#Antioxidant defense

[blueoaknx]

Reclaim Vitality: The Science Behind Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Mitochondrial biogenesis is the cellular process of increasing the number of mitochondria, the organelles responsible for generating energy. This process is essential for maintaining cellular health and vitality, particularly in tissues with high energy demands, such as muscles. Mitochondrial biogenesis is often triggered by increased energy demand, usually resulting from exercise, caloric restriction, or the intake of specific nutrients.

Mitochondria are the energy producers of the cell, generating ATP, the energy currency of the cell, through oxidative phosphorylation. As cells face greater energy demands, they need more mitochondria to meet these requirements efficiently. The increase in mitochondrial numbers allows cells to produce more energy and better adapt to stress, thus enhancing overall health, recovery, and performance.

Key Factors Involved in Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Several molecular regulators drive mitochondrial biogenesis, with the most important being:

PGC-1α ActivationPGC-1α (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) is recognized as the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. This protein plays a pivotal role in controlling the transcription of nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial proteins. When activated by external stimuli like exercise, PGC-1α interacts with transcription factors like NRF-1 and NRF-2 to drive the production of new mitochondria. This results in increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins necessary for energy production and cellular respiration.

AMPK & SirtuinsAMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is another critical regulator that responds to low energy levels within the cell (a high AMP ratio). It activates PGC-1α, which, in turn, increases the number of mitochondria. AMPK is activated during energy-demanding activities such as endurance exercise and fasting. Sirtuins (SIRT1) are a class of NAD+-dependent enzymes that also regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. Sirtuins, especially SIRT1, deacetylate PGC-1α, further activating it to promote the transcription of mitochondrial genes. Both AMPK and sirtuins respond to energy deprivation, whether through physical exertion or caloric restriction, helping cells increase energy efficiency and prolong cellular longevity.

Antioxidant Defense and Cellular ResilienceOne of the benefits of mitochondrial biogenesis is the enhancement of cellular resilience through improved antioxidant defences. Mitochondria are not only energy producers but also sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cells if not adequately managed. By increasing the number of healthy mitochondria, cells improve their ability to manage oxidative stress. New mitochondria are typically more efficient at energy production and less likely to produce excess ROS, reducing overall cellular damage. This process helps to protect cells from age-related decline and stress-induced damage.

How Mitochondrial Biogenesis Impacts Health and Performance

Mitochondrial biogenesis is essential for maintaining optimal energy production, particularly during periods of increased physical activity or stress. In muscle cells, the increased number of mitochondria leads to improved ATP generation, enhancing endurance and reducing fatigue during prolonged exercise. This is particularly important for athletes or individuals who engage in regular physical activity, as their muscles require a constant supply of energy for performance and recovery.

For general health, mitochondrial biogenesis supports metabolic efficiency and longevity. In metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and obesity, mitochondrial dysfunction often results in impaired energy metabolism and increased oxidative stress. By promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, cells can restore normal mitochondrial function, improving insulin sensitivity and energy balance. Furthermore, mitochondrial biogenesis may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases related to ageing by maintaining cellular energy production and reducing oxidative stress.

Beyond exercise and metabolic health, mitochondrial biogenesis is also a key factor in the body’s ability to adapt to various stressors, whether environmental or nutritional. The increase in mitochondrial capacity allows cells to better handle changes in energy demand, supporting recovery and cellular adaptation. For instance, during periods of caloric restriction, mitochondrial biogenesis helps the body use energy more efficiently, contributing to longer-term health benefits, including improved longevity and resistance to age-related diseases.

Supporting Mitochondrial Biogenesis with Nutraceuticals

In addition to lifestyle factors like exercise and caloric restriction, certain nutraceuticals can support mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitokatlyst™-E is one such product that targets mitochondrial function, optimising energy production, and promoting muscle recovery. By stimulating the molecular pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, such products can enhance the body’s ability to adapt to stress, recover more efficiently, and improve overall cellular function.

Conclusion

Mitochondrial biogenesis is a vital process that supports energy production, cellular health, and adaptability to environmental and physical stressors. By regulating pathways such as PGC-1α, AMPK, and sirtuins, cells can increase mitochondrial content to meet higher energy demands, promote muscle recovery, and improve overall vitality. Products like Mitokatlyst™-E are designed to optimise mitochondrial function, helping the body adapt to stress and maintain optimal cellular health. By supporting mitochondrial biogenesis, we can improve energy efficiency, enhance physical performance, and promote long-term health and resilience.

[vitalrxpharmacy]

Aging is a natural process, but the desire to maintain youthful vitality has driven significant advancements in pharmaceutical solutions in Pearland, Texas. These solutions often involve anti-aging compounds designed to target the biological processes that contribute to aging. By understanding the science behind these compounds, you can make informed decisions about incorporating them into your routine.

[drsueishaq]

Congratulations to Dr. Tolu Esther Alaba for passing her PhD Defense!

The Ishaq Lab is ecstatic to announce that Dr. Tolu Esther Alaba has successfully defended her PhD dissertation on the antioxidants and anti-inflammatories in broccoli sprout diets and their relation to health, officially completing her PhD!!! You can check out the recording of her talk here, which was attended by >40 people over Zoom. The committee was impressed by her breadth of knowledge,…

[reality-detective]

Let’s make natural antibiotic for cough and sore throat! 🍯

🌿 Natural healing for immunity, respiratory health, and relief from seasonal ailments! 🌿 This garlic-anise-Ceylon cinnamon honey blend combines nature’s powerful allies for combating coughs, sore throats, and respiratory inflammation.

🌱 9 cloves Garlic – Known as a natural antibiotic, garlic is rich in allicin, which helps fight bacteria, viruses, and fungi, strengthening the body’s defenses.

⭐️ 1 tsp Anise – With its expectorant properties, anise helps clear the airways, soothing stubborn coughs and aiding in the removal of mucus buildup.

🍯 ½ tsp Ceylon Cinnamon – Known for its mild, warming qualities, Ceylon cinnamon is anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-rich, further boosting immunity and overall respiratory health.

Mix with 1 cup of pure honey. One tbsp every 4-6 hours.

This blend supports your respiratory system, provides protection for the mucous membranes, and adds a natural immunity boost to your wellness routine. 🤔

[majokkid]

Grounding versus Adjustment

Puella Magi Madoka Magia Side Story: Magia Record introduces the idea of Adjustment: a procedure performed by a Coordinator or Adjuster that can be done to ‘enhance’ a magical girl’s Soul Gem. This enhancement can come in the form of removing impurities or unlocking further magical potential. Adjustment is also necessary when a magical hero uses their Doppel to avoid succumbing to despair.

Adjustment, as it is portrayed in Puella Magi Madoka Magia Side Story: Magia Record, is not a replacement for professional and personal therapeutic practices or experienced Shadow Work. I would strongly advise any magical hero to have a strong foundation in grounding and shielding practices before engaging in any serious work. If you’d like, imagine that your therapist, social worker, or other professional therapeutic practitioner is your Coordinator—they are there to provide you as a magical hero an essential service.

Grounding, on the other hand, is something any magical hero can do and is a foundational technique for any practicing magician. To put it simply, grounding is a way of eliminating excess energy and tempering high emotions that you may have stored up during a ritual or a working. If you have practiced centering as an energy technique, the fundamentals of grounding are simple: remember how you learned to manipulate energy when you learned to center? That's what you'll do to ground, only instead of drawing that energy inside you, you'll push it out—whether that is into the void, into an object, or to be carried off by the elements. Strong visualizations certainly help with grounding but also try something physical or tangible to strengthen its effects; try using your hands or your feet to push out that extra energy and feel it drain into the earth. You can also engage other senses in your grounding like by using cleansing herbs as an incense or spray, or by eating a comforting and antioxidant rich food like dark chocolate.

I often shield as well as part of my grounding practice. This helps protect my magical and physical body that may have become raw from high energy and emotions. Shielding is a way of protecting yourself from psychic, mental, or magical attack by creating an energy barrier around yourself that others cannot penetrate. When shielding, I do not completely close myself out from the world and others around me—I’m simply fortifying my defenses while I am recuperating.

This is my first post in a series of Magi Praxis writings I have planned. If you have any suggestions for future topics, please send me a message! I am always happy to go back and provide further explanation as well. ☆

[rachellaurengray]

Hey everyone!

I’m excited to share this comprehensive list of essential minerals and their roles in our bodies. As many of you know, understanding the function of each mineral can be incredibly empowering for maintaining our health and well-being. From supporting bone strength to aiding in energy production and immune function, each mineral plays a unique and crucial role.

This list not only highlights the importance of these minerals but also serves as a handy reference for anyone interested in optimizing their diet and health. Whether you’re a health enthusiast, someone looking to boost their nutrition, or just curious about how your body functions, this information is invaluable.

Feel free to save this post for easy access and share it with friends who might find it helpful. Let’s make informed choices about our health together!

Here’s a rundown of some key minerals and their roles:

Boron - Supports bone health and hormone regulation.

Phosphorus - Vital for bone and teeth formation, energy production.

Manganese - Involved in metabolism, bone formation, and antioxidant function.

Iron - Essential for oxygen transport and energy production.

Calcium - Critical for bone and teeth health, muscle function, and nerve signaling.

Selenium - Acts as an antioxidant, supports immune function and thyroid health.

Sulfur - Important for amino acid synthesis and detoxification.

Sodium - Regulates fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction.

Magnesium - Supports muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and bone health.

Potassium - Helps maintain fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions.

Zinc - Crucial for immune function, protein synthesis, and wound healing.

Copper - Involved in iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, and antioxidant defense.

Iodine - Essential for thyroid hormone production and metabolism regulation.

Fluoride - Strengthens tooth enamel and supports bone health.

Chromium - Enhances insulin action and glucose metabolism.

Cobalt - Part of vitamin B12, essential for red blood cell formation.

Molybdenum - Helps with enzyme function and detoxification.

Nickel - Involved in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Silicon - Supports bone health and connective tissue integrity.

Vanadium - Plays a role in bone health and insulin regulation.

Strontium - Supports bone health and may aid in bone density.

Lithium - May influence mood regulation and neurological health.

Calcium - Important for cardiovascular health and muscle function.

Magnesium - Helps in enzyme reactions and DNA synthesis.

Iron - Supports cognitive function and immune health.

Potassium - Essential for heart function and muscle contractions.

Zinc - Important for DNA synthesis and cell division.

Selenium - Enhances antioxidant defenses and thyroid function.

Manganese - Assists in wound healing and bone development.

Phosphorus - Aids in energy production and bone health.

Copper - Crucial for brain development and cardiovascular health.

Sodium - Regulates blood pressure and volume.

Iodine - Essential for thyroid hormone production and metabolic regulation.

Fluoride - Helps prevent dental cavities and strengthens bones.

Chromium - Supports metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

Molybdenum - Important for enzyme activity and metabolic processes.

Nickel - Assists in the metabolism of fatty acids and hormones.

Silicon - Enhances skin health and bone strength.

Vanadium - Potentially involved in glucose metabolism and bone health.

Strontium - May contribute to bone density and overall skeletal health.

Cobalt - Key component of vitamin B12, important for nerve function.

Lithium - May have effects on mood and mental health.

Calcium - Supports cardiovascular function and muscle contraction.

Magnesium - Contributes to heart health and muscle relaxation.

Iron - Essential for energy production and oxygen transport.

Potassium - Important for maintaining electrolyte balance and cellular function.

Zinc - Aids in immune function and skin health.

Selenium - Helps protect cells from damage and supports thyroid function.

Manganese - Facilitates enzyme reactions and antioxidant defense.

Phosphorus - Integral to energy storage and bone mineralization.

Hope you find this list as enlightening as I do! Feel free to save and share.

[zzznnnq]

★ Chapter Four: The Kim Family Chaos

If there was one thing you could count on in the Kim household, it was that no day ever went according to plan. After the whirlwind of Valentine’s Day drama, I was ready to come home, crash in my room, and maybe indulge in my usual habit of mindlessly scrolling through my phone. But, of course, that was never going to happen. Not when you lived with Mr. and Mrs. Kim.

As soon as I stepped through the door, the unmistakable scent of burning food hit my nose. I froze in the entryway, blinking as smoke began to waft through the house.

"Minji!" I shouted, kicking off my shoes and racing towards the kitchen. "Are you trying to burn the house down?!"

Minji wasn’t the only one responsible for the chaos in our kitchen, but today, I had a hunch it was her. Sure enough, I rounded the corner and found my sister standing at the stove, frantically fanning smoke away from a frying pan with a dish towel.

"Relax, I’ve got this under control," Minji said, her voice tense but trying to sound confident. She was poking something blackened and unidentifiable in the pan, clearly regretting whatever culinary experiment she had attempted.

"Clearly," I deadpanned, waving the smoke away from my face. "What are you even trying to make?"

"Something healthy," Minji muttered, turning off the stove. "I saw this recipe online—"

"Oh no," I interrupted, already knowing where this was going. "Not one of Mom’s ‘wellness’ websites again."

"It’s supposed to be good for your skin!" Minji shot back defensively, scooping whatever disaster she’d created into a bowl. "Something about antioxidants and… I don’t know, stuff."

I peered into the bowl, my face twisting in disgust. "Yeah, well, whatever that is, it looks like charcoal."

Minji rolled her eyes, leaning against the counter. "You don’t get it, Y/N. You wouldn’t understand the importance of a balanced diet."

"Oh, trust me, I understand," I said, picking up one of the blackened blobs with a fork. "I just don’t think this counts as food."

Before Minji could launch into another lecture about the benefits of green tea or kale or whatever ingredient she was experimenting with this time, we were interrupted by our dad’s booming voice from the living room.

"Girls! Dinner is almost ready!"

Minji and I exchanged glances.

"Please tell me Dad isn’t cooking tonight," I whispered.

"He is," Minji said, grimacing. "He’s making his famous ‘stir-fry surprise.’"

I groaned. "Not the surprise part again."

Our dad had this strange idea that adding random ingredients to stir-fry made it more exciting. To him, every meal was an adventure. To us, it was a gamble between something edible and something that should’ve been left in the fridge to die.

Before we could escape to our rooms, Dad appeared in the kitchen doorway, grinning from ear to ear. He was wearing his usual ‘Kiss the Cook’ apron, which was always slightly askew, and holding a spatula like it was a prized sword.

"Ah, there you are! Just in time for my latest masterpiece," he announced, gesturing dramatically toward the table where plates of his infamous stir-fry waited for us.

Minji and I exchanged another look—this one filled with silent resignation. There was no getting out of this. We had to face whatever "surprise" was waiting in that stir-fry.

We sat down, eyeing the plates cautiously. Tonight’s creation looked relatively normal—at first glance, anyway. But we knew better than to trust appearances.

"So, what’s the surprise this time, Dad?" Minji asked, trying to sound optimistic as she poked at the stir-fry with her chopsticks.

Dad grinned, clearly proud of himself. "I added a secret ingredient. Something bold and unexpected."

My stomach flipped with nervous anticipation. "Bold and unexpected" was never good.

"I’ll give you a hint," Dad continued, clearly relishing the suspense. "It’s something you wouldn’t usually find in stir-fry."

Minji and I stared at him, waiting.

"Blueberries!" he declared triumphantly.

I nearly choked. "Blueberries?!"

Minji blinked, trying to process this new information. "In stir-fry?"

Dad nodded enthusiastically, as if this was a stroke of culinary genius. "Yep! I figured, why not mix things up? Sweet and savory go great together!"

I glanced at Minji, whose face was frozen in polite horror. "Uh, sure, Dad," she said carefully. "That’s… really creative."

"Right," I muttered, picking up my chopsticks and tentatively taking a bite. The blueberries were warm, squishy, and definitely didn’t belong in stir-fry. But to Dad’s credit, it wasn’t as bad as I thought it’d be. It was just… weird.

Mom appeared in the doorway then, wiping her hands on a towel. She was more sensible when it came to cooking, but she loved to indulge Dad’s eccentricities, so she gave us her usual supportive smile.

"How’s dinner, girls?" she asked.

"Delicious," Minji lied, flashing a thumbs up.

"Unique," I added, deciding not to be a total killjoy. "Definitely bold."

Dad beamed. "See? I knew you’d appreciate it! It’s all about pushing boundaries."

Minji snuck a piece of broccoli onto my plate when no one was looking, and I shot her a glare. The broccoli was the least of my worries with the blueberries rolling around like loose marbles on the plate.

After dinner, Minji and I retreated to the safety of our shared bedroom, grateful to have survived another one of Dad’s kitchen experiments. She collapsed onto her bed, dramatically groaning as if the day had been a marathon.

"You know," I said, sitting at my desk, "for someone who claims to care about health, you sure downed those blueberries pretty quickly."

Minji threw a pillow at me. "I didn’t want to hurt his feelings, okay? Besides, it wasn’t that bad."

"You’re such a liar," I laughed, dodging the pillow. "It was terrible."

"Okay, fine, it was terrible," Minji admitted, burying her face in another pillow. "But at least he tries."

We both burst into laughter, the kind of uncontrollable giggling that only happens when you’ve been holding in too much weirdness for too long. In the Kim family, weirdness was a given, and somehow, that was what made it fun.

As the laughter faded and we both settled into the comfortable silence of our room, I realized that despite the chaos and the questionable dinners, I wouldn’t trade our family for anything. We might be a little strange, but we made it work. Even if that meant putting up with blueberry stir-fry and Minji’s charred health experiments.

"You know," Minji said quietly from her bed, "Dad’s stir-fry might’ve been weird, but at least it didn’t burn like my cookies."

I grinned, leaning back in my chair. "True. You can’t cook to save your life."

Minji tossed another pillow at me, but this time I caught it, still laughing as the warmth of the evening settled around us.

[greenwitchcrafts]

Sage

Salvia officinalis

Known as: Common sage, green sage, garden sage, meadow sage, culinary sage & true sage

Related plants: A member of the of the mint family Lamiaceae that includes plants such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender & perilla as well as catnip, salvia, bee balm, wild dagga & oriental motherwort.

Parts used: Leaves & stems

Habitat and cultivation: This evergreen subshrub is native to the Mediterranean region with it's mild to cool, rainy winters & warm to hot, dry summers.

Plant type: Perennial

Region: Zone 5-8 your sage will grow as a hardy perennial. However in the humid climates of zones 9 & farther south, sage is usually an annual, as it does not easily tolerate summer heat & humidity.

Harvest: Harvest lightly in the first year to ensure the plant grows fully. After the first year, be sure to leave a few stalks so that the plant can rejuvenate in the future & If fully established, one plant can be harvested up to three times in one season.

Planting tips: Plant in full sun & plants should be two feet apart. Sage should be planted in well draining soil like a sandy or loamy soil with good drainage. Wet soils can cause rot and be fatal to the plant. The easiest and best way to start sage is from a small plant, but you can also sow seeds up to two weeks before the last frost date.

Medicinal information: Taking sage by mouth seems to improve memory and thinking skills in healthy adults & taking it for four weeks can improve menopause symptoms. One study found that drinking tea made from sage both raised antioxidant defenses and lowered LDL or “bad” cholesterol. It also could be used for pain after surgery, lung cancer, sore throat, sunburn, and many other conditions. Sage leaves have been used in traditional medicine as a treatment for diabetes.

Cautions: Sage is possibly unsafe when taken in high doses or for a long time due to a chemical called thujone. Too much thujone can cause seizures and damage the liver and nervous system. Thujone can also bring on a menstrual period, which could cause a miscarriage so taking sage during pregnancy is not advised. It may also reduce milk production while chest feeding.

Magickal properties

Gender: Masculine

Planet: Jupiter

Element: Air

Deities: Chiron, Consus, Jupiter, Obatala & Zeus

Magickal uses:

• Use the leaves for tea for communion of Jupiter or in any workings involved with the planet & grounding

• Burn to find clarity & wisdom while asking difficult questions

• Write a wish on Sage leaf and burn it to release your intention

• Place a Sage leaf in your wallet to attract money

• Include in feminine fertility spells to boost your chances of success

• Add Sage oil incense or herbs to any spell to temper the results with wisdom

• Burn during a funeral & memorial to facilitate healthy grief and bonding with the spirits of those who passed on

• Use spells to alleviate grief & steady emotions

• Put in a satchet to carry from protection from negative energies & influences

• Burn to cleanse your home, clear negative energies & increase your intuition

• Rub sage on your forehead before divination to increase the accuracy of your results

• Pick twelve leaves at midnight on Christmas Eve to see a vision of your future husband(without damaging the bush)

• Write your desire on a sage leafe & place it under your pillow for three days. If you dream of your desire, it will soon materialize. If not, bury the sage.

[priyanshuzoo]

The King of Mushrooms: A Nutritional Powerhouse

In the realm of functional foods, mushrooms have emerged as a nutritional powerhouse, offering a plethora of health benefits. Among these, the King Oyster mushroom, scientifically known as Pleurotus eryngii, stands tall as a culinary delight and a nutritional champion. Let's delve into the nutritional profile of this extraordinary fungus.

A Nutritional Breakdown

King Oyster mushrooms boast a nutritional profile that rivals many conventional protein sources. Here's a breakdown of their key nutrients:

Protein: These mushrooms are a fantastic source of plant-based protein, making them an excellent choice for vegetarians and vegans.

Fiber: Rich in dietary fiber, King Oysters promote digestive health and satiety.

Vitamins and Minerals: They are packed with essential vitamins and minerals, including B vitamins, potassium, phosphorus, and selenium.

Low in Calories: Despite their nutritional density, King Oysters are low in calories, making them a guilt-free addition to your diet.

Health Benefits Beyond Nutrition

The nutritional prowess of King Oyster mushrooms extends beyond their basic nutrient profile. Here are some of the remarkable health benefits associated with these fungi:

Immune Boost: The beta-glucans present in King Oysters have been shown to stimulate the immune system, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms.

Antioxidant Power: These mushrooms are rich in antioxidants, which help combat oxidative stress and protect cells from damage.

Anti-inflammatory Properties: Certain compounds in King Oysters exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, reducing inflammation and promoting overall well-being.

Blood Sugar Regulation: Studies suggest that King Oysters may help regulate blood sugar levels, making them beneficial for individuals with diabetes.

Heart Health: The fiber, potassium, and antioxidants in these mushrooms contribute to heart health by lowering cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of heart disease.

Incorporating King Oyster Mushrooms into Your Diet

King Oyster mushrooms are incredibly versatile and can be incorporated into various dishes. Here are a few ideas:

Sautéed: Sauté them with garlic, olive oil, and herbs for a quick and flavorful side dish.

Grilled: Grill them to perfection, adding a smoky flavor that complements their meaty texture.

Steamed: Steaming preserves their delicate flavor and nutritional value.

Soups and Stews: Add them to soups and stews for a hearty and nutritious meal.

Pasta Dishes: Incorporate them into pasta dishes for a unique and satisfying flavor.

Conclusion

King Oyster mushrooms are a culinary treasure and a nutritional powerhouse. Their unique combination of nutrients and potential health benefits makes them a valuable addition to a balanced diet. So, the next time you're planning your meals, consider adding these royal fungi to your plate. Your taste buds and your body will thank you!

[science-lover33]

"Delving Deeper into Glutathione: The Biochemistry Behind its Protective Powers"

Hello, Tumblr community! 🌿 Today, let's embark on an intellectual journey into the intricate world of Glutathione, a molecular marvel with profound implications for your body's defense mechanisms and overall vitality. 🧬

The Biochemical Symphony of Glutathione:

Glutathione, abbreviated as GSH, is a low-molecular-weight tripeptide comprised of three amino acids – cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine. Its presence is pervasive, with significant concentrations found within virtually every cell of your body. At its core, GSH serves as a central hub for a variety of biochemical reactions, many of which are critical for maintaining cellular health.

🛡️ Shielding Against Oxidative Stress:

At the heart of Glutathione's prowess lies its ability to act as an antioxidant. To understand this, we must venture into the realms of free radicals highly reactive molecules that can wreak havoc on your cellular structures. GSH swoops in like a molecular guardian, neutralizing these renegade radicals and preventing cellular damage.

🔄 Recycling Antioxidants:

GSH doesn't stop at just neutralizing free radicals. It has a unique capacity to regenerate other antioxidants, such as vitamin C and vitamin E, which are also instrumental in combating oxidative stress. This recycling process amplifies the body's antioxidant defenses, making it a true linchpin of cellular protection.

💪 The Multifaceted Benefits of Glutathione:

1. Immune Resilience: By fortifying the immune system, Glutathione empowers your body to defend against pathogens and infections more effectively.

2. Detoxification Dynamo: As a vital component in phase II detoxification, GSH aids in the removal of harmful substances, thereby bolstering liver health and overall detox processes.

3. Anti-Aging Elixir: The anti-aging properties of Glutathione are tied to its ability to quell oxidative stress and cellular damage, potentially slowing down the aging process.

4. Skin Health: Some individuals explore Glutathione for its role in skin lightening and brightening, although its effects can vary among individuals.

📚 Diving into the Research:

1. "The Role of Glutathione in Cellular Response to Chemotherapeutic Agents"

- A scholarly article by Maria Serpina and John D. Hayes, featured in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.

2. “Glutathione as a Biomarker in Oxidative Stress: An Overview"

- An in-depth review by Farzaneh Rahmani and Hossein Aslani, published in the Journal of Medical Biochemistry.

3. "Mechanisms of Glutathione-Dependent Protection Against Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide-Induced Neurotoxicity in a Neuronal Cell Line"

While Glutathione supplements are gaining popularity, it's imperative to seek counsel from a healthcare professional before incorporating them into your regimen. Your individual health and physiology can influence the efficacy and safety of supplementation.

Stay curious, stay informed! 📖✨

[higherrealmswellness]

Like something out of a survival horror video game, this powerful blend of nature’s most potent superfoods packs an antioxidant punch strong enough to battle the everyday threats to your health & wellness.

Crafted with Beet Root, Strawberry Juice, Hibiscus, and a variety of nutrient-rich botanicals like Acai and Cranberry, this formula is loaded with essential nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants to fortify your immune system, energize your body, and keep you ready for whatever comes your way. Whether you're braving the zombie apocalypse or just tackling a tough day, this superfood will help you stay one step ahead.

Enhanced with probiotics and digestive aids, like L. Acidophilus and Oat Fiber, Zombie Survival Red Herb Superfood supports optimal gut health, ensuring your defenses stay strong from the inside out. With ingredients like Green Tea, Turmeric, and Shilajit, it also provides anti-inflammatory and detoxifying benefits to keep your body functioning at its best.

At 120 grams per container, it’s perfect for daily use. Simply add it to your favorite smoothie or mix it with milk or your favorite alternative for a quick, convenient health boost—no artificial additives, just pure survival strength.

Use code "ASCEND" for 12% off your first order! https://higherrealms.store/products/red-herb-superfood

[nathanielaaron]

DETOX SUPPLEMENTS FOR VACCINE INJURED VICTIMS

🖲Magnesium — plays many crucial roles in the body, such as supporting muscle & nerve function and energy production.

🖲NAC — (a precursor to glutathione) provides a variety of protective antioxidant effects, block damages to DNA, strengthening all organs, including the brain — dissolves mucus, improves breathing & respiratory problems. NAC powers up the immune system, boosting antibodies, increasing glutathione, which fights disease & aging. NAC has been around for decades, proven to be very safe, with NO SIDE EFFECTS.

🖲Glutathione — is the body's most powerful antioxidant & counteracts the harmful effects of graphene oxide. Human bodies produce glutathione naturally but over as humans age & absorbs toxins, the production of it slows down. Children naturally have high glutathione levels. Glutathione is a body-specific antioxidant that cells need to function & survive. When you get sick, the level of glutathione can drop.

🖲Selenium — a trace element that is naturally present in many foods & available as a dietary supplement. Selenium, which is nutritionally essential for humans, is a constituent of more than two dozen selenoproteins that play critical roles in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis & protection from oxidative damage and infection.

🖲Quercetin — have significant capability to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 replication and multi-faceted anti-inflammatory and thrombin-inhibitory actions. 

🖲Vitamin D/C/A – promotes immune cell proliferation, stimulates antimicrobial peptides, cytokines and immune cell proliferation, enhances mucosal Integrity, antioxidant, protects healthy cells, activated immune cells, antiviral, coordinates cellular immune response.

🖲Zinc – essential for binding capacity & optimizing lethality of immune cells. Promotes antiviral enzyme blocking viral replication.

🖲Zeolite — has a strong attraction to many heavy metals including mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic. It also binds to & removes many chemicals like fluorine & chlorine, eliminating free radicals of all types, and it reverses acute chemical & allergic reactions, all without removing vital nutrients from the body. This makes it a maximum detoxifier.

🖲Pine Needle Tea, Fennel See, Star Anise — contains shikimic acid, high levels of antioxidants & DNA-protective properties.

🖲Dandelion Root —  blocks interaction between ACE2, spike protein & variants.

🖲Black Cumin Seed Oil — is natural alternative for Ivermectin. Nigella sativa has been used as traditional medicine for centuries. The oil from its seeds are effective against many diseases like cancer, cardiovascular complications, diabetes, asthma, kidney disease — also effective against cancer in blood system, lung, kidney, liver, prostate, breast, cervix & skin.

🖲Fulvic Acid & Shilajit — have long been used in traditional medicine & reduces inflammation and boost immunity. Fulvic acid has been well studied for its effects on immune health and inflammation. Improve disease resistance, increase your immune defenses, fight inflammation, chronic diseases & enhance antioxidant activity.

🖲Bio-Fibrin — is a proteolytic enzyme (a process known as proteolysis - help dissolve proteins. There are over 700 identified human enzymes, and each enzyme has a specific biochemical reaction involving a specific substance.

Activated Charcoal, Chlorophyll, Chlorella, Spirulina, Irish Sea Moss, C-60, Power Immunity, Infrared Sauna, Green Tea, Alkaline Water, Probiotics, Cinnamon & Raw Honey, Avocado, Garlic, Turmeric, Cilantro, Ginger, Cruciferous vegetables & leafy greens are also great detoxes for the body.

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Progress in the Study of the Protective Effect and Mechanism of C-phycocyanin on Liver Injury

Abstract: C-phycocyanin (C-phycocyanin) is a pigment-containing protein from marine algae that has shown promising results in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases and tumors. C-alpha-cyanobilin is a pigment-containing protein from marine algae that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases and tumors. C-alpha-cyanobilin has a protective effect on various liver diseases, such as drug-induced or toxic substance-induced liver damage, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic fibrosis, and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective effect of C-alginin on liver injury is mainly realized through the regulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), and the inhibition of oxidative stress, etc., and is not toxic to normal cells. Therefore, C-alginin has a broad application prospect as a potential natural hepatoprotective marine active substance. In recent years, the research progress of the protective effect of C-alginin on liver injury and its mechanism is summarized.

 C-phycocyanin (C-phycocyanin) is a complex protein of cyanobacteria and a natural food protein pigment with pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, as well as fast-acting and low-toxicity, it can be used as a functional food [1-2]. C-Alginin can also enhance immunity and is safe, without causing acute and subacute toxic reactions [3]. Selenium-enriched PC has been shown to have stronger pharmacological effects [4]. Therefore, C-alginate has important research value both as a drug and a functional food, and has become a hot spot in the field of pharmaceutical research [5]. In this paper, we summarize the progress of research on the application and mechanism of C-alginin in liver diseases.

1 Ameliorative effect of C-phycocyanin on liver injury caused by drugs and toxic substances

The liver is the metabolic center of drugs and exogenous toxic substances, and metabolites are prone to liver injury. C-PC can inhibit the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ, and increase the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which can inhibit hepatic inflammation and alleviate hepatic injury [3]. It has been found that C-PC can significantly prevent thioacetamide-induced liver injury, significantly reduce the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aliquot aminotransferase (AST), shorten the prothrombin time and reduce the hepatic histopathological damage, and improve the survival rate of rats with fulminant hepatic failure [6]. C-alginin also has a good effect on thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy, which can be seen in the reduction of tryptophan and lipid peroxidation indexes in different regions of the brain, and the enhancement of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rats with fulminant hepatic failure [6].

Another study found that C-alginin not only attenuates the oxidative stress induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene and reduces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals, but also inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene, thus inhibiting the expression of multidrug resistance genes [7]. Osman et al. [8] also showed that C-alginin could normalize the levels of ALT, AST, catalase, urea, creatinine, SOD and glutathione-s-transferase in the livers of rats poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). This result was also verified in human liver cell line (L02) [9]. C-phycocyanin can effectively scavenge ROS and inhibit CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver [10], and C-PC can improve the antioxidant defense system and restore the structure of hepatocytes and hepatic enzymes in the liver of gibberellic acid-poisoned albino rats [11]. As a PC chromophore, phycocyanin can also significantly inhibit ROS generation and improve liver injury induced by a variety of drugs and toxic substances [10]. Liu et al. [12] found that phycocyanin showed strong anti-inflammatory effects in a CCl4-induced hepatic injury model in mice, which could significantly reduce the levels of ALT, AST, the expression of TNF-α and cytochrome C, increase the levels of albumin and SOD, and proliferate cytosolic nuclei. It can significantly reduce ALT and AST levels and the expression of TNF-α and cytochrome C, increase albumin levels and the expression of SOD and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, promote hepatocyte regeneration and improve the survival rate of mice with acute liver failure.

Gammoudi et al [13] used response surface method to optimize the extraction process of C-phycocyanin, and obtained high extraction recovery. C-phycocyanin extracted by the optimized method has the ability of scavenging hydroxyl, superoxide anion and nitric oxide radicals as well as the ability of metal chelating, and it has stronger antioxidant effect; C-PC significantly increased the activity of SOD and inhibited the increase of ALT, AST, and bilirubin in cadmium-poisoned rats. C-PC significantly increased the activity of SOD and inhibited the increase of ALT, AST and bilirubin in rats with cadmium poisoning. The above studies show that C-phycocyanin can effectively protect liver injury caused by drugs and toxic substances, and has the efficacy as the basis for drug development.

2 Preventive effect of C-alginin on hepatic fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is an inevitable process in the development of various chronic liver diseases and may be reversed with early and timely treatment. The key to liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Previous studies have found that low-dose C-alginin combined with soy isoflavones can inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation by inhibiting the activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase［14］, but it is not clear whether C-alginin alone can inhibit the activity of NADPH oxidase. Therefore, the combination of C-algin and soy isoflavones at appropriate doses may have a preventive effect on liver fibrosis in high-risk groups. C-alginin may inhibit the progression of NADPH by suppressing oxidative damage, thereby inhibiting the development of hepatic fibrosis [15].

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the key mechanisms contributing to the development of fibrotic diseases. C-alginin inhibits transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced human EMT [16]. Although the effect of C-alginin on EMT in hepatic fibrosis has not been reported, it has been found that C-alginin can reduce pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial mesenchymal transition [17]. Another study found that C-alginin could reduce the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA in human dermal fibroblasts and alleviate fibrous contracture [18]. The results of these studies also have significance for the inhibition of hepatic fibrosis, and provide a theoretical basis for the further study of C-PC as a potential antifibrotic drug.

3 Protective effect of C-alginin on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury is an important clinicopathophysiological phenomenon. It was found that the addition of two different doses (0.1 g/L and 0.2 g/L) of C-alginin to the Krebs Henseleit preservation solution significantly decreased hepatic ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase activities, and reduced the rate of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde content in an isolated perfused rat liver model, and increased the activities of hepatic glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as sulfhydryl groups in hepatic tissue. On the other hand, it can increase the activities of hepatic glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase and the content of sulfhydryl groups in liver tissues, therefore, C-alginin can significantly reduce hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury as an antioxidant [19]. In isolated perfused mouse livers, it was found that C-alginin significantly reduced the phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells), attenuated cytotoxicity and inflammation induced by highly active Kupffer cells, and dose-dependently inhibited carbon phagocytosis and carbon-induced oxygen uptake by perfused livers, and then inhibited the increase of hepatic nitric oxide synthase activity induced by gonadotropins [20]. and thus inhibit the thyroid hormone-induced elevation of hepatic nitric oxide synthase activity [20].

However, C-alginin has a very short half-life in vivo, which limits its application in vivo. It was found that the use of polyethylene glycol-b-(polyglutamic acid-g-polyethyleneimine), a macromolecular material with good drug-carrying capacity and slow-release properties, as a nanocarrier of C-alginin could solve this problem, and the release of C-alginin could be delayed by subcutaneous injection into the abdominal region of rats, which could attenuate islet damage caused by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion and enhance the function of the islets [21]. This study broadens the scope of application of C-alginin in vivo and improves the therapeutic effect of C-alginin.

4 Inhibitory effect of C-alginin on hepatocellular carcinoma

It was found that C-alginin significantly reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) mRNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 cells) [22]. C-alginin is a natural photosensitizer, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by alginin microcystin induced a large accumulation of ROS in HepG2 cells, which promoted mitochondrial damage and cytochrome C release, and led to apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells [23].

Liu et al. [24] used nanoscale C-alginate particles prepared by lactobionic acid grafting and adriamycin loading to enhance the growth inhibition of HepG2 cells when combined with chemo-PDT, and the C-alginate particles could effectively accumulate and diffuse in tumor multicellular spheres. In vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of selenium-enriched PCs on PDT in hepatocellular carcinoma showed that selenium-enriched PCs could migrate from lysosomes to mitochondria in a time-dependent manner, and that selenium-enriched PCs could induce the death of tumor cells through the generation of free radicals in vivo, increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes in vivo, induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and inhibit autophagy, thus offering a relatively safe pathway to tumor treatment and showing new development perspectives [4]. It can provide a relatively safe way to treat tumors and shows a new development prospect [4].

Lin et al. [25] combined C-phycocyanin with single-walled carbon nanohorns and prepared phycocyanin-functionalized single-walled carbon nanohorn hybrids, which enhanced the photostability of C-phycocyanin and protected the single-walled carbon nanohorns from adsorption of plasma proteins, and synergistically used with PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) to treat tumors. C-phycocyanin covalently coupled with biosilica and PDT or non-covalently coupled with indocyanine green and PTT on tumor-associated macrophages can also increase the apoptosis rate of tumor cells [26-27]. The development of PDT and PTT synergistic methods for the treatment of cancer has broadened the application of C-PC and enhanced its value in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

In addition, C-phycocyanin can inhibit the expression of multidrug-resistant genes in HepG2 cells through NF-κB and activated protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated pathways, and C-phycocyanin increases the accumulation of adriamycin in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which results in a 5-fold increase in the susceptibility of cells to adriamycin [28]. Even in adriamycin-resistant HepG2 cells, C-PC induced the activation of apoptotic pathways such as cytochrome C and caspase-3 [29], and the results of Prabakaran et al. [30] also confirmed the inhibitory effect of C-PC on the proliferation of HepG2 cells, mediated by the inactivation of BCR-ABL signaling and the downstream PI3K/Akt pathway. mediated by BCR-ABL signaling and inactivation of downstream PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, C-phycocyanin modifies the mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes apoptosis in cancer cells [30]. Currently, C-phycocyanin is a synergistic molecule with other drugs that have been widely used in the treatment of cancer [31]. The above studies demonstrate that C-phycocyanin has good therapeutic potential in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma.

5 Amelioration of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by C-phycocyanin

It has been found that C-alginin can reduce ALT and AST levels, decrease ROS production and NF-κB activation, and attenuate hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by high-fat choline-deficient diets, and thus C-alginin has a protective effect on NAFLD rats through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms [15].

Another study on the effects of aqueous extract of Spirulina (mainly C-alginin) on NAFLD induced by a high-calorie/high-fat Western diet in C57Bl/6J mice showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina significantly improved glucose tolerance, lowered plasma cholesterol, and increased ursodeoxycholic acid in bile in mice [32]. Kaspi-Chadli et al. Kasbi-Chadli et al. [33] showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina could reduce cholesterol and sphingolipid levels in the liver and aortic cholesterol levels in hamsters fed a high-fat diet by significantly decreasing the expression of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA) gene, a limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, and TGF-β1 gene, and that ursodeoxycholic acid levels in the feces of hamsters fed high-fat diets were increased in the high Spirulina aqueous extract treatment group.

A daily dose of C-alginin-enriched Spirulina can reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress induced by a diet rich in lipid peroxides [34]. Ma et al. [35] found that C-alginin promoted the phosphorylation of hepatocyte AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) in vivo and ex vivo, and increased the phosphorylation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. In the treatment of NAFLD in mice, C-alginin can improve liver inflammation by up-regulating the expression of phosphorylated AMPK and AMPK-regulated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) and its target gene, CPT1, and by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and CD36 [35]. This suggests that C-phycocyanin can also improve lipid deposition in the liver through the AMPK pathway.

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Studies in animal models of spontaneous hypertension have shown that long-term administration of C-alginin may improve systemic blood pressure in rats by increasing aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase levels, with a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure, and thus C-alginin may be useful in preventing endothelial dysfunction-related diseases in the metabolic syndrome [36]. In the offspring of ApoE-deficient mice fed C-alginate during gestation and lactation, male littermates had an elevated hepatic reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio and significantly lower hepatic SOD and glutathione peroxidase gene expression.

C-PC is effective in preventing atherosclerosis in adult hereditary hypercholesterolemic mice [37]. In vitro, C-phycocyanin also improved glucose production and expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) in high-glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells [38]. C-alginin also increases glucose uptake in high glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells through the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/PI3K/Akt and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1)/liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMPK signaling pathways, activates glycogen synthase, and increases the amount of glycogen [38]. C-phycocyanin can improve blood glucose and fasting serum insulin levels in tetracycline-induced diabetic mice [39]. Therefore, C-phycocyanin can maintain cellular glucose homeostasis by improving insulin resistance in hepatocytes.

6 Hepatoprotective role of C-phycocyanin in other liver diseases

Studies have shown that C-alginin can inhibit total serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL, ALT, AST, and malondialdehyde levels in mice modeled with alcoholic liver injury, significantly increase SOD levels in the liver, and promote the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells, which can have an ameliorative effect on alcoholic liver injury [40]. In addition, C-phycocyanin may enhance the intestinal barrier function, regulate the intestinal flora, reduce the translocation of bacteria and metabolites to the liver, and inhibit the activity of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB pathway, which may reduce the inflammation of the liver and prevent the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis in mice [41]. In mice with X-ray radiation-induced liver injury, C-phycocyanin can reduce radiation-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress injury by up-regulating the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream genes, such as HO-1, and play a hepatoprotective role by enhancing the activities of SOD and glutathione peroxidase [42].

7 Outlook

Liver fibrosis is the common final process of chronic liver diseases, and there is no effective therapeutic drug at present. Although some research progress has been made in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the reversal of liver fibrosis [43], its toxicological effects have not yet been clarified. Although the incidence of viral hepatitis has gradually decreased with the development and popularization of vaccines and antiviral drugs, the incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and liver diseases such as NAFLD has been increasing year by year with the improvement of people's living conditions [44]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find drugs or nutrients that can help maintain normal hepatocyte function and effectively inhibit liver inflammation and fibrosis. C-alginin, with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects, as well as good food coloring, has a wide range of applications in both the pharmaceutical and food industries.

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