbonyl-containing compound is an aldehyde, a ketone, a carboxylic acid or an ester.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
#book quote#chemistry#nonfiction#textbook#functional group#carbonyl#aldehyde#ketone#carboxylic acid#ester
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something I really love about when a professor asks a question on the first day of class is the way that all the kids in the class will like, mutter the answer under their breath instead of actually just saying it? bc it happens every year and the effect of like, disembodied whispers telling you what kind of carbonyl group a certain carbon is is very funny to me
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Aldehydes and ketones are very reactive due to the polarity and structure of the carbonyl group (figure 21.3).
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
#book quotes#chemistry#nonfiction#textbook#aldehyde#ketone#reactive#carbonyl#polarity#electron density
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Exploring the Global Aldehydes Market: Key Players and Market Dynamics
The aldehydes market is a segment of the chemical industry that deals with the production and distribution of a class of organic compounds known as aldehydes. These compounds are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and a carbon atom in their chemical structure. Aldehydes find widespread applications in various industries, thanks to their unique properties and versatile reactivity.
In terms of market overview, the aldehydes market has been experiencing steady growth in recent years. This growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for aldehydes in industries such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food and beverages, and cosmetics. Aldehydes serve as crucial intermediates in the synthesis of various chemicals and are essential in the production of fragrances, flavor enhancers, and pharmaceuticals.
The growth in the aldehydes market industry can be primarily attributed to the expansion of these end-user industries. For instance, the pharmaceutical industry relies heavily on aldehydes for the synthesis of a wide range of drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Additionally, the food and beverage industry utilizes aldehydes for flavor enhancement and preservation purposes, further driving market growth.
The aldehydes market is also influenced by evolving industry trends. One significant trend is the increasing emphasis on green chemistry and sustainable practices. Many companies in the aldehydes sector are adopting environmentally friendly production processes, such as catalytic hydrogenation, to reduce the environmental impact of their operations. This trend aligns with the growing awareness of environmental issues and the need for more eco-friendly chemical manufacturing.
Another noteworthy trend is the constant innovation and development of novel aldehyde derivatives with enhanced properties. This innovation is driven by the demand for higher-quality products in various industries. Researchers and manufacturers are continuously exploring new applications and synthesizing aldehydes tailored to meet specific industry requirements, which contributes to market expansion.
In conclusion, the aldehydes market is a dynamic segment within the chemical industry, driven by the increasing demand from various end-user industries. As industries continue to grow and evolve, the market is expected to witness further advancements, particularly in sustainable production methods and novel aldehyde derivatives, to meet the changing needs of consumers and businesses alike.
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