#Survivability & Protection

[marlair]

hi !! m not sure if u take rqs but if u do ,, do u mind writing the first years x a rllyyy short reader? any gender is fine !! <3

i didn’t expect you to be so tiny

synopsis: the first years with a.. really short prefect.

gn!yuu

ACE TRAPPOLA

this guy is average (i suppose) height, so he’d probably laugh right in your face about your height.

“HAHA bro how are you that tiny😂😂” coded

you, as a member of the short community, want to do nothing more than yank his hair.

smh.

if you needed to grab something from a shelf taller than you (most shelves in NRC), he’d probably watch you struggle for a hot minute and then laugh at you — only after that routine is he willing to help you out.

“loud sigh, fineeee, since you need my help so bad, i GUESS i’ll help you out”, he says.

though with his reaction, you think you’d much rather have just climbed onto a chair and done it yourself.

you are sick and TIRED.

DEUCE SPADE

he’s not as.. assholey about it as ace, but you can definitely tell he’s aware of your shortness.

the moment you stand in front of a shelf that is, in fact, taller than you — he’s already behind you and has the item you needed in his hands, smiling warmly.

you died.

he carries stuff for you because apparently, ‘you might not be able to carry it! because you’re, well..’

you appreciate it, of course, but —

— you can carry a single grocery bag, okay?

he underestimates you quite a bit because of your height, which is most of the time annoying, but it’s funny sometimes.

JACK HOWL

he’s like 6’3” what the fuck. and considering you’re.. cough cough really short, it’d probably be funny seeing you two standing next to eachother.

the contrast would probably bewilder some people, add-in the fact he’s really muscular and then it’d even be creepy to some.

like deuce, he’d probably underestimate you to some extent because of your.. rather diminutive height.

he’d have to look straight down to see you, and you’d have to crane your neck up to see him, which is honestly sad.

he doesn’t seem like he’d be hard to deal with, though.

he’d just sort of, not really mention the difference.

EPEL FELMIER

short people solidarity WOO!!!

he’d be shaking, crying, shitting, literally all the bodily functions, when he first meets you.

there’s someone in the school who is shorter than him!!

he’d be helping you grab things from shelves, resting his arm on your shoulder or head, and other things.

literally anything to validate himself in the fact he is taller than someone his age.

he’d tease you for being short, but if anyone full-on bullied you about it, he’d beat them up.

lmao.

the day you wear heels that make you taller than him is the day of his downfall.

SEBEK ZIGVOLT

okay, we have to remember what he grew up being taught, alright?

this man is a KNIGHT. bro is CHIVALROUS.

regardless of your height, he’d be helping you carry and grab stuff.

but when you’re short— and much shorter than him—, his, uh, coddling is amped up a bit.

“as a knight, i must protect you! especially because you are so harmless!”

you, who literally survived through multiple overblots: 🧍.

it’s sweet, though.

the effort is definitely there! 

[miskfamily8]

In Gaza, Darkness Has Stolen the Light

Gaza, a land of endless sorrow and unyielding strength, is home to millions who fight to survive each day. Beneath the rubble of war and amidst the shadows of despair, families like the Misk family cling to fragments of hope. Life here is not lived; it is endured, as every moment brings a new struggle. Survival was once their goal, but now they dream of something greater—a chance to truly live.

A Night Without End

When the sun sets in Gaza, darkness takes over—a deep, overwhelming darkness that penetrates every corner of life. The blockade has stripped away even the most basic necessities. Electricity, a simple yet essential need, has become an unattainable dream for countless families. For the Misk family, this means endless nights without light, without safety, without comfort.

The children, Misk and Masa, tremble as shadows fill their home. They hold each other tightly, their young hearts heavy with fear. The absence of light is not just physical; it is emotional, casting a veil of despair over their lives.

The Education They Deserve, Stolen by Darkness

With over 70% of schools destroyed and the few remaining ones turned into shelters, education in Gaza has moved online. But how can Misk and Masa learn when their home is shrouded in darkness? Without electricity, their screens remain blank, their books untouched. The dreams they once nurtured—of learning, growing, and building a brighter future—are slipping away, lost to the relentless blackouts.

A Family’s Silent Plea for Help

Fifteen months have passed since war robbed the Misk family of their livelihood. Now, they live in a home that feels more like a prison of shadows. The children cry silently, too frightened to sleep. Their parents watch helplessly, their hearts breaking under the weight of their inability to protect their children from this suffering.

But there is hope. A solar energy system, consisting of just four panels and two 200-amp batteries, could transform their lives. It could bring back the light they so desperately need—to their home, to their education, to their spirits.

Imagine a World Without Light

Can you imagine it? A world where you cannot see the faces of your loved ones after sunset. A world where charging your phone or connecting to the internet feels like an impossible luxury. A world where your children’s laughter is replaced by fearful whispers in the dark. For the Misk family, this is not imagination; it is their reality.

With just 5 euros, you can help change this. Your small act of kindness can bring light back into their lives, power their children’s dreams, and remind them that they are not forgotten.

How You Can Be Their Light

Donate: Your contribution, no matter how small, can illuminate a family’s life. Every euro brings hope, safety, and opportunity to the Misk family.

Spread the Word: Share their story with your friends and on social media. Let the world see the silent suffering of Gaza’s families.

Offer Your Prayers: In your prayers, remember the families of Gaza. Pray for their safety, strength, and the light they so desperately need.

A Plea from the Heart

The darkness in Gaza is more than just the absence of light; it is a symbol of the hardships these families endure every day. The Misk family should not have to live in fear, in shadows, in silence. Together, we can change their story. Together, we can bring back the light—to their home, to their hearts, and to their dreams.

Do not let their cries go unheard. Be the light that dispels their darkness. Act now.

@radical-illusion @ree-contar @reedificaria @sos-solitaria @siofrarafferty @cassandracalin @cap @driflloon @poolboydivision @cannibalchicken @jetix @naruto @xoxoglamorous @flamesofbaby-blog @noleff @nolan-sims @caralhomerdafodasse @hanavbara

[chapinii]

Q!Fit is used to loss. He's used to meeting people he knows won't be sticking around, used to putting on a brave face when they inevitably disappear or are killed beyond the point of respawn. It's collateral damage, part of the day job. Nothing new in the toxic landscape of 2B2T. There's no time to explore any kind of feelings towards anybody else, he's learnt over time that attachments are more often than not futile. Care about something, someone, and it may well be used against you.

His time on Quesadilla island has been different, however. This time he doesn't have that threat, he shouldn't have that threat. This was supposed to be just another mission, a vacation even. Gathering player data is an easy job. The players in question, however, he never imagined himself getting so close to.

Fit never saw himself as a father, in fact, he was lucky to have made it to the age he was now. He was so sure he'd die by the sword. A mercenary, stalking in the shadows of a lava-cast wasteland, both hunter and prey, wearing a bandana around his face to shield himself from the TNT dust which never seemed to settle around him. And now he ties that same bandana around the neck of a boy, his son, an egg so fragile and yet so much like himself. Though a lump still held in his throat when he looked for too long at the boy who played so innocently in the open air, he found solace in knowing that Ramon, unlike him, would grow up surrounded by trust. Against all expectation he'd found himself in a place where (however fucked up behind the scenes it may be) community is everything, and where within it, people are allowed to just Be. He could allow this distraction, his son wouldn't affect the mission too much. His guard was finally, slowly, being let down.

And then along came this strange, slightly unhinged and wonderful man, whose wide excited eyes looked at him with so much admiration and unwavering loyalty. He wasn't used to being seen as human. He hated how easy it felt to push down the guilt of being perceived as such. This vulnerability was new to him, but after keeping so much internalised over the years, he welcomed it. The notion of love was an alien concept back there, where the desires for chaos and destruction were almost carnal in nature. This feeling towards Pac was unlike any other he'd ever felt, a soft and tender mutual understanding of one another. He knew as much about Pac as Pac did about him, and they enjoyed keeping it that way. Even as they were forced to fight against each-other, Fit had taken pride in his roommate's skill and precision in combat, and, even as that competition amped up, he knew all too well the measures that must be taken to survive, and vowed to protect him all the same. Now they were back on the island he enjoyed being the one to stand back for once, he'd admire as Pac would run on ahead with all sorts of plans for the two of them, and bask in the fofoca he would return with for their morning crew.

Of course, the bated breath that still held in his throat was yet to disperse. He'd been the one to help break Pac and Mike out of prison. He sat with Mike and reassured him when Pac was kidnapped. Through Tazercraft he'd come to understand the concept of soulmates, someone you share a bond with throughout your life, platonic or not. He'd also come to know the true meaning of 'saudades', the deep feeling of longing and melancholy that comes with missing something or someone. He didn't want to admit it was something he'd felt all throughout his life. Living on the island had prepared him and Pac for those types of situations, and God knows 2B2T had whacked the mindset into him tenfold. But it didn't make this time hurt any less. Fit had finally set a date with Pac for Friday, albeit a somewhat rearranged one. They were so caught up in everything, in each-other. Things finally seemed to have been looking up for them, and then everything was ripped apart once more. Fit resented not having kept his guard up, for letting himself slip, and not being able to protect Pac before it was too late. He was gone.

That was why taking things slow was so important, he had told Ramon. You can't rush into these things, lest you lose everything for good.

Fit is used to loss. It's all part of the day job.

[fallingskiesandrisingseas]

I have another ATLA theory.

Almost all genocides in history, some people survive. Eradicting a people completely is insanely hard to do, partially because when the oldest understand they will die they will move heaven and earth to protect their youngest.

In ATLA lore, some Air Nomads survived the initial carnage, but they were hunted down and killed afterwards. A child / adult with strange tattoos in airbending clothes will be easy to spot and betray, after all, and airbending wasn't suited for killing others, at the time. They believed in spirituality, in self defense. How hard would taking on an Airbending child or a single adult have been when you outnumber them 5 to 1 and they can't run?

At the same time, ATLA's fire benders are portrayed very much as humans. Killing Air bending masters? Sure. But killing children? Something more than Sozin's orders must have motivated those soldiers killing the remaining Air Nomads. Something dark.

No one has ever attacked the Air Nomads before. Even in periods of intense international conflict, they were allowed free entry to holy places and other Nations. They were considered good omens, both because they numbered so few and had such a good relationship with the spirits.

I think when the Airbenders were attacked without the Avatar at their sides, they fought like lions. No one had ever seen Airbenders fight for their lives, and we can see in Tenzin and Zaheer what an Airbender willing to do damage is truly capable of.

What if it took the Fire Nation so long to take over the Water Nation and the Earth Kingdom because they were recovering from the losses after attacking the Air Nomads for the first 20 years?

A hundred years is a long time, and they were still struggling to take over the Water Tribe and the Earth Kingdom by the time Aang woke up again.

What if, full of confidence, amped up by the comet, they approached the Temples, ready to kill the Air Nomads, only met with airbending techniques that scared the living daylights out of them?

Suffocation, tornadoes, vacuums, internal bleeding, fata morganas, pressure blasts, characters moving at super speed, flying, 8 ton bisons protecting their own.

An Airbender literally coming for your throat can do insane damage. Absolutely terrifying.

I believe that the Fire Nation suffered unimaginable losses. After the Air Nomads realize it's going to end in either them or the others dead, they put up a fight so fierce Sozin ordered to execute all Airbenders after because he was terrified, because his losses were innumerable. Remember, among the Air Nomads, EVERYONE could bend.

I think that Sozin came for the Airbenders not just because of the Avatar, but also to remove the most powerful pieces off the board.

We all saw Gyatso sitting on a pile of bodies. How powerful an Airbender must he have been to kill that many people? Imagine 20-300 of those Airbenders, after watching their children die, having nothing left to lose. Abandoning their pacifist principles when faced with annihilation. Even worse, imagine them when they are still fighting to give their children a chance to escape.

I think that Airbending masters are just outnumbered too badly, that the children are easy prey afterwards, unwilling to kill, that they start fighting for their lives too late, unable to make their bending offensive on the fly against the most powerful firebending forms and having nowhere to run.

I think they killed all the Airbenders because the Fire Nation soldiers still around by the time the Air Nomad massacre is over are so scarred from watching formation after formation of friends and brothers die, they don't believe the Air Nomads or their children are normal anymore. So they kill them. They never tell their own children about the destructive power of Airbenders. The true tales become secrets, whispers, rumours, legend, myth.

And so when Aang comes into his own as an Avatar, he is not just respected because he brought peace; he is respected because, despite his commitment to non-violence, the world remembers what happens when you threaten an Airbender.

Remembers how quick, how evasive, how superhuman, how downright deadly they can become.

And when Red Lotus comes for Tenzin, they experience it firsthand. The myths become rumours, whispers, truth again.

Airbenders are never again messed with. Tenzin develops a more militant form, trains his kids and his disciples. Teaches them both spirituality and self-defense. Teaches them to kill.

Soon, Airbending develops sub-forms. What does not contain air? Everyone remembers that Airbenders are not dangerous to them because they choose not to be. Not because they aren't.

[misty1111]

Content warning: Rape, sexual assault, discrimination, homophobia, hate crimes, HIV, STDs.

I’m making this post to raise awareness of the violence and discrimination that has been happening and continues to happen to queer people in the Kakuma camp in northwestern Kenya. Tumblr user transsmith2023 knows the situation well and told me the following,

“The queers are living in a very terrible situation comprised of persecution, torture and discrimination of all sorts that has costed many lives and severe injuries to those who still living.

You can help us through advocating for our equal rights and freedom with the help of both social media platforms, main streams if you have access to them.

You can link us to the queer organisations, personnels so that we can helped.

Private sponsorship program is open, let the queers that side know about our existence. They may be in position to privately sponsor us. Forexample America right know has welcome corps.”

He goes on to say, “Because of our orientation, we are refused jobs, limiting our access to necessary resources. Many of us are homeless and sleep outside, leaving us increasingly vulnerable to violence. We cannot afford food and water, living in poverty even more extreme than the camp’s general population . Many victims of rape and sexual violence contract HIV and other STDs, but cannot afford the medicine which could save their lives.

Our story has been platformed by major NGOs, including Amnesty- https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/05/kenyas-kakuma-refugee-camp-not-yet-safe-for-lgbti-asylum-seekers/ ,

https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/06/07/kakuma-refugee-camp-trans-lgbtq-amnesty/ , https://theconversation.com/amp/lgbti-refugees-seeking-protection-in-kenya-struggle-to-survive-in-a-hostile-environment-182810.

Despite this attention, we face no material aid and no protection from the violence which haunts us daily.”

As a queer person I side with all the queer people who are in Kakuma and I hope this post does something to help.

[skynights2]

Shadow awake in Silver timeline!? Gerald created silver hint!??

Since 2006 got erased, means shadows not trapped.

But Dr Gerald mention it takes two to open chaos portal/chaos control, sonic got retcon he can't do that in a recent interview.

So that leaves shadow and silver who can do chaos control...

Chaos control-power to manipulate time. As Shadow is shown to freeze time. While Silver shown to be a amped up version of this power as he can travel through time. imo i don't see him being born with those powers, unless he was engineered like Shadow. And Gerald already has experience working on Shadow creation.

Also time paradox Gerald if he had his memories... after seeing timeline messed with.... made me think did he create Silver!? Maria words there always a way for shadow and her to meet again.. but that would be time travel.....As shadow is destine to outlive everyone and watch them die due to his immortality which is sad.

Gerald dialogue in generations hinted he realized shadow would be alone and no family who long lived like him. plus the timeline being messed with. I don't see him sit back and let bad forced get away with it. thus Silver creation or set up. As silver could been in deep sleep after creation waking 200 years in the future. etc

This stood out to me for years on design traits between silver and black doom and shadow. and now with the reveal of black doom looking at shadow as perfect host...... but then noticed this.

1.black doom small head spikes on head, similar pattern on silver quills but longer . and the long side spikes on the side of the head......

2.black doom third eye,/the third eye is linked with psychic powers which silver has, as he can fly. Just as black doom does same as he levitates. so it is psychic powers.

3.The name Silver has meaning purity/protection also the meaning of Silver was used to fight curse/evil in myths with warewolves etc, and we got black doom race which looks like immortality/evil.

4. Silver concept had him as alien from a ancient race, Black doom is ancient alien race.

5. Silver eyeline color match with shadow markings, super form the black eyeliner turn red from his aura of super.. which found interesting.

6. Both shadow and Silver share chaos power manipulation of time, the portal hint it takes two. I think our shadow survive in silver timeline and is helping him travel back maybe??

7. Both shadow and silver have inhibiter rings, in project 2006 it is restored where original sonic 2006 it never activated, because game was bugged/unfinished. You can see silver restored inhibiter activate and close when his power switched on/off

I've noticed black doom chains have Silver theme color and some cyan...

I think Gerald if he did engineer Silver based of shadow dna but went full cleaning removing mutation genes. Making Silver immune to black doom mutation as seen with Doom shadow powers. Also silver psychic powers show he has strong mental focus, immune to hive mind manipulation that black doom holds over the race.

Basically gerald could made silver as protection for shadow beside family. (a fail safe backup) A way to fight black doom trying to control shadow or make connection to shadow. Since Silver would be immune from black doom mind control, and could help shadow stay focused.

We did not see much of silver in sonic x shadow generations, So am curious what going on. since this would been perfect to bring him into the story plot with the time eater, unless sega saving it for later.

Also side mention mephiles to back up shadow and silver connection possibility, he took on shadow form. his shadow correct. But here the problem. mephiles does not have black doom dna or red markings, instead he is silver/black color. So i do wonder if shadow would have had silver/black without black doom dna influence in his dna for red coloring, it might been silver original in the hedgehog dna make up.

Honestly could be maybe, plus Shadow would have family now who long lived liked him thx to gerald, A son. for the chaos control theory to open time portal.

[possiblylando]

Chainsaw Man Chapter 148 not so early analysis

Bit later than usual cause college and I wanted to look into something from part 1.

Fumiko has been continuing the trend of being absolutely useless in every situation shes ever been put in to the point I feel confident in saying she CANT fight. This clearly isn't a kobeni situation where she can fight if necessary because she hasn't even really been trying to fight or protect anyone. It's the point I've actually started to believe the theory that Fumiko is actually Aldo in disguise.

For a refresher Aldo was one of the american assassin brothers who got picked off at the beginning of the arc by Power and Yoshida respectively. However Aldo survived the entire arc and has been awol ever since. He's also surprisingly durable since he survived both of these attacks with minimal injury.

He may or may not have been hit by halloween, Given his facial expression I it seems like he's faking it especially since Halloween was used on the doll devil and so should logically only effect her dolls which Aldo is not.

I went back through these chapters expecting to find a smoking gun that could prove this to be true. Specifically I was looking for a scene where he or one of the brothers was holding an ID card which could be matched against the way Fumiko holds it, But I did not find that.

This is the best I found but it's also standard practice so it isn't good evidence. Back to the chapter itself, It's clear now Quanxi is just going through the motions

She's clearly been lacking when it comes to combat and athletics in these previous few chapters in comparison to her original appearance. She's been sort of stumbling through these chapters with the help of her regeneration. Which is a bit strange until you keep in mind; Quanxi is more than likely SUPER depressed. The last time we saw her before this was when she fought Denji and the previous time before that was when everyone she cared about got murdered by Makima. It's probable that she blames herself for it because she took the job to kill Denji and thus got her and the girls into the situation that killed them in the first place.

Fuck you looking at bitch do something

The transition between these two pages is so good I had to do a double take because my immediate though was that Quanxi was the one who got her arm cut off. But then obviously it's Asa's. You can feel the inspiration from good movie transitions here.

This whole scene is very cool and also very interesting because Asa is able to block Yoshida's sword with her barehand. She got such an amp from the chainsaw fire attacks that she can do this. It also means she has basically the same base stats as yoru. Which is to be expected but I think is interesting.

It seems like this page was drawn before the rest of the one in this sequence because Yoshida is busting through a wall here despite the fact Room 606 was just destroyed; Thus there should be no wall to bust through to escape onto the street. Interestingly the other personality is absent in this scene entirely. We never see Yoru and Asa in the same panel which is an interesting choice. Its probably a creative choice to only have one of them around in major action scenes. Feels like a good time to mention a theory I saw on twitter. I've been trying to find it but I've had no luck. If I can find it it'll probably be apart of next week's post. To summarize the theory; Asa and Yoru are the same entity. Not two separate beings in one body. Asa the human we met at the beginning of part 2 has been dead since the justice (fire) contract user killed her. The Asa we see now is a split personality reconstructed using the intact memories in the body's brain at the time she became a fiend. If true it means Asa is an alternate persona created by Yoru in order to cause more conflict within herself (constant internal warfare) and as a coping mechanism due to the chainsaw devil massacre in hell. Its an interesting theory I want to put on the board incase something happens with it especially since Yoru is growing in strength rapidly. Probably how Black Pochita was schooling them during it.

[shinobirain24]

Sunsprite Arc

Full name: Sunsprite Summer Rose Arc

Nicknames: Lady Arc, Lieutenant Arc, Sunny (by her parents)

Hair color: Blonde

Eye color: Silver

Occupation: Leader of the Knights of Arc, Second-in-command pf Vale's military, Member of the Resistance, huntress

Affiliation: Clan Arc, Knights of Arc, The Resistance, Vale's military

Semblance: Aura Amp, Rose Manifest

Weapon: Crocea Mors (upgraded into a scythe)

Family: Ruby Rose (mother), Jaune Arc (father), Yang Xiao Long (maternal aunt), Taiyang Xiao Long (maternal grandfather), Summer Rose (maternal grandmother, deceased), Qrow Branwen (honorary great-uncle), Jaden Arc (Paternal grandfather, deceased), unnamed paternal grandmother, Saphron Arc (Paternal Aunt), Terra Cotta-Arc (Paternal aunt), Adrian Arc (paternal cousin), Unnamed 6 paternal aunts, Unnamed paternal great-grandfather, Unnamed great-great grandfather, Mirak Arc (great-great-great grandfather, deceased)

Biography:

Sunsprite was born to Ruby Rose and Jaune Arc. Named after a yellow rose that represents to feel positive and hope, and the promise of a new beginning. Like her mother, Ruby, Sunsprite is born with silver eyes.

She was born during the time of the 2nd Great War in Vale. As an infant, it was the only time Sunsprite sees her mother, but Ruby feared Salem will come after Sunsprite (due to the fact that she has silver eyes). To lure Salem away from her daughter, Ruby resolves to leave. But not before telling Jaune, and asked him to give Sunsprite a letter when she turns 17.

After Ruby left, Jaune was left to raise his daughter on his own, with the help of his older sister, Saphron, and Ruby's older sister, Yang. This way, Sunsprite will still be surrounded by love and family, even during the hard times in the 2nd Great War.

As Sunsrpite grew up, her aunt Yang would not only spoil her and spend some time with her, but also taught her niece hand-to-hand combat. Then Jaune would teach her swordsmanship, but she prefers to fight without a shield in order to excel in her speed.

Later, she would meet her honorary great-uncle, Qrow Branwen, one of the surviving huntsmen that has been watching over Sunsprite from a distance until now. And the one who taught Sunsprite's mother the ways of the scythe. Qrow then taught her on her to use a scythe.

When Sunsprite is ready, Jaunes passed her his own weapon, Crocea Mors, which has been in the family for generations. With this, Sunsprite would readjust the family sword so that it can also turn into a scythe. Jaune doesn't mind this, since he acknowledged her creativity and strategy.

After she turns 17, Jaune finally gives Sunsprite the letter. On the letter, Ruby explains her reason for leaving for the fear of her safety. But encourages her to fight for what she believes in. It also includes a journal that tells her stories about her friends, her time in Beacon Academy, and her journey for the four relics.

During one of her missions, she is helping evacuating the civilians in the town of Sunset Island, when the Grimm got too closer to the crowd, Sunsprite wasted no time to fend off the protect the citizens. It also unlocks the semblance of Rose Manifest (which turns her into Rose pedals to switch from one to to another).

Personality:

Since then, Sunsprite has become the leader of the Knights of Arc. A group of hunters that serve as protectors of the weak and aiding the Resisatnce. Because of this, Sunsprite unlocked her father's semblance, Aura Amp. Which is surprising, cause never before a huntsman and/or huntress can unlock two semblance, and she is the first to do so.

And because of her dedication for the rebellion, Sunsprite became known as "the Silver-eyed Knight of Remnant."

Sunsprite is similar to her mother, Ruby, intelligent of strategy, and filled with dreams despite being involved in the 2nd Great War. And filled with nostalgia when hearing fairy tales as a child. She tried her best to remain positive throughout her battles. Like Ruby, she also has a sweet-tooth for sweets such as cookies, or other baked goods. And would make them from her grandmother's recipe.

She would refer to her father, Jaune as a "Super Dad," who told her fairy tales in Ruby's absence and spending time with her when not fighting in war. For that, she is close to her father, even if he is absent for busy reasons. Which Sunsprite doesn't mind.

Sunsprite dreams of writing her stories, and would write down her journal previous events, so that if the war is won, she can convert them into a book. Writing down her journal, Sunsprite longed to meet her mother since she left. And was curious about what caused her to leave.

[whumpbug]

hi bug i am here to trade questions!! i have a burning one about your boy archie:

what exactly are his powers? what sort of things can he do? what are the drawbacks to them, how do they hurt him back?

thank you :>

-@whump-kia

thank you SO much for asking this because i've been wanting an excuse to talk about this boy ( ๑˘ω˘ ) like yours, i also wrote a LOT so i apologize in advance

okay so. i think i've said before that his enhancements are like if daredevil and captain's americas abilities combined but ill explain it in more detail for people who aren't totally sure about the specifics of that

the tl;dr is basically this: archie has enhanced strength and heightened senses. he's about 4 times as strong as the average male his age, and similarly as resilient. because of his enhanced strength, he can also run faster and jump higher (the boy has quads of steel). he can also see and hear much clearer and farther than your average human and can even hear heartbeats from a decent distance away!

under the cut is a lottt more detail and context for those who are interested!

so basically, i'm gonna start with some backstory.

archie's villain (hero) origin story:

archie grew up in the city and was never very. affluent.

he grew up with his mother because his father left when he was really young. he doesn't remember him well, but what he does remember is the effect his absence had on his mom. to put it briefly, he grew up around a lot of things that a child shouldn't have had to grow up around.

still, his mother did her absolute best to give him a good, safe childhood. unfortunately, there are things you just cant protect your child from.

when he was about 7, he was walking home from school and goofing around like a kid does, and he somehow got roped into a drug deal that was being made just a block from his apartment.

long story short, the guys were roughing him up (they were assholes.) and one of them was messing around and pretending to stick him with one of the syringes.

and then he actually did.

and it was agony.

poor, tiny archie was immediately overcome with the worst pain he'd ever experienced in his life to this day.

to avoid this section becoming a straight up 100k fic, ill just say that the recovery from the initial contact with the serum took archie weeks to recover from, and it many ways, he hasn't.

the boy is terrified of needles.

about the drug itself:

so you're gonna have to bear with me her because i am not a biochemist, and this might not make any sense.

so the drug, which i've dubbed VSD (Very Scary Drug) was originally made by a very shady crime syndicate, for underground fighting rings, kind of like a steroid but more permanent. the drug has 2 parts.

the first part of it works by acting on a specific DNA sequence, and spurring HGH (Human Growth Hormone) to amp up its production in the skeletal muscle cells, bone cells, and neuromuscular junctions (for better and faster reflexes)

the other part alters the somatosensory cortex, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe, and esentially causes them to be extremely active, to a point beyond human ability, but because of the first part of the drug, it's able to heal itself and create new cells

because VSD was designed to be permanent, it is very dangerous and not for everyone. the thing about it is that you have to be genetically compatible with it, or the entire thing could backfire or malfunction. only about 1 in every 100k people are even able to reap the effects of the drug. about 1 in every 100 even survive taking it at the dose archie recieved it.

if someone incompatible takes the drug, the effects are. dire. they can range from blindness, deafness, loss of sensation throughout the entire body, tumors, complete paralysis, and even the body just. not producing more cells. and then the vicitim would just deteriorate.

so yeah! not a fun time! and archie was incredibly lucky. the drug was obviously discontinued, and archie hasn't heard of anyone else who recieved the same effects that he did. there are only drugs that can do similar things now, but none are permant like archie's, and the abilities dont even begin to compare.

now what the hell can archie actually do?

well, let's first start with what he can't do.

the drug has no cognitive or behavioral effects, so archie is still the same old archie, only his body has changed.

the drug also has no effect on the immune system, both innate and adaptive. archie can get sick the same as any person, and has the same recovery time too!

now lets move on to the fun stuff!

like i said before, archie has about 4 times the strength as your average male his age. because of his muscle mass and bone density, he is also relatively resilient to injuries from "normal" people, but he's not like. invincible. if you smack that boy with a brick, its gonna hurt. he is sometimes unaware of his own strength and limits though, and throws himself to situations with the mindset of "this isnt even gonna scatch me" and is proven very wrong.

as for his senses, we'll start with vision

he can see about twice as far as your average person, and with clarity beyond even 20/20. he is also very privy to noticing small movements, even if theyre in his peripheral.

now hearing! he can hear much much quieter things than your average human. im not totally sure how to quantify this one, but basically he is hearing like.. everything. all the time. which we'll get into later. the way i gauge it is the fact than he can hear heartbeats, even when he'd just standing next to the person.

and lastly (and probably least interestingly) touch! he can feel sensations a lot more clearly than most. the sensation you would have on your fingertips is kind of what he feels all over, and it makes him have pretty bad sensory issues with certain things (me too archie, me too.)

how can we whump this boy?!

okay, now onto the drawbacks of these abilities!

you're probably thinking "bug. how are there even any drawbacks? these abilities seem sick asf! how do i get my hands on VSD?!"

and i'm here to tell you. NO no you do not want this. archie still suffers every day.

the first and most obvious one is the unimaginable sensory overload this boy feels every day. he hardly ever gets a quiet moment, and even when he does, he still can't tune out the sound of his own heartbeat thundering in his ears. it's hell. luckily, hes had 17 years to learn to cope, but he still has days where he curls into a ball in a dark room and sobs because everything is too bright and so so loud

also, the drug isn't painless. since the muscle mass isn't natural, prolonged use of his body (like in fights) cause horrific aches the days after. it feels like his body is trying to tear itself apart, which, it kind of is.

also, the headaches. god, the headaches. the human brain does not take kindly to being toyed with and doesn't archie know it. archie is sort just. in a perpetual headache. and he only really notices when that headache becomes a migraine. get this boy some ibuprofen, please.

another thing is increased appetite. because cells can't just synthesize out of nowhere, archie has to keep up with the rapid production. this boy can EAT. he is always hungry. always snacking.

lastly, the psychological aspect of the whole thing. growing up as a superhuman, where even playing thumb war could break your classmate's thumb, was hard. archie lived most of his childhood keeping to himself in fear of his own strength. as he got older, he learned to manage it a bit better, but he's still very anxious about it. he won't let himself near babies, cats, or small dogs.

and then, of course, there's the trauma. this manifests as a SEVERE needle phobia, as well as just a fear of doctors in general. its the reason why he and Simon's relationship just works. he doesn't see him as a doctor, he sees him as a friend who is always willing to take care of him when he needs it, and for that, he is forever grateful

end!

and that's pretty much it! please excuse my probably horrid typos and grammar errors, i kind of rushed this because i was excited, so i hope you like it kia! thank you so so much for the ask! ヾ(^ ^ゞ

[marsduality]

From The Power of Attachment by Diane Poole Heller

[Text ID:

AN INTRODUCTION TO ATTACHMENT STYLES

The human attachment system is an inherent, biological, and natural process that relates to everything we do in life, especially when it comes to our relationships with others. Although secure attachment is what we're after here, it's important to note that whatever attachment style we live with evolved to keep us safe. Even insecure attachment patterns are designed to help us survive dangerous situations, and none of these styles are set in stone. The next four chapters look at each of these four adaptations in depth and provide ways to work with them. Here's a quick overview to get us going:

Secure Attachment. This is the type of attachment in the ideal situation described earlier. Securely attached people typically grew up with plenty of love and support from consistently responsive caregivers, and as adults they are interdependent, connecting with others in healthy, mutually beneficial ways. 'They are okay both in connection and on their own; they can think with fexibility, can perceive a range of possibilities, are comfortable with differences, and resolve conficts without much drama. They can internalize the love they feel from others and forgive easily.

Avoidant Attachment. People with this attachment style have a tendency to keep intimacy at arm's length or to diminish the importance of relationships. They often were neglected: left alone too much as children, rejected by their caregivers, or their parents weren't present enough (or only present when teaching them some type of task). Avoidants have disconnected- put the brakes on-their attachment System, so reconnecting to others in safe and healthy ways is extremely important

Ambivalent Attachment. People with the ambivalence adaptation deal with a lot of anxiety about having their needs met or feeling secure in being loved or lovable. Their parents might have shown them love, but as children they never knew when their parents might get distracted and utterly pull the rug out from underneath them. Their care was unpredictable of notably intermittent. They be hypervigilant about relational slights or any hint of abandonment, which amps up their attachment system into overdrive. Anticipating the impending inevitability of abandonment that they are convinced is coming, they often feel sad, disappointed, or angry before anything actually happens in their adult relationships. For ambivalents, consistency and reassurance are paramount.

Disorganized Attachment. This attachment style is characterized by an excess of fear, and the attachment system is at cross purposes with the instinct to survive threat. When stressed, sick, or frightened, a child naturally wants to seek comfort and protection from a loving parent, but what do they do when the same Parent is the source of fear or distress? People with this style can get stuck in a threat response and/or swing between avoidance and ambivalence without much of an identifiable pattern. They often suffer from psychological and physical confusion. Disorganized parents may fear their own children. As children, they saw their parents as threatening, or their parents simply emanated an atmosphere of fear or dread due to their own unresolved trauma. Disorganized folks are often emotionally dysregulated, dealing with sudden shifts in arousal, or dissociated and checked out. Since they are prone to the most disturbance, reestablishing a fundamental sense of regulation and relative safety are the most important things for people with this attachment style.

End id]

[bohemian-nights]

What are your predictions for HOTD season 2?

Erm disappointment 🙃 🤣🤣🤣

Okay um, I’m hoping that after Blood & Cheese plays out(which should happen by episode 2) we see more of the Alicent from episodes 6 and 7 I’ll do whatever to protect my children and myself Alicent rather than I don’t know what the hell is going on Alicent from episode 8 and 9. I need to see politically competent Alicent.

House Hightower will be great(I just really want to see the inside of Hightower. That’s all I ask for).

The Lannisters get to show off again that they are rich b*tches💰(Jason will show how much of a lovable idiotic flop he is).

Daeron will be the new it boy(still won’t overtake Aemond or Daemon, but he’ll give them a run for their money).

Dumbnyra will be away from each other for most of the season from what I’ve heard(and as their #1 hater outside of Ryan Condal that is music to my ears🎼).

Daemon will be trying to prove himself because finding out his brother dearest didn’t trust him/never saw him as his heir is a crushing blow for him, but he’ll be better than ever once he meets his Netty 😏 He’ll acknowledge that Rhaena exists and they’ll have a heart to heart 🙏🏽(Ryan have him talk to his only daughters 🙃).

Rhaena will get a dragon egg and realize that she was a cool girl all along😎

(Or she’ll pull a Mulan, dye her hair, and become a nurse for the Green camp. At the end of season 2, she meets Gwayne/Garmund/Daeron in disguise who is injured the two fall in love. She nurses him back to health as the world around them falls apart. Eventually, they marry in secret, comfort each other as their family members die by one, and survive the war together. They are each other's glue, they have lots of babies, and recently hatched Morning approves🐉. This isn’t fanfiction guys. Ryan Condal leaked this to me himself😎).

Aegon will become a sad hoe(literally).

Helaena will just speak in prophecies(I mean she already does this, but she'll really amp up predicting stuff, including everyone's death).

Criston finds out about the situation(🤢) and beats and/or threatens Larys creepy a** for Alicent(that nasty foot hoe deserves it 🤷🏽‍♀️).

Aemond feels the burden of his responsibilities when Aegon is injured and he becomes regent(setting the stage for him finding comfort in Alys for season 3).

Rhaenyra will be a more active participant since they want to make her into a #girl-boss feminist(Seeing Nettles claiming Sheepstealer will shake her up a bit).

Mysaria will say her involvement with Blood & Cheese was revenge for the children in the fighting pits(still doesn’t make sense but they made her into a “child activist”).

Baela will want to go with Rhaenys to Rooks Rest, but she’s held back because of the danger. She breaks down when Granny dies 😔

Corlys will continue to be an idiot until wifey dies then he finally gets it.

Addam and Alyn are Ser Vaemond’s sons 🤞🏽(Let him get the last laugh).

Lots of Dragonseed deaths during episodes 5-6(I’ll probably laugh at half of them especially when Alyn is almost ended by my baby’s baby).

From the looks of things, Addam Velaryon claiming Seasmoke will be a pretty big deal. There’s a leak that Laenor is dead and Rhaenyra finds this out by Addam claiming Seasmoke.

A little flirtation between Alyn and Baela (Again Ryan Condal personally told me Alyn will be good, kind, and loving to Baela. He’ll sweep her off her feet. Jace who? Jace what? He’s like the perfect future husband guys trust me. He's not a hoe. That's just Green propaganda 🥲).

Sara Snow will be there. Come on it’s too messy to scrape and Jace is less interesting than watching paint dry. He needs this and Baela needs an real man🤐

Something something pack of ice and fire convo between Cregan and Jace something.

I know some people have reservations about Gayle now, but I wholeheartedly believe that people are going to fall in love with her portrayal of Alys(and Alysmond will rightfully overtake Pukemond as Aemond’s #1 ship). Hopefully, Alys roasts Daemon like how she did in that leaked audition tape 🤐

Judging by how much they are keeping Nettles under wraps, her claiming Sheepstealer will be absolutely epic. This is my most anticipated moment for season two. I want all the stops pulled out. I want Nettles to make the connection that dragons will accept food for rides on her own or hear something in passing on how the first Valyrians claimed/tamed their dragons and then figure it out from there.

(Daemon will be upset to hear about Nettles at first/view her as a threat because she shouldn’t exist in his Valyrian supremacist mind, but then he sees her and is like 😍).

There was a “leak” that allegedly stated Netty and Daemon meet sometime during the latter half of the season. They take a liking to each other and at some point, they go off together but come back to help in the Battle of the Gullet(BOTG). I’m not too crazy about this leak since I want Netty to be very wary of him at first instead of just jumping to be with him. He needs to really work for her affection.

The season will probably end on news that the Triarchy is attacking the Gullet(ending the season with them preparing for the BOTG). However, one of the “leaks” did say that allegedly the Blacks will take Kings Landing before the BOTG so they may plan their attack from there(hence Daemon and Nettles coming back to help them).

Not really a prediction, but I hope we see Johanna Lannister(seriously if HBO cuts her I’m considering it a crime). She’s like my favorite minor character during the Dance(and what happens to the Westerland women shows once again how Queenie doesn’t care about women except for herself). Now she’s what I’d call a bada** woman 🙌🏽

Anyway, I hope these fairytales are sufficient ☺️

[fe-sibling-duo-tournament]

Fire Emblem Sibling Duo Tournament: Winners Round 3 - Match 1

Propaganda under cut:

Mercedes & Emile:

Their story is so sad. They survived a horrid man together, but were separated. Mercedes lives with guilt and a desire to have her brother return(I'd even argue that the reason Mercie acts as such a doting big sister figure for most people is because she misses Emile so much and wants to recreate that bond with someone!), but Emile is swamped with demons. On so many paths, they long to have their sibling bond restored, but Emile fears the Death Knight too much to reciprocate and often dies as a result, leaving Mercie to mourn him. On Crimson Flower, Mercedes can wind up betraying her Faerghus friends, but at least they reunite, and yet… even here, Emile has built up walls. Even if they're paired together, Emile leaves for years and only returns once his penance is paid. They have to spend so much of their lives apart.

It might be a bit cliche, but the yin yang dynamic is everything to me here. Mercedes representing healing and warmth, growing from your pains into someone kind, vs. Emile who embodies mental anguish, stagnation, violence and pain while still having the potential to grow is still interesting and cool. You also have the sacrifices Emile made, Mercedes remembering his favourite sweets even a decade after they parted, etc. Their supports are bittersweet but end on a promising note. I care too much about 3d pixel people.

Ike & Mist:

Classic sibling duo! Big bro who will do anything to protect little sis, except little sis wants to prove she can protect big bro too! But it goes deeper than just that. I really love the insight into their dynamic after Greil's death. The basic traits of their dynamic are amped up because they're afraid, afraid of losing each other after they're the only thing the other has left. Ike has to get stronger, stronger than Greil, stronger than the Black Knight - because he can't die and leave Mist. He can't be that cruel. And Mist needs to find any excuse to still stand next to him. She'll never be as strong as Ike, that she knows, but if she can heal him when he's injured, if she can make him safe with her own two hands, that is enough. She cannot sit in wait, cannot live in fear that he will be there one day and gone the next, just like Greil. And these reactions to grief are basically the same thing - a desire for power so tragedy doesn't need to repeat itself. How they come about power is different, but they're the same at their core. Sibwings.

[transparentninjaobservatio-blog1]

Brotherhood on pandora part 2

“Careful, Tuk,” Ashura warned gently, placing a protective hand on the youngest’s shoulder as she darted ahead, her curiosity as boundless as the forest itself. His tall, Na’vi-human hybrid frame was a reassuring presence, his piercing golden eyes scanning the ground for anything dangerous, aware of the stories that this place held in its silence.

Lo’ak snickered, glancing over his shoulder at Ashura. “She’ll be fine. Don’t worry so much, big brother.”

“Easy for you to say,” Ashura shot back with a grin. “You’re the one who gets us into trouble.” He nudged Lo’ak, both sharing a smile that was equal parts challenge and camaraderie.

Spider trailed behind, unusually quiet as he took in the wreckage. Unlike the others, this place held a strange significance for him. Somewhere in these remnants were the traces of his father, Colonel Quaritch, and the battles he’d waged against the Na’vi—against Spider’s found family. Quaritch’s legacy lay twisted in the rusted metal and broken glass, and while Spider had long tried to distance himself from that shadow, here, surrounded by reminders, it felt closer than ever.

Kiri seemed to sense his unease. She stepped closer, brushing her fingers lightly against his arm. “You okay, Spider?” she asked, her voice barely a whisper.

Spider managed a nod, though his usual bravado was missing. “Just… weird. Knowing that he was here. Fighting, hurting people.” He paused, casting his gaze over the crumbling metal remains, a dark shadow flickering across his expression. “And knowing that I came from that.”

Ashura caught the words and placed a firm, comforting hand on Spider’s shoulder. “You’re not him, Spider. You’re your own person. This place… it’s just a memory, a piece of history that doesn’t define you.”

Spider’s tension eased at Ashura’s touch, and he offered a faint smile. “Thanks, Ashura.”

Tuk’s voice broke the somber moment as she pointed to something half-buried in the undergrowth. “Look!” She darted forward, pulling back some vines to reveal a cracked visor of an old human mask, its surface scarred and worn.

Lo’ak knelt beside her, studying the mask. “That’s definitely old-school. One of the RDA’s, probably from the big battle.” He tilted his head, a smirk playing on his lips. “Think Dad wore one like this?”

Ashura chuckled. “If it were Dad’s, I’m sure it would have had a lot more dents in it.”

Kiri glanced around, a pensive look in her eyes. “This place… it’s like it remembers the fight. Can’t you feel it?” She reached out, placing her hand on a fallen tree, her fingers brushing the rough bark where vines clung tightly, reclaiming the man-made wounds. “The energy here is heavy.”

The group fell silent, absorbing the atmosphere. For the Na’vi, everything on Pandora held memories and energy, and Kiri’s words carried weight. The air felt thick, almost charged, as if the forest itself had absorbed the rage and violence of that long-ago battle, bearing witness to both suffering and survival.

Ashura stepped forward, placing a hand over his heart. “This ground holds their struggle,” he murmured, half to himself. “Jake and Neytiri fought to protect this world, to protect all of us.”

As the silence grew, Spider felt a strange, unexplainable pull, his eyes drawn to the twisted wreckage of an AMP suit nearby. It loomed like a skeleton against the jungle, its metal form entwined with vines, yet still carrying a kind of lifeless menace. The image stirred something deep within him—a sense of reckoning, of the unbreakable link to a man he’d never known, a father who’d fought on the opposite side.

He took a deep breath, glancing at his friends. “You know, sometimes I wonder what he was like. My father, I mean. Not the monster everyone saw… but the man. Before the war, before everything.”

Ashura tightened his grip on Spider’s shoulder, meeting his gaze with a steady, understanding look. “That man is gone, Spider. You have a family now—us, Jake, Neytiri. They’re here for you, we’re here for you. You don’t have to carry his legacy.”

Lo’ak crossed his arms, nodding in agreement. “Yeah, and honestly, you’re way cooler than that old bastard could’ve ever been.” He grinned, his tone light, trying to bring some humor to the moment. “Besides, you’re one of us. Who else could keep up with us out here?”

Spider chuckled, the heaviness lifting slightly. He bumped his fist against Lo’ak’s in a silent show of gratitude. “Guess you’re right.”

Suddenly, Tuk’s wide eyes settled on a particularly large boulder, covered in strange scratches and marks. “Look!” she exclaimed. “I think it’s some kind of… message?” She squinted, running her fingers along the grooves, trying to decipher what was left of the symbol.

Kiri joined her, tilting her head in fascination. “It’s not Na’vi… but it’s not fully human either. Almost like…” She glanced at Ashura, eyes sparking with curiosity.

“Almost like a mix,” Ashura murmured, studying the boulder. It was as if the battle scars had left behind a language of their own, a testament to the strange mingling of both human and Na’vi efforts. Ashura brushed his fingers over the marks, feeling the lingering energy beneath the surface. “It’s the story of two worlds colliding. But it’s also a story of survival.”

They all stood in quiet contemplation, feeling both the weight of the past and the unity they’d found in each other. Though they were from different origins, they shared a bond that bridged their worlds. Each of them understood that they were writing their own chapter now—one that, perhaps, would be far different from the brutal history that lay around them.

Finally, Spider broke the silence with a grin. “So… anyone up for finding something a little less creepy? Maybe somewhere that doesn’t feel like a ghost’s playground?”

Lo’ak laughed, throwing an arm around Spider’s shoulders. “Yeah, let’s get out of here before Kiri starts seeing spirits or something.”

They all laughed, the tension easing as they turned back towards the jungle, leaving the battlefield and its memories behind. Yet, as they walked away, they each carried a silent understanding, a respect for the struggles that had come before and a vow to protect the harmony they now shared.

[ahc-au]

Sometimes I wonder if ShO'kanabo have bundled up the ninja turtle's tissue samples since all of them got different but similar personalities, and the DNA got mixed up . Like Blue sometimes act like Raph , I guess .

I think you've just stumbled into what is possibly my favorite piece of information about Blue.

Consider, yes: the Dark Turtles were made to be, in short, superior versions of the Splintersons. The most obvious detail is that they're bigger and probably physically stronger, and built to generally be more dangerous.

But Sh'Okanabo says they match the Splintersons both physically and psychically. That means that both their physical and their mental traits got amped up, and because of how they were "raised," their most easily visible traits tend to be the negative ones that the Splintersons have been seen fighting in the show. Yellow is very hyperactive, chaotic and gullible, Purple is smug about his intelligence, making it his sole purpose and failing to see his weaknesses because of it, Red is blunt and violent and doesn't think ahead at all, and Blue, well...

We've seen what Leo at his worst looks like, before.

They'd made the joke about Leo sounding like Raph, then, too.

So I don't think it's a mistake with genetics, I think Leo and Raph just have a lot of similar issues (all of them do, frankly), and they deal with it differently. Where Raph needs to have a physical outlet in the form of beating something or someone up (whether it's friend or foe or a sandbag), Leo can usually get by with ninja training, with practising mindfulness - but we've seen him after his breaking point, we've seen that he is prone to violence if left with no other outlet, we've seen that he refuses to communicate his struggles.

Compare that to Blue, both in the show and in Taking Pawns - refusing to communicate, insulting his brothers at every turn, snapping at Raph when taunted one too many times, doing all this because it's the only way to survive that he's aware of. It's not a dichotomy of Blue and Raph. Leo stands there in the middle, and is a little bit of both. Protective to a fault.

That's why the bonsai Leo gives Blue is so, so fucking important. Because Leo has moved past this, and is trying his best to pass that knowledge down to Blue.

There is also something to be said about Raph's "once a monster, always a monster" rhetoric from that episode, but I'll get around to that soon on my own blog hopefully ;)

-- Trauma

[helen0086]

Progress in the Study of the Protective Effect and Mechanism of C-phycocyanin on Liver Injury

Abstract: C-phycocyanin (C-phycocyanin) is a pigment-containing protein from marine algae that has shown promising results in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases and tumors. C-alpha-cyanobilin is a pigment-containing protein from marine algae that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases and tumors. C-alpha-cyanobilin has a protective effect on various liver diseases, such as drug-induced or toxic substance-induced liver damage, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic fibrosis, and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective effect of C-alginin on liver injury is mainly realized through the regulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), and the inhibition of oxidative stress, etc., and is not toxic to normal cells. Therefore, C-alginin has a broad application prospect as a potential natural hepatoprotective marine active substance. In recent years, the research progress of the protective effect of C-alginin on liver injury and its mechanism is summarized.

 C-phycocyanin (C-phycocyanin) is a complex protein of cyanobacteria and a natural food protein pigment with pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, as well as fast-acting and low-toxicity, it can be used as a functional food [1-2]. C-Alginin can also enhance immunity and is safe, without causing acute and subacute toxic reactions [3]. Selenium-enriched PC has been shown to have stronger pharmacological effects [4]. Therefore, C-alginate has important research value both as a drug and a functional food, and has become a hot spot in the field of pharmaceutical research [5]. In this paper, we summarize the progress of research on the application and mechanism of C-alginin in liver diseases.

1 Ameliorative effect of C-phycocyanin on liver injury caused by drugs and toxic substances

The liver is the metabolic center of drugs and exogenous toxic substances, and metabolites are prone to liver injury. C-PC can inhibit the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ, and increase the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which can inhibit hepatic inflammation and alleviate hepatic injury [3]. It has been found that C-PC can significantly prevent thioacetamide-induced liver injury, significantly reduce the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aliquot aminotransferase (AST), shorten the prothrombin time and reduce the hepatic histopathological damage, and improve the survival rate of rats with fulminant hepatic failure [6]. C-alginin also has a good effect on thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy, which can be seen in the reduction of tryptophan and lipid peroxidation indexes in different regions of the brain, and the enhancement of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rats with fulminant hepatic failure [6].

Another study found that C-alginin not only attenuates the oxidative stress induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene and reduces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals, but also inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene, thus inhibiting the expression of multidrug resistance genes [7]. Osman et al. [8] also showed that C-alginin could normalize the levels of ALT, AST, catalase, urea, creatinine, SOD and glutathione-s-transferase in the livers of rats poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). This result was also verified in human liver cell line (L02) [9]. C-phycocyanin can effectively scavenge ROS and inhibit CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver [10], and C-PC can improve the antioxidant defense system and restore the structure of hepatocytes and hepatic enzymes in the liver of gibberellic acid-poisoned albino rats [11]. As a PC chromophore, phycocyanin can also significantly inhibit ROS generation and improve liver injury induced by a variety of drugs and toxic substances [10]. Liu et al. [12] found that phycocyanin showed strong anti-inflammatory effects in a CCl4-induced hepatic injury model in mice, which could significantly reduce the levels of ALT, AST, the expression of TNF-α and cytochrome C, increase the levels of albumin and SOD, and proliferate cytosolic nuclei. It can significantly reduce ALT and AST levels and the expression of TNF-α and cytochrome C, increase albumin levels and the expression of SOD and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, promote hepatocyte regeneration and improve the survival rate of mice with acute liver failure.

Gammoudi et al [13] used response surface method to optimize the extraction process of C-phycocyanin, and obtained high extraction recovery. C-phycocyanin extracted by the optimized method has the ability of scavenging hydroxyl, superoxide anion and nitric oxide radicals as well as the ability of metal chelating, and it has stronger antioxidant effect; C-PC significantly increased the activity of SOD and inhibited the increase of ALT, AST, and bilirubin in cadmium-poisoned rats. C-PC significantly increased the activity of SOD and inhibited the increase of ALT, AST and bilirubin in rats with cadmium poisoning. The above studies show that C-phycocyanin can effectively protect liver injury caused by drugs and toxic substances, and has the efficacy as the basis for drug development.

2 Preventive effect of C-alginin on hepatic fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is an inevitable process in the development of various chronic liver diseases and may be reversed with early and timely treatment. The key to liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Previous studies have found that low-dose C-alginin combined with soy isoflavones can inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation by inhibiting the activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase［14］, but it is not clear whether C-alginin alone can inhibit the activity of NADPH oxidase. Therefore, the combination of C-algin and soy isoflavones at appropriate doses may have a preventive effect on liver fibrosis in high-risk groups. C-alginin may inhibit the progression of NADPH by suppressing oxidative damage, thereby inhibiting the development of hepatic fibrosis [15].

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the key mechanisms contributing to the development of fibrotic diseases. C-alginin inhibits transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced human EMT [16]. Although the effect of C-alginin on EMT in hepatic fibrosis has not been reported, it has been found that C-alginin can reduce pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial mesenchymal transition [17]. Another study found that C-alginin could reduce the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA in human dermal fibroblasts and alleviate fibrous contracture [18]. The results of these studies also have significance for the inhibition of hepatic fibrosis, and provide a theoretical basis for the further study of C-PC as a potential antifibrotic drug.

3 Protective effect of C-alginin on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury is an important clinicopathophysiological phenomenon. It was found that the addition of two different doses (0.1 g/L and 0.2 g/L) of C-alginin to the Krebs Henseleit preservation solution significantly decreased hepatic ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase activities, and reduced the rate of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde content in an isolated perfused rat liver model, and increased the activities of hepatic glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as sulfhydryl groups in hepatic tissue. On the other hand, it can increase the activities of hepatic glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase and the content of sulfhydryl groups in liver tissues, therefore, C-alginin can significantly reduce hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury as an antioxidant [19]. In isolated perfused mouse livers, it was found that C-alginin significantly reduced the phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells), attenuated cytotoxicity and inflammation induced by highly active Kupffer cells, and dose-dependently inhibited carbon phagocytosis and carbon-induced oxygen uptake by perfused livers, and then inhibited the increase of hepatic nitric oxide synthase activity induced by gonadotropins [20]. and thus inhibit the thyroid hormone-induced elevation of hepatic nitric oxide synthase activity [20].

However, C-alginin has a very short half-life in vivo, which limits its application in vivo. It was found that the use of polyethylene glycol-b-(polyglutamic acid-g-polyethyleneimine), a macromolecular material with good drug-carrying capacity and slow-release properties, as a nanocarrier of C-alginin could solve this problem, and the release of C-alginin could be delayed by subcutaneous injection into the abdominal region of rats, which could attenuate islet damage caused by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion and enhance the function of the islets [21]. This study broadens the scope of application of C-alginin in vivo and improves the therapeutic effect of C-alginin.

4 Inhibitory effect of C-alginin on hepatocellular carcinoma

It was found that C-alginin significantly reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) mRNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 cells) [22]. C-alginin is a natural photosensitizer, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by alginin microcystin induced a large accumulation of ROS in HepG2 cells, which promoted mitochondrial damage and cytochrome C release, and led to apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells [23].

Liu et al. [24] used nanoscale C-alginate particles prepared by lactobionic acid grafting and adriamycin loading to enhance the growth inhibition of HepG2 cells when combined with chemo-PDT, and the C-alginate particles could effectively accumulate and diffuse in tumor multicellular spheres. In vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of selenium-enriched PCs on PDT in hepatocellular carcinoma showed that selenium-enriched PCs could migrate from lysosomes to mitochondria in a time-dependent manner, and that selenium-enriched PCs could induce the death of tumor cells through the generation of free radicals in vivo, increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes in vivo, induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and inhibit autophagy, thus offering a relatively safe pathway to tumor treatment and showing new development perspectives [4]. It can provide a relatively safe way to treat tumors and shows a new development prospect [4].

Lin et al. [25] combined C-phycocyanin with single-walled carbon nanohorns and prepared phycocyanin-functionalized single-walled carbon nanohorn hybrids, which enhanced the photostability of C-phycocyanin and protected the single-walled carbon nanohorns from adsorption of plasma proteins, and synergistically used with PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) to treat tumors. C-phycocyanin covalently coupled with biosilica and PDT or non-covalently coupled with indocyanine green and PTT on tumor-associated macrophages can also increase the apoptosis rate of tumor cells [26-27]. The development of PDT and PTT synergistic methods for the treatment of cancer has broadened the application of C-PC and enhanced its value in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

In addition, C-phycocyanin can inhibit the expression of multidrug-resistant genes in HepG2 cells through NF-κB and activated protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated pathways, and C-phycocyanin increases the accumulation of adriamycin in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which results in a 5-fold increase in the susceptibility of cells to adriamycin [28]. Even in adriamycin-resistant HepG2 cells, C-PC induced the activation of apoptotic pathways such as cytochrome C and caspase-3 [29], and the results of Prabakaran et al. [30] also confirmed the inhibitory effect of C-PC on the proliferation of HepG2 cells, mediated by the inactivation of BCR-ABL signaling and the downstream PI3K/Akt pathway. mediated by BCR-ABL signaling and inactivation of downstream PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, C-phycocyanin modifies the mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes apoptosis in cancer cells [30]. Currently, C-phycocyanin is a synergistic molecule with other drugs that have been widely used in the treatment of cancer [31]. The above studies demonstrate that C-phycocyanin has good therapeutic potential in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma.

5 Amelioration of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by C-phycocyanin

It has been found that C-alginin can reduce ALT and AST levels, decrease ROS production and NF-κB activation, and attenuate hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by high-fat choline-deficient diets, and thus C-alginin has a protective effect on NAFLD rats through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms [15].

Another study on the effects of aqueous extract of Spirulina (mainly C-alginin) on NAFLD induced by a high-calorie/high-fat Western diet in C57Bl/6J mice showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina significantly improved glucose tolerance, lowered plasma cholesterol, and increased ursodeoxycholic acid in bile in mice [32]. Kaspi-Chadli et al. Kasbi-Chadli et al. [33] showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina could reduce cholesterol and sphingolipid levels in the liver and aortic cholesterol levels in hamsters fed a high-fat diet by significantly decreasing the expression of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA) gene, a limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, and TGF-β1 gene, and that ursodeoxycholic acid levels in the feces of hamsters fed high-fat diets were increased in the high Spirulina aqueous extract treatment group.

A daily dose of C-alginin-enriched Spirulina can reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress induced by a diet rich in lipid peroxides [34]. Ma et al. [35] found that C-alginin promoted the phosphorylation of hepatocyte AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) in vivo and ex vivo, and increased the phosphorylation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. In the treatment of NAFLD in mice, C-alginin can improve liver inflammation by up-regulating the expression of phosphorylated AMPK and AMPK-regulated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) and its target gene, CPT1, and by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and CD36 [35]. This suggests that C-phycocyanin can also improve lipid deposition in the liver through the AMPK pathway.

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Studies in animal models of spontaneous hypertension have shown that long-term administration of C-alginin may improve systemic blood pressure in rats by increasing aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase levels, with a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure, and thus C-alginin may be useful in preventing endothelial dysfunction-related diseases in the metabolic syndrome [36]. In the offspring of ApoE-deficient mice fed C-alginate during gestation and lactation, male littermates had an elevated hepatic reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio and significantly lower hepatic SOD and glutathione peroxidase gene expression.

C-PC is effective in preventing atherosclerosis in adult hereditary hypercholesterolemic mice [37]. In vitro, C-phycocyanin also improved glucose production and expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) in high-glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells [38]. C-alginin also increases glucose uptake in high glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells through the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/PI3K/Akt and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1)/liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMPK signaling pathways, activates glycogen synthase, and increases the amount of glycogen [38]. C-phycocyanin can improve blood glucose and fasting serum insulin levels in tetracycline-induced diabetic mice [39]. Therefore, C-phycocyanin can maintain cellular glucose homeostasis by improving insulin resistance in hepatocytes.

6 Hepatoprotective role of C-phycocyanin in other liver diseases

Studies have shown that C-alginin can inhibit total serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL, ALT, AST, and malondialdehyde levels in mice modeled with alcoholic liver injury, significantly increase SOD levels in the liver, and promote the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells, which can have an ameliorative effect on alcoholic liver injury [40]. In addition, C-phycocyanin may enhance the intestinal barrier function, regulate the intestinal flora, reduce the translocation of bacteria and metabolites to the liver, and inhibit the activity of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB pathway, which may reduce the inflammation of the liver and prevent the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis in mice [41]. In mice with X-ray radiation-induced liver injury, C-phycocyanin can reduce radiation-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress injury by up-regulating the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream genes, such as HO-1, and play a hepatoprotective role by enhancing the activities of SOD and glutathione peroxidase [42].

7 Outlook

Liver fibrosis is the common final process of chronic liver diseases, and there is no effective therapeutic drug at present. Although some research progress has been made in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the reversal of liver fibrosis [43], its toxicological effects have not yet been clarified. Although the incidence of viral hepatitis has gradually decreased with the development and popularization of vaccines and antiviral drugs, the incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and liver diseases such as NAFLD has been increasing year by year with the improvement of people's living conditions [44]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find drugs or nutrients that can help maintain normal hepatocyte function and effectively inhibit liver inflammation and fibrosis. C-alginin, with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects, as well as good food coloring, has a wide range of applications in both the pharmaceutical and food industries.

References:

［ 1 ］ LIU Q, HUANG Y, ZHANG R, et al. Medical aapplication of spirulina platensis derived C-phycocyanin ［J］.   Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2016, 2016: 7803846. doi: 10. 1155/ 2016/7803846.

[2] BRAUNE S , KRÜGER-GENGE A , KAMMERER S , et al. Phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis as potential anti-cancer drug: review of in vitro and in vivo studies[J]. studies［J］. Life (Basel), 2021, 11 (2): 91. doi:10.3390/life11020091.

［3］ GROVER P, BHATNAGAR A, KUMARI N, et al. C-phycocyanin- a novel protein from spirulina platensis- in vivo toxicity, antioxidant and immunomodulatory studies[J].  Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021, 28(3):1853-1859. doi: 10. 1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.037.

[4] LIU Z, FU X, HUANG W, et al. Photodynamic effect and mechanism study of selenium-enriched phycocyanin from spirulina platensis against liver tumours. ［J Photochem Photobiol B] J Photochem Photobiol B, 2018, 180: 89-97. doi: 10. 1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.020.

［5］ JIANG L, WANG Y, YIN Q, et al. Phycocyanin: a potential drug for cancer treatment［J］.  J Cancer, 2017, 8 (17): 3416-3429. doi: 10.7150/jca.21058.

［6］ SATHYASAIKUMAR K V, SWAPNA I, REDDY P V, et al. Co- administration of C-phycocyanin ameliorates thioacetamide- induced hepatic encephalopathy in Wistar rats[J]. J Neurol Sci, 2007, 252(1):67-75. doi: 10. 1016/j.jns.2006.10.014.

[7] ROY K R , NISHANTH R P , SREKANTH D , et al. C- phycocyanin ameliorates 2-acetylaminofluorene induced oxidative stress and MDR1 expression in the liver of albino mice [J]. of albino mice[J]. Hepatol Res, 2008, 38(5): 511-520. doi: 10.1111/j. 1872-034X. 2007. 00290.x.

［8］ OSMAN A, SALAMA A, EMAM MAHMOUD K, et al. Alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress in rats by anabaena oryzae phycocyanin[J]. J Food Biochem, 2021, 45(1):e13562. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13562.

［9］ OU Y, ZHENG S, LIN L, et al. Protective effect of C-phycocyanin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in vitro and in vivo［J］. Chem Biol Interact, 2010, 185(2): 94-100. doi: 10. 1016/j.cbi.2010.03.013.

[10] BHAT V B, MADYASTHA K M. C-phycocyanin: a potent peroxyl radical scavenger in vivo and in vitro [J].  Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2000, 275(1): 20-25. doi: 10. 1006/bbrc.2000.3270.

［ 11］ HUSSEIN M M, ALI H A, AHMED M M. Ameliorative effects of phycocyanin against gibberellic acid induced hepatotoxicity［J］. Pestic Biochem Physiol, 2015, 119: 28-32. doi: 10. 1016/j. pestbp. 2015.02.010.

［ 12］LIU J, ZHANG Q Y, YU L M, et al. Phycocyanobilin accelerates liver regeneration and reduces mortality rate in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury mice[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(18):5465-5472. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i18.5465.

[13] GAMMOUDI S, ATHMOUNI K, NASRI A, et al. Optimization,  isolation, characterization and hepatoprotective effect of a novel pigment-protein complex (phycocyanin) producing microalga: phormidium versicolorNCC-466 using response surface methodology ［J］. versicolorNCC-466 using response surface methodology ［J］.  Int J Biol Macromol, 2019, 137: 647-656. doi: 10. 1016/j.    ijbiomac.2019.06.237.

[14] MCCARTY M F , BARROSO-ARANDA J , CONTRERAS F. Genistein and phycocyanobilin may prevent hepatic fibrosis by suppressing proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells[J]. Med Hypotheses, 2009, 72(3):330-332. doi: 10. 1016/j.mehy.2008. 07.045.

［15］PAK W, TAKAYAMA F, MINE M, et al. Anti-oxidative and anti- inflammatory effects of spirulina on rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis［J］. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 2012, 51(3):227-234. doi:10.3164/jcbn.12-18.

[16] PATTARAYAN D, RAJARAJAN D, SIVANANTHAM A, et al. C- phycocyanin suppresses transforming growth factor- β 1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in human epithelial cells [J]. Pharmacol Rep, 2017, 69(3): 426-431. doi: 10. 1016/j. pharep. 2016.12.013.

［ 17］LI C, YU Y, LI W, et al. Phycocyanin attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via the TLR2-MyD88-NF- κB signaling pathway［J］.  Sci Rep, 2017, 7 (1): 5843. doi: 10. 1038/s41598-017-06021-5.

[18] AN E, PARK H, LEE A C. Inhibition of fibrotic contraction by C- phycocyanin through modulation of connective tissue growth factor and α-smooth muscle actin expression[J]. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2016, 13(4):388-395. doi: 10. 1007/s13770-015-0104-5.

[19] GDARA N B, BELGACEM A, KHEMIRI I, et al. Protective effects of phycocyanin on ischemia/reperfusion liver injuries [J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 102: 196-202. doi: 10. 1016/j. biopha. 2018. 03.025.

[20] REMIREZ D, FERNÁNDEZ V, TAPIA G, et al. Influence of C- phycocyanin on hepatocellular parameters related to liver oxidative stress and kupffer cell functioning[J]. Inflamm Res, 2002, 51(7): 351-356. doi: 10. 1007/pl00000314.

[21] TONG F, TANG X, LIU D. Phycocyanin/PEG-b-(PG-g-PEI) attenuated hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatic islet injury and enlarged islet functionality [J]. Int J Nanomedicine, 2019, 14: 339-351. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S190938.

［22］KUNTE M, DESAI K. The inhibitory effect of C-phycocyanin containing protein extract on human matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in hepatocellular cancer cell line (HepG2)［J］. and MMP-9) in hepatocellular cancer cell line (HepG2) [J].  Protein J, 2017, 36(3): 186-195. doi: 10. 1007/s10930-017-9707-0.

［23］WANG C Y, WANG X, WANG Y, et al. Photosensitization of phycocyanin extracted from microcystis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: implication of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis ［J］. J Photochem Photobiol B, 2012, 117: 70-79. doi: 10. 1016/j.  jphotobiol.2012.09.001.

［24］LIU X, DU J, XIE Z, et al. Lactobionic acid-modified phycocyanin nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin for synergistic chemo- photodynamic therapy［J］. therapy[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2021, 186: 206- 217. doi: 10. 1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.047.

［25］LIN Z, JIANG B P, LIANG J, et al. Phycocyanin functionalized single-walled carbon nanohorns hybrid for near-infrared light- mediated cancer phototheranostics [J].  Carbon, 2019, 143: 814- 827. doi: 10. 1016/j.carbon.2018.12.011.

[26] PU Y, WEI M, WITKOWSKI A, et al. A hybrid biomaterial of biosilica and C-phycocyanin for enhanced photodynamic effect  towards tumor cells[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 533 (3): 573-579. doi: 10. 1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.049.

[27] WAN D H, MA X Y, LIN C, et al. Noncovalent indocyanine green conjugate of C-phycocyanin: preparation and tumor-associated macrophages-targeted photothermal therapeutics[J].   Bioconjug Chem, 2020, 31(5): 1438-1448. doi: 10. 1021/acs. bioconjchem. 0c00139.

［28］NISHANTH R P, RAMAKRISHNA B S, JYOTSNA R G, et al. C- phycocyanin inhibits MDR1 through reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2 mediated pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2010, 649(1/3):74-83. doi: 10. 1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.011.

[29] ROY K R, ARUNASREE K M, REDDY N P, et al. Alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential by spirulina platensis C- phycocyanin induces apoptosis in the doxorubicinresistant human hepatocellular-carcinoma cell line HepG2[J].  Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2007, 47 (Pt 3): 159-167. doi: 10. 1042/BA20060206.

[30] PRABAKARAN G, SAMPATHKUMAR P, KAVISRI M, et al. Extraction and characterization of phycocyanin from spirulina platensis and evaluation of its anticancer , antidiabetic and antiinflammatory effect[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020, 153: 256- 263. doi: 10. 1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.009.

[31] SILVA M R O B D, M DA SILVA G, SILVA A L F D, et al. Bioactive compounds of Arthrospira spp. (spirulina) with potential anticancer activities: a systematic review[J].  ACS Chem Biol, 2021, 16 (11): 2057-2067. doi: 10. 1021/acschembio.1c00568.

[32] COUÉ M, TESSE A, FALEWÉE J, et al. Spirulina liquid extract protects against fibrosis related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and increases ursodeoxycholic acid [J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11 (1): 194. doi:10.3390/nu11010194.

[33] KASBI-CHADLI F, COUÉ M, AGUESSE A, et al. Spirulina liquid extract prevents metabolic disturbances and improves liver sphingolipids profile in hamster fed a high-fat diet[J]. Eur J Nutr, 2021, 60(8):4483-4494. doi: 10. 1007/s00394-021-02589-x.

[34] OULD AMARA-LEFFAD L, RAMDANE H, NEKHOUL K, et al. Spirulina effect on modulation of toxins provided by food, impact on hepatic and renal functions [J] . . Arch Physiol Biochem, 2019, 125 (2): 184-194. doi: 10. 1080/13813455.2018.1444059.

[35] MA P, HUANG R, JIANG J, et al. Potential use of C-phycocyanin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [J].  Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 526(4):906-912. doi: 10. 1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.001.

［36］ICHIMURA M, KATO S, TSUNEYAMA K, et al. Phycocyanin prevents hypertension and low serum adiponectin level in a rat model of metabolic syndrome［J］. Nutr Res, 2013, 33(5): 397-405. doi: 10. 1016/j.nutres.2013.03.006.

[37] COUÉ M, CROYAL M, HABIB M, et al. Perinatal administration of C-phycocyanin protects against atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by modulating cholesterol and trimethylamine-N-oxide metabolisms[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2021, 41(12): e512-e523. doi: 10. 1161/ATVBAHA.121.316848.

［38］REN Z, XIE Z, CAO D, et al. C-phycocyanin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen synthesis via activating Akt and AMPK in insulin resistant hepatocytes [J]. Food Funct, 2018, 9(5): 2829-2839. doi: 10. 1039/c8fo00257f.

［39］OU Y, REN Z, WANG J, et al. Phycocyanin ameliorates alloxan- induced diabetes mellitus in mice ：involved in insulin signaling pathway and GK expression [J]. Chem Biol Interact, 2016, 247: 49- 54. doi: 10. 1016/j.cbi.2016.01.018.

[40] XIA D, LIU B, XIN W, et al. Protective effects of C-phycocyanin on alcohol-induced subacute liver injury in mice [J].  Journal of Applied Phycology, 2015, 28(2):765-772. doi: 10. 1007/s10811- 015-0677-3.

[41] XIE Y, LI W, ZHU L, et al. Effects of phycocyanin in modulating  the intestinal microbiota of mice [J].  Microbiologyopen, 2019, 8 (9): e00825. doi: 10. 1002/mbo3.825.

［42］LIU Q, LI W, QIN S. Therapeutic effect of phycocyanin on acute liver oxidative damage caused by X-ray［J］. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 130: 110553. doi: 10. 1016/j.biopha.2020.110553.

［43］SONG Y N, CHEN J, CAI F F, et al. A metabolic mechanism analysis of fuzheng-huayu formula for improving liver cirrhosis with traditional chinese medicine syndromes [J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2018, 39(6): 942-951. doi: 10. 1038/aps.2017.101.

［44］XIAO J, WANG F, WONG N K, et al. Global liver disease burdens and research trends : analysis from a chinese perspective［J］. J Hepatol, 2019, 71(1):212-221. doi: 10. 1016/j.jhep.2019.03.004.

#phycocyanin #cphycocyanin #phycocyaninspirulina

[i-am-so-normal-about-wildlife]

Meet The Gang

Part 1: Hullabaloo, the heckling hiker! When I first my started my adventures in paldea, I knew there were...

interesting geological features and fascinating loopholes, which I wanted to play around with. So, knowing how to skyrim horse my way up hills, I tried getting to tagtree thicket early (I love grafaiai). The right side was a no go, so I tried hiking up the hill to the left. I was halfway up, when I found my self slipping. In a last attempt to survive (I didn't know there wasn't fall damage), I threw my pokeball out, perhaps George could help me out.

Thankfully, this little toxel was there to help me! One well placed throw, and I was brought to the other side of the mountain! Whether glitch or divine intervention, I wasn't sure. All I knew was I had an odd salamander, and I had the paldean region to explore. Perhaps the hushed hellbender wanted someone to give them attention, and a wary hiker was just what the doctor ordered.

In battle, Hullabaloo was originally a supportive role. With a nuzzle and a tearful look, he was quite the tricky little guy. This led to a lovely tag-team that was, and still is, George and Hullabaloo. Hullabaloo would lower the attack of any dangerous threat, while George would direct horrid flames in their direction. Despite acting bashful and coy, Hullabaloo wasn't the best when on his own. With enough time, that changed.

It must've been just before kofu (4th gym) that this worldwise salamander evolved. No longer second fiddle, Hullabaloo found his voice and he made sure everyone knew. Discharge, then overdrive, then boomburst; no one would have the spotlight when he's on scene. And when mixed with his best friend George...

Well, let's just say I don't just wear noise-cancelling headphones because I work with chainsaws. So, that's hullabaloo! My prideful, rude, arrogant but protective best bud!

Moveset under the "read more" sign

Toxtricity Amped w/throat spray

Ability: Punk rock

Max sp.atk, max speed

Overdrive

Volt switch

Sludge bomb

Snarl

And one last thing

Hullabaloo's song of choice