#muslim lesbian positivity

[bigenderrevert]

It's pride month and ive decided to make lesbian OCs more specifically Muslim lesbians both are yet to be named

This will not be last y'all see of them, they will be back and even gayer next time

[bizarreaizen]

i love you mspec lesbians !! i love you "cringe" bunny hat alt fashion queers !! i love you she/her gays !! i love you trans people who don't fit into gender norms or stereotypes !! i love you drag queens and drag kings !! i love you neopronouns and xenopronouns users !! i love you people who use microlabels !! i love you unlabeled people !! i love you disabled poc queers !! i love you muslim queers !! i love you non-human queers !! i love you xenogenders users !! . . ♡ /gen

[violottie]

ahem, taps mic....

lesbianism is not a quota to fill. lesbianism is not what you do. it is innate; it is who you are.

a lesbian is a woman or lesbian aligned nonbinary person who is exclusively attracted to women and non-man aligned nonbinary people.

you fit that? you're a lesbian!

lesbian sexuality is so profoundly beautiful and diverse and powerful. it is boundless, limitless and abundant. it is joyous and overflowing with glory and strength.

take pride, lesbians. we are the best.

❤️🧡🤍🩷💖

[blackxlesbianxstanacc]

My Mini Blog Biography

Purpose of Blog

⚢ The purpose of this blog is to provide a place of community for Black lesbians of all different body types, ages, cultures, and gender expressions. From Black high femmes to Black stone butches and studs, I hope that you can feel represented and seen while you are here. I hope that this space makes you feel loved and appreciated exactly as you are now. Through historical analysis, art appreciation, and theory, we can learn together about the beauty of Black lesbianism in all of its different forms. 🤎🖤🤎🖤

Background Info (Blog Owner)

⚢ Hey I’m Kiliyah. I prefer she/her pronouns but I’m comfortable with they/them.

⚢ I’m a 23 year old Capricorn ☀️ with an Aquarius 🌙 and Sagittarius 🌅 I love learning about astrology and Human Design, I’m a Generator!

⚢ I identify as a fat high-femme lesbian. I’m also Muslim and Black (African “American”). I exist for the Black Butch Lesbians and hope to marry a Black Muslimah Butch one day (InshaAllah) 😽

⚢ Politically I identify as an anti-imperialist. Referencing the Black Alliance for Peace’s definition, I recognize imperialism as the highest form of capitalism and therefore one of the most destructive forms of oppression. I honestly think the U.S., NATO, and every other imperialist nation are the anti-thesis of humanity. I hate all U.S. presidents and I pray each day for the freedom, protection, and liberation of all oppressed nations in the world. 🌎

⚢ I’m currently receiving my master’s degree to become a therapist soon. I want to specialize in the fat identity, more specifically supporting fat clients with the stressors and disorders that are created and perpetuated by fatphobia and anti-fatness. I plan to support fat people with eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. I also want to become a couples therapist to support lesbian couples and their families. 🧠

⚢ I run a second blog called @fatxpsychology where I talk about the psychology of the fat identity and relay information through art appreciation, theory, and history!

⚢ My hobbies are crocheting, watching dark TV dramas (e.g., Game of Thrones, Breaking Bad, and Wentworth), cooking, blogging, and I want to get into baking soon. 🧁

⚢ I am always looking for more fat lesbians, Black femmes, and Black fat queers to connect with and become friends with. Please send a DM if you want to be friends ❤️

[bigenderrevert]

:3333

(I'll be one soon)

to all the hijabi, niqabi, and burqabi sapphics out there- you are wonderful. you deserve to find happiness, you deserve to find love if that’s what you want, you deserve to be safe and happy, and you are enough and valuable to this community!

[strawberrytalia]

arospec characters in my heart

[here-there-were-dragons]

my mother is absolutely convinced of some nonsense conspiracy theory that (in her words) "originally humanity lived in peaceful all-woman societies of goddess worshippers who took care of eachother and lived in harmony, while males were roving loners that had no society and never cooperated. that changed when the men banded together and overthrew the peaceful woman-dominated societies, and enslaved us all." and, according to her, this is proof that a woman-dominated world would be innately more peaceful, and that men are innately violent and evil and should be either barred from holding any legal power or leadership roles or at least should be (again in her words) "gelded like bulls" to remove their testosterone before even being considered for such a thing.

she also evidently believes that the problem with all religions today is primarily that they aren't "goddess worshippers", because she seems to think goddess religions are inherently peaceful and pure too and seems to be especially obsessed with "Isis" in particular. the very very few times she's openly considered it unambiguously bad for some population or another to have been exterminated (she's got a bad case of devil's advocating genocide brain), she's gone out of her way to make up some crap about how said people were a peaceful society of goddess-worshippers, almost always of isis. delusions of isis-worship seem to be the only thing that ever causes her to consider any arab or middle-eastern culture, society, or ethnicity to be relatively uncomplicatedly undeserving of extermination, in fact, because every fucking time she doesn't immediately start devils-advocating it and making remarks about how "the rest of the world should box them in and let them blow eachother up" it's when she's whinging on about how whatever specific micro-ethnicity she's thinking about are or were traditional persecuted isis-worshippers.

the sole major exception to her weird fixation on isis worship justifying worthiness of life is the whole israel thing going on, in which she has consistently made very obvious that literally the only reason she's against the genocide of palestine is because it gives her an excuse to even more openly hate jewish people than she already did. and honestly i'm not sure even that's true because i think she's made some offhand remarks about palestinians having probably been peaceful isis worshipers before the jews infected them with christianity or something anyway.

so for the last, however fucking long it's been i've been constantly having to listen to her go off about how this behavior is in the jew's blood or whatever and that they literally invented all genocide because somehow the concept didn't exist before them and wouldn't have ever been invented by the rest of humanity without those jewish aliens dropping it in i fucking guess apparently and she furthermore goes on about how every single genocide and mass-oppression movement in history is directly inspired by them, ESPECIALLY the nazis, and THEN i have to listen to her rant about how, basically, wwii was something they entirely brought on themselves by "dominating the economy and treating everyone not them like shit" and the nazis were just "using their own tactics back at them". and then she goes on a rant about how the people the original jews exterminated back in the day (aka the first ever genocide, which they invented, because jews invented genocide and hate according to her) in the middle east region were peaceful matriarchal isis-worshipers.

and then she starts making comments about arabs being backwards and palestinians either being mysogynist muslims that should be boxed in to blow eachother up with everyone else or secret peaceful isis worshippers corrupted by men's cruel hand, sometimes in the same sentence, entirely dependent on which group she's more in the mood to hate at the time.

it's exhausting. beyond exhausting. her sole purpose in existence seems to be to have the singularly most exhausting set of politics physically possible to fit into one person.

just, sometimes i think, if there really is anything at all to the incredibly stupid and inexplicably popular idea that anyone or anything has a Purpose tm to exist for, i feel like my mother's purpose is to be walking proof to me of a Type Of Guy That Is Real, cause i sure as fuck would have trouble inventing this mess if it wasn't standing right in front of me spewing confusingly bipartisan hate. all of her thoughts and opinions are these long winding nonsense chains that feel like if that man carrying thing sketch about the friend with confusing politics was a person. on meth.

[ms-demeanor]

So I've been seeing some discourse around the No Fly List leak that looks a bit like "hey everybody, we can't make jokes about this, the list is racist and there are children on the list" or "if you're talking about identity categories instead of the list you're missing the point" and I think that we CAN make jokes about a trans bi lesbian catgirl owning the US government while also appreciating the gravity of the No Fly List but what I think is troubling to me is the way that these discourse posts are treating the blatant racism and inherently fascist nature of the No Fly List as news.

It is news that Maia Arson Crimew was able to download a copy of the No Fly List from an unsecured public server.

It is not news that there are 1.5 million people on that list, many of whom do not belong on it for any number of reasons, and it is not news that there are children on that list, and it is not news that the list is a tool used to deprive people of their civil liberties. That's why the list exists.

I'm aware that I'm getting older. I'm aware that there are entire adults of legal drinking age who were born after 9/11. I'm aware that it's not super common to follow up on foreign policy or national security debacles from when you were in kindergarten, but there are people who have been mad about this shit for twenty years and if you're just now hearing about how bad the list is for the first time, hell, maybe that's on us and we haven't been yelling enough (though when I'm yelling about how the TSA is security theater meant to make us accept encroachments on our rights, this is at least a part of what I'm yelling about).

The No Fly List is a list of individuals maintained by the TSA who are deemed a threat to security for some reason or another.

The TSA maintains the list, though they are given information for the list from the FBI, Terrorism Screening Center, and other entities. If you'd like to click this document, you can find 250 pages of FOIA'd documents about the No Fly List pre 2006. Much of this document is members of the FBI trying to justify why they need a copy of the list and lamenting that airlines have a copy of the list and they don't. This is very funny.

There have been issues with mis-identifications and false positives for the list for as long as the list has existed. You can click here to read through an infuriating 200 pages about a Pfizer employee who was stopped at least a dozen times at airports and who retained a law firm to hound the TSA/CBP/ICE clusterfuck of interagency buck-passing for nine months to try to get the problem resolved. One of the three documents at this link includes a complaint from the president of the Terrorist Screening Center lamenting the way that the TSA would refer obvious non-matches to be detained, including infants and the elderly.

At this point, the FBI/TSA/TSC/ICE/CBP claimed list was still relatively small, in the low thousands at most.

However a 2009 cost-benefit report by the Defense Technical Information Center found that in 2004-2005 30,000 people contacted the TSA to have their names removed from the list; 30k false positives suggests a list somewhat longer than a thousand names.

As long as the No Fly List has existed, criteria for being placed on the list has been subjective and selectively enforced.

As the Crimew leak shows, there isn't a tremendous amount of biographical data, but there are hundreds of thousands of names and it is enforced at the discretion of the TSA in each individual airport in the US, which is how you end up with duplicates and toddlers and 100-year-old men on what is functionally a filter to keep Muslim people out of the US.

The list has expanded every year that it has existed, and has been defended by republicans and democrats alike since it became one of the tools in our arsenal to fight "the war on terror"

And for just about that long, people have been talking about how it is unconstitutional, denies civil liberties, and also just doesn't really work.

It has never been transparent, it has always been a tool of surveillance, exclusion, and control:

And people have been documenting, protesting, and suing over the islamophobic nature of the list - and the security state's weaponization of the list as a threat - for two decades at this point because in the earliest days of the No Fly List it was OPENLY ACKNOWLEDGED that it was based on racial profiling and people made (shitty, cruel) legal arguments for why it should be:

THIS isn't funny. These are not the things that people are joking about when they choose to stay silly :3 in this conversation.

But these things also aren't news. Nearly everything I screencapped here was listed as a source on Wikipedia, and what wasn't was available as simple searches on Archive.Org or easily looked up on news websites.

All you have to do is just *look* at the sources on Wikipedia to see that people actually have been talking about it for quite a long time, very publicly, and that there has been a lot of public outcry about the list as it balloons and punishes innocent people with false positives:

And when you've been looking at stories like these for twenty fucking years it feels wonderful to say "holy fucking bingle" and celebrate that for once someone did something VERY COOL in order to shine a light on this massive (and apparently underappreciated problem).

[shaykappa]

I remember reading this in a islam related post but I can't find the source. I will share it anyway:)

"It's a sin to think you are superior to someone and it's a sin to think someone is superior to you."

This changed my life, I hope it can change yours too

@ all the religious queers who follow me (or don't lol), y'all should reblog this with what your favorite part of your religion is. it could be a particular ritual, an item, a belief within it, an experience you had, anything!

we should share some good against all the bad that we get <3

[marcusbrutus]

“The hivliving situation isn’t funny she took advantage of people” actually it’s hilarious. White girl college student literally pretended to be a lesbian Muslim Chinese Pakistani human trafficking survivor HIV positive married to an Indian transwoman and she and her group of fandom police called other people online racist and severely bullied them because they wrote Hamilton fanfiction she didn’t like. Not only that but she did all this so she could write her OWN shitty hamilton fanfic. She wrote about her struggles as a person of color and HIV survivor and talked as if she was an authority on these topics and no one called her out because they actually believed her insane story and didn’t want to call her on it. And All of it was a lie. Identity politics is insane. I wouldn’t be surprised if a vast number of people on tumblr are doing something similar while also being white girl college students. It is so fucking funny and I’m tired of pretending it’s not. Tumblr is most certainly a website.

[battyaboutbooksreviews]

🍉 Sapphic Palestinian Fiction Books for Pride Month

🩷 I know, I know. You're probably asking yourself, "Why is she posting about these same books AGAIN?" Here's the thing. I grew up as a Palestinian, American, Muslim, QUEER girl with no awareness that these books existed. No one was talking about them. Honestly, very few people spoke about Muslims or Arab-Americans in a positive light when I was growing up, let alone Queer Palestinian women. But these books DO exist. They deserve to be loved, and you know what? Young queer people (male, female, nonbinary, gay, lesbian, bi, pan, trans, EVERYONE within this beautiful queer spectrum) deserve to know that they're SEEN. That people like them EXIST. That their stories matter (I have a completed contemporary YA novel about a bisexual Muslim, Palestinian American girl publishers don't seem to want) and deserve to be shared, heard, LOVED.

💖 So yes. I'm going to keep talking about these books. I'm going to make sure people know they exist. I'm going to talk about them during Pride, throughout the other 11 months of the year, during 2024 and beyond. Because you're not seeing them. You're not reading them. And by ignoring these stories, you're ignoring the people they represent, too.

❤ Help me by sharing this. Please.

🍉 Sapphic Palestinian Books:

🩷 Between Banat by Mejdulene Bernard Shomali 💖 The Philistine by Leila Marshy ❤ The Twenty-Ninth Year by Hala Alyan 💜 Belladonna by Anbara Salam ❤ Haifa Fragments by Khulud Khamis 💖 You Exist Too Much by Zaina Arafat 🩷 A Map of Home by Randa Jarrar 🍉 The Skin and Its Girl by Sarah Cypher

[wordslikesilver]

A positive experience I really wanna share with y’all about being trans that I think is so so important to think about. So I’m white, very much from a well off background, all that, also trans so I have experienced plenty of frequent bigotry in my life. I’m doing my damnedest to be aware of and understand the concept of intersectionality and how different layers of identity add different types of privilege or burdens in our society. But you know what else life has taught me so much about as a trans woman? Community.

I’m wrapping up a treatment I’ve just given to an elderly black woman. She looks terribly disparaged at her phone. Ask her what’s up, she tells me oh it’s just there’s so many bigots online. I sit and with a long sigh and small smile I tell her, “yeah. Yeah I know. All too well.” She looks back at me and takes a moment to think then smiles and says “yeah, I suppose you would know.” I feel seen like never before by another person.

I’m at my darling wife’s new year’s celebration at her relatives’ place. We’re playing scattergories. She’s mixed race, lots of black relatives, someone brings up police in passing about something and me and one of her cousins at the same time roll our eyes and both say ACAB and go wide eyed looking at each other, smiling and laughing together about it. It’s a moment of like omg hell yes you totally get me, we know that same anger!

In a women’s space having some girl talk. We talk about makeup and clothes and love. Beauty standards, our bodies, anger, men, love. Cis women asking me tips on eyeliner. Sharing my knowledge and experiences growing as a man and living as a woman. Laughing together about how good it feels being a lesbian, how freeing it feels, how hard it can be. I don’t have periods, but neither does the woman who’s gone through menopause. I’m laughing with them about hot flashes and how miserable they can be. We talk about traveling on the subway, being catcalled, being harassed feeling unsafe. We’ve all been there. They too, are sisters to me.

I’m at a kink party. I’ve brought a bible for some funny impact play. I’m an ex catholic and I love me some heresy in the name of the lord. Emulating the disciplining of another queer person in attempt to cleanse them of sin, deriving pleasure from the ironic madness of the situation. An ex Muslim guy brings out his Quran and angrily reads passages about finding salvation in Allah at the sub we’re having fun with, joining in on the religious heresy. Later in the night, we talk about our experiences and relationships with our religious backgrounds, he’s telling me if he ever went home he’d be killed for his bisexuality. He scorns the radical Muslim faith as strongly as I loathe the radical Christian faiths of the US. We see eye to eye with each other, how of course it’s not all bad, but that doesn’t erase the bad either. I understand in that moment what feelings I didn’t recognize we both have felt caused by our own ways of life we were raised in. The similarities in spite of the world of differences.

I know, I’m just a white girl with a lot to learn in her life about philosophy and privilege and power and a million other little things that separate my experiences from those who’ve lived very, very different lives to me. I will never understand the experience of transmisogynoir and being a trans woman of colour. But that doesn’t mean I can’t empathize with aspects of it. That I cannot build community with them just the same as the people just like me. As I live and learn, I slowly become more aware of the experiences of black peoples, black women, black trans women. I become a more emotionally intelligent person, stumbling into moments like where I, a white trans woman and another, a black cis man, both recognize each other as fellows who’ve known the same pain even if for different reasons. It’s genuinely a favourite experience of mine. The community, the symmetry, the unexpected feelings of “Oh. I didn’t realize we’ve both felt that before. The world feels less lonely than ever, suddenly.” Communities are distinct from each other for experiences unique to them, of course! It’s so beautiful, the rainbow of differences between us all. It is also beautiful, discovering the natural bridges that connecting each other, bringing us together in unity, making us feel so much less isolated in this technicolor world. It’s truly a thing of beauty to me.

From the bottom of my heart, I’d love and appreciate it if folks would reblog/reply with similar experiences they’ve had to this, I think more than ever it is important for us to recognize how close we truly are with the wide and wonderful spectrum of other people around us, nurturing the unity that makes us all shine brighter and stand taller together. Moments where despite how different you were from another person, you could bond with them over experiences you had both lived through and could understand the feelings of. Moments where you found community where you never expected it <3

[yourbelgianthings]

positivity post for all trans women and transfem people with everything happening here lately, you are so valid and loved!

to Black, indigenous, latina, and asian transfems

to transfems who are on estrogen, who have had surgery, who aren’t/haven’t and don’t want to, and who do want to but can’t right now

all sexualities and romantic attractions: lesbian, bi, pan, ace, aro, straight, aroace, and more

to trans women, to multigender transfems, to nonbinary transfems, and all forms of transfem gender experience

to femme, androgynous, and masc transfems

to transfems of all religions and spiritualities: muslim, jewish, christian, buddhist, hindu, and more

to physically disabled, mentally ill, and neurodivergent transfems

to all trans women and transfem people 💐🌈✨💕

(unfortunately i have to say this but terfs and radfems don’t even try it you will be blocked instantly i will not platform that kind of shit)

[charmedreincarnation]

hi maya, how are you? there's something i would like to ask for your advice on, i know you've manifested your mom to not be muslim anymore, right? so basically, i come from a very strict muslim family, but i'm secretly bi or lesbian, i don't know which one i am yet but i know i like girls for sure (i'm a girl). as you probably know, being LGBTQ isn't allowed in islam. because of this i've always struggled with my mental health and i've always hated myself, and after finding out about the law, i've decided i want to revise me and my family ever being muslim. now the thing is, my best friend is also muslim, and because she is muslim too she believes that being gay is horrible and disgusting (from what i've seen her repost on tiktok), she reposts videos saying that gay people should not have rights, and that gay weddings are disgusting, and that it's stupid that pride month exists, and stuff like that. i have never talked to her about it because im too scared to ask her, because i know shes going to say that our religion believes being gay is wrong and gross...seeing the videos she reposts makes me feel really bad but she is my best friend ever and i dont want to stop being her friend, but i really just cant relate to her anymore because i dont believe in islam anymore and i like girls...is it okay for me to manifest her not being muslim either? or is that wrong? i really need advice...

Nope it’s not wrong. You have the power to shape your own reality. You can manifest change in people, situations, and relationships. But just my personal opinion, If you can bring about such change, why not choose to manifest a better friend or a healthier relationship?

This is just my perspective, but if someone disrespects you or treats you poorly, do we need to change them? I understand that friendships and bonds are built over time and letting go can be difficult. However, I believe in not trying to change those who harbor negativity towards me.The same goes for relationships. Instead of altering past lovers or individuals who may have wronged us, why not manifest someone who appreciates and respects us from the beginning?

Regardless , it's your reality. Your assumptions will shape it regardless. But this also ties back to self-concept. You deserve better. You deserve someone who adores and respects you from day one.But you can also choose better for yourself. Manifest relationships that add value and positivity to your life.

[liminalcathag]

1. despite my efforts looking for actual info on the no-flight list, as far as i can tell we have to wait for more journalists to report because it only gave the information to some people, she has not publicly published any as of yet (and might never be due to endangering people listed). we know that 10% of the people listed have the name Muhammad and that there’s a racist lean.

2. the reason you’re seeing me and others still reblog some bi lesbian positive stuff is because the cat in question that hacked the no-fly list was actively being harassed not because i’m shoving silly discourse where it doesn’t belong.

3. edit: i found the article that says kids are on it. go nuts “The founded ‘no-fly’ list predominantly consists of Arabic and Muslim-sounding names which caused human rights activists’ concerns. More than 10% of the entries (174,002 of 1,566,062) contained the “MUHAMMAD” name. Three four-year-olds and twenty-five individuals as old as hundred years were also listed as potential “suspects.”

[waitmyturtles]

As legalization of same-sex marriage inches closer to reality in Thailand, the Pew Research Center looked into attitudes across the continent.

***

From the Pew Research Center:

Same-sex marriage is an active legal and social issue across South, Southeast and East Asia. In the wake of several court rulings on the issue across Asia in the past year, we analyzed data from three recent Pew Research Center surveys to see how people in the region feel about legalizing same-sex marriage.

A median of 49% of adults in 12 places in Asia say they at least somewhat favor allowing gays and lesbians to marry legally. Another 43% say they oppose legal same-sex marriage, according to surveys conducted between June 1, 2022, and Sept. 17, 2023.

Views toward same-sex marriage are most favorable in Japan, where nearly seven-in-ten (68%) say they at least somewhat favor allowing gays and lesbians to marry legally. Japan, the only Group of Seven member that does not legally recognize same-sex couples, has been facing internal and external pressure to do so.

In Vietnam, views on legalizing same-sex marriage are similarly positive – 65% of adults support it. Roughly six-in-ten in Hong Kong (58%) and Cambodia (57%) also favor legal same-sex marriage. A Hong Kong court recently ruled that same-sex couples hold equal inheritance rights, though Hong Kong law does not allow them to marry.

Same-sex marriage was an issue on Thailand’s campaign trail this year. Six-in-ten adults there favor allowing gays and lesbians to marry legally. Around a third of Thais oppose it.

In India, where the Supreme Court recently rejected a petition to legalize same-sex marriage, about 53% of adults say they favor allowing gays and lesbians to marry, while 43% oppose it. (The survey was conducted prior to the ruling.)

In Singapore, no clear majority favors (45%) or opposes (51%) same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage is not legal in Singapore, and its parliament amended the constitution last year to prevent legal challenges to the definition of marriage.

And in Taiwan, roughly equal shares say they support (45%) and oppose (43%) same-sex marriage. Taiwan is the only place in Asia where same-sex marriage is legal.

In a handful of places in Asia, majorities oppose legal same-sex marriage. In Indonesia, 92% say they oppose it, including 88% who strongly oppose it. Large majorities in Malaysia (82%) and Sri Lanka (69%) also oppose it.

And in South Korea, a slight majority (56%) say they oppose legal same-sex marriage, while 41% favor it. Lawmakers proposed South Korea’s first same-sex marriage bill earlier this year.

Views of same-sex marriage by religion

Though different places have vastly different religious demographics, the religiously unaffiliated tend to be among the most likely to support same-sex marriage.

In the six places where enough religiously unaffiliated individuals were surveyed to analyze their responses separately, half or more of the religiously unaffiliated support legal same-sex marriage. That includes 73% in Japan.

Meanwhile, Muslims and Christians are often, but not always, among the least likely to support it. For instance, while roughly six-in-ten religiously unaffiliated Singaporeans favor same-sex marriage, fewer than a third of Christians and Muslims do.

In Indonesia and Malaysia, the two Muslim-majority places surveyed, Muslims report the lowest support for same-sex marriage of any religious group in any place surveyed. Only 4% of Indonesian Muslims and 8% of Malaysian Muslims support it.

Views of same-sex marriage by age and gender

Across most places surveyed, younger adults are more likely than their older counterparts to support same-sex marriage. This difference is most extreme in Taiwan: 75% of Taiwanese adults under 35 favor it, compared with 33% of those 35 and older.

In five places surveyed, women are more likely than men to support legal same-sex marriage. For example, in South Korea, 48% of women say they favor it, compared with 33% of men. And in Cambodia, 62% of women favor it, compared with 50% of men. In other places surveyed, there are no significant differences by gender.

Note: Here are the questions used for the analysis, along with responses, and the survey methodology.

Sneha Gubbala  is a research assistant focusing on global attitudes research at Pew Research Center.

William Miner is a research assistant focusing on religion at Pew Research Center.