#antiretroviral therapy

[healthcareporium]

Immunomodulators' Power: Widening Applications and Medical Impact

Immunomodulators have emerged as crucial components in the field of medicine, gaining increasing attention for their ability to regulate and modify the immune system’s responses. These agents play a pivotal role in treating a diverse range of conditions, from autoimmune diseases and cancer to infectious diseases and organ transplants. By modulating immune responses, immunomodulators offer…

[frogeyedape]

Omg and people two cubes down from you have no idea what your abbreviations and acronyms and special jargon are and sometimes you'll be talking with another professional in the field and *think* you're both using the same acronym but you're NOT.

No one tells you when you get a Big Serious Job™ how many fucking abbreviations you’ll be forced to learn.

[emed123]

HIV/AIDs Research and Treatment Breakthroughs

Explore the latest breakthroughs in HIV/AIDS research and treatment, that have the potential to reshape the landscape of HIV/AIDS management.

[batmanisagatewaydrug]

wait, can you actually have hpv and still have sex? i kinda always thought hpv was like The End until you could get it undetectable or something and that that would take like three years and if you don't get treated you die

hi anon,

I believe that you're thinking HIV, not HPV.

however, HIV also doesn't have to be the end of a person's sex life. when managed properly with antiretroviral therapy a person can become "undetectable," meaning that there is no longer enough of the virus in their body to be detected by an HIV test. a person can become undetectable in as little as 1-6 months, and as long as they continue taking their medication and maintain their undetectable status afterward they will not be at risk of transmitting HIV to sexual partners or, if they are capable of giving birth, transmitting to their children.

people with HIV, like people with any STI, deserve and are capable of healthy and fulfilling sexual relationships and regularly live long, happy lives with their infections.

[koyangii]

Love in the big city and HIV

So, I have recently watched one of the best dramas of the year, “Love in the big city”, in which HIV is a major theme. 

The show portrays really well the stigmatized scenario around HIV: as a person living with the virus,  Go Young feels exactly as if he's carrying some kind of curse. He can't accept it, but who can blame him for that, if "Kylie", as he calls the virus, is always around like an inconvenient person? In his sex life, while applying to a job, and even while hanging out with friends. 

Society doesn't make it easy for a person living with HIV to accept the condition and that's essential when it comes to healthcare, which is what I want to address today. 

First, let me introduce myself: my name is Nico and I'm a Medicine student in Brazil. Here, we have probably one of the biggest public health system in the world, the Unified Health System (a.k.a. SUS). In this essay, I intend to share some general information about HIV, its treatment and prevention, by using some parts of “Love in the big city” to discuss this theme, because although the show did an amazing job when it comes to talking about it, there are some points I found needed some better explanation. 

HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can also be transmitted by the contact with infected blood (e.g: incompatible blood transfusion; use of shared needles) or from the mother to a child inside the womb or during labor. The virus uses a specific type of immune cell to multiply. Explaining it in a very simple way, he gets inside the cell, uses its components to produce new viral copies and then ruptures the cell membrane to release these new copies in the blood, killing the cell by doing so. For this reason, untreated HIV is very dangerous, since it can cause immunodeficiency (failure of the immune system), making the person susceptible to acquire opportunistic infections, which are diseases that usually don’t occur in people with regular immune systems. When someone has immunodeficiency caused by HIV, this person is diagnosed with Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). That being said, AIDS and HIV are not the same. There are many people living with HIV that don’t have AIDS, thanks to appropriate treatment. 

There are multiple ways a person can discover about having HIV: you can be notified because the person you have had relations with discovered the infection, or by taking blood tests for blood donation, or in the worst case scenario, when you are already suffering from an opportunistic infection. Go Young, for example, discovered it because of the blood tests results while he was in the army. One thing I found very outrageous was that the physician instantly inferred that Go Young was gay because of that, but this is impossible, since anyone can get the virus, regardless of their sexual orientation. This appointment was like a death sentence: the unempathetic doctor as a ruthless judge, blaming the patient and not offering a single word of comfort. (Quite the opposite: he even asked that very intimate question about sex positions. Seriously, I wanted to punch this doctor so hard.)

Nonetheless, even if it was made in a very inappropriate way, diagnosis is still very important, because that is the only way one can have access to treatment. Each patient must be evaluated separately, since treatment may vary due to the different genetic subtypes of the virus and the person’s own body response. Medication can also be adjusted until satisfactory results are accomplished. Overall, all patients are submitted to a lifetime antiretroviral therapy in order to stop the virus from multiplying and to keep immune cells at a higher level. In the series, we can see Go Young asking for any antiretroviral in a pharmacy, but in real life, he would be very specific about the drugs.

If done properly, treatment can provide quality of life and long life expectancy (very similar to people who don’t have HIV), prevent opportunistic infections and, most importantly, transmission! Yes, that is exactly what you read: treatment can result in really low levels of HIV in the blood, which is called “undetectable viral load” if it happens for at least six months. There is even a saying which goes “Undetectable = untransmittable”. In this scenario the patient can even have sex without a condom with their partner, which is what happened with Go Young and Gyu Ho in the series. However, it is important to mention that this only applies to HIV: one can still get other STIs while having unprotected sex. 

In addition to condoms and proper treatment, there are other ways of preventing HIV infection. Susceptible people can use the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREp) medication, which highly reduces the risk of getting HIV from intercourse (and also from blood contact in a less effective way). There is also the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which can prevent infection if taken within 72 hours after possible exposure. Treating other STIs, not sharing needles, using lubricant (less chance of injury during intercourse) and avoiding sex while in use of alcohol or drugs are some other habits we can do ourselves to minimize the risk of acquiring HIV. 

Nevertheless, individual actions can help only until a certain point, given that the best prevention is the “combination prevention”, which includes not only behavioral and biomedical approaches, but also structural interventions. Every country should have their own public policies to assist people living with HIV and to prevent transmission. I’m proud to say that, in Brazil, thanks to our public health system, everyone has access to condoms, lubricants, tests, treatment, PREp and PEP - all free of charge. The system also has policies of damage control, providing all of these strategies to the population of risk, such as sex workers and people with a substance use disorder, including kits with individual needles to prevent sharing and, consequently, blood transmission. No wonder we are an international reference for HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention. 

To conclude, I also need to remind you that you can actively help in this cause by simply showing support. As we all watched in “Love in the big city”, a person living with HIV faces all kinds of prejudice in society. Go Young carried a heavy burden for years, not being able to share it with anyone until Gyu Ho embraced him. Sometimes, patients have these prejudices themselves and it can deeply hinder treatment. I have seen this myself: a patient that denied the diagnosis and returned to the hospital sometime later with a severe health condition.

You can be the person that will accept and embrace this other person, who is only living with a chronic condition, such as many people who live with hypertension or diabetes, for example. You can be the person that will call out on others for their preconceived opinions. You can be the person who will share high-quality information to your friends, family, fellow workers or students (There are links in the last paragraph with reliable information for those who want to do some further research). 

Finally, I can’t stress enough how much I loved “Love in the big city” for addressing so many types of love and so many sensitive topics, including this one, in such a beautiful way. It has been a long time since I had felt so connected to a story, to a character so human like Go Young. 

I hope this essay provided a little bit of information to you. I mostly used the knowledge I have learned in college and sites of well-recognized organizations, such as the UNAIDS, the World Health Organization (WHO) and, for the Portuguese speakers, the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde). Thank you for reading, and please, feel free to send me any questions you might have, I’ll do my best to answer them. Also, if you notice any English mistakes, please let me know so I can correct them. 

[bioticgoddess]

One thing I want to add to this is that to "get around" paying for coverage, HDHP plans are becoming more prevalent. They won't cover a lot of Medical costs until you hit your deductible regardless if you have a copay. And even a small (under 5K) deductible can be difficult for a family or individual to afford/meet. What they want you to do is get a HSA (those are fine but have rules) or an FSA (these have some *extra* shenanigans) to pay for your healthcare until you hit that deductible. So, y'know, yes you have coverage and can't be denied/kicked off your plan for existing but it's can be a bitch and a half to get health insurance to actually pay for shit.

That said: the ACA was the right move. We need it. We need it expanded. We need the same kind of health coverage as places like Norway and Sweden.

One thing the analysts back in 2012 were right about is that they’d stop calling it “Obamacare” the second it started working and lo and behold anytime it was actually threatened under Trump it became The ACA and now Leftists who were in Kindergarten when the ACA was passed think Democrats have added nothing to this country.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Also preserved in our archive

HIV/AIDS & COVID-19, particularly long COVID, share several significant similarities, especially in terms of viral persistence, T cell damage, immune system dysfunction, & activation of other pathogens. These parallels are important for understanding the long-term effects of both infections and their impact on the immune system.

1. Viral Persistence

Both HIV & SARS-CoV-2 can persist in the body, leading to chronic symptoms & immune system complications. In HIV, the virus establishes reservoirs in various tissues, allowing it to evade immune detection and antiretroviral therapy (ART), leading to lifelong infection. Similarly, recent studies at Brigham and Women’s Hospital suggest that a subset of people with long COVID may harbor persistent SARS-CoV-2 proteins in their blood, potentially explaining ongoing symptoms months after the acute infection has resolved[4][10]. This viral persistence is thought to drive chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction in both.

In long COVID, viral reservoirs have been identified in multiple organs, including the gut, blood, & nervous system[12]. This mirrors HIV's ability to persist in tissue reservoirs such as lymphoid tissues. For both viruses, this persistence can lead to prolonged immune activation & may contribute to ongoing symptoms like fatigue, cognitive issues, & cardiovascular problems.

2. T Cell Damage & Exhaustion

Both HIV and SARS-CoV-2 cause significant damage to T cells, particularly CD4+ T cells. In HIV infection, CD4+ T cells are directly targeted by the virus, leading to their depletion over time and resulting in severe immunodeficiency if untreated. Similarly, severe COVID-19 has been associated with a reduction in CD4+ T cells due to excessive immune activation and exhaustion[1][2]. In both, CD8+ T cells also become dysfunctional due to chronic exposure to viral antigens.

T cell exhaustion is a common feature in both infections. In HIV, chronic infection leads to high levels of inhibitory receptors like PD-1 on T cells, contributing to their reduced functionality[2]. In severe COVID-19 cases, similar markers of T cell exhaustion (e.g., PD-1 and TIM-3) are observed[1]. This exhaustion impairs the body's ability to clear the virus effectively and contributes to prolonged illness.

3. Immune System Dysfunction

Both HIV/AIDS & long COVID can lead to profound immune system dysfunction. In HIV infection, even with effective ART, individuals often experience chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation due to incomplete immune recovery[6][9]. This persistent immune activation is linked to increased susceptibility to other infections and long-term health complications.

Similarly, long COVID is believed to involve ongoing immune dysregulation even after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection has passed. Some studies suggest that persistent viral proteins may continue stimulating the immune system, leading to chronic inflammation[4][12]. This ongoing immune activation may explain why some individuals experience prolonged symptoms such as fatigue, brain fog, or cardiovascular issues even after clearing the virus from most tissues.

4. Activation of Other Pathogens

Both HIV/AIDS and long COVID are associated with the reactivation of latent pathogens due to weakened immune surveillance. In people living with HIV (PLWH), co-infections with viruses like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) are common due to compromised immunity[7]. Similarly, studies have shown that reactivation of latent viruses such as EBV may contribute to long COVID symptoms[7]

In both conditions, the weakened immune system's inability to control these latent infections can exacerbate symptoms and complicate recovery. For example, EBV reactivation has been linked with neurocognitive symptoms in long COVID patients[7], while opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia are common in advanced HIV/AIDS patients[3]

So, HIV/AIDS and long COVID share several key similarities regarding viral persistence, T cell damage, immune system dysfunction, and the reactivation of other pathogens. These shared features highlight the importance of understanding how chronic viral infections can lead to long-term health consequences through mechanisms like persistent viral reservoirs and ongoing immune activation. Insights from HIV research may help inform treatment strategies for long COVID, especially in targeting viral persistence with antiviral therapies or addressing chronic immune dysfunction.

Sources

[1] SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1: So Different yet so Alike. Immune ... pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9608044/

[2] Sharing CD4+ T Cell Loss: When COVID-19 and HIV Collide on ... www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.596631/full

[3] Overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults living with HIV www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhiv/article/PIIS2352-3018(21)00070-9/fulltext

[4] Study Finds Persistent Infection Could Explain Long COVID in Some ... www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/press-releases/study-finds-persistent-infection-could-explain-long-covid-in-some-people

[5] New COVID studies show varied viral clearance time in patients with ... www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/new-covid-studies-show-varied-viral-clearance-time-patients-lower-immunity

[6] Immunologic Interplay Between HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11904-023-00647-z

[7] Long COVID in people living with HIV - PMC - PubMed Central pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10167544/

[8] Persistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an ... - NCBI www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7673303/

[9] The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV - Nature www.nature.com/articles/s41423-023-01087-w

[10] Persistent infection could explain long COVID in some people, study ... www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/10/241009122346.htm

[11] Plasma-based antigen persistence in the post-acute phase of ... www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(24)00211-1/fulltext

[12] Long Covid trials aim to clear lingering virus—and help patients in ... www.science.org/content/article/long-covid-trials-aim-clear-lingering-virus-help-patients-need

[reasonsforhope]

"Five people have gone into remission thanks to advancements in medicine — and a sixth patient may also now be free of HIV.

One of the biggest breakthroughs in HIV/AIDS prevention in recent years is the widespread use of PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis). 

This drug therapy, approved by the Federal Drug Administration in 2012, has been a key player in preventing HIV transmission through sex or injection drug use. Antiretroviral drugs, such as PrEP, also slow the replication of the virus and prevent it from progressing to AIDS.

Although PrEP has become a more accessible treatment for the virus, scientists have been hurriedly working towards cures for HIV for decades — and we’re finally seeing some results.

In February of this year, scientists in Germany confirmed a fifth-ever patient had been cured of HIV after receiving stem cell transplants that include genetic mutations that carry a resistance to HIV. 

But it looks like a sixth patient may soon be able to join this very exclusive club. 

The man, referred to as the “Geneva patient,” underwent a stem cell transplant after cancer treatment, though these cells did not include the HIV-resistant genetic mutation. 

Still, he went off antiretroviral therapy for HIV in November 2021, and his viral load remains undetectable. 

Instead, doctors are researching whether a drug called ruxolitinib may be partially responsible for his recovery. 

Ruxolitinib decreases inflammation associated with HIV by blocking two proteins, JAK1 and JAK2. This helps kill off “reservoir cells” that lay dormant in the body and have a potential to cause rebounds in patients with HIV.

Experts say the AIDS crisis can end by 2030 across the globe — as long as leaders prioritize this goal. 

A new report from UNAIDS shows a clear, optimistic path to ending the AIDS crisis. (This looks like a 90% reduction in cases by 2030.)

The organization’s report includes data and case studies that show that ending AIDS is a political and financial choice — and that governments that have prioritized a path towards progress are seeing extraordinary results.

By following the data, science, and evidence; tackling inequality; and ensuring sufficient and sustainable funding across communities, the global community could wipe out the AIDS pandemic by the end of the decade.

The report demonstrates that progress has been strongest in the countries and regions that have the most financial investments, like eastern and southern Africa, where new HIV infections have been reduced by 57% since 2010. 

Investments in treatments, education, and access to care have also led to a 58% reduction in new HIV infections among children from 2010 to 2022 — the lowest number since the 1980’s.

Plus, the number of people on antiretroviral treatment around the globe has risen from 7.7 million in 2010 to 29.8 million in 2022.

The moral of the story? This goal can be achieved, if world leaders put their minds — and wallets — to it. 

A region in Australia might be the first place in the world to reach the United Nations targets for ending HIV transmission. 

Researchers believe that the central district of Sydney, Australia is close to becoming the first locality in the world to reach the UN’s target for ending transmission of HIV. 

Specifically, new infections among gay men have fallen by 88% between 2010 and 2022. In fact, there were only 11 new HIV cases recorded in central Sydney last year, and almost all HIV-positive Australians are on antiretroviral drugs. 

... "These numbers show us that virtual elimination of HIV transmissions is possible. Now, we need to look closely at what has worked in Sydney, and adapt it for other cities and regions across Australia.”

Namibia is ahead of schedule in UN targets to end HIV/AIDS. 

Although the virus is still the leading cause of death in Namibia, the country is well on track to hit 95-95-95 UNAIDS targets before its 2030 deadline. 

In Namibia, 92% of people know their HIV status, 99% of people living with HIV are on treatment, and 94% of people living with HIV who are on treatment are virally suppressed.

In addition to these exciting statistics, new infections have plummeted. The estimated rate of new HIV infections in Namibia is five times lower than it was in 2002, according to the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention.

These encouraging numbers are thanks to the investment and strategic response of PEPFAR, but also to the willingness of local governmental agencies and organizations to adhere to the UN’s Fast-Track approach.

Breakthroughs are being made in HIV vaccine therapies.

Long before we were all asking each other “Pfizer or Moderna?” about our COVID-19 vaccines, scientists have been researching the potential of mRNA vaccines in treating some of the world’s deadliest diseases — like HIV.

And with the success of our mainstream mRNA vaccines, an HIV inoculation remains a goal for researchers across the globe.

Last year, the National Institutes of Health launched a clinical trial of three mRNA vaccines for HIV, and similar studies are being conducted in Rwanda and South Africa, as well. 

CAR T-cell clinical trials are underway to potentially cure HIV.

This spring, UC Davis Health researchers have dosed the second participant in their clinical trial, which poses the use of CAR T-cell therapy as a potential cure for HIV.

The study involves taking a participant’s own white blood cells (called T-cells), and modifying them so they can identify and target HIV cells, ultimately controlling the virus without medication. 

The first participant in the study was dosed with anti-HIV T-cells last August, and the trial is the first of its kind to utilize this technology to potentially treat HIV. 

Of course, the trials have a long way to go, and the lab is still preparing to dose a third participant for the study, but CAR T-cell treatments have been successful for lupus and forms of cancer in the past...

“So far, there have been no adverse events observed that were related to the treatment, and the two participants are doing fine.”

Guidance on how to reduce stigma and discrimination due to HIV/AIDS is reaching people around the globe.

While the stigma surrounding HIV and AIDS has significantly decreased — especially towards the LGBTQ+ community — with advancements in treatment and prevention, discrimination is certainly not gone. 

While most people now understand HIV/AIDS better than they did decades ago, those most impacted by the virus (like gay men and low-income women and children) still face ongoing barriers to care and economic security. 

It is vital to maintain awareness and education interventions. 

After all, experts suggest that eliminating discrimination and stigma are key factors in reducing disease.  And not eliminating stigma impedes HIV services, argues UNAIDS, “limiting access to and acceptance of prevention services, engagement in care, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.” 

Luckily, UNAIDS provides guidance on how to reduce stigma and discrimination in the community, workplace, education, health care, justice, and emergency settings. 

The goal is to, of course, decrease stigma in order to decrease disease, but also to provide folks with the culturally significant support they need to live safe, integrated lives — with or without disease. 

For instance, a 2022 study conducted in Northern Uganda showed that local cultural knowledge passed through Elders was a successful intervention in reducing HIV-related stigma among young people.

“Research in school settings has shown that the use of local cultural stories, songs, myths, riddles, and proverbs increases resilient coping responses among students and strengthens positive and socially accepted morals and values,” the study’s discussion reads. 

So, while an uptick in acceptance gives us hope, it also gives us a directive: Keep telling the accurate, full, and human stories behind HIV/AIDS, and we’ll all be better for it. "

-via GoodGoodGood, August 3, 2023

[liberaljane]

Today marks #WorldAIDSDay, a time to show support for people living with #HIV and those who lost their lives to AIDS.

First commemorated in 1988, World AIDS Day raises awareness to end the spread of HIV and the stigma and discrimination that surrounds it.

Despite the progress made, HIV is still a major public health threat globally. In 2021, there were 1.5 million new HIV infections. In particular, girls in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for 63% of the region's new HIV infections in 2021.

However, it's important to know that in our modern era, people with HIV live long and happy lives thanks to access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). People living with HIV deserve care, not punishment.

To end AIDS, we must look and address underlying inequalities. Solutions include:

Increase availability of HIV testing, treatment and prevention (such as PrEP).

Reform laws and policies that perpetuate the stigma and exclusion of people living with HIV.

Ensure equal access to the best HIV science, between the Global South and North.

Collaboration with UNFPA

[Digital illustration of a Black fem with long curly hair. She’s wearing a white shirt that reads, “Living with HIV doesn't define me.” She’s also wearing gray jeans, a red ribbon and a black choker necklace. Behind her is a sky of gray clouds and a moon.]

[goddess-glam-x]

World AIDs Day - December 1st.

Global HIV statistics

🎀 38.4 million [33.9 million–43.8 million] people globally were living with HIV in 2021.

🎀 1.5 million [1.1 million–2.0 million] people became newly infected with HIV in 2021.

🎀 650 000 [510 000–860 000] people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2021.

🎀 28.7 million people were accessing antiretroviral therapy in 2021.

🎀 84.2 million [64.0 million–113.0 million] people have become infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic.

🎀 40.1 million [33.6 million–48.6million] people have died from AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic.

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🄼🅈 🄻🄸🄽🄺🅂

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[newsatsix1986]

A sombre shot of Sam Reid and John Leary as Dale Jennings and Murray Gallagher from No More Lies, as well as some others ❤️

.

.

Next Thursday, it will have been three years since No More Lies first went to air on the ABC. It’s a funny feeling, seeing all these Season One episodes reach their third year anniversaries, as I have such strong vivid memories of watching this show as it first aired, whilst we were in lockdown. It truly doesn’t feel like that long ago, but according to time and mathematics, it is.

No More Lies really did strike a nerve. It’s brilliantly brave and searing storytelling around the plight of HIV and AIDS affected people and how the media represented - or rather, misrepresented - their stories and circumstances. This is why I love The Newsreader so dearly. It hasn’t portrayed the 1980s through rose-coloured glasses, and has sought to elevate the stories and perspectives that were either misrepresented or not represented at all during the time. It also demonstrates how easy it is to fall for misinformation, and I genuinely believe that this episode is a great lesson in media literacy. The whole show itself, but in particular this episode, should be used in schools and universities.

A part of my paternal family history is my Dad’s younger brother, who was a young gay man who contracted HIV during the 1990s. This was the decade in which medical treatment and antiretroviral therapies became available to significantly prolong the progression of the virus to AIDS in HIV-affected patients. He was thankfully able to benefit from these therapies and medications, which bought him two decades of life, longer than our Russ and Caroline would have lived for.

We sadly lost my paternal uncle Christmas 2012, when he was only forty years old. Through watching this episode with my Dad, it gave me the courage and the instigator for a discussion about my uncle’s condition, how people responded to it, and how it impacted his life. I’ll forever be grateful to No More Lies, and especially to Michael Lucas and Kim Ho, for giving me the opportunity to have this discussion with my Dad, which I had been hesitant to have for at that point nine years. Never underestimate the power of good media and the conversations and connections it can bring about. 💖🌟

[ear-worthy]

The Immunology In Africa Podcast: Science in The Pursuit Of Health

Podcasting has long tendrils that can wrap itself around topics, events, issues, and questions that evade other format -- TV, film, radio, even books -- because the target audience either large enough or considered significant to cover.

How about immunology on the African continent?

Welath Okrete has taken on that challenge. The Immunology in Africa Podcast focuses on science communication in immunology & related research — spotlighting Africa & amplifying African stories.

By amplifying the stories, struggles, and successes of Africans researching the immune system, ImmunoAfrica creates a platform for scientists, up-and-coming researchers, and members of the public to explore the immune system collectively.

In a recent article on Medium, Okrete wrote: "I embraced the idea to launch a podcast in 2021 out of sheer curiosity. I wanted to learn about African immunology — about local African scientists and their contributions to the rapidly evolving global field of immunology. However, I didn’t want to do so by just reading long, complex journal articles. While I felt it’d be super cool to directly hear these scientists talk about their work, I couldn’t find any audio platform to tune in to. Podcasting had become a thing then, so I thought it wouldn’t be a bad idea to start one — but I wasn’t particularly excited about doing so. Here’s why."

Wealth Okrete has a bachelor's degree in Biochemistry from the University of Benin, Nigeria, where, he shares, "my interest in immunology, infectious diseases, and vaccines first ignited."

Okrete continues: "I got into science communication as a writer, mainly because I considered writing a convenient route to expressing my ideas. Podcasting, however, was inconvenient — it would entail forcing myself out of my little, cozy shell into a larger, unfamiliar sphere. The challenge it presented was also different — I didn’t think I had what it would take to host an immunology podcast. So, I reached out to Julius Wesche to learn the ropes — and a few weeks later, on January 28, 2022, he would school me on the tools, dos, and don’ts of podcasting."

As of August 1, 2024, the podcast is two years old.

Okrete comments: "Over this time frame, I have been awed by the invaluable contributions of African immunologists to making the continent and the world a healthier place. I have spoken with professors, postdocs, and PhD students, exploring topics from how HIV/ART (antiretroviral therapy) disrupts immune function in infants born to women living with HIV to why Africans tend to generate weaker immune responses to routine vaccines. Guests on the podcast have shared insights into a wide range of diseases, including neurocysticercosis, tuberculosis, cancer, Lassa fever, and alpha-gal allergy. And with their help and our team of volunteers, ImmunoAfrica has spread ‘the gospel of African immunology’ across more than 50 countries, in just 2 years.

I started an immunology podcast because I had a keen interest in the field," says Okrete. "That interest, alongside the science communication experience I had gained overtime, became my comfort zone. Even if you don’t fully agree with my idea of a comfort zone, my point is to always think of how the skills, experiences, or networks within your reach can facilitate your flight into new terrains."

For aspirational podcasters, Okrete advises: "Think of how the skills, experiences, or networks within your reach can facilitate your flight into new terrains. Plan and stay organized."

Admittedly, the episodes are scientific in nature, but educational about the efforts made in Africa to combat disease.

For example, in the July 8th show, Dr. Ousmane Traoré is an immunology and parasitology researcher currently working as Laboratory Manager at the Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN / URCN) in Burkina Faso. He was a key figure in several malaria vaccine trials, including the phase II and III trials for R21/Matrix-M and the phase II trial for RH5/Matrix-M.

On the December 2023 episode, Kumba Seddu, who started her PhD journey at Johns Hopkins University, investigates male and female immune differences to viral vaccines and infections. Her research added to the growing evidence that vaccinated females have greater antibody responses than males. This increased vaccine-induced antibody response in females is due to hormonal (estrogen) effects and sex chromosome (XX) effects.

I also recommend listening to Tony Doe's superb Into The Podverse about podcasting in Africa, and the opportunities and challenges on the continent. Tony is a podcasting veteran who is definitely ear worthy for people on all continents.

Get a taste of the podcast via the trailer. As a host, Wealth Okrete is articulate, passionate, and knowledgeable about his topic.

Check out The Immunology in Africa podcast. I know the science may be arcane to many, but the narrative about the Herculean efforts by scientists and others to improve the health of millions of African citizens is a story too positive to pass up.

This review is part of an ongoing series of reviews, recommendations, and essays about Indie podcasters -- their craft, their challenges, and the critical role they play in podcasting. These entrepreneurs display skills as disparate as hosting, sound production, graphic design, scriptwriting, interviewing, marketing genius, and financial watchdog. They are the heart and soul of podcasting.

[julie-su]

It is spelt AIDS, which can be stylised to Aids - it is not a plural, it stands for Acquired Immune Deficciency Syndrome. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. You cannot transmit AIDS to somebody else. HIV is the one which is transmitted; AIDS comes as a result of untreated HIV. We have no cure for HIV, but we do have treatments.

It is very rare for somebody to become diagnosed with AIDS in today's modern world, as HIV treatment has gotten incredibly effective. PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) is taken within three days of exposure to the virus, and is an emergency measure which can stop the virus from taking hold. PEP is taken AFTER exposure. PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) reduces the chance of getting HIV by stopping the virus from replicating before it can take hold; you take it before risk of exposure. PrEP is taken BEFORE exposure. ART (Antiretroviral therapy) is taken by people living with HIV; it surpresses the virus, which stop the virus from replicating. This is taken every day, to try to make the Viral Load as low as possible - that is to have a low amount of HIV virus in your body. The end goal is for tests to come back negative - Undetectable equals Untransmittable (U=U) - if it cannot be detected by tests, it cannot me transmitted.

Go forth, spell it correctly. And donate to THT, whilst you're at it - THT is a wonderful organisation which offers HIV testing, post-HIV living advice, and does other important work for our wonderful community, such as their incredible non-judgemental chemsex support group.

[granvarones]

The first time I heard the euro-pop sensation Aqua’s Barbie Girl was in the summer of 1997, at a party We The People organized in Clementon Park, New Jersey. The DJ was mixing bona fide house hits with contemporary jams. I remember this so vividly because I watched someone do “hand performance” to the song that was a newly minted hit. This was also one of those moments that I definitely knew I was gay because I felt like Barbie Girl was composed for LGBTQ folks; not sure how I came to that conclusion, but it just felt gay. I was 13 years old, journeying through puberty and trying to understand myself, but I recognized the subtle ways queer culture could be found in pop music. And now, more than 25 years since I first heard Barbie Girl, it remains a song that resonates and reminds me of what is remembered, who has gone, and the richness of their lives.

We The People was an AIDS service organization in Philadelphia, serving the most vulnerable HIV positive community, and my mother Melody E. Beverly worked there. Most of the organization’s service population was Black and brown people, people who inject drugs, and housing-insecure people with an AIDS diagnosis. It had a brick-and-mortar building at the corner of Broad and Lombard Street. Now a Taqueria with its own controversial history, at the end of the 1990s, it held precious work of caring for the community, with housing units atop, with an industrial-style kitchen. I remember this because I loved volunteering with building residents, preparing and cooking meals. I also had a thing for the biscuits that were often there.

On a hot day in the summer of ‘97, my mother and I arrived to begin boarding a bus to head over to the party at Clementon Park, which also included barbeque. While waiting to board the bus, I overheard Curtis speaking to a Black man who seemed exhausted if he had been taking AZT. This was a year after HAART was established as a standard for HIV care, and people were taking what we now know to be toxic medicine to manage their HIV. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, or combination therapy, would mean that people who had been living with HIV could live longer lives. I always think about that moment of Curtis checking in with a community member about his health when navigating my own care. I still appreciate the way it was normalized as a communal approach to medicine adherence. Curtis was my mother’s supervisor. He was a charismatic Black gay man with a bald head. Curtis was the sweetest and most sincere person. He was also a drag performer, I had seen him perform for a holiday party and was in awe of him.

Aqua, a Danish musical group, released their single Barbie Girl in April 1997, from their debut album Aquarium that was released in March of the same year. The track has a synth-pop-house vibe to it, with bubblegum vocals from lead singer Lene, who plays Barbie in the music video for the song. René, another band member, plays Ken, in a campy and hilarious capture of a Barbie world; it does a beautiful job of both bringing humanity to a plastic doll and making the cringey nature of American consumerism visible in a funny way. This is ironic, because during a 2017 interview for Nylon Lene disclaims its politics and sexist overtones by stating that “it was kind of making fun of the Pamela Anderson kind-of girl” and says the song is “super-innocent.” To me, Barbie Girl now appears to be making a statement about bodily autonomy and misogyny. With the incessant lyric, “I’m a Barbie girl, in a Barbie world.” This song makes me think about people who lived with HIV, like Curtis, who were living full and flourishing lives at a tender and promising point in the ongoing AIDS crisis.

Barbie Girl topped global charts and was part of a musical era that included the resurgence of unapologetic bubblegum pop music, led in part by the Spice Girls’ Wannabe, a year earlier. Barbie Girl peaked at number 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Now the song has a new life in the context of Barbie, the anticipated movie featuring Margot Robbie as the title character original Barbie. Barbie World, a rap track by Nicki Minaj & Ice Spice for the Barbie soundtrack, samples Barbie Girl in a perfect way. I’m most certain Barbie Girl will have a second life on TikTok and a new generation will be embraced by the gummy-gayness of late nineties music, and remember that there were people who existed then, plagued by an epidemic that rendered their stories untold. They too are Barbie Girls, even in their afterworlds, they paved the way for us to live fantastically in the skin we’re in.

Signed, a Barbie Girl from the nineties.

I’m always yours Xx

Abdul-Aily Muhammad ( @mxabdulaliy )

They/Them/Thiers

gran varones Mentor

Philadelphia, PA

[scientificinquirer-blog]

Very early treatment of newborns with HIV could result in medication-free remission for many babies.

An unexpectedly high percentage of children, who were born with HIV and started treatment within 48 hours of life, exhibit biomarkers by 2 years of age that may make them eligible to test for medication-free remission, according to a multinational study published in Lancet HIV. “Moving away from reliance on daily antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control HIV would be a huge improvement to the…