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insomniacowl · 4 years ago

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Neon Genesis Evangelion analysis chapter 20: Libido and Destrudo

Professor Fuyutsuki Metaphysical biology laboratory.

In attempting to understand the story of Neon Genesis Evangelion, the concept of a soul and how it plays into the wider narrative is an essential point where various story threads converge, but due to the idea of souls being abstract at best in our world, many glosses over this as an unexplainable Novum used as a set-piece. Yet, many symbolisms and set-pieces of this series require an understanding of the role of such Novum, thus we will touch on some of them here. (By Novums, I refer to Darko Suvin’s description of ‘Scientifically plausible innovations used by SF narratives’).

In NGE, the concept of ‘Soul’ is explained to lie under the branch of ‘metaphysical biology’ and was Fuyutsuki's field of academic studies. It is mentioned only in passing when we get a glimpse of his past thus making it easy to gloss over, but it is an integral part of the world-building. Side note, in our world, ‘metaphysical biology’ is a branch of the ‘philosophical biology’ but in the world of Evangelion, it is used to explain how the lived experience and emotions of a person come to take form and is a field of scientific study.

In simpler words, it is a belief that the thoughts and feelings of an individual can take material form through the use of ‘certain’ kinds of energy. It is how we can explain the maintaining of an individual’s body in a certain shape using AT field (In a shape that is imagined by the soul [ego]).

Without the AT field, there is no form

All living things consist of its soul and have a body to ‘contain’ it, this soul originating from the room of Guf. In Lilin’s case, their souls have merged with LCL and it is the AT field that keeps the fluid in the shape required to function as a living thing. This is why in the absence of an AT field (such as when it is neutralized by the Anti AT filed waves), the bodies lose its form and revert into LCL as we see during the End of Evangelion.

What does pattern Blue mean?

Unlike the Lilins, Adam, Lilith, and the angels' bodies are not made up of the LCL but what is referred to as the wave-particle matters, allowing their bodies to exists even in the absence of a soul. This is used to explain how the White giant in the central dogma (Lilith) was able to maintain its form when the soul was split and placed in unit – 00 and Rei, and how she changed into a gigantic Rei once the Soul was returned.

Not solid, nor liquid, nor gas

wave-particle matters, according to Ritsuko, refers to a unique matter that exists as both wave and particle materializing at the same moment, this is different in our world where the wave-particle duality problem still exists and we can rightfully believe that Anno simply burrowed the term without the complexities of it. Yet it is still useful to think of this matter as a form of “light” and it is best exemplifies when we see the Rei + Adam + Lilith’s (Rei + AL) hand passing through Maya without any harm, and due to it not requiring an active AT-field to maintain its shape, we can observe the Evas and Rei + AL not reverting to LCL during the End of Evangelion's "Come Sweet Death" scene.

Rei and Humans are biological different

In chapter 10, I have posited that Lilith’s DNA is present in Rei and presented the hair of Unit – 01 and Rei being the same color as a piece of evidence, I can now state this more accurately and say that part of Lilith’s wave-particle material likely has entered Rei during her body construction process. That is the reason why the cloned bodies of Rei we see in episode 23 were able to maintain their form in the absence of a soul inside them. We will be touching upon this topic again in the future.

Libido and Destrudo

Now let us talk about Libido and Destrudo. In our world, these are terms used in philosophy and psychology and tends to refer to a similar concept (refer to Herbert Marcuse's "Eros and civilization" but also many of Freud's works). However, in the world of Evangelion, they are both “Quantifiable mental energy” and are intrinsically linked to the role of souls in producing AT field.

Since the souls’ are vulnerable to having its existence interfered by another soul, resulting in it being forcefully re-shaped, AT fields are set up to maintain physical form and prevent such mishaps. However, an AT field that is too strong can also have harmful effects.

Simply put, there is an amount of AT-field required by each living thing to maintain their selfhood, this requiring a certain amount of energy to maintain this territory of self. This energy is the combination of two types of energy that are Libido and Destrudo.

Libido: the will to life

Libido is similar in concept as eros; a form of mental energy held by all living things. Destrudo is the necessary precondition for the existence of the creation of something from nothing. While Libido is often conceptualized with sexual urges, its original scope is much larger, enveloping all forms of productive energies that includes love. Libido is sub-constituted by the instincts of Id and Ego and is represented in the Evangelion series as AT-field. Libido = AT field.

REI 00N: DESTRUDO RELEASE

The result

On the surface level, Destrudo is the antithetical concept to Libido and is more often referred to as Thanatos in the Freudian concept. It can be described as the “Attraction to death”, and “Instinct to destroy”. While it might seem like a negative concept, it is integral mental energy that works alongside Libido for the continued existence of all living things. When Libido stimulates the stress for the “continued existence” of living things, Destrudo (Thanatos) is also released to maintain the delicate balance necessary for a healthy existence and mental state. In the Evangelion series, this is referred to as the Anti-AT field. We can see that Destrudo = Anti-AT field hypothesis being supported in episode 23 when Ritsuko releases destrudo waves as she initiates the breakdown of Cloned Reis’ bodies.

Let us not forget that Libido and Destrudo are concepts used to explain the existence of a soul in Evangelion. One narrative conflict in Evangelion lies in the choice between the maintenance of the individualized and atomized existence or the achievement of the unified being like those of Angels through Instrumentalization; they are fighting over the size and number of Lilins’ ego (subjecthood) that should be in existence, the existence of souls is a question that supersedes all of this viewpoints. It is the soul that is used for the creation of a connection between the pilot and their Evas. What supports this statement is the production of Libido and Destrudo when they are piloting it, and the strength and balance of this energy are what is being measured during the synchronization test. We can observe this in Asuka where her ability to pilot Unit - 02 correlates with her will to live throughout the series, and we can also say that the role of the dummy plug is the imitation of the mental (thus of Libido and Destrudo) patterns of a specific individual.

Ritsuko: Salvage start!

Maya: Roger, Sending the first wave

Maya: Eva received the waves. No rejection sequence detected

Continue with the second and third wave

No rejection was detected. No Destrudo observed.

We can see these two energies being used in episode 20 when Shinji's soul was absorbed into the Unit – 01’s core and his body reverting into LCL. The salvage operation that was performed to retrieve him explicitly showed us the graph of Libido and Destrudo meter reflected on the operators' screens. Let me pose you a question here, to bring back Shinji from his current formless shape, which of the two energy should be used to bring him back? The answer is Libido, the AT field energy. It is most likely that they inserted Libido energy into the entry plug and this can be seen in the erotic sequence that we observe from Shinji's perspective.

There are two instances of the salvage operation that we are aware of. First is Yui’s case, second Shinji’s. Both instances failed, however, this was not due to the hypothesis of the Libido-AT field being inaccurate. It is because the individual did not wish to return to individual selfhood. Although for Shinji, he managed to wake up on is own accord afterward, foreshadowing his return from the primordial ocean at the end of Evangelion.

The Shinji’s Libido is depicted often and in focus throughout the series. It starts in episode 10 with Shinji’s innocent reaction to Asuka’s filtration, the young boy’s fantasy during the Onsen sequence while overhearing Misato and Asuka’s conversation, and the touching of Rei’s breast. All these instances gave Shinji a boost in his Libido level and this can be linked to his gradual increase of Synchronisation rate. This observation can also be used to help explain the reason why fourteen-year-olds are chosen to be pilots.

The hot-blooded face of Shinji

When we look at Shinji’s face during the fight with Zeruel, at the moment his synchronization rate reached 400%, we can see the effects of Destrudo energy manifesting. In this sequence, we see Shinji smiling with what can only be explained as ecstasy that is too far off from his usual self. The high synchronization rate can be explained with the rise of the Destrudo level here. Destrudo being released due to Shinji’s desire for the destruction of Zeruel means that there is also high Libido that presents to balance out the destrudo level.

Shinji is not okay in this scene.

The metaphysical materialization of Destrudo; circa start of instrumentalization

And the result….?

The concept of Libido and Destrudo plays an integral role in our understanding of the End of Evangelion as well. At the beginning of the movie, we see Shinji having set up a strong barrier against other people (AT field), which means that his current stress for living, the Libido level is at an incredibly and irregularly high level. The sequence where he is seen masturbating to Asuka’s breast shows this dichotomy between the desire for sex against the desire to shield self from others (both being the manifestation of Libido) and it makes the viewing experience extremely uncomfortable.

Later, during the beginning phase of the instrumentalization, as the AT fields are being eroded by the Anti-AT field waves, we observe scenes that epitomizes the destructive instincts of Destrudo. The scene of Shinji choking Asuka is overlayed with the sinister smile during his battle against Zeruel and is followed by multiple bizarre and violent, yet childlike drawings (Libido and Destrudo often reach their peak during childhood and this can be observed in their drawings as well).

Unit – 01 with the Dummy plug choking Unit – 03 (Bardiel)

I will wrap up the discussion on the Dummy system here as well. The requirement for the activation of the Evangelions is the Libido and Destrudo energies, which means that the Dummy system that only imitates the mental patterns of Libido and Destrudo production does not have emotions nor logic. Therefore we can observe the animal-like fighting style of the Dummy system against Bardiel; this shows that even if the system is based on Rei's mental patterns, it has no logic nor emotions and fights on an instinctual level. Thus the dummy system is not a perfect representation of the original.

Skipping over the details here

The progressed version of the Dummy system, one based on Kaworu and implanted into the mass production models takes this further and shows us both of the actions lead by Libido and Destrudo, this was shown in graphic and explicit detail that the movie's R-18 rating allowed. The scene that caused quite a stir, when the mass production models are sexually petting and licking Unit – 02 was led by Libido. Many chucked it up to and accused Anno being a pervert, however, I see this as an important scene that serves mainly to further explain the role of these two energies released by the dummy system. There is a question often brought up regarding the grotesque design of the Mass production models, and the answer is that it was done to visually depict the unfiltered, and uncontrolled desire for Lust (Libido) and destruction (Destrudo).

The desire for life and love and the desire for destruction and instrumentalization are hidden set pieces of this series and are easy to overlook and ignore. But we must not forget that it is depicted in canon and plays a significant role in the ongoing narrative, yet there tends to be very little discussion of this set piece. I hope that this chapter has been useful in aiding your understanding of the series further.

This chapter ends the section on the organizations and angels. Starting from next, we will dive into the discussion of each character and the roles they play in the narrative. The first batter is Kaji Ryoji.

TBC Chapter 21: Kaji Ryoji Lies and Silence

#Neon genesis evangelion #Evangelion #Eva #End of evangelion #Nge #Nagisa Kaworu #Lilith #Sci-fi #Ikari Shinji #Soryu Asuka Langley #asuka #Ayanami Rei #rei #Anno Hideaki #Katsuragi Misato #Anime #Analysis #Review #Kaji Ryoji

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lupinepublishers · 4 years ago

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Lupine Publishers | Carbon Nanotubes: Exploring Intrinsic Medicinal Activities and Biomedical Applications

Lupine Publishers | Open Access Journal of Oncology and Medicine (OAJOM)

Introduction

Carbon Nano materials the king of nonmaterial’s have fascinating nanofamily including buckyballs or buckminsterfullerenes [1], multiwalled carbon nanotubes [2], the single-walled carbon naotubes(SWCNTs) [3], Carbon Nanohorns(CNHs), Carbon nanocones, Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon nanothread, Buckypaper, carbon dots, nanodimons, nanoonions, nanorods, nanoribbons. Also called as powerful particles, CNTs (carbon nanotubes) has thus bloomed over the past decade [4,5]. Increasing evidence has shown that certain CNT properties such as nano-sized dimension, high surface energy, and large reactive surface area are directly correlated to their biological activities [6,7]. Great property of loading various biomolecules, diagnostic and therapeutic moieties resulting in diversified biomedical applications of CNTs (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Intrinsic Biomedical Applications of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT).

I. Diagonsis and Imaging: CNT act as biosensor or Nanorobots, which helps in diagnosis of disease, their progression level and their pathological condition in quick and better way. CNT biosensor are made up by conjugating different biochemicals with CNTs, like in glucuometer biosensor, glucose peroxidase is conjugated with CNTs that is use for the detection of blood sugar level in diabetic patients. Another example is SWCNTs-DNA biosensor that is use of detection of antigen –antibody comlex, which further helps in molecular diagnosis in pathology [7,8]. Complex of fluorescent agents and CNTs act as radio-opique agent that is use for the detection of cell and biological system in In-vivo organs [9].

II. Cancer Therapy: Carbon nantubes are effective against Pancreatic Cancer, Brain Cancer, Blood Cancer, Breast Cancer, Colon Cancer, Liver Cancer, Lymph Node, Metastasis, Prostate Cancer by using different anticancer drugs like Paclitaxel, Daunorubicin, Amphotericin B, Carboplatin, siRNA, Doxorubicin, Metal halides, Methotrexate etc. Apart from drug delivery route there are another two methods for cancer therapy using CNTs are immunotherapy and anti-tumor hyperthermia therapy [10].

III. Gene Therapy: CNTs and CNHs are used as vector in genetic engineering due to their cylindrical nature, which wrap the desired DNA and deliver it to target site to cure the genetic disorders by correcting misread or missense gene sequence [7].

IV. Infection/HIV Therapy: CNTs itself have antimicrobial activity by oxidising intracellular glutathione and resulted increase the oxidative stress on microbial cell that cause natural death of pathogen. CNTs also used in number of vaccinations to active immune response by triggering MHC-II, which further promote natural antibody production to stop the infection [11]. HIV( human immunodeficiency virus) that attack the immune response and decline the natural immunity, till date we cannot stop it completely but we can suppress or stop virus multiplication and control the disease .In this case conjugation of CNTs with siRNA that further deliver to T-Cell to stop virus proliferation [12].

V. Ocular Delivery: In case of ocular delivery there are number of challenges to deliver the drug to get adequate response with minimizing risk of infection. So therefore, SWCNTs-NH₃+ used as carrier to deliver antigen synthetic vaccination, safely and effectively by avoiding risk of necrosis and tissue degeneration [13].

VI. As Antioxidant: CNTs and CNHs are natural anti-oxidants. They are used in preserving drug molecules in formulation by inhibiting their oxidation. Furthermore, due to this property they are also used in anti-aging cosmetics products that oxidized the skin and stay it healthy and young [7].

VII. Neurodegenerative (ND)/Alzheimer Disease: Graphene sheets, and by extension CNTs, are excellent conductors of electricity, and thus are highly useful in the regeneration of neurons. Neurons can grow successfully on CNT beds, and modifying the surface with 4-hydroxyonoenal, known to be involved with neuron growth, can improve the neuron length and degree of branching over CNTs [11]. CNTs have many small additional sites that provide high surface area for external modification that’s why it is use as carrier to deliver the acetylcholine through blood brain barrier (BBB) and to treat Alzheimer Disease [14-16].

VIII. Tissue/Bone Regenreation: CNTs for the purpose of bone regeneration are being developed, which use negatively charged functional groups with calcium bonded to them. This can provide a scaffold to which hydroxyapatite, the most common inorganic component of bone, can attach. CNTs are very strong, stiff, and flexible which makes them an excellent alternative to the titanium or ceramic bone scaffolds [17,18].

IX. Carbon based nonmaterial by virtue of its therapeutic and diagnostic dual functions have emerged as theranostic nanomedicine. Carbon nanotubes intrinsic medicinal activities along with drug candidates may enhance the effectiveness of drug delivery. Unprecedented growth of patents and publication in last decade has forecasted the future of carbon based drug materials. A precise control for synthesis, purification and tools to increase solubility and further bio-functionality may lead to the development of carbon naotube based formulations. There is a need of clinical investigations for exploring the intrinsic medicinal activities of carbon nanotubes.

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#lupine publishers #oncology and medicine #OAJOM #Open Access Journal of Oncology and Medicine

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aggressivelearningai · 4 years ago

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Data Management and Visualization Submission - 1

STEP 1: Choose a data set that you would like to work with. ==> I am going ahead with the gap-minder dataset.

STEP 2. Identify a specific topic of interest

==> I want to understand few correlation between different aspects like 'Alcoholism'<=>'Mortality Rate', 'High GDP'<=>'Mortality rate' and other such relations and see that the dataset provides enough information for me to answer this question.

Additionally, I am interested in understanding what factors are required to be considered such that the interpretation holds any real value. Moreover, I would like to understand few other questions like:

1) How to go upon looking for the factors that actually matter in real life.

2) When to know that we have found enough number of factors for our analysis.

3) What type of pre-analysis is needed in order for us to make sure that now one can proceed with the data collection part.

4) How to perform the feasibility analysis of our question of interest or research? By feasibility, I meant how much time and other resources that we should invest in finding some fruitful results. Does this even a thing in real life?

STEP 3. Prepare a codebook of your own (i.e., print individual pages or copy screen and paste into a new document) from the larger codebook that includes the questions/items/variables that measure your selected topics.)

==> The gap miner dataset is not very big. Because of this reason I do not have to create the separate codebook as I am will consider all the variables mentioned for analyzing different relationship and see if there is multiple stage connection

The dataset has in total of 16 variables of which one is non-numerical or categorical. And all together there are 213 records.

STEP 4. Identify a second topic that you would like to explore in terms of its association with your original topic.

==> As I mentioned before that I will be doing multiple analysis due tot he size of the dataset being small and will try to find the bigger picture of what is happening behind the curtains.

STEP 5. Add questions/items/variables documenting this second topic to your personal codebook.

==> The questions that I would like to get the answers from the analysis are:

1) How is the country mortality rate correlated with the alcohol consumption?

2) How is the income correlated with the alcohol consumption rate. Does this consumption have any connection with stress (suicide rate) whatsoever?

3) What strongly moves the Breast Cancer in female rate?

4) Does suicide rate has any correlation with the employment rate?

5) Is there any relation with the internet use with the co2 emissions?

6) I believe that oil user rate will have the strong +ve correlation with the CO2 emissions, but I will want to find that out too.

STEP 6. Perform a literature review to see what research has been previously done on this topic. Use sites such as Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com) to search for published academic work in the area(s) of interest. Try to find multiple sources, and take note of basic bibliographic information.

==> Literature Review for above mentioned questions:

1) How is the country mortality rate correlated with the alcohol consumption?

High (but not low or moderate) alcohol intake was associated with increased mortality (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04–1.66). Heavy episodic drinking was also associated with increased mortality (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.27–1.87)

In conclusion, this meta-analysis confirms the hazards of excess drinking but also indicates the existence of potential windows of alcohol intake that may confer a net beneficial effect of drinking, at least in terms of survival, both in men and in women. Heavy drinkers should be urged to cut their consumption, but people who already regularly consume low to moderate amounts of alcohol should be encouraged to continue.

2) How is the income correlated with the alcohol consumption rate. Does this consumption have any connection with stress (suicide rate) whatsoever?

Research on the long-term associations between SES and alcohol outcomes has shown inconsistent correlations between snapshots of childhood SES and later alcohol outcomes. In contrast, a relatively consistent, inverse association seems to exist between long-term trajectories of SES and alcohol outcomes, with downward SES trajectories predicting heavier subsequent drinking and greater negative alcohol-related consequences. Further studies involving more sophisticated longitudinal analytic methods (e.g., cross-lagged panel modeling) are needed to more explicitly test and establish the nature of the complex transactional dependencies between the trajectories of SES and alcohol outcomes over time.

3) What strongly moves the Breast Cancer in female rate?

The incidence of breast cancer in developed countries and its death in less developed countries is high. Increasing the HDI, along with the increased screening program in these countries, can help to identify and reduce the mortality of this disease. Increasing the level of education and awareness of women is also one of the health priorities in this area that can be effective in reducing mortality in patient.

The prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity was high within the GCCCs, but the majority of the included studies found no positive correlation between obesity or physical inactivity and BC. A high proportion of women in this study were pre-menopausal which could contribute to the negative findings.

4) Does suicide rate has any correlation with the employment rate?

Being unemployed was associated with a twofold to threefold increased relative risk of death by suicide, compared with being employed. About half of this association might be attributable to confounding by mental illness.

The link between unemployment rates and suicide is a very important measure of the impact of the economic crisis. However, behind these statistics lie personal and family tragedies, the long-term impact of which is difficult to measure.

The global suicide rate is steadily falling, from a high of 38 percent in 1994 to just 11 percent in 2018. However, the opposite is true for Mexico as suicide rates have been rising over the past 40 years, but little literature discusses the reason. From an empirical study, the paper's primary contribution is finding that the economic growth directly negatively affects the unemployment rate, at the same time, the unemployment rate and suicide rate are positive bidirectional causality in Mexico. Moreover, we find that adding the variable of economic growth rate as a control variable, unemployment rate, suicide rate, and the economic growth rate exists long relationship under non-linear conditions.

5) Is there any relation with the internet use with the co2 emissions?

Even before the Covid-19 epidemic, the electricity consumption of the internet represented as much as that of Great Britain! Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) accounted for 6 to 10% of global electricity consumption, or 4% of our greenhouse gas emissions. And this figure increases by 5 to 7% each year!

In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, internet use accounts for 3.7% of global emissions, i.e. the equivalent of all air traffic in the world. And this figure is expected to double by 2025 (excluding the Covid-19 effect). In concrete terms, this represents, for the internet alone, an average of 400 g of CO2 emitted per inhabitant each year.

But this is only an average: access to ICT varies greatly from one region of the world to another. Emissions per person are therefore much higher in an industrialized and highly 'connected' country. And they are only increasing.

STEP 7. Based on your literature review, develop a hypothesis about what you believe the association might be between these topics. Be sure to integrate the specific variables you selected into the hypothesis.

==> The Hypothesis that I have developed from the literature review that I have done are as follows:

1) How is the country mortality rate correlated with the alcohol consumption?

With the increase in consumption of alcohol rate the mortality rate will increase.

2) How is the income correlated with the alcohol consumption rate. Does this consumption have any connection with stress (suicide rate) whatsoever?

Lower the income of a person more are the chances that the person will resort to alcohol for getting the stress relieved

3) What strongly moves the Breast Cancer in female rate?

The income of a person and the literacy rate of the country should lower the mortality rate of breast cancer in a women.

4) Does suicide rate has any correlation with the employment rate?

based on what I read, I believe that unemployment has the positive correlation with the suicide rate in a country

5) Is there any relation with the internet use with the co2 emissions?

Yes, there is and should be positive correlation between the usage of internet and the carbon emissions.

6) I believe that oil user rate will have the strong +ve correlation with the CO2 emissions, but I will want to find that out too.

I think this is too obvious to be true, now is the time to find out

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reishisporeoil5-blog · 4 years ago

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Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Oil: The gender chart and Its Advantages

ganoderma lucidum spore powder

GANODERMA LUCIDUM:

Ganoderma Lucidum is the more widespread term for a mushroom. Wonderfully termed as "Lingzhi" in China's, "Reishi" in Japanese, "Hangul" or "Yeongji" in Korean language. In English, it is also referred to as "Glossy Ganoderma" or "shiny Polyporus". These many labels in so many countries by themselves show that the species is vital. They can be seen growing up typically the monsoon or the rainy time on the underside of the perishable trees like oaks that happen to be giant flowering trees along with whose leaves fall off within autumn season. It has been viewed growing in various parts of the world inside temperate and tropical physical zones.

ganoderma lucidum spore powder

SPORE OIL AND ITS PARTICULAR ADVANTAGES:

The spore from the mushroom has many benefits plus its powdered and turned into essential oil. From this powder, oil is actually extracted and is termed as Ganoderma lucidum spore oil. For quite a while, in Eastern countries, such type of mushroom has been used for advantages. It has a very positive affect on the immunity system and can also make is very strong. Immune system directly correlates to the WBCs or the white blood cells. Typically the WBCs get support in preventing the cancer cells in addition to various types of infections by assisting in fighting foreign microbes and prevent unwanted cell expansion. For people who are healthy, without having cancer or such troubles, the reishi mushroom's spore oil can be beneficial for these people too. It helps to control low energy and depression or anxiousness. Researchers have found that the the consumption of the products of this species offers helped many people with their stress and anxiety. It has been reported that types of cancer like breast cancer and other varieties are kept in control with the supplements and the risk of generating sewerage damage to the patient will be reduced. This product has in fact anti-cancer properties. Ganoderma Lucidum has antioxidants in a good sized quantities. Antioxidants are good at supporting the cholesterol level from the blood and keep proper insulin supply. These qualities in the mushroom help in the charge of various issues like diabetic. Prostate cancer is a key issue in men's health. Though the supplements containing this infection spore oil have been identified to cure this cancer way too, decreasing a chance in involving severity in men. Likewise, this spore oil provides antiviral and antibacterial components, i. e., it helps inside fighting viruses like that connected with Hepatitis and also major microorganisms are killed off since this fungus fights them off of. The fungi spore necessary oil also helps in regulation and shielding the liver. The hard working liver is a very delicate organ it protection for proper insulin stimulation and circulation.

DECISION:

The spore oil associated with Ganoderma Lucidum has anti-bacterial, anti-cancer properties and can boost and benefit the immune system often. Hence, it is a good gift in the body who trains the prevailing soldiers and also, increases the soldiers.

The spore oil will surely have a lasting effect on the body, building a person live longer, taking away unwanted toxicity for the body and bringing assurance by removing anxiety as well as depression. The blood circulation is improved upon and the removal of toxic chemicals brings a glow on the skin and the body, causing you to be confident.

The Ganoderma lucidum spore oil is a very effective product and we at 'fungus-extract. com' provide you with the safest and the most suitable oil at affordable prices.

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karlyangusps · 4 years ago

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Alcoholism Related Causes Study

Research question

I am interested to find out if there is a strong correlation between alcoholism and breast cancer rates. If there is a correlation, this knowledge might help reduce alcoholism by educating the public with the findings.

Similarly, I would also like to find out if alcoholism contributes to higher suicide rate.

Variables and Sources

Variable Name: alcconsumption

Description of Indicator: 2008 alcohol consumption per adult (age 15+), litres

Recorded and estimated average alcohol consumption, adult (15+) per capita consumption in litres pure alcohol

Main source: WHO

Variable Name: breastcancerper100TH

Description of Indicator: 2002 breast cancer new cases per 100,000 female

Number of new cases of breast cancer in 100,000 female residents during the certain year.

Main source: ARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer)

Variable Name: suicideper100TH

Description of Indicator: 2005 Suicide, age adjusted, per 100 000

Mortality due to self-inflicted injury, per 100 000 standard population,

age adjusted. Combination of time series from WHO Violence and Injury Prevention (VIP) and data from

Main source: WHO Global Burden of Disease 2002 and 2004.

Literature Review

1. Alcohol and breast cancer risk: the alcoholism paradox

H Kuper, W Ye, E Weiderpass, A Ekbom, D Trichopoulos, O Nyrén & H-O Adami

British Journal of Cancer volume 83, pages949–951(2000)

A population-based cohort study of 36 856 women diagnosed with alcoholism in Sweden between 1965 and 1995 found that alcoholic women had only a small 15% increase in breast-cancer incidence compared to the general female population. It is therefore apparent, contrary to expectation, that alcoholism does not increase breast-cancer risk in proportion to presumed ethanol intake.

2. Alcoholic beverage consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis and review

Matthew P. Longnecker

Cancer Causes & Control volume 5, pages73–82(1994)

The objective was to evaluate the association between alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer. Data from 38 epidemiologic studies on alcohol consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer in women were included in a meta-analysis. A qualitative literature review also was conducted. The results showed strong evidence of a dose-response relation; however, the slope of the dose-response curve was quite modest. For example, daily consumption of one alcoholic drink was associated with an 11 percent increase (95 percent confidence interval, seven to 16 percent) in the risk of breast cancer compared with nondrinkers. An explanation for the marked variation in results across studies was not found. The modest size of the association and variation in results across studies leave the causal role of alcohol in question. The evidence that alcohol consumption affects the risk of breast cancer, however, appears to be growing stronger.

3. Alcoholism and suicidal behavior: a clinical overview

L. Sher

First published: 25 October 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00643.xCitations: 118

Method: Studies of alcoholism and suicidal behavior available in MEDLINE, Institute for Scientific Information Databases (Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were identified and reviewed.

Results: alcoholism is associated with a considerable risk of suicidal behavior. Individuals with alcoholism who attempt or complete suicide are characterized by major depressive episodes, stressful life events, particularly interpersonal difficulties, poor social support, living alone, high aggression/impulsivity, negative affect, hopelessness, severe alcoholism, comorbid substance, especially cocaine abuse, serious medical illness, suicidal communication, and prior suicidal behavior. Partner‐relationship disruptions are strongly associated with suicidal behavior in individuals with alcoholism.

4. Distal risk factors for suicidal behavior in alcoholics: replications and new findings

Alec Roy

Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 37(1), 66–77 (1976).

Background: To examine distal risk factors for suicidal behavior in alcoholics. Methods: Two-hundred and eighty alcoholics were interviewed and completed the Childhood Trauma (CTQ) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaires (EPQ). Results: One-hundred and twenty-one of the two-hundred and eighty alcoholics had attempted suicide (42.9%). Significantly more of the attempters were female and had a family history of suicidal behavior. Alcoholics who had attempted were significantly younger and had significantly higher CTQ scores for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. Attempters were significantly more introverted and neurotic on the EPQ. Significantly more alcoholics who had attempted suicide had received antidepressant medication. Limitation: Other possible distal and proximal suicide risk factors were not examined. Conclusion: These results suggest that the suicide risk factor model may be applicable to suicidal behavior in alcoholics. Distal risk factors like childhood trauma, family history of suicide, and introversion may increase an alcoholic’s suicide risk when they experience a proximal or trigger factor like depression.

Hypothesis

Based on literature reviews, there is no strong correlation between alcoholism and breast cancer rates, on the contrary, there is strong correlation between alcoholism and suicide behavior.

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artbyifer · 5 years ago

Photo

Working on making sure the trolls’ bodytypes are distinct.

Note for those new to my xeno headcanons, the circles are not breasts, they are rumble spheres: the trolls equivalent of shoulders. Size generally correlates with strength, and positioning can be an indicator of flexibility as some builds provide more or less range of motion. I have not yet included arms and lower legs, cause they are a hassle to draw and I’m not at the point yet where it is necessary. This would be what they look like when they first reach their adult molts. They will still continue to grow and change throughout their lives, and their relative heights will not remain static.

I am theorizing that lowbloods reach their adult morph sooner, and are therefore the shortest new adults. They’ll soon swing to the largest in their friend groups, as they grow faster than coolbloods. Highbloods will win out in the long run though, since they have more time to just keep growing.

Individual size can vary a lot from those averages though, especially when one is getting on in years and with varying food supplies. I’m going with the backmoulting headcanon, which means that in times of stress or diminished food supply soon before, instead of growing larger the troll will get smaller with the molt. This is apparently something that some insects can do, and allows trolls to choose to stop growing or even shrink over time, which is especially helpful with highbloods since they have enough time to grow too large to function.

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silvokrent · 6 years ago

Text

An excerpt from the zoological text The Hunter’s Encyclopedia of Animals (First Edition).

Chapter VII: Qurupeco

The qurupeco (Cantio sirenius), or peco for short, is a species of equatorial bird wyvern that inhabits the landmasses around the Elde Gulf. It is the smallest of the extant membranalans, averaging in length from 5 meters to 7½ meters (16.4 feet - 24 feet) when the neck and tail are fully extended, with a wingspan of 11 meters (36 feet). It is exceptionally lightweight for its size at 91 kilograms (200 pounds), a result of its pneumatized skeletal system. The qurupeco’s latitudinal limits fall around the Isthmus of Metape, where tropical jungle transitions into the deciduous Shilkore Forest. Its range encompasses the majority of Arcolis’ eastern seaboard, the southern region of the Elde subcontinent, and the islands scattered in-between. It is capable of acclimating to all the biomes within its range, occupying less ideal habitats such as xeric deserts and the foothills of the Latio Volcanic Belt. There exists a healthy breeding population as a result of conservation efforts through the International Hunters’ Guild, intended to reduce the overharvesting of eggs.

The lifespan of the qurupeco is 26 years, with no distinction between the longevity of the sexes. Sexual maturity is reached around 2 years of age and typically follows the adult qurupeco’s second molt. The qurupeco is one of the most specialized members of its clade, as demonstrated by its morphological adaptations to piscivory, its array of antipredator adaptations (deimatic displays, vocal mimicry, and fighting accessories), and its thermoregulatory responses to living in hot or dry environments. Breeding coincides with the commencement of the monsoon season, when precipitation creates ideal and energetically efficient conditions for reproduction. Rainfall triggers a decreased diurnal temperature variation that lessens the metabolic demands of homeostasis. The seasonal flooding of whitewater rivers also leads to a spike in prey abundance, as many fish species migrate to the várzea to feed and spawn. Mortality in the qurupeco mostly involves chicks or eggs as a result of predation, nest collapse, natural disasters, or starvation.

It is impossible for anthropologists to study any aspect of human society — be it theological, economic, or agricultural — without at least a casual mention of the qurupeco. The cultural importance of this bird wyvern persists into the present day, particularly among the inhabitants of Loc Lac and Moga where it is associated with well-being, safe travels, and homecoming. Desert nomads reliably track qurupecos to find sources of water not guarded by barroths, while fishers have come to associate the qurupeco’s songs with mainland. This contrasts with the impressions of sailors from Schrade and Goldora, who feared that it would lure boats toward the shore with its voice and cause them to founder. Despite its reputation amongst seafaring westerners, the qurupeco was considered a novelty by the courts of the Unified Schrade Kingdom. It became custom for minstrels and bards to wear feathered brooches, or don hats with qurupeco plumes, as the qurupeco had become symbolic of gaiety, mischief, and seduction. Such was their popularity that there was a demand amongst nobles to import dwarf pecos from the Moga Archipelago, a demand that traders were reluctant to satisfy given lingering superstitions.

The transoceanic trade route helped secure the qurupeco’s economic importance. Its guano, which is rich in phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium, was a lucrative fertilizer, until it was replaced by the cheaper and more easily mass-produced guano of the domesticated gargwa (Theia orientalis). Eggs are a common delicacy in port towns like Tanzia. The Sea Folk used its carpal scales as an early form of currency, fletched arrows with its feathers, fashioned sailcloths from its wing and tail membranes, and carved fish hooks, awls, and beads from the flints. The flints themselves were used as early fire starters by applying mechanical stress (friction) to the bones. Their piezoelectric properties resulted in an electrical charge from tissue deformation, creating the sparks that were used to light kindling. One legend from central Arcolis, dated to 6,000 years ago, was born from this exact tool-usage. It tells of a qurupeco that took pity on humans and wyverians living under the tyrannical reign of fire-breathing dragons. To liberate them, the qurupeco equipped them with the weapon of their ancient enemy, and taught them the secret of fire.

Scholars have had little success in reaching a definitive conclusion as to the origins of the qurupeco’s name. Currently, there are two theories supported by the linguistic community. The first theory suggests that the qurupeco’s name is an onomatopoeia of its distinctive “coo-roo” alarm call that it performs when confronted by a predator. The other half of its name is based on the harsh “PEH-ko, PEH-ko” call that it makes immediately before its signature boxing attack, in which it brings down its flints and claps them against a predator.

The second theory suggests that the word qurupeco is a poorly-sourced loanword from the Archipelagic language of the Sea Folk. Because the indigenous of Moga practiced oral tradition for thousands of years, there are no written sources to verify the etymology. There is, however, a precedent for common names being derived from indigenous languages. One such example is the akantor, whose name is descended from an extinct language once spoken by the inhabitants of Pokke Village.

Taxonomy and evolution

A phylogenetic analysis of the clade shows that bird wyverns diverged from other theropods 125 - 150 million years ago. Unlike the other two families (the calcatrids and discuvultids) which seem to have radiated out of western Goldora, the Callodigitidae originated from Arcolis, based on fossil records and current distribution. Genetic testing found that the qurupecos are older than the other membranalan families, a conclusion supported by the retention of morphological features lost in the other lineages such as toothed beaks. Close relatives like the yian kut-kus (Discuvultus spp.) and hypnocatrice (Calcatrix rufa) range throughout temperate and tropical forests in Goldorolis and Fonlon, compared to the qurupeco’s narrower dispersal across savanna-desert mosaics, tropical coasts, and insular jungles. The qurupeco is differentiate from other membranalans by the flints, or heavily-modified thumbs on the exterior of the wings, amongst other traits.

It’s thought that membranalans became semi-terrestrial due to selection pressures such as competition with true wyverns.

Subspecies

There are at least 3 recognized subspecies of Cantio sirenius, which differ according to geographic range, size, coloration, and the presence or absence of certain body patterns. This number is controversial, as it’s not clear whether the qurupeco has a high degree of polymorphism, or whether the subspecies-specific phenotypes indicate sympatric speciation (despite the ambiguous reinforcement of breeding between members of the same morph). As a result of this dispute, publications inconsistently give estimates of anywhere from 3 to 7 subspecies, depending on the criteria used by the author.

The verdant qurupeco (C. s. sirenius), the nominate subspecies, occurs in the Sandy Plains, the coastlines of southeastern Arcolis, and the islands throughout the interior Moga Sea. Plumage coloration is majority green, with blue feathers along the nape and the length of the spine. Its appearance is inconsistent across ecosystems, with vegetation and geography heavily influencing the phenotypes of the native morphs. For instance, permanent residents of desert scrubland are considerably paler with dull laurel or yellowish feathers, and have a reduced surface area of blue feathers. These nuanced differences in appearance have been used to justify an upward number of subspecies, as selection pressures would lead to “desert morphs” better adapted to the Sandy Plains, “jungle morphs” adapted to the Flooded Forest, and so on. This is contradicted somewhat by the movements of vagrant populations that will occasionally travel into new areas and breed with the local morphs, thus homogenizing the sedentary population through genetic interchange.

The crimson qurupeco (C. s. versicolor) is endemic to the South Elde Peninsula, the islands throughout the interior Moga Sea, and Arcolis’ southeastern coasts. Its breast and underbelly are cream, while the remainder of the torso is red. The feathers along its nape, as well as the plumes between its shoulders, come in a range of turquoise. Its patagia are noteworthy for being bicolored, with an orange interior membrane contrasted against a light-green exterior. The white- and red-striped auriculars (ear coverts) are exclusive to this subspecies. The pigmentation of C. s. versicolor is believed to be a genetic mutation, and that there exists a correlation between it and allele for auricular stripe expression. This theory is inconclusive and awaits further studies on qurupeco heredity.

The island qurupeco (C. s. minor), more commonly known as the pygmy peco, is only found within the Moga Archipelago. On average, it measures at a height of 5’2” - 5'10” (less than 2 meters), and a length of 12’ (3.6 meters) when the tail and neck are fully extended. The island qurupeco differs from C. s. sirenius in size, with only marginally darker-green plumage. This subspecies is an example of insular dwarfism, having descended from a population of qurupecos that became permanent residents of the island less than 15,000 years ago. The limited availability of resources on the island necessitated a smaller body plan to cope with food shortages, one of the conditions of Foster’s rule. Additionally, small size is advantageous as it shortens generation time, and makes thermoregulation within a tropical environment easier. Despite having wings, island qurupecos seldom fly. When startled, they’ll explode into a short burst of rapid flight. Their diminutive stature lets them take advantage of wing-assisted incline running (or “WAIR”), enabling them to climb steep rocky slopes to escape predators.

Characteristics

The overall shape of the qurupeco is avian, with a pneumatized skeletal system and keeled sternum for muscle anchorage. Despite the retention of adaptations for flight, the qurupeco is semi-terrestrial. Its tridactyl feet have lost the back-facing toe that would have enabled it to perch on branches. To compensate, its feet have become semipalmate, a trait beneficial to striding atop loose substrates such as sand or mud, and wading through water. The upper and lower mandibles of the beak hold 24 teeth each. The teeth are conical and slightly recurved to prevent prey from escaping. The upper mandible of the bill ends in a weak nail, a slight downward curve vaguely reminiscent of the shape seen in balaenicipitid storks. A seamless hollow structure atop the beak — the casque — extends past the nasofrontal hinge and ends in a short, tapered lambeosaurine-like crest. The red gular sac is, contrary to popular belief, not a sexually-selected characteristic, as it is found in all qurupecos regardless of sex. The throat folds can be rapidly expanded and inflated as part of a startle display, or an antipredator bluff.

The wings are membranous and highly-vascularized, co-opted for thermoregulation. Its alar flints are specialized pollical bones, evolved to withstand abrasion and impact trauma. When forced to confront predators, a qurupeco will slam them into an animal using a clapping or “boxing” motion. The patagium, which attaches at the thigh, is entirely featherless. Because the wings lack any sort of propatagia, they are considerably less aerodynamic, less resistant to applied bending loads, and are unable to contribute to the maximum lift coefficient. These deficiencies are offset by the qurupeco’s powerful legs, massive supracoracoideus and pectoralis muscles, and near-constant flapping when aloft. The paddle- or fan-like tail (the rhipidura) features a membrane with almond-shaped eyespots, one on both the dextral and sinistral sides of the tail. In addition to acting as a counterweight for the flints, the qurupeco can unfurl the rhipidura and use it as a rudder.

The trait responsible for the reds, oranges, and yellows of the crimson qurupeco, and the greens and blues of the verdant qurupeco, is a polyenal lipochrome called psittacofulvin. The pigment is unique to the psittacines and the callodigitids, having separately evolved in both theropod lineages. Studies conducted using transmission spectroscopy have shown that psittacofulvin is synthesized within follicular tissue and deposited in the barbs and barbules of the feathers. By itself, this pigment is responsible for the expression of the vibrant colors of C. s. versicolor. In the nominotypical subspecies C. s. sirenius, spongy nanostructured barb cells reflect in either the blue or blue-green wavelength. These spongy structures are enveloped by the psittacofulvin, which acts as a spectral filter by “mixing” its yellow-coloring, blue-absorbing properties. This effect results in the predominant green hues and the concentrated blue plumage on the nape and mantle regions of its body.

Wings

Membraned wings are a homoplastic trait amongst several theropod lineages, notably the true wyverns (Viverna), pseudowyverns (Paradraconia), and scansoriopterygids (genus Yi). Unlike its relatives, whose patagia are supported by elongated digits, the bird wyverns’ wings are a superficial cross between the appendicular skeletons of birds and pterosaurs. With the exception of the pollex (thumb), the fingers are fused into a single structure called the synphalanx that supports the membranalan patagium. It was originally assumed that all, or at least some, extinct bird wyverns used quad launch to vault themselves into the air. This theory failed to gain traction due to little supporting evidence, namely a lack of a disproportionate ratio in forelimb to hindlimb robustness, as would be expected of quad-launching fliers.

Instead, the qurupeco utilizes vertical takeoff to achieve flight. In the preliminary phase, the qurupeco moves its wings upward in a “clap” position, while contracting the appropriate muscles in its powerful legs. At the same time, bone alignment contributes to the preparatory phase through a pitch down of the trunk and a flexion of the ankles, hips, and knees. The crouching movement stores elastic energy released during the propulsive leg push-off and contributes to leg muscle loading. During leg push, the wings contribute little, if any aerodynamic lift; meanwhile, the entire lower musculoskeletal system extends to assist with forward momentum. At the moment the feet leave the ground, the upward movement increases airflow over the lifting surfaces, which allows “clap-and-fling” to generate enough lift for positive vertical flight. The height provided by the initial leg push lets the wings make a complete stroke without touching the ground. Once clear of the ground, the qurupeco can transition to level flight and the more economically-energetic steady-state aerodynamics mode. Kinematic analysis of liftoff and landing found wingbeat amplitude and frequency to be at its highest during takeoff.

Casque

Internal anatomy of the qurupeco’s cranial appendages was first described through radiography. The interior of the casque is hollow, supported by bony ridges and rods. It ends in a hollow, tubular crest that protrudes slightly past the base of the skull. Together, the casque and connective crest work to amplify the qurupeco’s calls. Rapid expansion and contraction of the flexible sides of the casque changes the air volume in the cavity, creating a resonance chamber.

Syrinx

The qurupeco derives its binomen from the syrinx, a duplex vocal organ located at the base of the trachea. It is surrounded by an air sac which permits the syrinx to act as a resonating chamber for sound. Its proximity to the lungs results in a structure where the trachea bifurcates into two primary bronchi. Unlike the larynx of non-membranalan and non-avian tetrapods, the syrinx is composed of highly-specialized cartilaginous structures, connective tissue masses, membranes, and numerous muscles. Sound is the result of a self-oscillating system of airflow that produces vibrations of the membrana tympaniformis (the walls of the syrinx) and the pessulus (a delicate bar of cartilage at the vertex of the bronchi). Qurupecos vary air pressure to influence the tension of the aforementioned tissues, resulting in changes to sound shape, loudness, and pitch. Because of the syrinx’s forked shape and position relative to the lungs, qurupecos can achieve lateralization of song and produce two simultaneous sounds.

Like many passerines and psittacines, the qurupeco can mimic ambient noise. Sound acquisition starts through social learning, with chicks imitating their parents and any neighboring adults within the loosely-associated flock. As the qurupeco matures, it expands upon its vocal repertoire by mimicking the sounds of different species, including other predators. To date, the qurupeco is the only species outside of the hominins that demonstrates predator diversion and misdirection behavior. Researchers have extensively documented instances of qurupecos scaring potential threats (either nest thieves or larger carnivores) away by replicating the sounds of sympatric megafauna. The subject of one study involved a brooding qurupeco that successfully deterred jaggis by replicating the calls of common raths. The fidelity of its mimetic calls is so accurate as to make discerning them from their sources near-impossible, as evidenced by members of the mimicked species sometimes investigating.

As a member of the clade Membranala, the qurupeco is a poor flier. Although capable of evading most terrestrial animals, when confronted by other volant predators flight becomes insufficient. In scenarios where camouflage isn’t available and it would be otherwise overtaken while fleeing, a qurupeco will attempt to solicit intervention from larger carnivores by mimicking their vocalizations. Species that demonstrate high levels of intraspecific territoriality and aggression (diablos, tigrexes, barroths, et cetera) will respond to what they perceive as an intruding conspecific. A team of Guild ethologists studying call-response effectiveness in the Flooded Forest found that in 140 trials, other predators investigated the qurupeco’s call on 95 separate accounts, or roughly 67.85% of the time. Of those 95 instances, the arrival proceeded to attack the qurupeco’s original assailant, while the qurupeco successfully fled 80 times (84.21%). During one of those trials a rathian was summoned in response to not another predator, but rather the field team, which had ventured too close.

In addition to rendering the calls of other animals, qurupecos can mimic a wide range of human sounds such as gunshots, airship engines, hunting horns, and even spoken language. Anatomical constraints limit its ability to accurately replicate certain sounds like labial consonants [m p b f v].

The evolution of this specialized function of the syrinx is contentious, as it directly violates the learning mistakes hypothesis. This model explains the convergent acquisition of vocal mimicry in many bird species as accidental, rather than selected for. In general, songbirds learn their species-specific songs by comparing songs they hear to a mental template. Sounds that fall within the parameters of their template are learned, while sounds outside it are disregarded. In avian species with complex songs and relaxed-parameter templates, heterospecific songs and ambient sounds that are auditory matches get copied by mistake. The qurupeco’s ability to not only learn, but selectively employ and tailor its diverse mimetic repertoire as an anti-predator strategy, makes this the first case of vocal Batesian mimicry. The greater implication is a question of the qurupeco’s intelligence, which has been speculated to be on par with that of corvids.

Behavior

To contend with temperature, qurupecos exhibit crepuscular behavior, limiting their activity to dusk and dawn. While an accurate generalization, it doesn’t entirely account for individuals that live in areas with dense forest canopies or access to highly-stratified vegetation that offers shade. In places with ample relief from heat stress, qurupecos can become more active during daylight hours. At night, the qurupeco relies on unihemispheric short-wave sleep (USWS). One half of the brain enters a state of subconsciousness while the other hemisphere (and the opposite eye) remain alert. This mechanism allows the animal to rest and avoid predation. Ethologically, the qurupeco is an important animal of study as it boasts a wide number of anti-predator adaptations, including the exaptation of its gular sac as a deimatic accessory. By rapidly inflating the skin at its throat, the qurupeco can appear larger than it actually is, and buy itself time to:

• Scare away smaller carnivores • Flee from larger predators • Wait for larger animals to respond to its mimetic calls

Intraspecific interactions

Qurupecos are communal-parasocial. During the breeding season, interactions are limited to the breeding pair and parent-chick dynamics. Otherwise they are somewhat gregarious, willing to fish in semi-associated temporary “flocks” that contain anywhere from 4 to 20 individuals. These congregations occur at bodies of water where food is abundant, with the qurupecos spaced about 21 meters (70 feet) apart. Foraging groups like this usually disband after several days. Groupings like this are thought to be advantageous as there’s relative safety in numbers. In the presence of sea-dwelling predators, congregations of three or more qurupecos may engage in cooperative interspecific kleptoparasitism. Insular and coastal individuals have been observed harassing plesioths (Plesichthys coxa) to steal their food, as they aren’t able to fetch fish from the sea floor themselves.

Hunting and diet

As a piscivorous animal, the majority of the qurupeco’s diet consists of aquatic vertebrates fished from brackish, salt, and fresh water. Prey-capture is conducted from along the shoreline or the banks of rivers/lakes, or (more seldomly) from wading within the water itself. Its eyes are forward-facing in spite of their lateral placement, giving the qurupeco both a wide field of view and the binocular vision necessary for gauging depth. Along with visual adaptations for prey acquisition, C. sirenius has evolved self-correcting behaviors to account for disparities between perceived and actual prey location underwater. Light refraction at the air-water interface causes submerged objects to appear to an aerial observer along the line of refraction, or higher relative to where it actually is, in accordance with Snell’s law. The issue of light refraction is circumvented by the qurupeco’s ability to spatially reposition its eyes through two distinct phases of head movement: pre-strike (velocity 52 cm/s, trajectory at a 60° angle to the vertical) and strike (velocity 270 cm/s, mean path angle 33°), until the prey’s real (actual) and apparent (perceived) depth are linearly corrected. The point between these two phases in which path angle and velocity change, termed point-of-strike (STR), is the stage at which corrections for refraction are made, as determined by the qurupeco’s eye height above water relative to the two depths.

In arid ecosystems, the qurupeco hunts within riparian zones for prey such as western chubs, popfish, sushifish, trout, pikeminnows, and barbels. While it primarily eats fish, it’s known to feed opportunistically on other animals, including amphibians, crayfish, small lizards, and the occasional rodent. Coastal dwelling qurupecos are accustomed to feeding on armorfish fry, glutton tuna (Thunnus vorator), Moga tuna (Katsuwonus katsuo), whetfish, sea bass, smelts, and mullets, along with crustaceans such as the Atlantis crab (Portunus lapicrustatus).

Qurupecos that reside in tropical rainforests and floodplains incorporate the largest percentage of fish compared to nonpiscine prey in their diet. Trees that grow along the water’s edge have evolved to rely on ichthyochory (seed dispersal via fish) in order to reproduce and avoid competing with their offspring. Many fish species adapted to feeding on the fruit congregate in these river galleries, a fact which is so noteworthy as to be reflected in their names (like the scatterfish, Brycon fragilis, named for its mutualistic role in “scattering” the seeds of the fruit that it consumes). Qurupecos exploit these locations for their relatively easy access to perches, carps, roaches, tilapias, and piranhas. They also fish for non-frugivorous species like burst arowanas (Osteoglossum autothysia), red-finned arowanas (Osteoglossum esculentum), fen catfish (Palustincola gravis), and mummichogs.

Enemies and competitors

As no other bird wyverns occur within the qurupeco’s range, there is no precedent for the types of interactions between them. Scientists speculate that in transitionary ecosystems that represent an intermediary subtropical-temperate gradient (such as the Metape-Shilkore interface), qurupecos may rarely come across south-ranging membranalans such as yian kut-kus and yian garugas (Discuvultus malevolus). In these hypothetical encounters, the kut-ku and qurupeco would likely ignore each other, as the kut-ku is an arthropod specialist. The yian garuga, however, is carnivorous and actively hunts animals half its size (including the yian kut-ku), suggesting a similar predatory interaction with the qurupeco.

Desert-adapted qurupecos face predation from a small handful of species, most notably pseudowyverns such as the tigrexes (Abinferno rex and brutum) and the sand barioth (Electodon xeros). During high-intensity droughts, raths (Mandibulaformia terribilis) expand their prey inventory to incorporate qurupecos, despite the qurupeco having a lower fat content in comparison to their staple prey, aptonoths (Parasaurolophus cristatus) and rhenoplos (Monceratops petroides). Disputes between the qurupeco and desert barroth (Aratrum limus) occur near bodies of water, where the barroth charges at the qurupeco for intruding at its wallowing site. Territorial provocations usually end with the barroth emerging as the victor, forcing the qurupeco to flee with sustained injuries 40% of the time.

Qurupecos found in várzea forests and along coastlines are susceptible to predation from a number of semiaquatic predators. Lagiacrus (Heres jormungandrii), plesioths (Plesichthys coxa), and (to a lesser extent) gobuls will seize qurupecos at the water’s edge. Attacks by any of these animals are always fatal, as the result of blood loss, asphyxiation, or drowning. There are few accounts of nargacugas (Xyrafiptera spp.) interacting with qurupecos, as they primarily target small ungulates and immature vipracanids, and of the two co-occurring species only one (the green nargacuga, Xyrafiptera glaucus) is active at the same time of day as the qurupeco. There is at least one record of defecated qurupeco remains found in nargacuga stool, suggesting that predation or at the very least scavenging on carrion does happen.

The main source of fatality in qurupecos is from nest thieves. Immature and subadult jaggis (Magnaraptor ebrius) and wroggis (Magnaraptor paluster) will take advantage of unattended nests during periods of food scarcity, when both parents are required to forage and are unable to guard the eggs or chicks. Ludroths may dig out nests located near banks or attempt to hunt subadult qurupecos, when they’re still small enough to take without risk of injury. The deviljho (Daemon vorax) is a recurring threat to qurupeco wherever both species overlap, with the sole exception being the Moga Archipelago and its outlying islands.

Attacks on hunters

Most incidents are the result of unintentional provocation. The majority of documented attacks on humans, wyverians, and lynians are the result of stumbling upon a nest with eggs or chicks. Qurupecos seem to regard people in the same capacity as dog wyverns, and will try to scare them away by screaming at them, inflating their gular sac, or kicking up sand. A failure on the part of people to retreat leads to the next tier of antipredator behaviors: boxing with the wings, followed by mimetic solicitation. Despite the somewhat reclusive nature of this animal, encounters between them and people are relatively common. Oology (egg collecting) is still a popular pastime, and qurupeco eggs are highly prized for their coloration. Guild palicos are sometimes loaned out to poulters to harvest eggs from nests, an arrangement which helps to regulate the number of eggs harvested per year, while also protecting non-hunters from injury and satisfying the market demand for them.

The ecotourism industry offers guided tours through qurupecos’ fishing grounds. All attendees are required to sign a waiver and are instructed on how to conduct themselves, so as to not cause the qurupeco to summon larger carnivores. With that being said, the Guild reports an average number of fifty hunters dispatched per year in response to SOS distress signals. Fatalities are rare and indirectly attributed to the qurupeco, as the majority of victims were killed by the larger creature summoned by it. All the same, the qurupeco is still capable of administering contusions and bone fractures.

Reproduction and life cycle

Breeding begins at the onset of the monsoon or wet season, when rainfall dramatically increases and causes a 10 - 15 meter rise in water level. During this time, male qurupecos construct display platforms (open arena mounds) surrounded by dense bush, fashioned out of soil or a pile of branches. Over the steady patter of rain, the males’ calls can be heard as far as a mile from their point of origin. Their performance incorporates every memorized sound at their disposal, in conjunction with various dances. Their ability to weave complex songs is a testament to their fitness, which surveying females attempt to gauge before making an approach. Should a female enter the arena and approach the male, both bird wyverns will engage in reciprocal displays such as synchronized head-tossing, billing, and mutual preening. A successful courtship is signaled by the female regurgitating food from her crop, as a gesture of approval. Copulation immediately follows.

Prior to ovulation, the male scrapes out a depression in the ground. The site for the nest varies depending on the ecosystem: in forests, at the base of a tree trunk between the buttress roots; in scrub, within a dense patch of grass or mesquite thicket; in open areas (coastlines, seaward cliffs), near bushes or underneath overhanging rocks. The only consistency across regions is that the nest needs to be built high enough to avoid being washed away by seasonal inundations. Nests are often reinforced with leaflitter or detritus harvested by the female, to help conceal the depression against the surrounding substrate. Down feathers plucked from the parents’ breasts can also be used for insolation and camouflage. The eggs are round or subtly-ovular, and average in size at a height of 12 inches (30 and a half centimeters) and a width of 10.6 inches (27 centimeters). Coloration is generally cream to gray, with streaks or speckling from the red- and brown-producing pigment protoporphyrin that helps disguise the eggs. A clutch can contain as many as five eggs, which are incubated in shifts by both parents. The green coloration of C. s. sirenius is especially advantageous in forested ecosystems, as it allows the brooding parents to conceal themselves and the nest by blending into the surrounding foliage. The incubation period lasts about 4 - 5 weeks.

Chicks remain in the attendance of their parents for the next two months. They are moderately precocial, capable of running within days of hatching, and lofting onto meter-high ledges a week after. Chicks learn to fish from both parents and are able to feed themselves within a week, although the parents still provide the majority of their food. When accompanying their parents on fishing expeditions, one of the adults may freeze and hide them underneath their legs or wings if predators are present, while the other qurupeco will try to ward them off. Given the high mortality rate in chicks, only 3 are estimated to survive into adolescence. At the end of the wet season, the qurupecos begin to disperse away from their parents.

Health

Diseases and parasites

Unlike its theropod relatives, the qurupeco has neither the uropygial or elaiopteral glands of birds and ailurmorphs, nor the pulviplumes (powder down) of certain species. To maintain feather integrity, the qurupeco bathes in sandy or dusty substrates. It will crouch over the soil and wriggle its body/flap its wings, sending up a large cloud of dust into the air. Afterward, it will shake the excess particles from its feathers to remove debris and dry skin, which preserves its plumage’s flexibility and insulative properties. Frequent dust baths are also thought to smother ectoparasites such as lice and mites, and prevent fungal growth.

Another function of psittacofulvin is that feathers pigmented by it resist bacterial degradation.

Distribution and habitat

The presence of qurupecos in any given place is contingent on there being bodies of water capable of supporting fish. Reliable food supplies have allowed this species to diversify across much of Arcolis and the southern Elde subcontinent, into an array of biome subtypes. An incomplete list — based on documented occurrences — includes desert shrublands, xeric shrublands, matorral scrublands, várzea forests, tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, montane forests, mangrove forests, and Moga cloud forests. Their altitudinal distribution can fluctuate during rainy and dry seasons, to accommodate anticipated changes in water level and to avoid flash floods at arroyos.

There are unconfirmed rumors that qurupecos have been found as far south as Aya. Assessment of these rumors has been difficult, as the Ayan people are part of a voluntary-isolationist nation. Attempts through the Guild to act as a liaison and broker entry into their borders have been largely unsuccessful.

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northstarsurgery · 6 years ago

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Breast Cancer in Women

Women are often perceived as weak, but nothing could be further from the truth since they are strong, energetic, multitasking, active, motherly, intelligent, professional, and beautiful beings, who bring human life into the world. However, due to day-to-day stress and other daily life hassles, women omit their health and it becomes more difficult for them to follow the path of a healthy lifestyle. The second cause of death for women in the United States is breast cancer, but science has different tools in hand to fight it. Going through breast cancer surgery might have a high emotional impact on women, but there are many cutting-edge breast treatments available in Texas.

“Breast cancer starts when cells in the breast begin to grow out of control. These cells usually form a tumor that can often be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump. The tumor is malignant (cancer) if the cells can grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body”.

American Cancer Society. (2017, September 21). About breast cancer [PDF]. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/CRC/PDF/Public/8577.00.pdf

There are many minimally invasive types of breast treatment and breast surgery available for patients that have a malignant tumor in their breasts nowadays.

Prevention

No scientific research to date proves that breast cancer can be prevented; however, some scientific research supports the idea of reducing the risk of developing breast cancer in women by living a healthier lifestyle and following certain guidelines supported by breast cancer surgery specialists, such as:

Moderate alcohol intake. Alcoholic drinks increase hormone levels associated with breast cancer.“Compared to women who do not drink, women who consume three alcoholic beverages per week have a 15% higher risk of breast cancer”- American Cancer Society.

Drinking alcohol. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.breastcancer.org/risk/factors/alcohol

Not smoking. Accumulating evidence suggests a link between smoking and breast cancer, particularly in premenopausal women. In addition, not smoking is one of the best things women can do for their overall health.

Weight management. Being overweight increases the risk of breast cancer. This is especially true if obesity occurs later in life, particularly after menopause.

Exercising. Physical activity is necessary and can help to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Breastfeeding. A high number of women who breastfeed have hormonal changes during lactation that delay their menstrual periods. In women, exposure to different hormones like estrogen can endorse breast cancer cell growth, but breastfeeding can reduce that risk.

Choosing hormone therapy wisely. When women take hormone therapy for more than three to five years, it increases their risk of breast cancer. If the patient is taking hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms, she should ask a specialist about other options like non-hormonal therapy and medications.

Reducing the exposure to radiation and environmental pollution. Lower the exposure to these health hazards by having radiation tests performed only when there is no other choice or by avoiding working or living in environments that are highly polluted or affected by radiation.

In order to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, it is necessary to clarify different doubts and myths about it. A breast surgery specialist can also clarify any questions the patient might have about any myths related to breast cancer and breast surgery.

Myth #1

Most cases of breast cancer are caused by inheritance.

Reality

Only 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are inherited. According to the American Cancer Society, about 8 to 10 women who have breast cancer do not have a family history of this disease.

Myth #2

No matter what you do, nothing reduces the risk of developing breast cancer.

Reality

Having a healthy lifestyle can have an impact on reducing breast cancer risk. If the patient has a healthy weight, exercises regularly, moderates alcohol intake and does not smoke or quits, he or she can keep the risk of developing cancer as low as it can be.

Myth #3

Consuming dairy causes cancer

Reality

This myth is very popular, but the correlation between dairy intake and an increased risk of breast cancer is misleading. Over many decades, studies have shown that dairy consumption does not increase the risk of breast cancer.

It is important to know how to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, but it is equally important to perform a breast self-exam (BSE) every month and a mammogram every year. It does not only work to detect benign and malign tumors early on, but it could also represent a wake-up call to save a life and it is critical to observe the different options with your breast cancer specialist.

It is better to perform the BSE about one to two weeks after the monthly period when the breasts are less tender or swollen. If the patient has irregular periods, is going through menopause, or is pregnant, it is better to choose a specific day of the month to do it and maybe set an alarm on a phone to remember it. If the patient finds a lump, it's critical to ask a breast cancer specialist, but it is also important to avoid panicking about it since about 80% of lumps found through BSE are not cancerous. Moreover, the breast cancer specialist can inform the patient about many breast cancer treatment options or if necessary, offer one of the many innovative types of breast cancer surgery that are less invasive than ever before.

How to do a Breast Self-Exam?

Step 1: Touch

It should not be performed during a bath or with any lotion on the skin or fingers.

Lie down and place a small pillow or folded towel under your right shoulder. Put your right hand behind your head. Place your left hand on the upper portion of your right breast with fingers together and flat, focusing on feeling through the index, middle, and ring finger pads.

Following a clockwise movement, start moving your hand at 12 o'clock and move toward 1 o'clock in small circular motions. Continue doing the movement until 12 o'clock is reached again. Keep your fingers flat and in constant contact with your breast. When the circle is complete, move in 1 inch toward the nipple and complete another circle in clockwise motion. Continue following this pattern until the entire breast is examined. Make sure to feel the upper outer areas that extend into the armpit.

Put the fingers flat and directly on top of your nipple. Apply some slight pressure to the nipple to look for any changes beneath. Gently press your nipple inward; it should move easily.

Roll on to your right side and repeat these steps on your left breast, using your right hand. Don’t forget to check the upper, outer area of the breast, nearest to the armpit.

Step 2: Look

It is not only important to touch during the BSE; it is also important to look at the shape of both breasts in front of a mirror. The patient should look at any type of changes in different positions, viewing from the right and left sides as well as facing forward. But the patient might wonder, what should I look for? Changes in shape (size), skin (rash, redness, puckering, dimpling, or orange-peel-textured appearance), nipples (sudden inversion, scaliness, redness, itching, swelling, or discharge), vein patterns (increase in size or number), etc.

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mahmoudbolton24-blog · 6 years ago

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HERE Ideal Strategies To Obtain A BIGGER, HARDER Penis Like POR Naturally

Organizers at Kings County Bar confirmed with us last night that (the Brooklyn's Smallest Penis contest) is actually taking place: The contest is normally completely taking place this Saturday. Formula plus VigRx helps to make your erection more powerful and your penis bigger, because today more bloodstream can come to the corpa carvenosa. An accurate dimension that correlates with the requirement of 2.5 SD below the tradition for age group skutki uboczne, plus external and internal organs of an XY karyotype can be adequate proof to support a analysis of micropenis. Manhattan-based double panel qualified plastic cosmetic surgeon, David Shafer, MD, FACS introduces the Shafer Width And Width (T.Watts.A.G) male organ enhancement procedure at Shafer Plastic material Surgery & Laser beam Middle in Manhattan. A guy with a micropenis may struggle to whether inform a potential partner about his anatomy before they possess sex-and his partner, in switch, might not really understand the proper” way to react. We possess people stressing about the size of the penis in connection opinie na forum to the size of their masculinity and power. Most critics of the product SizeGenetics rave about the truth that this item is certainly composed of two elements: the device itself and a penis exercise program. Nevertheless, relating to latest quantities , the quantity of men baring their souls (amongst various other items) to penis enlargement surgeons is usually up. And, during a latest presentation given in Chennai by Korean doctor Nam Cheol Recreation skutki uboczne, area - who exhibited such latest developments in the field as silicon implants and acid injections - the famous andrologist posited that "penile augmentation is normally now simply because safe as breast augmentation". 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There are various other things you can do in the bedroom with a female apteka, and LOTS of things to do outside the bedroom that mean a complete lot more to us. Yes there are some shallow girls demanding 7+ inch penises but the majority of them aren't worth the time of day anyway. This doesn't mean penis procedure actually a practical solution for numerous medical indications like e.g. a penile prosthesis in case of total penigun erection problems (erectile disorder), circumcision in case of serious foreskin constriction (phimosis) but for enlagement only, there are much less dangerous methods with great benefits as well. Male organ enhancement pills possess become the actual helpers of men who are not really pleased with their manhood size but avoid desire to use effective synthetic medicines or go through operation. 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lupinepublishers · 4 years ago

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Lupine Publishers | Carbon Nanotubes: Exploring Intrinsic Medicinal Activities and Biomedical Applications

Lupine Publishers | Open Access Journal of Oncology and Medicine (OAJOM)

Introduction

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paleorecipecookbook · 6 years ago

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CT Scans and Cancer: What Are the Risks?

The doctor orders a CT scan for your recurring abdominal pain. When you ask about radiation, she assures you that the dose is low and that CTs are safe. But are they? Is there a connection between CT scans and cancer?

Read on to learn about the increasing use of CT scans, the cancer risks associated with even just one scan, and why children are especially susceptible to radiation hazards.

The Real Cost of a CT Scan

Computed tomography, or CT, scans can provide valuable diagnostic information, but at a cost—they deliver ionizing radiation, a known human carcinogen. The radiation breaks chemical bonds in tissue molecules, which frees charged ions that can damage DNA and ultimately increase the risk of cancer.

We are exposed to a small level of background radiation all the time, naturally occurring radiation in our environment from cosmic rays, rocks and soil, and even other living things. Background radiation accounts for around 3 mSv (millisievert, the unit for radiation measurement) per year, per person. To get an idea of how CT radiation compares, consider the following estimated doses delivered for different scans: (1, 2, 3)

10 mSv for an abdominal CT

10 mSv for a CT colonography

12 mSv for a whole-body CT

Up to 106 mSv for a trauma patient’s CT scans

1–10 mSv for a coronary arterial calcification scan

But there are important nuances associated with these estimates. First, radiation doses for typical scans vary widely by medical center. A retrospective cross-sectional study found up to 13-fold variations in radiation dose for commonly performed scans, depending on the type of scan and where it was performed. (And the centers weren’t spread across the country—they were concentrated within the San Francisco Bay Area.) (4)

Second, the dose delivered is not necessarily the dose each organ receives. The amount of radiation absorbed by each organ, taking into consideration its radiosensitivity, is known as “effective dose” and is measured in milligrays (mGy). For example, during a CT angiogram, the breast can receive an organ-specific dose of 51 mGy, while the lungs receive 64 mGy. (5) A mGy is approximately equal to a mSv, which means that the breast tissue can receive an effective radiation dose equal to 17 years’ worth of background radiation during one angiogram.

What’s the link between CT scans and cancer? Are the radiation doses high enough to cause concern? If you have a scan scheduled or are considering one, check out this article for more information on the risks involved with this procedure.

What Are the Risks When It Comes to CT Scans and Cancer?

In an attempt to quantify cancer risks from CT scans, the National Research Council in 2006 calculated that every 10 mSv of radiation exposure increases the lifetime risk of cancer by 0.1 percent. (6) Other studies have calculated that the risk of a single CT scan causing cancer later in life can range from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 2,000 to as high as 1 in 80. (7, 8)

Clearly it’s difficult to pinpoint exact cancer risks, but there is no question that they exist.

Some of the factors that influence cancer risk include the following:

Type of CT scan: As I mentioned above, some scans emit more radiation than others. Scans for a trauma patient, for example, can emit up to 106 mSv.

Number of CT scans: More scans equal more radiation and a greater cancer risk.

Which organs are exposed: Some organs, like the esophagus, breast, thyroid, and bladder, are more susceptible to radiation damage, while others like the pancreas and prostate are less so. (9, 10)

Age during exposure: Damaged cells have more time to develop into cancerous cells in younger patients. The lifetime risk of cancer from 11 common CT scan types for a 20-year-old is about twice as high compared to the risk for a 40-year-old. (11) And the risks are even higher for children (discussed below).

Sex: In general, females are more susceptible to radiation damage than males.

Currently, the lifetime risk of cancer for any individual is around 1 in 5, or 400 in 2,000. Though it may sound miniscule, the risk of a later cancer as a result of single CT scan goes up to 401 in 2,000. (12) That’s a small, but non-negligible, risk, especially when considering the harms and costs to overall public health. If growing numbers of people are getting CT scans, that seemingly tiny fraction of an increase—from 400 to 401—essentially means an increase in cancer diagnoses across the population.

Many people and organizations believe that this small cancer risk is well worth the benefits of a CT scan, which might be medically necessary if it’s truly the only way for a doctor to assess and treat a life-threatening condition, especially in an emergency. Small doses of radiation might even be beneficial through hormesis, an advantageous response to an acute stressor, similar to the benefit of intense exercise. The body can often repair DNA damage from small doses of radiation, but we don’t know how this ability varies among people of different ages and health statuses. (13)

Risks Are Much Higher for Children

CT scans in children should be approached with extra caution. Many large studies have demonstrated a strong link between childhood CT scans and cancer later in life.

In a large British study of over 175,000 children, those who were exposed to a cumulative radiation dose of at least 30 mGy had over the three times the risk of developing leukemia and over 2.5 times the risk of developing brain cancer compared to children exposed to 5 mGy or less. (14) Multiple CT scans during childhood increase the risks of other cancers, too, in the 10 years following the first scan. (15, 16)

In 2018, a massive meta-analysis reviewed 18 studies and reported that CT scans in children correlated with increased brain tumor risk in a dose-dependent manner, meaning that the risk increased along with increased radiation exposure. (17)

Other points of view argue that several studies failed to properly adjust for confounding factors, and that once adjustments were made for family history, reasons for scan, and other factors, the cancer risk from CT scans in children was no longer significant. (18, 19) Regardless, it’s hard to argue against lowering carcinogen exposure in young children whenever possible.

Overuse and Too Much Radiation: The Danger of CT Scans

Although the FDA oversees the approval of CT scanners, how the scanners are used is largely controlled by each individual medical center. CT scans have become a routine diagnostics procedure, often chosen over lower-quality x-ray images and longer scan times in MRIs. In the ER, doctors regularly order multiple CTs before even meeting a patient.

All in all, it’s estimated that up to one-quarter of all CT scans might be unnecessary. (20)

Recent efforts have been made to reduce unnecessary CTs and lower the average radiation dose per scan. The FDA manages a program called the Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure from Medical Imaging. (21) It educates doctors and patients on the risks and benefits of scans, increases patient awareness of radiation exposure, and encourages lower doses and fewer CT scans.

The American College of Radiology Dose Index Registry allows medical centers to compare their CT radiation dose indices to others in an anonymous database. (22) In studies of facilities who consulted the registry data, median dose reductions of up to 30 percent were observed.

Other research has demonstrated that higher resolution scans are not always necessary to correctly diagnose. Two radiologists at Massachusetts General Hospital determined that only one-quarter of the usual radiation was required to correctly identify abnormal growths in lung tissue. (23) Likewise, in pediatric CT scans, only one-half to one-quarter of the common radiation dose may be necessary to achieve the same diagnostic utility. (24) For blunt trauma to the chest in pediatric patients, a CT scan might not even be necessary unless an x-ray is very inconclusive. (25)

Use Your BRAIN

The risk of cancer from CT scan radiation is small, but non-negligible. Before agreeing to a CT scan, consider using your BRAIN.

BRAIN, an acronym tool prevalent in the birthing and doula communities, is a great exercise for making any medical decision.

B – Benefits: What are the benefits of doing this procedure? Will the results change the treatment decision?

R – Risks: What are the risks?

A – Alternatives: Are there any alternatives?

I – Intuition: What is your intuition saying?

N – Now/Nothing: What happens if we do nothing for the time being? Can the decision be delayed for now?

If you are looking for an alternative, rapid-sequence MRI or ultrasound may be effective choices for you. (26) If a CT is necessary, ask if it is possible to scan a smaller area, reduce the radiation emitted, and/or decrease the resolution. In children, make sure the exposure parameters will be adjusted for their smaller weight and size.

Compared to the lifetime risk of cancer for an individual, a CT scan adds a very small but still significant risk. Obviously, many other factors are at play in determining one’s overall cancer risk, including lifestyle, diet, environmental toxin exposure, and stress. Still, it makes sense to lower your risk where you can.

Now I’d like to hear from you. If you have had a CT scan, did your doctor inform you of the radiation risk? Did you ever request an alternative to a CT scan for a child? Are you concerned about a connection between CT scans and cancer? Let me know in the comments!

The post CT Scans and Cancer: What Are the Risks? appeared first on Chris Kresser.

Source: http://chriskresser.com October 25, 2018 at 12:43AM

#paleo #recipe #food #delicious #healthy #yum #diet

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amberwellnessgroup · 3 years ago

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Hormone health is an important topic that can affect everyone throughout their lifetime. Some common symptoms of hormone imbalance are irritability, acne, low libido, unwanted hair growth, unwanted weight gain (especially around the abdomen), uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, recurrent miscarriage, infertility, endometriosis, and some cancers, to name a few. Hormones can be affected by many things such as stress, diet, chemical exposures, and genetics. Having your hormones in balance, can help you be a healthy, happy, adaptable person.

One hormone that gets a lot of attention is estrogen. Estrogen is a lovely hormone that helps regulate the menstrual cycle, is responsible for breast development, and plays a role in bone health, among others. However, because it generally promotes growth in the body, it can be dangerous if left unchecked. One way to balance estrogen dominance is by increasing progesterone. Another way is to limit exposure to xeno- estrogens in your environment. Lastly, adipose (fat) cells also produce estrogen. So, keeping active and maintaining a healthy weight can benefit your hormones greatly.

A piece of the puzzle with estrogen is also its relationship to another well-known hormone, progesterone. Ideally you want to have 100-200 (some argue 300) times more progesterone than estrogen. So, monitoring this ratio can be pivotal in balancing an estrogen dominance picture. We naturally produce less progesterone as we age. However, there are other factors that can deplete progesterone as well. One known correlation is with cortisol, our stress hormone. If we are always under stress and making cortisol, we steal progesterone from the hormone pool (see hormone cascade below) and end up with progesterone insufficiency. Additionally, as women hit menopause their cardiovascular risk goes up, as does men’s risk. Again, referencing the hormone cascade below, you can see the relationship between progesterone and aldosterone. Dr. Lisa also further details this connection with adrenal health and hypertension in the heart health article within this newsletter. Bio-identical progesterone is one possible treatment to get you feeling better while working on the overarching picture of what lead you here. Lastly, progesterone can also play a big role in fertility and pregnancy maintenance. Low progesterone is one of the most common reasons for first trimester miscarriages. It is also a reason for irregular cycle lengths and spotting.

Testosterone is another famous hormone. Testosterone gets blamed for a lot of negative things, but all humans need testosterone to varying degrees. It is responsible for penis and testes development, facial hair growth, it also helps with muscle size, bone strength, and sex drive. High testosterone is commonly a piece of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in women. Within the context of PCOS there are some fantastic herbs that can help lower levels, like stinging nettles. Conversely, low testosterone can be related to stress and cortisol production, through the adrenal endocrine pathway. So, using tools to combat stress and promote your parasympathetic nervous system will support hormone balance as well. One of the most accessible ways to do this is through meditation.

Luckily there are many ways to investigate and support your sex hormones and get you back to feeling active, energetic, and engaged. Here are the easy take away points:

Use an app like Think Dirty to decrease xeno-estrogen and carcinogenic chemicals in your home.

Exercise regularly to combat stress, balance testosterone, and to avoid more estrogen producing fat cells.

Avoid animal proteins that aren’t grass-fed, organic, and free of hormones.

Drink green tea to reduce estrogen levels.

If you have known PCOS, drink nettle tea to help reduce testosterone levels.

Partake in restful, restorative activities to reduce cortisol.

Learn more - Wellness Services And Cancer Therapies

#men's wellness care #women wellness #womens wellness care #children wellness care #Cancer Therapy

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biomedgrid · 5 years ago

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Biomed Grid | Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Characterization and Role in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation

IntroductionDepression, Anxiety, Stress and Fear

Cerebral Arteriovenous malformations (cAVMs) are characterized by “nidus”, which is a group of abnormally dilated blood vessels, due to aberrant angiogenesis and vascular re modeling [1]. Histopathological and molecular analysis of these CAVMs revealed higher level of angiogenic factors and vascular cytokines of the cAVMs [2,3]. Concentrated effects of angiogenic and inflammatory factors, which include angiopoietin-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), and IL-6 contribute towards maintaining the angiogenic phenotype of the cAVMs [4,5].

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), derived from bone marrow, plays an indispensable role in initiating and promoting abnormal tumor vasculogenesis by either secreting paracrine factors or by incorporating directly into the vasculature [6,7]. Stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a chemokine that is thought to be associ ated with recruitment of EPCs [8]. Therefore, SDF-1 could induce differentiation and proliferation of endothelial cells along with its synergistic effect on VEGF on inducing neo-angiogenesis [9]. There exist a few literatures investigating the role of EPCs in the cAVMs, therefore, we did a systematic review to understand the molecular impact of EPCs in influencing the disease progression and vascular remodeling [10].

Methods

A systematic search of electronic databases which included “PubMed”, “EMBASE”, “Google Scholar”, and “Science Direct” from January 1st, 1990 to May 31st, 2019. Different MeSH terms were searched which included, “Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs)”, “Arteriovenous Malformations”, and “Stromal-cell derived factor-1”. The studies investigating the role of EPCs in cAVMs in humans were included. Experimental studies on rats and AVM other than brain were excluded for our review. The data was extracted by one author (NF, and no restriction in language was applied for our search. Statistical analysis was not performed due to a few numbers of studies.

ResultsVasculogenesis

Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that stem cell marker CD133+ co-expressed with KDR was positive in the brain AVMs nidus specifically in the vessel wall. This co-expression revealed that EPCs might be associated with remodeling of the vascular wall in AVMs as indicated in (Table 1).

Table 1:Different Immunohistochemical markers identified in patients with cerebral AVMs.

Furthermore, double immunohistochemistry revealed that SDF-1 positive signals were expressed strongly in smooth muscle of the artery and vessel endothelial cells. SDF-1 is the cellular source of CD31, α-SMA, and CD-68. CD68+ signals were present mainly in the vessel wall and in the adjacent parenchymal tissue of the AVM nidus. There was a positive correlation between SDF1/CXCR1-pathway and VEGF- α or HIF-1 α (p<0.05) [11].

Neovascularization

CD31+, CD34+, CD133+ have been associated with increased angiogenesis depending upon the increased stage of AVM (p=0.004) [12]. They are expressed in the endothelium of the vessel wall.

Discussion

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (cAVMs) are abnormal, tortuous, dilated and tangled group of blood vessels connecting artery to vein without a capillary bed [13]. Previous studies have revealed that there exists an active remodeling process and angiogenesis in cAVMs, leading to progressive change in the size of these malformations [14]. Therefore, the literature exists to identify the role of EPCs in active vascular remodeling of these cerebral AVMs [13-16].

EPCs are precursors of bone-marrow derived cells with the potential to differentiate into mature endothelial cells [17]. These cells have positive marker for stem cell CD133 [18], the hematopoietic marker CD34 [19], as well as endothelial cell markers [20]: VEGF-2, CD31, and/or VE-cadherin. The exact phenotype of EPCs is still unknown but the combination of endothelial and hematopoietic lineage markers has been characterized to identify the EPCs [17-20]. Physiological and pathological conditions which include, angiogenic stimulation, ischemia, trauma and inflammation leads to endogenous mobilization of EPCs from bone marrow to peripheral blood [21]. EPCs migrate accelerate neovascularization by migrating and localizing to the sites of active remodeling and vasculogenesis [21,22]. Elevated level of EPCs have been found in multiple cancers which include lung cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and early stages of infantile hemangioma [22,23]. In contrast, patients with diabetes mellitus and stroke have decreased level of EPCs compared with the control subjects [23,24].

In addition, SDF-1 is a specific mediator of EPCs mobilization and is a chemokine that helps in migrating the EPCs from the peripheral blood to the target tissue [25]. Double-fluorescent study revealed that expression of SDF-1 is upregulated in the nidus of brain AVMs, which is strongly associated with vasculogenesis and remodeling [26]. AVMs are characterized by high-flow shunting, therefore, expression of these EPCs will lead to more efficient adaptive process in terms of increased number of endothelial cells mitigating the effect of high flow blood and decreasing the risk of rupture of the nidus [1,2,17].

In summary, our systematic review highlighted the fact that in cerebral AVMs the activation of endothelial and stem cell markers leads to recruitment of EPCs that leads to abnormal vascular formation. However, further studies are needed to identify targeted therapy for these precursor cells in the management of patients with AVMs.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume3/endothelial-progenitor-cells-characterization-and-role-in-cerebral-arteriovenous-malformation.000697.ph

For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid

#biomedgrid #American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research #Regenarative medicine #Journals on vaccination #biomedical journal articles

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whyspeakin · 5 years ago

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How To Tighten Breast. The treatment to Firm Saggy Breasts Naturally

How To Tighten Breast, Firm Breasts Naturally. Sagging breasts can actually take a toll in your look and presence. Loosening or sagging breasts is correlated to ageing. However, few improper habits and lack of information about it to protect the firmness of the breasts (avoid sagging breasts) can work as main causes of drooping breasts even at a youthful age. And the need to tighten breast is felt.

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The treatment to Firm Saggy Breasts Naturally To Tighten Breast naturally, we'll counsel you a bunch of natural cures, it is going to undoubtedly assist in tighten breasts naturally.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Natural Remedies For Tighten Breasts

Olive Oil Massage

Olive oil massage How to therapeutic massage breast for tightening? If you want to cut back the sagging breasts, then it is advisable to strive the olive oil therapeutic massage. It is an excellent choice to cut back this downside naturally and it does not have any type of damaging results. Olive oil incorporates fatty acid and antioxidants that will overturn the hurt reasoned by free radicals. It may even help to reinforce the physique pores and pores and skin and texture as successfully. The course of might be very simple and do you have to adjust to, you might make your breast in kind. Take some olive oil and rub it over your breasts gently till it generates heat. You can rub like upward motion. You have to therapeutic massage routine 15 minutes, then it will enhance blood circulation and restore injured cell. Use this methodology 4-5 situations weekly. Egg Yolk With The Cucumber Massage

Egg Yolk With The Cucumber Massage It is one different great therapy by way of which you will therapeutic massage your breast naturally. You must create a combination of cucumber and egg yolk appropriately and make a paste. Egg yolk options an extreme diploma of dietary nutritional vitamins and proteins whereas cucumber incorporates natural Skin firming properties. And do you have to use this paste repeatedly, it will reduce the sagging breast. Take one cucumber, one egg yolk, and 1 tablespoon cream and paste it. After that, apply it to your breast and go away it for 30 minutes. After that, wash this with chilly water. Use this paste as quickly as inside the week.

Egg And Onion

Egg And Onion How to tighten breast in 10 days? This breast masks is prepared by the usage of the white of an egg. Buy Onion Oil At Amazon Beat the egg to a creamy consistency and apply it on the underside of the breasts. Let it keep there for half an hour. Chop and crush the onions and extract the juice. Add a glass of water to it and wash the breasts with this water. This unbelievable juice made up of egg and onion might make your breast stunning and pleasant.

Fenugreek Seeds

Fenugreek Seeds Fenugreek seeds have the properties that help the breast to develop and preserve tight. You can buy on on Amazon Prepare a paste using fenugreek powder and therapeutic massage the breasts with it. Wash it clean and neat with water after 5 to 10 minutes. This is a wonderful therapy to get tighten breast and beautiful breast in a homely method. No surgical procedures are required. You ought to try this incessantly to keep away from ugly and sagging breasts. Shea Butter for Tighten Breast

Shea Butter The different natural ingredient that tightens breasts. It is a rich provide of Vitamin E which helps to tighten breast and skin of the breasts and supplies a firmer look. Buy on AMAZON Shea butter helps in stopping cell harm that might be brought on by free radicals. Simply rub shea butter on the breasts for 15 minutes within the spherical path. Leave it there for an extra 10 minutes after which wipe it off with water. This remedy ought to be achieved thrice per week to experience good outcomes.

Rhassoul Clay To Tighten Breast Skin

Rhassoul Clay It is a natural ingredient that is had been used for firming the pores and skin. Buy on AMAZON The clay contains silica, iron, calcium, sodium and potassium which are crucial minerals that help to tighten the pores and skin. You have to dissolve this clay in water and make a sticky paste. Now cowl this clay over your breast and maintain it till the time it is fully dry. Cucumber, Butter And Egg Yolk Make To Treat Sagging Breasts. How to tighten breast? It is an excellent masks that helps in lifting the breasts. These two components have pores and skin firming properties and take care of sagging breasts. It helps to strengthen and tighten breast tissues and make the sagging breasts seem to be lifted. Mix cucumber puree, egg yolk and butter proper into a simple paste. Apply the paste on the breasts and let it dry for half an hour. Then wash it clear with chilled water. Pomegranate For Firming Loose Breasts

Pomegranate For Firming Loose Breasts It is an excellent anti-ageing ingredient that will help to cease sagging breasts and make tighten breast. Prepare a paste using pomegranate peel and mustard oil. Massage the sagging breasts in spherical motion repeatedly at night sooner than going to mattress. Alternatively, neem oil might be mixed with dried pomegranate rind powder and heated for a few minutes. This will be utilized as therapeutic massage oil after it is cooled

Aloe Vera For Breast Tightening

Aloe Vera Aloe Vera helps to dispose of sagging breasts because of it has pure skin-tightening properties. Aloe Vera contains antioxidants that help in stopping hurt to cells attributable to free radicals. Apply latest aloe Vera gel on the breasts and therapeutic massage the world in spherical motions for about 10 minutes. Leave it for an extra 10 minutes after which clear it with warmth water. Another approach to utilize aloe Vera gel is to mix it with mayonnaise and honey and apply it on the breasts. Leave it for 15 minutes. Then rinse it with warmth water first after which use chilly water to wash it. Any of this remedy for tighten breasts must be achieved as quickly as per week for a number of months.

Ice Massage For Breast Tightening

Ice therapeutic massage is taken into consideration to be very useful for stopping sagging breasts. The chilly impact of ice causes the sagging breast tissues to contract, which make the breast look firmer and tighter. Massage the sagging breasts with two cubes of ice for two minutes. Wipe and placed on an accurate turning into bra. Rest is reclined place for half an hour. Repeat this therapy three occasions a day.

Soybean Oil To Stop Sagging Breasts

How to tighten breast in a single week? Soybean oil is among the many healthful choices to many individuals. The plain refined oil was considered healthful for a particular time. But, researchers have as soon as extra launched some well-being benefits of soyabean oil over the sooner refined oil. Now, this oil will in all probability be really useful in your magnificence benefits. You must take 2-3 spoons of such soya bean oil and apply it over your breast and therapeutic massage it in an relevant methodology. Do this therapeutic massage for 2-Three days per week to get beautiful, along with the attractive breast. You can get a raise in your persona with the help of therapeutic massage created by way of the soya bean oil. Egg White For Tighten Breast You might want to have been consuming omelette or boiled egg in your meal. Now you will be surprised that the white portion of the egg will in all probability be one in every of many crucial remedies which help make your sagging breasts gets tighten breasts. But there is a means of using it. First of all, you have to break an egg and separate the yolk from the white portion. Now beat the egg white till it turns into foamy in texture. Now slowly apply it over your sagging breasts. You have to carry this for 30 minutes. Then wash it with chilly water.

Yoghurt And Cucumber Breast Pack For Firm Boobs

How to tighten breast, of course, the sagging breasts? Unique breast masks will in all probability be made with the help of Yogurt and cucumber. You must extract juice from a single cucumber at first. Then take half a cup of yoghurt. Mix them collectively along with the onion juice. You may even add a half a cup of honey to it. Mix them very effectively so that not a single lump is formed. Now slowly apply it over your sagging breast. Let the masks sit for half an hour. Let the entire substances be absorbed. Thereafter you can wash away. Avoid Loose Fitting Bra / Wrong Bra Size Some women actually really feel that they'd actually really feel comfortable within the occasion that they placed on an unfastened bra. But that's fully a mistaken step. You are going to ask your sagging breasts by doing this. Avoid this and go for one of many best-becoming bras to take care of your sagging breast preserve upright and keep tighten breast.

Get The Right Posture

Yes, getting tight breasts is as simple as getting the correct posture. Most of the events mistaken posture work as the primary cause for sagging breasts even in youthful women. If you sit, stroll or sleep in a position that locations additional stress in your breasts, it might probably set off loosening of the muscle tissues throughout the breasts inflicting lack of firmness. So, to get tight and toned breasts your first step must be to proper your posture. While standing, sitting or strolling always be certain that your shoulders and also you're once more are straight. A rounded shoulder posture is normally the principal cause for sagging breasts. You moreover need to just be sure you're sleeping in a posture that does not put additional stress in your breasts whereas sleeping. You ought to watch sleeping in your once more barely than in your side to make sure that your breasts are successfully rested when you're asleep.

Get The Right Bra And Change It Frequently

Anti Sag Bra Getting the correct type of bras in response to your desires is critical to cease sagging breasts. Often using the mistaken bra is a cause for sagging breasts as successfully. So, one of many essential environment friendly strategies for tighten breasts naturally is to placed on the correct bra kind that will give your busts the required assist. Do not go by how beautiful a particular piece of lingerie appears to strive its effectivity to assist your busts appropriately. It is critical to utilize supportive bras for the complete day placed on. Also, be certain that the bra is of the correct measurement. Wearing unfastened or additional tight bras is not a intelligent chance. It will be essential to differ your brassieres steadily. Your bras might look efficient, nonetheless, they lose their elasticity along with the facility to supply right assist to the breasts inside a few months of ordinary use. So, make it a level to differ your bras each Three months.

Breast Massage For Tighten Breasts

Tips to make enormous breasts look smaller How to do breast therapeutic massage for tighten breasts? Massaging your sagging breasts within the correct strategy might be environment friendly to make tighten breast and toned. However, it will likely be necessary that you just adjust to the correct massaging methodology and do it persistently to get excellent outcomes. Start the breast therapeutic massage from the underside of the breasts in an outward to inward spherical motion. You should put company however mild stress collectively together with your palms whereas massaging. Use olive oil or a muscle firming cream formulation for the therapeutic massage. It is critical to do it a minimum of twice a day for 15 minutes. You may even use firming breast masks after massaging to get the perfect outcomes. Do not miss to therapeutic massage the chest area above the breasts as successfully to assemble the muscle tissues of that space.

Yoga For Tighten Breast

Yoga For Tighten Breast There are some particular yoga poses which may be helpful to stop breast sagging breasts in a youthful age. These yoga poses help in firming the upper physique and may even promote whole effectively-being. Some of the yoga poses that it is advisable try for toned increased physique embody, The Cobra Pose Or Bhujangasana To do bhujangasana lie flat in your stomach, stretching your feet on the once more. Your legs and ft must be touching each other nonetheless not overlapping. Place your palms beside your shoulder and raise your increased physique, taking the load in your arms. At the last word place, you should be wanting up on the ceiling. The cobra pose or bhujangasana

The cobra pose or bhujangasana Hold the last word place for few moments after which slowly lower down your physique on the bottom. Repeat a minimum of three events in a single sitting. Do the pose slowly and provides consideration to perfection whereas doing this pose. Ushtrasana Or The Camel Pose

Ushtrasana To do ushtrasana sit in your knees on the bottom. Your ft must be stretched on the once more and other than each other as confirmed inside the decide. Now bend your physique backwards and speak to the heels of your toes collectively together with your palms as confirmed inside the picture beneath. Your physique must be successfully stretched within the route of the once more on the final place. Hold it for few moments after which slowly switch your increased physique forward of and attain the start place. You must repeat this asana a minimal of thrice in a single sitting nonetheless give intermediate gaps or do it along with totally different yogasanas in between. Best strategies to stop breastfeeding

Exercises Of Breast to Tighten Breast

Tighten Breasts Exercises achieved daily is without doubt one of the finest therapy for sagging breasts. Some environment-friendly exercises for lifting the breasts embody chest presses; push-ups arm elevating and dumbbell flyes. Circling the arms forwards and backwards a lot of events might assist to agency the pores and pores and skin in and throughout the breasts. The common technique of lifting weights may even help to cease sagging breasts and help the breasts to regain their firmness.

Swimming For Tighten Breast and Fitness

Swimming For Tighten Breast and Fitness Home remedies for sore breast You might want to have tried a lot of remedies for Tighten breast. But, did you try for swimming ever? While doing swimming, the lady has used every finger as a technique to drive all through the water. This helps tighten breast, its tissues and maintain its preserve tone. You ought to swim for half an hour to 1 hour regularly to get attractive and company breast.

Arm lifting and elevating to tighten breast

Arm lifting and elevating to tighten breast You can try this practice merely on the home with none type of package. This is among the many freehand exercises which may be adopted by any individuals Both men and women can try this to stay successfully fashioned. You need to face strand straight and elevate your arms up and try to stretch your arm as loads as doable so that your fingertips issue the sky. While making it preserve above maintain this for 20 counts. Then as soon as extra slowly convey your palms down. Repeat this course of 2-Three events per session, Three durations per day – Morning, noon and night time.

Pushups For Breast Firming

This is among the many best practice for breast firming and you'll be able to do it on the home with out going to the health centre. Do it thrice a day. As many push-ups as you can every time. Make sure the bottom is not slippery and you have ample grip sooner than you start.

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Points To Remember

Given beneath is an inventory of some points which it is advisable adjust to. A supportive bra can forestall sagging breasts.Try to place on them whereas jogging or doing exercises.Postures are essential. Try to sit straight and stroll without drooping.Swimming is an efficient technique to notice agency breasts.There are positive yogas which help to tighten the breasts.Keep your self hydrated.Drinking the right amount of water is a vital difficulty.

Last nonetheless not the least, eat healthily.

Maintain your meals plan as drastic weight discount will even be one in every of many predominant causes behind sagging breasts.Do not overlook to take the entire necessary nutritional vitamins along with carbohydrates, minerals and dietary nutritional vitamins. Read the full article

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