#rainfed agriculture

[glorious-maharashtra]

“मुख्यमंत्री शाश्वत कृषी सिंचन योजना — मागेल त्याला शेततळे(Magel Tyala Shettale)” हा महाराष्ट्र राज्य सरकारने कृषी, पशुसंवर्धन, दुग्धविकास आणि मत्स्यव्यवसाय मंत्रालयाच्या अंतर्गत 2022–23 मध्ये सुरू केलेला एक महत्त्वपूर्ण उपक्रम आहे. राज्यातील शेतकरी, विशेषतः पावसावर अवलंबून असलेल्या शेत���वर अवलंबून असलेल्या पाणीटंचाईच्या आव्हानांना तोंड देण्याचे या योजनेचे उद्दिष्ट आहे.

योजनेचा उद्देश || Purpose of the Scheme:

महाराष्ट्रातील 82% शेतजमीन पावसावर अवलंबून असल्याने, शेतकरी अनेकदा विसंगत पावसाचा सामना करतात, ज्यामुळे पीक उत्पादन कमी होते आणि काही प्रकरणांमध्ये, संपूर्ण पीक अपयशी ठरते. “मागेल त्याला शेततळे” योजना, ज्याला वैयक्तिक शेत तलाव उपक्रम म्हणूनही ओळखले जाते, ही आव्हाने कमी करण्यासाठी शेतकऱ्यांना शेततळे बांधण्यासाठी आर्थिक सहाय्य प्रदान करून सुरू करण्यात आली. हे तलाव पावसाचे पाणी पकडण्यात आणि साठवण्यात मदत करतात, कोरड्या हंगामात सिंचनासाठी विश्वसनीय जलस्रोत सुनिश्चित करतात, ज्यामुळे पिकांचे संरक्षण होते आणि नुकसान कमी होते.

आर्थिक सहाय्य || Financial Assistance:

या योजनेअंतर्गत, वैयक्तिक शेतकरी शेततळ्याच्या आकारानुसार, किमान ₹14,433 ते कमाल ₹75,000 पर्यंतच्या अनुदानासाठी पात्र आहेत. या आर्थिक सहाय्याचा उद्देश तलाव बांधण्याशी संबंधित खर्च भागवणे आहे, ज्यामुळे शेतकरी त्यांच्या जमिनीवर शाश्वत पाण्याचे स्रोत निर्माण करू शकतात.

For More Info: Magel Tyala Shettale || मागेल त्याला शेततळे — मुख्यमंत्री शाश्वत कृषी सिंचन योजना (gloriousmaharashtra.com)

[palmoilnews]

India's pulse self-reliance dream fades amid rising imports and low yields New Delhi, Sept. 4 -- Despite record sowing of pulses during the kharif season, India's goal of becoming self-reliant in pulses by 2027 seems increasingly out of reach, experts said. The yield isn't enough to keep up with demand, even as fears mount that excessive rainfall in September could damage planted crops and impact production estimates for pulses, said Bimal Kothari, chairman of the India Pulses and Grains Association (IPGA). Although El Niño has ended, the La Niña effect, which refers to the cooling of the central Pacific Ocean, is expected to firmly establish itself in September, according to the India Meteorological Department (IMD). The national forecaster has predicted an unusually rainy September, particularly in northern India. Pulses yield in India is about one tonne per hectare, compared with four tonnes per hectare in Canada, a major importing nation for masur, Kothari added. According to the consumer affairs ministry, pulses imports have increased significantly in recent years, up 44% in 2023 to 2.99 million tonnes (mt). Imports until July this year stood at 201,908 mt. The government has set a target to end its reliance on imported pulses by 2027, emphasized by finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman in her Union budget. "To achieve self-sufficiency in pulses and oilseeds, we will enhance their production, storage, and marketing," she said. India imports tur from Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi and Myanmar; Urad from Myanmar and Brazil; and masur from Canada, Australia, Russia and Turkey. "Excessive rainfall is not good for standing crops. If the rains meet the predictions of the IMD, it will certainly impact the yield of pulses," said Siraj Hussain, former agriculture secretary. According to the Directorate of Pulses Development, the major kharif pulses-growing states are Rajasthan with a 20% production share, followed by Maharashtra (18%), Madhya Pradesh (16%), and Karnataka (15%). Uttar Pradesh produces 7% of India's total kharif pulses, followed by Gujarat (5%), Jharkhand (5%), and Telangana (4%). "India will require 40 million tonnes of pulses by 2030 due to the increasing population, but our production has not kept pace and dropped to 24 million tonnes last year. The government needs to take corrective measures, such as encouraging crop diversification from rainfed to irrigated areas and extending subsidies to pulse farmers," Kothari said. The total annual consumption of pulses in India is estimated to be around 22 to 25 million tonnes. This high level of consumption reflects the cultural and dietary importance of pulses in Indian cuisine, where they are used in a variety of dishes such as dal, sambar, and curries. Disagreeing with other experts, K.G. Ramesh, former DG of IMD, said, "There will be no impact of September rains on pulses. Production will surpass last year's figures, and we can expect a good harvest this time." The government's move to procure all pulses at Minimum Support Price (MSP) is encouraging farmers and is reflected in the sowing trends. This year, the sowing of pulses has increased by 8.47%, reaching 12.51 million hectares compared to 11.66 million hectares last year, he said. As of August 30, the sowing of tur has increased by 5% to 4.5 million hectares, up from 4 million hectares last year. The sowing of moong has risen by 4% to 3.4 million hectares, compared to 3 mqillion hectares last year. However, the sowing of monsoon urad has decreased by 2% to 2,9 million hectares, from 3.1 million hectares last year.

[itiswellknownthat]

"It is well known that transitioning from rainfed to irrigation-fed agriculture boosts crop yields and improves food security."

https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad178a

[optisurface]

Millions Of Fields Need OptiSurfacing, Here Are A Few By Solution Type: Rainfed Drainage, Irrigation & Drainage, Erosion Control, Others

[adalidda]

Recommendations for Exporting Agricultural Commodities to the European Union, USA, Canada, and Japan

The European Union, USA, Canada, and Japan are promising markets for exporters of agricultural commodities from developing countries. These regions have trade preference agreements that allow duty-free or low-duty imports from certain developing countries. However, the requirements for the quality and traceability of agricultural commodities are high. This document provides recommendations for agribusiness firms in developing countries to successfully export their agricultural commodities to these markets.

Recommendations

Quality Assurance Implement stringent quality control measures to ensure that the commodities meet the high-quality standards required by these markets. This could involve investing in modern farming techniques and technologies. Below are some detailed case studies and experiences learned on quality assurance for some agricultural commodities:

Soybean A study on the soybean supply chain in the state of Pará, Brazil, used Life Cycle Assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with soybean production. The study highlighted the importance of efficient business transactions and soybean tracking for quality assurance. Another resource, the “Manual of Soy Quality Analyses for Soybean Products in the Feed Industry”, provides up-to-date, reliable, and easy-to-search information to quality control laboratories, universities, research centers, animal and human nutritionists, soybean traders, and organizations and individuals with an interest in the quality analysis of soybean products.

Sorghum A study on global sorghum production analyzed the current status of sorghum production, trends, and factors controlling sorghum yield using empirical approaches. The study highlighted the importance of adequate use of fertilizers and technology adoption, efficient management, and better agronomic practices for boosting sorghum yield and ensuring its sustainability in a warmer climate. Another study on India’s rainfed sorghum improvement over three decades assessed the efficiency of past achievements in genetic yield potential to facilitate future genetic improvement. The study revealed that sorghum varieties bred with diverse genetic backgrounds, such as landraces, and with tolerance to pests and diseases had stable yield performance.

Cassava A case study on small-scale flash-dryer reengineering for cassava processing in Costa Rica discussed the importance of traceability in the cassava supply chain. The study emphasized that accurate identification of the varieties of cassava grown by farmers will improve its management and production and facilitate tracking and replacing specific varieties. Another case study involving two food industries in Ghana developed an appropriate quality assurance system for two popular cassava-based convenience foods, fufu and kokonte flour. The study established critical control points with accompanying critical limits, monitoring procedures, corrective actions, verification procedures, record keeping, and documentation procedures based on the HACCP principle.

These case studies highlight the importance of quality assurance in agricultural supply chains and the innovative solutions being used to enhance it. They also underscore the challenges that need to be addressed to ensure effective quality assurance.

Traceability Establish robust systems for tracking the journey of the commodities from the farm to the market. This will enhance transparency and trust with the importers.

Below are some case studies and experiences learned on traceability for some agricultural commodities:

Soybean Blockchain technology has been used to enhance traceability in the soybean supply chain. A study proposed an approach that leverages the Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts to efficiently perform business transactions for soybean tracking and traceability across the agricultural supply chain. This solution eliminates the need for trusted centralized authorities and intermediaries and provides transaction records, enhancing efficiency and safety with high integrity, reliability, and security.

Sorghum A study on global sorghum production analyzed the current status of sorghum production, trends, and factors controlling sorghum yield using empirical approaches. Especially in sub-Saharan Africa, this crop is cultivated widely under unfavorable climate conditions and sub-optimal input levels. The study highlighted the importance of adequate use of fertilizers and technology adoption, efficient management, and better agronomic practices for boosting sorghum yield and ensuring its sustainability under a warmer climate.

Cassava A study on cassava exporters from Costa Rica discussed the importance of traceability in the cassava supply chain. As growing emphasis is placed on quality at all levels and on traceability and the preservation of the identity of varieties, accurate identification of the varieties of cassava grown by farmers will improve its management and production and facilitate tracking and replacing specific varieties.

Cocoa A series of case studies co-developed by IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative, the Belgian Initiative Beyond Chocolate Partnership, the Swiss Platform for Sustainable Cocoa (SWISSCO), the Dutch Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa (DISCO) and the German Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa (GISCO) explored in more detail how companies and standard setting organizations are implementing traceability in their operations. These studies provide valuable insights into the role of specific cocoa supply chain actors in the context of traceability.

These case studies highlight the importance of traceability in agricultural supply chains and the innovative solutions being used to enhance it. They also underscore the challenges that need to be addressed to ensure effective traceability.

Leverage Trade Agreements Understand the specifics of the trade agreements that your country has with the European Union, USA, Canada, and Japan to take full advantage of them. This may require seeking advice from trade experts or legal advisors.

Below is information on the trade agreements between the European Union, USA, Canada, and Japan with some developing countries:

European Union and Cambodia The EU works closely with Cambodia under the framework of the EU-ASEAN Cooperation Agreement. Cambodia benefits from the European Union's Everything But Arms scheme, which grants unilateral duty-free, quota-free access for all exports except arms and ammunition. In 2022, total trade in goods between the EU and Cambodia equaled €6.3 billion.

USA and Cambodia The United States and Cambodia concluded a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) in 2000. The BTA provides a forum to address bilateral trade issues and allows Cambodia and the United States to coordinate on regional and multilateral issues.

Canada and Cambodia Canada is one of Cambodia’s top export destinations, and bilateral merchandise trade has grown from $1.8 billion in 2021 to $2.4 billion in 2022. Cambodia benefits from Canada’s Market Access Initiative for least developed countries, which allows qualifying states quota-free and duty-free access to the Canadian market.

Japan and Cambodia Japan and Cambodia have an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) which strengthens the mutually beneficial economic collaboration between the two countries by facilitating freer flows of goods, services, and investments.

European Union and Vietnam The EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) eliminates or reduces tariffs on many key goods like electronics, food products, and pharmaceuticals. Between 2020 and 2021, EU-Vietnam agri-food trade grew by 9%, reaching €3.5 billion in total.

Canada and Vietnam Vietnam is Canada’s largest trading partner in ASEAN. In 2022, two-way merchandise trade between Canada and Vietnam totaled $13.8 billion. Vietnam benefits from the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) which provides a rules-based trading environment and enhances market access for Canadian exporters.

Japan and Vietnam Japan and Vietnam have an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) which strengthens the mutually beneficial economic collaboration between the two countries by facilitating freer flows of goods, services, and investments.

USA and Nigeria In 2021, the two-way trade in goods between the United States and Nigeria totaled over $7 billion. U.S. exports to Nigeria include wheat, vehicles, machinery, kerosene, lubricating oils, jet fuel, civilian aircraft, and plastics.

European Union and Nigeria The Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) aim to support West Africa's investment, industrialization, and diversification objectives. However, Nigeria has not signed an EPA due to concerns about its impact on local farmers and manufacturers.

Canada and Nigeria In 2022, two-way merchandise trade between Canada and Nigeria totaled $13.8 billion.

European Union (EU) and Senegal Senegal is part of several trade agreements, including the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the World Trade Organization. It's also eligible for U.S. market access benefits under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Negotiations are ongoing for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU and several West African countries, including Senegal.

USA and Senegal Senegal is eligible for U.S. market access benefits under AGOA. The main imports from the USA are feed grains (corn) and consumer-oriented products.

Canada and Senegal In 2022, two-way merchandise trade between Canada and Senegal reached over $197 million. The main Canadian exports included cereals, vehicles and parts, machinery, textiles, and beverages.

EU and Ghana Ghana has a bilateral Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the EU.

USA and Ghana Ghana has a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) with the USA. Many Ghanaian exports to the USA benefit from duty-free tariff preferences under AGOA and the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program.

Canada and Ghana In 2021, two-way merchandise trade between Canada and Ghana reached over $475 million. The main Canadian exports included cereals, vehicles and parts, machinery, textiles, and beverages.

EU and Congo RDC The EU’s contribution to consolidation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is based on strong support for political, economic, and commercial development in the country under the Cotonou Agreement.

USA and Congo RDC The DRC has a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) with the USA. It's also a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), with which the USA has a TIFA.

Please note that the specifics of these agreements can change over time and it's always a good idea to check the most recent sources for the most accurate information.

Market Research Conduct thorough market research to understand the preferences and needs of consumers in these markets. This will help in tailoring your products to meet their specific demands.

Partnerships Consider forming partnerships with local businesses in these markets. They can provide valuable insights into the market dynamics and consumer behavior.

Certifications Obtain international certifications for your commodities. Certifications like Organic, Fairtrade, and Rainforest Alliance can make your products more appealing to consumers in these markets.

Conclusion While the European Union, USA, Canada, and Japan present significant opportunities for agribusiness firms in developing countries, it is crucial to meet their high standards for quality and traceability. By implementing these recommendations, agribusiness firms can enhance their competitiveness and successfully penetrate these markets. Remember, the key to success in international trade lies in understanding the market dynamics, meeting the required standards, and continuously striving for excellence.

Bibliographies https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8718621 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1184373/full https://www.scl.gatech.edu/news/more-food-traceability-case-cassava-exporters-costa-rica https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/78062 https://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/uploaded/2021/06/Case-Study_Traceability_Fairtrade_Adj.pdf https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1648 https://ussec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Manual-of-Quality-Analyses.pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1056040/full https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/119323/book%20chapter.pdf?sequence=1

I hope you enjoyed reading this post and learned something new and useful from it. If you did, please share it with your friends and colleagues who might be interested in Agriculture and Agribusiness.

Mr. Kosona Chriv Chief Operating Officer (COO)

Deko Integrated and Agro Processing Limited 3rd and 4th Floors, Idubor House 52 Mission Road 300002 Benin City Edo State Nigeria

Phone/WhatsApp: + 2349040848867 (Nigeria) +85510333220 (Cambodia) Email: pr@dekoholding.com Website: https://dekoholding.com

Deko Integrated and Agro Processing Limited is an agricultural firm and exporter of agricultural commodities in Nigeria. We aim to use technologies and innovations to disrupt the cassava value chain in Nigeria. We believe that Nigeria has the potential and resources to become the top exporter of value-added cassava. If you are in the world cassava value chain (food manufacturers, bio-ethanol manufacturers, cassava by-products producers, and investors), we look forward to hearing from you soon and exploring the possibilities of working together. By working together, we can create value for our customers, partners, and stakeholders, as well as make a positive impact on the local communities and the environment. We are committed to delivering high-quality products and services, as well as fostering innovation and sustainability. If you want to learn more about Deko Group and how we can collaborate, please visit our website https://dekoholding.com

Illustration Photo: Coopedota, a coffee cooperative in Costa Rica, earned recognition in 2011 as the world's first carbon neutral coffee producer (credits: Luis Salazar/Crop Trust / Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 DEED)

Read the full article by clicking here https://dekoholding.com/dekoposts/S7itG49RqtKKEnuNW/recommendations-for-exporting-agricultural-commodities-to/dekonews

[royalinstituteofcompetition]

Changing the Face of Farming: Inspiring Rajasthan's Institutes

The desert state of Rajasthan in India is also a home of some of its first-rate Agriculture Institute in Rajasthan. One of these institutes is the Royal Institute of Competition Udaipur (RICU). Students from different parts of the country select RICU for their dreams of becoming successful in agriculture. This article will consider agriculture education in Rajasthan, where RICU is the best institute and the students will tell us their studying experience.

The Agricultural Landscape of Rajasthan

Rajasthan is dry, and there are many deserts here. Still, the state has been very resourceful to ensure that they use the limited available resources for development purposes. Agriculture in Rajasthan mainly involves rainfed farming, traditional irrigation schemes such as “johads” and drought-tolerant crops.

A Pioneer in Agriculture Education

Udaipur is a historically renowned city and Royal Institute of Competition is a leader in agricultural education that has been giving quality education. RICU was established with an aim to empower rural youth of Rajasthan and the neighboring areas with modern agronomic knowledge and skills.

RICU has modern research labs and well-maintained research farms, which provide a favorable learning environment. In addition, the institute involves students in research and development projects thereby exposing them to practical aspects of the work.

Experiences of Students at RICU

We talked to a few of them studying at RICU to share with us their tales. Here are their testimonials:

Rajesh Meena: Pursuing a Dream

Rajesh Meena is a 22 year old from Alwar, Rajasthan who aspired to improve the lives of farmers in his state. He says, “Studying at RICU has changed my life. The institute does not only teach theory, but also practice. The practical experience I got on crop management, soil science and pest control is very useful.”

Rajesh articulates with great enthusiasm about the projects in which he was involved at the RICU, such as a community-based initiative to encourage the use of organic farming in his town. “RICU helped me to practice what I learnt in real life situations”- he adds. I am certain that the knowledge and expertise I have gotten here will make me change agriculture practices in my area.

Shikha Sharma: Breaking Stereotypes

Shikha Sharma, a 24-year old woman from Jaipur is against stereotypes. She opted for a course in Agricultural Engineering, RICU, a field considered to be a male preserve. “At RICU, I discovered a community that is supportive and embraces diversity,” she says. I must admit that my faculty and the students have been supportive, and I never felt like an outcast.

Shikha plans to develop new technologies for agriculture water conservation in Rajasthan, an urgent problem. At the moment, she is involved in a project on designing a small-scale rainwater harvesting system. She proudly states that RICU has given her a chance to challenge norms and make an impact on the agricultural landscape of our state.

Avinash Singh: Nurturing Entrepreneurship

Avinash Singh, a 27 year old from Jodhpur, wished to be an entrepreneur. In order to set up an agribusiness venture, he enrolled in the Agribusiness Management program at RICU. “RICU changed my life through its business-focused approach to agriculture education,” he says.

Avinash highlights the fact that RICU not only teaches agricultural techniques, but also focuses on business issues such as agri-startup management, marketing, and supply chain management. Working on business plans and interacting with successful entrepreneurs has been instrumental in molding my vision of the future.

Avinash has just set foot in the initial phase of launching his organic agribusiness venture. He admits that RICU was instrumental in his dream come true.

Conclusion

Rajasthan boasts of a shining example of exemplary education in The Royal Institute of Competition Udaipur which pledges to provide the best agriculture learning. The institute proves its ability to cultivate young talent by providing them with training that will help to succeed in the ever-changing and harsh sphere.

Therefore, if you’re planning to venture in agriculture with an aim to transform the lives of farmers in Rajasthan, then the Royal Institute of Competition Udaipur could be a good place to start off. Just as Rajesh, Shikha, and Avinash have demonstrated, the institute not only teaches but also gives the opportunity to dream and make it possible for you to achieve your goals in the agricultural world.

Have you always dreamt of a successful career in agriculture? Discover how Rajasthan institutes can make your dreams come true.

#agricultureinstituteinrajasthan #royalinstituteofcompetition

[soumyadipchatterjee007]

Can Groundwater Act as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development in Africa’s borderlands?

The Horn of Africa is facing a severe drought following the worst performing rains in 73 years and five successive failed rainy seasons. A sixth rainy season is forecast to also fail in April/May 2023. The frequency and severity of drought is increasing, making it harder for people to recover between shocks. The long-term outlook indicates continued drought risks for the region. The impact of the drought in the Horn of Africa has been severe: More than 36 million people are affected, with more than 20 million in the highest categories of food insecurity, with women and girls disproportionately affected by the direct and indirect impacts of the drought. The immediate challenges of the humanitarian crisis are the increasing numbers of people in need of food aid, shelter in refugee and Internally Displaced People (IDP) camps, and the imperatives of providing them with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), health, and education services while ensuring their protection.

The root cause of the crisis is a lack of access to water for communities and livestock. However, lack of water is an issue of limited access not water availability.

Reversing the impact of climate change on rainfall patterns in the Horn is not possible – future droughts due to limited rainfall are likely to happen. The Horn of Africa however has significant climate change adaptation potential to prevent the impact of future droughts.

A central adaptation opportunity is tapping into the vast groundwater potential of the Horn, with millions of kilometers of groundwater available. Access to water is essential for socio-economic development and livelihoods of communities across the arid and semi-arid regions of the Horn. Both pastoralists and farmers require better access to sustainable water sources if agricultural production is to be improved sufficiently to support likely population growth of both people and livestock. Groundwater access has the transformative potential for catalyzing sustainable development in the Horn. Learning from the 2015-2016 Horn of Africa response, it was noted that using groundwater and mechanized water transferal pipeline schemes are 50 times cheaper and then utilizing birkhas/rainfed/shallow water supplies that are supplemented by water trucking. 2

Communities in the Horn of Africa, particularly in its borderland regions, are off track to achieve SDG Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.

Investing in Climate Resilient Ground water in the Horn of Africa

In the Horn of Africa, there are over 40 million people who live along border areas with little to no water infrastructure development. Women are specifically affected more by lack of water because they spend more hours looking for or fetching water. On the long term, securing their demand for water will require a shift on how water is harvested for livestock, farming and domestic use.

For development stakeholders in the Horn region, a focus on innovative groundwater investigation using radar and satellite technologies has proven to be ideal, timely and relevant. The efficacy of techniques such as the Three Phase Methodology (TPM) should be explored further in border areas.

There are numerous benefits of exploring and investing in pre-feasibility analysis and project pipeline development in Africa’s borderlands ground water; for example, groundwater can reinforce development, enhance resilience and is available in most border areas. In the face of drought, ground water is protected from evaporation and pollution as well.

This year, as the world marks the world water day, themed as accelerating change to solve the water and sanitation crisis; the UNDP Africa Borderlands Centre (ABC) will develop climate resilient groundwater for agro-pastoralism and domestic use in selected borderland locations in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Groundwater identification techniques combined with water drilling/hydraulic solutions and nature based/ecological infrastructure are being developed for the domestic, agricultural, and small-scale industrial needs of the borderland’s communities.

In the Horn of Africa, potential of ground water is underestimated because it is not sufficiently mapped and categorized. In the recent past, large groundwater potential has been identified in Jesoma sandstone aquifer in Ethiopia with potential for 20,500,000 km3 of water and the Lotikibi Basin Aquifer with a potential of 200,000,000 km3 which is a lake the size of half of Belgium.

Innovative investments in physical infrastructure for ground water by the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and Members states with support from the World Bank Groundwater for Climate Resilience (HoAGW4CR) special programme, UNDP Africa Borderlands Centre (ABC) and UNICEF Country teams can therefore generate immense incentives to compliment attainment of water security in the border areas of the Horn region. Work is already ongoing to expand access to groundwater that needs further scaling-up. For example, to provide climate resilient water solutions, the World Bank partnered with UNDP under the Groundwater for Resilient (GW4R) programme to identify groundwater potential and develop its access. The sustainability of the water source, the private sector to construct and the governance to operate and maintain these groundwater schemes is the focus.

Water as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development:

In early 2000’s, it was said that in sub-Saharan Africa, people would walk 3,000 meters to find water, yet the water was available 30 meters below their feet. In 2023, given the exacerbation of natural and human causes, people walk on average of 5,000 meters to find water. Yet the solution to water scarcity still lies 30 meters below their feet!

A 2021 flagship report by the Africa Borderlands Centre on agropastoralists in Africa Borderlands noted that the interdependence between water security and attainment of all SDG goals cannot be gainsaid. Groundwater is arguably the critical underlying resource in the Horn region for human survival and economic development. To realize the sustainable nature of ground water as a catalyst of development, ABC calls on partners to join the regional Groundwater Access Facility (GaFa) and jointly explore ground water in an efficient and cost-effective manner.

The catastrophic events of the drought in Horn of Africa exemplifies the need to develop ground water infrastructure. Groundwater can sustainably offset the imbalance created by dependency on surface water.

[drcpanda12]

The monsoon season, a fascinating natural phenomenon, captivates our senses with its dramatic shifts in weather patterns and abundant rainfall. From the parched lands eagerly awaiting the arrival of life-giving showers to the lush green landscapes that emerge in their wake, the monsoon holds a significant place in the hearts of people residing in affected regions. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of the monsoon, exploring its formation, impact, and cultural significance. Join us on a journey to unravel the mysteries of this awe-inspiring seasonal symphony, as we uncover the science behind the monsoon and shed light on its profound influence on the environment, agriculture, and human societies. What is Monsoon? Monsoon refers to a seasonal pattern of wind circulation that brings about a distinct shift in weather patterns and precipitation in certain regions of the world. It is characterized by a reversal in the direction of prevailing winds and is typically associated with heavy rainfall. The word "monsoon" originates from the Arabic word "mausim," which means "season." Although monsoon systems occur in several parts of the world, they are most commonly associated with South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa and the Americas. Here are some key details about monsoons: Formation: Monsoons are caused by the differential heating and cooling of land and ocean. During summer, land surfaces heat up more quickly than bodies of water, resulting in low pressure over the land and high pressure over the ocean. The wind flows from high-pressure areas (oceans) to low-pressure areas (land), bringing moist air inland. Seasonal Reversal: The monsoon season is characterized by a reversal of wind direction compared to the rest of the year. In South Asia, for example, the monsoon season occurs from June to September. The prevailing wind direction shifts from dry, offshore winds to moist, onshore winds during this period. Rainfall Patterns: Monsoons are associated with significant rainfall. The onshore winds bring moisture-laden air from the ocean, which rises over the land due to topographical features like mountains. As the air rises, it cools and condenses, leading to the formation of clouds and rainfall. The intensity and duration of rainfall vary depending on the region and local factors. Impact on Agriculture: Monsoons play a crucial role in agriculture, especially in countries where rainfed farming is prevalent. The timely arrival and distribution of monsoon rainfall are vital for crop growth. Adequate rainfall during the monsoon season can lead to good agricultural yields, while drought or excessive rainfall can have adverse effects on crops. Floods and Droughts: Monsoon rainfall can be both a blessing and a curse. While it sustains agriculture and replenishes water resources, it can also lead to flooding when excessive rainfall overwhelms drainage systems. Conversely, inadequate rainfall during the monsoon season can result in drought conditions, affecting water availability and agricultural productivity. Variability: Monsoon patterns can exhibit considerable variability from year to year. Climate phenomena like El Niño and La Niña can influence monsoon dynamics, leading to deviations from typical patterns. Such variations can impact the overall monsoon season, including rainfall amounts and geographical distribution. Cultural Significance: Monsoons hold cultural significance in regions experiencing their influence. Festivals, rituals, and traditions are often tied to the arrival of monsoons, symbolizing renewal, fertility, and the end of the dry season. Understanding monsoons is crucial for regions that rely on agriculture, water resources, and overall socioeconomic well-being. Scientists and meteorologists study monsoon patterns to improve forecasting and better prepare for the associated impacts, such as floods, droughts, and water management. The Formation of Monsoon

The formation of the monsoon is a complex interplay of atmospheric and oceanic factors that give rise to this extraordinary seasonal phenomenon. Understanding the mechanisms behind its formation is crucial for predicting and comprehending its behavior. In this section, we delve into the intricacies of monsoon formation. The primary driving force behind the monsoon is the differential heating and cooling of land and ocean surfaces. During the summer months, land areas heat up more quickly than the adjacent oceans. As a result, a low-pressure system develops over the land, while a high-pressure system persists over the ocean. This pressure gradient sets the stage for the monsoon winds to emerge. The monsoon winds can be broadly categorized into two types: the summer monsoon and the winter monsoon. In this article, we primarily focus on the summer monsoon, as it is the most prominent and well-known. During the summer monsoon, the prevailing winds over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia undergo a remarkable reversal in direction. Prior to the monsoon, these regions are influenced by dry, offshore winds. However, as the land heats up and the low-pressure system intensifies, moist air from the nearby oceans is drawn inland. This influx of moist air gives rise to the onshore winds, laden with humidity and the promise of rainfall. The complex topography of the affected regions plays a crucial role in shaping the monsoon's behavior. Mountain ranges act as barriers, forcing the moist air to ascend and cool as it encounters higher altitudes. As the air rises, it condenses, forming clouds and leading to precipitation. This orographic effect contributes to the significant rainfall experienced in hilly and mountainous areas during the monsoon season. Oceanic conditions also influence the monsoon. The temperature of the nearby oceans, such as the Indian Ocean, plays a vital role in determining the moisture content of the onshore winds. Warmer sea surface temperatures result in increased evaporation, leading to higher moisture content in the air. This, in turn, enhances the potential for heavy rainfall during the monsoon season. Furthermore, large-scale climate phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña can exert considerable influence on monsoon patterns. El Niño, characterized by warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, can disrupt monsoon circulation and result in reduced rainfall. Conversely, La Niña, characterized by cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures, can enhance the monsoon and lead to above-average rainfall. Understanding the formation of the monsoon is a multidisciplinary endeavor that involves meteorologists, climatologists, and oceanographers. Through advanced modeling techniques and extensive data analysis, scientists strive to improve their understanding of monsoon dynamics, ultimately leading to more accurate predictions and better preparedness for the associated impacts, such as floods, droughts, and agricultural productivity. In the next sections, we will explore the impacts of the monsoon on various aspects of life, including agriculture, water resources, and cultural practices. Seasonal Reversal One of the defining characteristics of the monsoon is the seasonal reversal of wind patterns. This reversal occurs when prevailing winds change direction, marking the transition between different seasons. The shift from dry to wet conditions or vice versa is a remarkable phenomenon that shapes the climate and influences various aspects of life in monsoon-affected regions. During the monsoon season, a significant reversal takes place in the direction of the prevailing winds. In regions such as South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa, the prevailing winds blow from land to sea for most of the year. These dry, offshore winds typically dominate the weather patterns during the non-monsoon period. However, as the summer season progresses, the landmass in these regions heats up, creating a low-pressure system.

The temperature gradient between the land and the adjacent oceans intensifies, leading to the formation of a high-pressure system over the oceans. This pressure difference sets the stage for the seasonal reversal. The reversal begins when moist air from the oceans is drawn inland by the low-pressure system over the land. These onshore winds carry abundant moisture, creating a shift from dry to wet conditions. The moisture-laden winds bring about a dramatic change in weather patterns, resulting in heavy rainfall, increased humidity, and a drop in temperatures. The timing and duration of the monsoon reversal vary across different regions. In South Asia, for example, the onset of the summer monsoon typically occurs around June, while the withdrawal or retreat of the monsoon occurs around September. These transitions are critical for agricultural activities, as they mark the arrival of favorable conditions for planting and harvesting. The seasonal reversal of winds also has a significant impact on marine ecosystems. Upwelling, the process of nutrient-rich deep water rising to the surface, occurs during the monsoon season in certain regions. This upwelling supports the growth of phytoplankton and boosts the productivity of marine life, creating thriving fishing grounds. While the monsoon reversal brings much-needed rainfall and relief from the scorching heat, it can also lead to extreme weather events. Intense downpours, thunderstorms, and even cyclones are not uncommon during the monsoon season. Flooding, landslides, and waterlogging can occur, posing challenges to infrastructure, agriculture, and public safety. The seasonal reversal of winds is not limited to the summer monsoon. In some regions, a similar reversal occurs during the winter season, known as the winter monsoon. During this period, the prevailing winds shift from the oceans to the land, bringing cooler and drier conditions. The seasonal reversal of winds is a phenomenon that people in monsoon-affected regions eagerly await each year. It has a profound impact on the environment, agriculture, water resources, and the daily lives of millions of people. Understanding and predicting these seasonal changes are vital for effective planning, resource management, and disaster preparedness in monsoon-prone areas. Rainfall Patterns Rainfall patterns during the monsoon season exhibit distinct characteristics that distinguish them from other seasons. The arrival of the monsoon brings about a significant increase in rainfall, often resulting in heavy downpours and prolonged periods of precipitation. Understanding the rainfall patterns is crucial for agriculture, water resource management, and overall planning in monsoon-affected regions. Here are some key aspects of rainfall patterns during the monsoon season: Intensity: Monsoon rainfall is known for its intensity. When the monsoon winds bring moisture-laden air from the oceans, the warm and humid air rises over the landmass. As the air ascends, it cools, leading to condensation and the formation of clouds. The condensed water droplets then fall as rain. The combination of abundant moisture and the orographic effect of mountains can result in heavy and concentrated rainfall within a short period. Intense downpours are common during the monsoon, often causing localized flooding. Duration: The monsoon season typically spans several months, with the duration varying depending on the region. In South Asia, for instance, the monsoon season lasts from June to September. During this period, the rainfall is sustained and occurs intermittently. There are phases of intense rainfall followed by lulls, creating a cyclical pattern. The duration and timing of the monsoon can have significant implications for agriculture, as it determines the planting, growth, and harvesting periods. Spatial Distribution: The distribution of rainfall during the monsoon season is not uniform across the affected regions. Certain areas receive higher amounts of rainfall compared to others, leading to spatial variations.

Factors such as topography, proximity to the coast, and local wind patterns contribute to these variations. Mountainous regions often experience more rainfall due to the orographic lifting of moist air. Coastal areas can also receive substantial rainfall due to the influence of moisture-laden onshore winds. Monsoon Trough: The monsoon trough, also known as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), is a band of low pressure that forms during the monsoon season. It acts as a focal point for the convergence of moist air and plays a crucial role in enhancing rainfall. The position of the monsoon trough fluctuates, affecting the distribution of rainfall across different regions. Its movement can result in the shifting of rainfall patterns and can impact agricultural activities and water availability. Breaks in Monsoon: Within the monsoon season, there are often periods known as "breaks" or "breaks in the monsoon." These are temporary interruptions in the rainfall activity, characterized by a reduction or cessation of precipitation for several days or weeks. These breaks can occur due to various factors, including the movement of weather systems or changes in atmospheric circulation. Breaks in the monsoon can have implications for agriculture, as they can affect crop growth and water availability. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations in monsoon rainfall is essential for planning and managing various sectors. It allows for the development of strategies to mitigate the risks of flooding, droughts, and water scarcity. Weather monitoring systems, rainfall prediction models, and historical data analysis contribute to improving our understanding of monsoon rainfall patterns and aid in preparedness and adaptation to its impacts. Impact on Agriculture The monsoon season has a profound impact on agriculture in monsoon-affected regions. The timely arrival and distribution of monsoon rainfall are crucial for crop growth, water availability, and overall agricultural productivity. The monsoon's influence on agriculture can be both beneficial and challenging, with its impacts varying depending on the amount, distribution, and timing of rainfall. Here are some key aspects of the monsoon's impact on agriculture: Water Supply: Adequate rainfall during the monsoon season replenishes water reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater sources. This availability of water is essential for irrigation, especially in rainfed agricultural areas where farmers rely on monsoon rainfall to nourish their crops. The monsoon's contribution to water supply helps sustain agricultural activities throughout the year. Crop Planting and Growth: The onset of the monsoon season signals the beginning of the crop planting period. Farmers eagerly await the arrival of monsoon rains to prepare their fields and sow seeds. Sufficient and timely rainfall is vital for germination, root development, and initial growth of crops. If the monsoon rains are delayed or insufficient, it can lead to delays in planting, affecting crop yields. Crop Yields: The monsoon's impact on crop yields depends on the amount and distribution of rainfall. Optimal rainfall during the growing season supports healthy crop growth, leading to higher yields. Insufficient or erratic rainfall, on the other hand, can adversely affect crop development, leading to lower yields or even crop failures. Drought conditions during the monsoon season can be particularly devastating for rainfed agriculture. Pest and Disease Management: The monsoon season can also influence the incidence and spread of pests and diseases in agricultural crops. Excessive moisture and humidity during the monsoon provide favorable conditions for the proliferation of pests, fungi, and bacteria. Farmers need to implement effective pest and disease management strategies to minimize crop losses during this period. Crop Diversity and Planning: The monsoon's arrival and behavior influence the choice of crops and their planting schedules.

Farmers select crop varieties that are well-suited to the monsoon climate, taking into account factors such as water requirements, tolerance to moisture stress, and disease resistance. Additionally, farmers often plan their cropping calendars based on the anticipated monsoon onset, duration, and withdrawal. Soil Erosion and Conservation: Intense monsoon rainfall can lead to soil erosion, particularly in hilly and sloping areas. The force of heavy raindrops and runoff can wash away fertile topsoil, affecting soil quality and nutrient content. Soil conservation measures such as contour plowing, terracing, and the use of cover crops play a vital role in mitigating erosion and preserving soil fertility during the monsoon season. Post-Harvest Storage: The monsoon season poses challenges for post-harvest storage of crops. Excessive humidity and moisture levels can contribute to spoilage, mold growth, and insect infestations. Proper storage facilities, drying techniques, and preservation methods are crucial to safeguarding harvested crops during this period. Efficient water management, irrigation infrastructure, access to weather information, and technological advancements in agriculture can help mitigate the risks and challenges associated with the monsoon season. Research and development efforts are focused on developing drought-resistant crop varieties, improving water-use efficiency, and promoting sustainable farming practices that enhance resilience to the monsoon's variability. Overall, the monsoon's impact on agriculture highlights the critical role that rainfall plays in sustaining food production and livelihoods in monsoon-affected regions. Effective planning, adaptation strategies, and investments in agricultural resilience are essential for minimizing risks and maximizing the benefits of the monsoon season for agricultural communities. Cultural Significance The monsoon season holds immense cultural significance in many regions around the world. It has woven itself into the fabric of local traditions, festivities, and daily life, becoming a source of inspiration, celebration, and spiritual reverence. Here are some aspects of the monsoon's cultural significance: Agricultural Festivals: In agricultural societies dependent on the monsoon for crop cultivation, the onset of the monsoon season is celebrated with vibrant festivals and rituals. These festivities mark the beginning of the planting season and express gratitude for the arrival of rainfall. Farmers seek blessings from deities and perform ceremonies to invoke favorable weather and bountiful harvests. Such festivals often involve community gatherings, music, dance, and the sharing of traditional meals. Rain Dances: Rain dances are a cultural expression associated with the monsoon season. These lively and rhythmic dances are performed as a means of calling for rain, symbolizing the connection between humans and nature. Rain dances often involve intricate movements, vibrant costumes, and traditional music, creating an atmosphere of joy and hope for abundant rainfall. Art and Literature: The monsoon season has inspired artists, poets, and writers throughout history. Its dramatic weather patterns, lush landscapes, and the emotions it evokes are often portrayed in paintings, sculptures, poetry, songs, and literature. The monsoon serves as a muse for creative expressions, capturing its beauty, power, and transformative impact on the environment and human emotions. Spiritual and Religious Significance: The monsoon season holds spiritual and religious significance in various cultures. It is believed to be a time of cleansing, renewal, and spiritual growth. In some traditions, the monsoon is associated with deities and mythical stories related to water, rain, and fertility. Ceremonies and rituals are performed to seek divine blessings for a prosperous monsoon season, protection from floods or droughts, and overall well-being. Culinary Delights:

The monsoon season influences culinary traditions, as the abundance of rainfall and fresh produce inspire a variety of seasonal dishes. The monsoon brings an array of flavors, including fruits, vegetables, and herbs, which are incorporated into traditional recipes. These delicacies often reflect regional diversity and are eagerly awaited and relished during the monsoon season. Water Conservation Practices: The monsoon season's significance goes beyond celebrations and festivals; it also promotes cultural practices centered around water conservation. In regions where water scarcity is a concern during other seasons, the monsoon's arrival is viewed as an opportunity to replenish water sources. Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting, reservoir management, and community-based water-sharing systems are often part of cultural practices passed down through generations. Symbolism and Metaphors: The monsoon season serves as a rich source of symbolism and metaphors in cultural expressions. It is often associated with themes of transformation, renewal, emotional journeys, and the cycles of life. The monsoon's unpredictable nature and its ability to bring both blessings and challenges serve as metaphors for the highs and lows of human existence. The cultural significance of the monsoon season reflects the deep connection between nature and human societies. It is a time of unity, reflection, celebration, and resilience, highlighting the profound influence of the monsoon on people's lives, traditions, and sense of identity.

[knewtoday]

The monsoon season, a fascinating natural phenomenon, captivates our senses with its dramatic shifts in weather patterns and abundant rainfall. From the parched lands eagerly awaiting the arrival of life-giving showers to the lush green landscapes that emerge in their wake, the monsoon holds a significant place in the hearts of people residing in affected regions. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of the monsoon, exploring its formation, impact, and cultural significance. Join us on a journey to unravel the mysteries of this awe-inspiring seasonal symphony, as we uncover the science behind the monsoon and shed light on its profound influence on the environment, agriculture, and human societies. What is Monsoon? Monsoon refers to a seasonal pattern of wind circulation that brings about a distinct shift in weather patterns and precipitation in certain regions of the world. It is characterized by a reversal in the direction of prevailing winds and is typically associated with heavy rainfall. The word "monsoon" originates from the Arabic word "mausim," which means "season." Although monsoon systems occur in several parts of the world, they are most commonly associated with South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa and the Americas. Here are some key details about monsoons: Formation: Monsoons are caused by the differential heating and cooling of land and ocean. During summer, land surfaces heat up more quickly than bodies of water, resulting in low pressure over the land and high pressure over the ocean. The wind flows from high-pressure areas (oceans) to low-pressure areas (land), bringing moist air inland. Seasonal Reversal: The monsoon season is characterized by a reversal of wind direction compared to the rest of the year. In South Asia, for example, the monsoon season occurs from June to September. The prevailing wind direction shifts from dry, offshore winds to moist, onshore winds during this period. Rainfall Patterns: Monsoons are associated with significant rainfall. The onshore winds bring moisture-laden air from the ocean, which rises over the land due to topographical features like mountains. As the air rises, it cools and condenses, leading to the formation of clouds and rainfall. The intensity and duration of rainfall vary depending on the region and local factors. Impact on Agriculture: Monsoons play a crucial role in agriculture, especially in countries where rainfed farming is prevalent. The timely arrival and distribution of monsoon rainfall are vital for crop growth. Adequate rainfall during the monsoon season can lead to good agricultural yields, while drought or excessive rainfall can have adverse effects on crops. Floods and Droughts: Monsoon rainfall can be both a blessing and a curse. While it sustains agriculture and replenishes water resources, it can also lead to flooding when excessive rainfall overwhelms drainage systems. Conversely, inadequate rainfall during the monsoon season can result in drought conditions, affecting water availability and agricultural productivity. Variability: Monsoon patterns can exhibit considerable variability from year to year. Climate phenomena like El Niño and La Niña can influence monsoon dynamics, leading to deviations from typical patterns. Such variations can impact the overall monsoon season, including rainfall amounts and geographical distribution. Cultural Significance: Monsoons hold cultural significance in regions experiencing their influence. Festivals, rituals, and traditions are often tied to the arrival of monsoons, symbolizing renewal, fertility, and the end of the dry season. Understanding monsoons is crucial for regions that rely on agriculture, water resources, and overall socioeconomic well-being. Scientists and meteorologists study monsoon patterns to improve forecasting and better prepare for the associated impacts, such as floods, droughts, and water management. The Formation of Monsoon

The formation of the monsoon is a complex interplay of atmospheric and oceanic factors that give rise to this extraordinary seasonal phenomenon. Understanding the mechanisms behind its formation is crucial for predicting and comprehending its behavior. In this section, we delve into the intricacies of monsoon formation. The primary driving force behind the monsoon is the differential heating and cooling of land and ocean surfaces. During the summer months, land areas heat up more quickly than the adjacent oceans. As a result, a low-pressure system develops over the land, while a high-pressure system persists over the ocean. This pressure gradient sets the stage for the monsoon winds to emerge. The monsoon winds can be broadly categorized into two types: the summer monsoon and the winter monsoon. In this article, we primarily focus on the summer monsoon, as it is the most prominent and well-known. During the summer monsoon, the prevailing winds over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia undergo a remarkable reversal in direction. Prior to the monsoon, these regions are influenced by dry, offshore winds. However, as the land heats up and the low-pressure system intensifies, moist air from the nearby oceans is drawn inland. This influx of moist air gives rise to the onshore winds, laden with humidity and the promise of rainfall. The complex topography of the affected regions plays a crucial role in shaping the monsoon's behavior. Mountain ranges act as barriers, forcing the moist air to ascend and cool as it encounters higher altitudes. As the air rises, it condenses, forming clouds and leading to precipitation. This orographic effect contributes to the significant rainfall experienced in hilly and mountainous areas during the monsoon season. Oceanic conditions also influence the monsoon. The temperature of the nearby oceans, such as the Indian Ocean, plays a vital role in determining the moisture content of the onshore winds. Warmer sea surface temperatures result in increased evaporation, leading to higher moisture content in the air. This, in turn, enhances the potential for heavy rainfall during the monsoon season. Furthermore, large-scale climate phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña can exert considerable influence on monsoon patterns. El Niño, characterized by warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, can disrupt monsoon circulation and result in reduced rainfall. Conversely, La Niña, characterized by cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures, can enhance the monsoon and lead to above-average rainfall. Understanding the formation of the monsoon is a multidisciplinary endeavor that involves meteorologists, climatologists, and oceanographers. Through advanced modeling techniques and extensive data analysis, scientists strive to improve their understanding of monsoon dynamics, ultimately leading to more accurate predictions and better preparedness for the associated impacts, such as floods, droughts, and agricultural productivity. In the next sections, we will explore the impacts of the monsoon on various aspects of life, including agriculture, water resources, and cultural practices. Seasonal Reversal One of the defining characteristics of the monsoon is the seasonal reversal of wind patterns. This reversal occurs when prevailing winds change direction, marking the transition between different seasons. The shift from dry to wet conditions or vice versa is a remarkable phenomenon that shapes the climate and influences various aspects of life in monsoon-affected regions. During the monsoon season, a significant reversal takes place in the direction of the prevailing winds. In regions such as South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa, the prevailing winds blow from land to sea for most of the year. These dry, offshore winds typically dominate the weather patterns during the non-monsoon period. However, as the summer season progresses, the landmass in these regions heats up, creating a low-pressure system.

The temperature gradient between the land and the adjacent oceans intensifies, leading to the formation of a high-pressure system over the oceans. This pressure difference sets the stage for the seasonal reversal. The reversal begins when moist air from the oceans is drawn inland by the low-pressure system over the land. These onshore winds carry abundant moisture, creating a shift from dry to wet conditions. The moisture-laden winds bring about a dramatic change in weather patterns, resulting in heavy rainfall, increased humidity, and a drop in temperatures. The timing and duration of the monsoon reversal vary across different regions. In South Asia, for example, the onset of the summer monsoon typically occurs around June, while the withdrawal or retreat of the monsoon occurs around September. These transitions are critical for agricultural activities, as they mark the arrival of favorable conditions for planting and harvesting. The seasonal reversal of winds also has a significant impact on marine ecosystems. Upwelling, the process of nutrient-rich deep water rising to the surface, occurs during the monsoon season in certain regions. This upwelling supports the growth of phytoplankton and boosts the productivity of marine life, creating thriving fishing grounds. While the monsoon reversal brings much-needed rainfall and relief from the scorching heat, it can also lead to extreme weather events. Intense downpours, thunderstorms, and even cyclones are not uncommon during the monsoon season. Flooding, landslides, and waterlogging can occur, posing challenges to infrastructure, agriculture, and public safety. The seasonal reversal of winds is not limited to the summer monsoon. In some regions, a similar reversal occurs during the winter season, known as the winter monsoon. During this period, the prevailing winds shift from the oceans to the land, bringing cooler and drier conditions. The seasonal reversal of winds is a phenomenon that people in monsoon-affected regions eagerly await each year. It has a profound impact on the environment, agriculture, water resources, and the daily lives of millions of people. Understanding and predicting these seasonal changes are vital for effective planning, resource management, and disaster preparedness in monsoon-prone areas. Rainfall Patterns Rainfall patterns during the monsoon season exhibit distinct characteristics that distinguish them from other seasons. The arrival of the monsoon brings about a significant increase in rainfall, often resulting in heavy downpours and prolonged periods of precipitation. Understanding the rainfall patterns is crucial for agriculture, water resource management, and overall planning in monsoon-affected regions. Here are some key aspects of rainfall patterns during the monsoon season: Intensity: Monsoon rainfall is known for its intensity. When the monsoon winds bring moisture-laden air from the oceans, the warm and humid air rises over the landmass. As the air ascends, it cools, leading to condensation and the formation of clouds. The condensed water droplets then fall as rain. The combination of abundant moisture and the orographic effect of mountains can result in heavy and concentrated rainfall within a short period. Intense downpours are common during the monsoon, often causing localized flooding. Duration: The monsoon season typically spans several months, with the duration varying depending on the region. In South Asia, for instance, the monsoon season lasts from June to September. During this period, the rainfall is sustained and occurs intermittently. There are phases of intense rainfall followed by lulls, creating a cyclical pattern. The duration and timing of the monsoon can have significant implications for agriculture, as it determines the planting, growth, and harvesting periods. Spatial Distribution: The distribution of rainfall during the monsoon season is not uniform across the affected regions. Certain areas receive higher amounts of rainfall compared to others, leading to spatial variations.

Factors such as topography, proximity to the coast, and local wind patterns contribute to these variations. Mountainous regions often experience more rainfall due to the orographic lifting of moist air. Coastal areas can also receive substantial rainfall due to the influence of moisture-laden onshore winds. Monsoon Trough: The monsoon trough, also known as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), is a band of low pressure that forms during the monsoon season. It acts as a focal point for the convergence of moist air and plays a crucial role in enhancing rainfall. The position of the monsoon trough fluctuates, affecting the distribution of rainfall across different regions. Its movement can result in the shifting of rainfall patterns and can impact agricultural activities and water availability. Breaks in Monsoon: Within the monsoon season, there are often periods known as "breaks" or "breaks in the monsoon." These are temporary interruptions in the rainfall activity, characterized by a reduction or cessation of precipitation for several days or weeks. These breaks can occur due to various factors, including the movement of weather systems or changes in atmospheric circulation. Breaks in the monsoon can have implications for agriculture, as they can affect crop growth and water availability. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations in monsoon rainfall is essential for planning and managing various sectors. It allows for the development of strategies to mitigate the risks of flooding, droughts, and water scarcity. Weather monitoring systems, rainfall prediction models, and historical data analysis contribute to improving our understanding of monsoon rainfall patterns and aid in preparedness and adaptation to its impacts. Impact on Agriculture The monsoon season has a profound impact on agriculture in monsoon-affected regions. The timely arrival and distribution of monsoon rainfall are crucial for crop growth, water availability, and overall agricultural productivity. The monsoon's influence on agriculture can be both beneficial and challenging, with its impacts varying depending on the amount, distribution, and timing of rainfall. Here are some key aspects of the monsoon's impact on agriculture: Water Supply: Adequate rainfall during the monsoon season replenishes water reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater sources. This availability of water is essential for irrigation, especially in rainfed agricultural areas where farmers rely on monsoon rainfall to nourish their crops. The monsoon's contribution to water supply helps sustain agricultural activities throughout the year. Crop Planting and Growth: The onset of the monsoon season signals the beginning of the crop planting period. Farmers eagerly await the arrival of monsoon rains to prepare their fields and sow seeds. Sufficient and timely rainfall is vital for germination, root development, and initial growth of crops. If the monsoon rains are delayed or insufficient, it can lead to delays in planting, affecting crop yields. Crop Yields: The monsoon's impact on crop yields depends on the amount and distribution of rainfall. Optimal rainfall during the growing season supports healthy crop growth, leading to higher yields. Insufficient or erratic rainfall, on the other hand, can adversely affect crop development, leading to lower yields or even crop failures. Drought conditions during the monsoon season can be particularly devastating for rainfed agriculture. Pest and Disease Management: The monsoon season can also influence the incidence and spread of pests and diseases in agricultural crops. Excessive moisture and humidity during the monsoon provide favorable conditions for the proliferation of pests, fungi, and bacteria. Farmers need to implement effective pest and disease management strategies to minimize crop losses during this period. Crop Diversity and Planning: The monsoon's arrival and behavior influence the choice of crops and their planting schedules.

Farmers select crop varieties that are well-suited to the monsoon climate, taking into account factors such as water requirements, tolerance to moisture stress, and disease resistance. Additionally, farmers often plan their cropping calendars based on the anticipated monsoon onset, duration, and withdrawal. Soil Erosion and Conservation: Intense monsoon rainfall can lead to soil erosion, particularly in hilly and sloping areas. The force of heavy raindrops and runoff can wash away fertile topsoil, affecting soil quality and nutrient content. Soil conservation measures such as contour plowing, terracing, and the use of cover crops play a vital role in mitigating erosion and preserving soil fertility during the monsoon season. Post-Harvest Storage: The monsoon season poses challenges for post-harvest storage of crops. Excessive humidity and moisture levels can contribute to spoilage, mold growth, and insect infestations. Proper storage facilities, drying techniques, and preservation methods are crucial to safeguarding harvested crops during this period. Efficient water management, irrigation infrastructure, access to weather information, and technological advancements in agriculture can help mitigate the risks and challenges associated with the monsoon season. Research and development efforts are focused on developing drought-resistant crop varieties, improving water-use efficiency, and promoting sustainable farming practices that enhance resilience to the monsoon's variability. Overall, the monsoon's impact on agriculture highlights the critical role that rainfall plays in sustaining food production and livelihoods in monsoon-affected regions. Effective planning, adaptation strategies, and investments in agricultural resilience are essential for minimizing risks and maximizing the benefits of the monsoon season for agricultural communities. Cultural Significance The monsoon season holds immense cultural significance in many regions around the world. It has woven itself into the fabric of local traditions, festivities, and daily life, becoming a source of inspiration, celebration, and spiritual reverence. Here are some aspects of the monsoon's cultural significance: Agricultural Festivals: In agricultural societies dependent on the monsoon for crop cultivation, the onset of the monsoon season is celebrated with vibrant festivals and rituals. These festivities mark the beginning of the planting season and express gratitude for the arrival of rainfall. Farmers seek blessings from deities and perform ceremonies to invoke favorable weather and bountiful harvests. Such festivals often involve community gatherings, music, dance, and the sharing of traditional meals. Rain Dances: Rain dances are a cultural expression associated with the monsoon season. These lively and rhythmic dances are performed as a means of calling for rain, symbolizing the connection between humans and nature. Rain dances often involve intricate movements, vibrant costumes, and traditional music, creating an atmosphere of joy and hope for abundant rainfall. Art and Literature: The monsoon season has inspired artists, poets, and writers throughout history. Its dramatic weather patterns, lush landscapes, and the emotions it evokes are often portrayed in paintings, sculptures, poetry, songs, and literature. The monsoon serves as a muse for creative expressions, capturing its beauty, power, and transformative impact on the environment and human emotions. Spiritual and Religious Significance: The monsoon season holds spiritual and religious significance in various cultures. It is believed to be a time of cleansing, renewal, and spiritual growth. In some traditions, the monsoon is associated with deities and mythical stories related to water, rain, and fertility. Ceremonies and rituals are performed to seek divine blessings for a prosperous monsoon season, protection from floods or droughts, and overall well-being. Culinary Delights:

The monsoon season influences culinary traditions, as the abundance of rainfall and fresh produce inspire a variety of seasonal dishes. The monsoon brings an array of flavors, including fruits, vegetables, and herbs, which are incorporated into traditional recipes. These delicacies often reflect regional diversity and are eagerly awaited and relished during the monsoon season. Water Conservation Practices: The monsoon season's significance goes beyond celebrations and festivals; it also promotes cultural practices centered around water conservation. In regions where water scarcity is a concern during other seasons, the monsoon's arrival is viewed as an opportunity to replenish water sources. Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting, reservoir management, and community-based water-sharing systems are often part of cultural practices passed down through generations. Symbolism and Metaphors: The monsoon season serves as a rich source of symbolism and metaphors in cultural expressions. It is often associated with themes of transformation, renewal, emotional journeys, and the cycles of life. The monsoon's unpredictable nature and its ability to bring both blessings and challenges serve as metaphors for the highs and lows of human existence. The cultural significance of the monsoon season reflects the deep connection between nature and human societies. It is a time of unity, reflection, celebration, and resilience, highlighting the profound influence of the monsoon on people's lives, traditions, and sense of identity.

[globalempowermentleadership]

🌊🌾🔋 Introducing Sustainable Investing Digest's Powerful Video: Unveiling the Nexus of Water, Food, and Energy 🔋🌾🌊

🔍 Did you know that water, food, and energy are interconnected, forming the very core of sustainable development? 🌍💧

📽️ In our captivating new video, we dive deep into this critical nexus and its profound implications for our planet's future. Join us as we explore the vital role of agriculture, the largest consumer of freshwater resources worldwide, in shaping our sustainable journey. 💦🌱

💡 Here's a thought-provoking statistic: Agriculture alone accounts for a staggering 72% of all water withdrawals, while households and industries utilize 16% and 12% respectively. (UN-Water, 2021) 🌾💧🏭

🌾 Ever wondered how much water it takes to produce staple crops? Brace yourself with these eye-opening figures: It typically takes 3,000-5,000 liters for 1 kg of rice, 2,000 liters for 1 kg of soya, 900 liters for 1 kg of wheat, and 500 liters for 1 kg of potatoes. (WWF, 2006) 🚰🌾🥔

⚡️ Furthermore, with an ever-growing global population, we face the pressing challenge of feeding over 9 billion people by 2050. This means increasing global food production by a staggering 50%! (FAO/IFAD/UNICEF/WFP/WHO, 2017) 🌍🌾🍽️

🌧️ Discover the immense potential of water-harvesting and conservation techniques. Learn how they can boost rainfed kilocalorie production by up to 24% and, when combined with irrigation expansion, by over 40%! (FAO, 2020) 💧🌾💪

🎥 Brace yourself for an insightful and motivational journey, revealing the nexus of water, food, and energy and the transformative actions we can take to build a more sustainable future. 💚

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The Benefits of Soil Management Software

Soil management software enables growers and agronomists to monitor soil moisture, crop growth, weather, and other factors that affect the performance of crops. It also allows the comparison of data from a range of sources and provides a consistent user interface.

Soils are complex systems that require extensive management in order to retain a healthy, productive state. Whether they are organic or nonorganic, soils have unique properties and therefore respond to different agricultural systems at https://soilflo.com/heavy-civil-contractor/ in very different ways.

In general, soils are influenced by agronomic practices including tillage (using plows or hand-pulls), cropping (using irrigated or rainfed crops), fertilization, and the use of chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides and fungicides. These practices have a profound effect on soil properties such as soil structure, texture, and the distribution of nutrients.

Optimal soil health is an important goal for both organic and nonorganic farms. It can be achieved through soil conservation, improved crop management and the application of agronomic techniques to improve the health and productivity of the soil.

Microbial communities are also affected by soil management. These relationships are often correlated with differences in pH and the activity of soil enzymes such as L-glutaminase and acid phosphatase.

To test the relationship between soil management system and microbial community composition, 16S rRNA sequences of microorganisms colonizing the soil rhizosphere of carrots were determined in conventionally-farmed soil and compared with the same data for organically-farmed soil. These metagenomic profiles showed that bacterial communities from both soils were similar, with a few exceptions. The most significant difference between the two systems was seen in the presence of the bacteria Yersinia enterocolitica, which is a major source of nutrients for plants.

Clustering analysis of the microbial profiles revealed that most samples clustered together, indicating a high degree of homogeneity between the earth moving software. However, the microbial community from K4 (organic) was more distinguishable from those from E1 and E2, which were more similar to each other than to the samples from the opposite system.

The relationship between microbial community composition and soil management system is complex and involves several factors, such as the activity of soil enzymes, fertilization strategy, and the use of chemicals. These factors influence microbial diversity and community structure, which is a crucial factor to consider in understanding the effects of soil management on crop yields and environmental quality. Learn more about software at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software.

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PM Modi releases 109 high-yielding, climate-resilient, and biofortified seed varieties New Delhi, Aug. 11 -- Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday launched 109 high-yielding, climate-resilient, and biofortified seed varieties aimed at enhancing farm productivity and improving farmers' incomes. Developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and state agriculture universities, these seeds cover 61 crops, including 34 field crops and 27 horticultural varieties. Mint first reported this development on 9 August. According to a statement from the agriculture ministry, Modi launched the seeds at three experimental agriculture plots on Delhi's Pusa Campus and also interacted with farmers and scientists. The field crop varieties include cereals, millets, forage crops, oilseeds, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, and fiber crops. For horticulture, the Prime Minister introduced new varieties of fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, tubers, spices, flowers, and medicinal plants. One of the 109 seed varieties released is CR Dhan 416, a rice variety ideal for coastal saline areas. It yields 48.97 q/ha and matures in 125-130 days. This variety is moderately resistant to brown spot, neck blast, sheath rot, rice tungro disease, and glume discoloration, besides offering full resistance to brown plant hopper, grasshopper and stem borer. Modi also released a durum wheat variety, suitable for Maharashtra, Karnataka, and the plains of Tamil Nadu. Adapted for irrigated conditions, it has an average grain yield of 30.2 q/ha. This variety is tolerant to terminal heat, resistant to stem and leaf rusts, and biofortified with higher levels of zinc (41.1 ppm) and iron (38.5 ppm). It also contains 12% protein. Among the field crops, new varieties of barley, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet were also released. In pulses, new varieties of chickpea, pigeon pea, lentils, and mungbean were introduced. The chickpea varieties are suitable for timely sown, rainfed, or irrigated conditions in the Rabi season within the North East Plain Zone (NEPZ). They yield 17.79 q/ha and mature in 130 days. These varieties are moderately resistant to wilt, collar rot, and stunt, and are tolerant to pod damage. "Among the 69 field crops, there are 23 cereal seed varieties, including rice, wheat, barley, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, proso millet, and barnyard millet," Union agriculture minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan told reporters. These are climate-friendly seeds and are designed to thrive in adverse weather conditions and offer high nutritional value, Chouhan added. According to the ministry, 11 varieties of pulses have been released, including chickpea, pigeon pea, lentil, field pea, faba bean, and mungbean. Additionally, seven oilseed varieties, such as safflower, soybean, groundnut, and sesame, and seven forage crops, including forage pearl millet, berseem, oats, forage maize, and forage sorghum, have also been introduced. The PM also introduced four sugarcane varieties, six fibre crops, including cotton and jute, and 11 potential crops, such as buckwheat, amaranth, winged bean, adzuki bean, pillipesara, kalingda and perilla. The ministry said 40 new horticultural crops have also been introduced, covering fruits, vegetables, tuber crops, spices, plantation crops, flowers and medicinal plants.

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National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture- India Takes Steps to Mitigate Climate Change

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture- India Takes Steps to Mitigate Climate Change. #ClimateChange #Agriculture #Farmers #Adaptation #India #SustainableAgriculture #NICRA #NMSA #CropYields #FoodProduction #ResilientFarming #ExtremeWeather

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture- Government of India is taking action to mitigate climate change’s effect on agriculture and farmers’ lives. Recent studies predict that projected climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2080 will have a substantial effect on crop yields, particularly rice, wheat and maize. Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com Without adaptation measures taken, rainfed rice…

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Mango Farming, Mango Cultivation Guide

Today, we learn a step-by-step guide of techniques, ideas and tips. We can also cover the cultivation methods of mango fruit.

Mango farming is the major fruit farming in India and is considered as the king of fruits. Apart from the delicious taste, wonderful taste and attractive aroma, it is rich in Vitamin A and C. The tree is hardy in nature and its maintenance cost is relatively low.

Mango fruit is used at all stages of its development, both in its unripe and ripe stages. Raw fruits are used to make chutneys, pickles and juices. Apart from sweets, ripe fruits are also used to prepare many products like squash, syrup, nectar, jam and jelly. Mango seeds also contain 8-10 percent good quality fat which can be used as a substitute for coal in soaps and confectionery.

Mango accounts for 22% of the total fruit area under 1.2 million hectares with a total production of 11 million tonnes. Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu have the highest area under mango in Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and about 25% of the total area.

Fresh mangoes and mango pulp are important agricultural exports from India. India's main destinations for mangoes are the United States and other countries in the Middle East, with limited quantities being sent to the European market. Although India is the largest producer of mangoes, accounting for about 60% of world production, exports of the fresh fruit are limited to the Alphonso and Dashehari varieties. India's share in the world mango market is about 15 percent. Mango accounts for 40 percent of the total fruit exports from the country. There is good potential to increase the area and productivity of mangoes in the country.

Mango can be propagated by seeds or vegetatively. Plants are generally propagated vegetatively using several techniques such as veneer grafting, inarching and epicotyl grafting etc.

The best planting season for Mango trees

Sowing is generally done during the months of July-August in rainfed areas and February-March in irrigated areas. In case of high rainfall areas, sowing is done towards the end of the rainy season.