#Planted stands

[oaresearchpaper]

Carbon Storage and Biomass of Mangrove Forests in Samar, Philippines

Abstract

Samar is one of the provinces in the Philippines with the most extensive remaining mangrove forest. However, information on ecology and carbon sequestration capacity is limited. Thus, this study aims to assess the species diversity, community structure, and carbon stock in the natural and planted mangrove stands in Zumarraga, Samar. The transect-line method was used to collect vegetation analysis and diversity data, while biomass estimation used an allometric equation. Fifteen sampling plots of 10 m x 10 m  were established in each sampling site, representing the seaward, middleward, and landward zones. The species composition of these areas consists of 11 species belonging to 5 families. Biodiversity indices indicated very low species diversity for both types of mangrove forests. Avicennia marina was the most important species, with an importance value (IVI) of 168.55% (natural stand) and 75.61% (planted stand). The total carbon stock was 71.97 t C ha⁻¹ in the natural stand and 391.44 t C ha-1 in the planted stand. Overall, even if both mangrove stands have very low species diversity, their ability to store and sequester carbon cannot be undermined, as evident in the biomass and carbon stock values. Thus, sustainable management strategies and efforts should be made to protect this naturally grown and planted mangrove ecosystem.

Introduction

Mangrove forests are coastal wetland ecosystems considered one of Earth's most highly productive ecosystems, contributing various functions and services to surrounding coastal areas (Van Oudenhoven et al., 2015). It provides many useful human products, such as charcoal, medicines, and building materials (Barbier et al., 2011). Moreover, mangroves aid in regulating floods, erosion, and saltwater intrusion (Camacho et al., 2020) and as a buffer for coastal communities against storms and typhoons (Polidoro et al., 2010). Aside from that, this habitat also provides food and livelihood for coastal residents (Gevaña et al., 2018). Furthermore, mangroves play an important role in the health of coastal ecosystems. Their intricate root network stabilizes sediments and enhances water clarity, providing a perfect home for many marine organisms (Arceo-Carranza et al., 2021).

Recently, blue carbon ecosystems like mangroves have received international attention as a valuable tool for mitigating the impacts of climate change. This coastal ecosystem is rich in biodiversity and one of the world's most significant carbon sinks, trapping and storing a remarkable amount of carbon within its dense root systems and forest soils (Alongi, 2014; Howard et al., 2014). Since the carbon trapped in the soil is difficult to decompose, this allows the stored carbon to stay in the soil for a long time, further emphasizing its vital importance in moderating the global climate (Castillo and Breva, 2012). Mangroves can hold up to 1023 t C ha-1 and five times more organic carbon than rainforests (Donato et al., 2011; Kaufman et al., 2018). Previous studies have emphasized that the bulk of this carbon is stored belowground, particularly in soil and roots (Donato et al., 2011).

Despite their importance, mangrove forests face numerous threats and challenges. Anthropogenic activities such as urbanization (Marchio et al., 2016), aquaculture (Primavera, 2006; Garcia et al., 2014), and overexploitation (McLeod and Sam, 2006) have led to the widespread degradation of mangrove habitats. Climate change also poses a significant risk to mangroves with rising sea levels and increased frequency and intensity of storms (Gilman et al., 2008; Abino et al., 2014a). Globally, it is estimated that mangrove forests lost at a rate of 2.74% in 1996- 2007 and 1.58% in 2007-2016 (Hagger et al., 2022). Brander et al. (2012) forecast a decline from 6,042 to 2,082 ha for the mangrove forests in Southeast Asia between 2000 to 2050. According to Gevaña et al. (2018), the country's mangrove forest cover is estimated at 356,000 ha with a decadal deforestation rate of 0.5%. The main drivers of this huge loss are various anthropogenic activities, including deforestation, land conversion for agriculture, aquaculture, and coastal development (Primavera et al., 2004; Garcia et al., 2014).

The western part of Samar has a relatively long coastline, extending over 300 km (Abino et al., 2014a). Its mangrove forests constitute 7% of the total mangrove area of the country (FMB, 2011). As one of the provinces in the Philippines with the most extensive remaining mangroves, its biomass carbon sequestration and storage potential is also expected to be huge. However, there is limited information on Samar's natural and planted mangrove stands' composition, structure, and carbon storage potential. Hence, this study provides information on the diversity, structural complexity, and carbon storage potential of mangroves in the province. The objectives of the present study were to (i) identify mangrove species composition and diversity, (ii) determine the mangrove community structure, and (iii) evaluate the biomass and carbon stock concentration. The data collected from this study provides more comprehensive information for properly implementing mangrove conservation programs and developing local-specific climate change mitigation strategies.

Source : Diversity, stand structure, biomass and carbon storage potential of natural and planted Mangrove Forests in Samar, Philippines

[help-lana]

I am Lana, a Palestinian residing in Gaza. It is with deep sorrow that I reach out to you today, seeking assistance to relocate my family from Gaza to Egypt. Allow me to briefly share my family's story: During the war, we were compelled to move from the north to the south, experiencing displacement and enduring over seven evacuations. Our current living conditions are incredibly challenging. The situation in Gaza is dire, intolerable, and our lives are in grave danger.

I hope to be on your list or pin the post. Thank you for your humanity.

Relly Need Your Help To Evacuate Them To A Safe Plece As Soon As Possible Outside Gaza

❤️🖤🤍💚❤️🖤🤍💚❤️🖤🤍💚❤️🖤🤍💚

To donate please click here

1$ = 10.5 SEK. | 5$ = 52.5 SEK .

** 10$ = 105 SEK. | 20$ = 210 SEK .

** 100$ = 1050 SEK. | 50$ = 525 SEK .

** 1000$ = 10500 SEK . | 500$ = 5250 SEK 

[hamdi-shiltawi]

‼️please don’t scroll ‼️

Hello my friends, I am Hamdi from Gaza. After the war on Gaza, my dreams and the future of me and my family were destroyed. I created a donation account to rebuild our lives. I hope you will support my campaign and donate generously.

Please share & donation if you can🙏

Only€20 raised of €50,000 💔💔

Vateed by:

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/0/d/1yYkNp5U3ANwILl2MknJi9G7ArY4uVTEEQ1CVfzR8Ioo/htmlview

@ibtisamsa @dlxxv-vetted-donations @heritageposts @baby-girl-aaron-dessner @sygold-blog @palistani123-blog @gazaboovintage @gazavetters @vetted-gaza-funds @nabulsi27 @malcriaada @appsa @palestinegenocide @palestinianliberator @palestina @northgazaupdates2 @sar-soor @imjustheretotrytohelp @90-ghost @queerstudiesnatural @tamamita @lamahourani7 @donationsblog

[allegoryofthebeast]

I am so tickled by the thought of Daniel’s family seeing him at almost 80 branch out into a new social circle comprised of beautiful men in their 20s and 30s that are also the most intense and bizarre people anyone’s ever met and worse now Dad is acting Exactly Like Them

[carsthatnevermadeitetc]

Suzuki Alto Heart Stand, 2004. A small commercial van concept based on the HA24 6th generation Alto, adapted to work as an outdoor plant stall. Presented at the the 38th Tokyo Motor Show, the rear side panel was also equipped with a liquid crystal display for advertisements and information. It was powered by a 660cc DHC 12 valve 3 cylinder engine driving the front wheels. There was only one seat, for the driver, as the offside area was used for storage and to display more plants

[drawingvvitch]

hate this ugly ass plant, petition to drop 50 nukes on them

[miqdadsworld]

We all failed Gaza 💔

Ten months have passed, and we have been unable to stop the massacre.

[simdertalia]

🍓ᛉ ACNH Nordic Set ᛟ🍓

💗 Sims 4, Base game compatible/ Steam animation requires Cats & Dogs. 43 items

This set is brought about by the lovely patrons who voted 💗

As always, turning the brightness down on functional lamps will make them look better (not overly bright) due to my vertex paint issue in Blender.

Always suggested: bb.objects ON, it makes placing items much easier. For further placement tweaking, check out the TOOL mod.

You can raise & lower items with 0 and 9 on your keyboard.

Use the scale up & down feature on your keyboard to make the items larger or smaller to your liking. If you have a non-US keyboard, it may be different keys depending on which alphabet it uses.

Set contains: -Aebleskiver Pan | 1 swatch for cast iron | 759 poly -Aebleskiver Pan Full (with steam & no steam versions) | 1 swatch for cast iron | 1067 poly -Aebleskiver Pan (wall) | 1 swatch for cast iron | 789 poly -Aebleskiver Plate | 9 swatches for plate color | 848 poly -Aebleskiver Sugar Bowl | 2 swatches for spoon color | 334 poly -Bird Sculpture | 9 swatches | 461 poly -Bowl of Fruit | 7 swatches | 502 poly -Ceiling Lamp (for best look in game, turn brightness down) | 8 swatches | 1178 poly -Chair (8 items: is a living chair, each frame color has its own package file) | 8 swatches each | 1160 poly -Cloth for Coffee Table | 8 swatches | 110 poly -Cloth for Dining Table | 8 swatches | 316 poly -Cloth for Lowboard | 8 swatches | 90 poly -Cloth for Shelves | 8 swatches | 90 poly -Coconut Planter | 1 swatch | 1214 poly -Coffee Table | 1 swatches | 870 poly -Curtains (right & left) | 8 swatches each | 575 poly -Dining Table | 8 swatches | 834 poly -Jar of Jam | 6 swatches | 400 poly -Kitchen Valance Curtain | 8 swatches | 527 poly -Lowboard (lots of slots, & slot for TV) | 8 swatches | 552 poly -Mug | 8 swatches | 393 poly -Open Book | 7 swatches | 770 poly -Owl Sculpture | 8 swatches | 772 poly -Ring Dish | 2 swatches for rings color & 7 swatches for plate color, 14 total swatches | 438 poly -Shelves TV Stand (lots of slots, & slot for TV) | 8 swatches | 848 poly -Sofa (8 items: each frame color has its own package file) | 5 swatches for plate color | 3790 poly -Tree Sculpture | 8 swatches | 340 poly

Type “acnh nordic" into the search query in build mode to find ��quickly. You can always find items like this, just begin typing  the title and it will appear.

As always, please let me know if you have any issues! Happy Simming! 💗

📁 Download all or pick & choose (SFS, No Ads): HERE

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Will be public on September 30th, 2024 💗 Midnight CET

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Thank you for reblogging ❤️ ❤️ ❤️

@sssvitlanz  @maxismatchccworld @mmoutfitters  @coffee-cc-finds  @itsjessicaccfinds  @gamommypeach  @stargazer-sims-finds  @khelga68  @suricringe  @vaporwavesims  @mystictrance15 @moonglitchccfinds @xlost-in-wonderlandx @jbthedisabledvet

-Wooden Stool -Dala Horse -Lavender in Vase -Small Wall Frames -Wall Painting -Backsplash -Rug is EA from Cats & Dogs

The rest of my CC

[violetdisasterzone]

yet another svsss hill I'm dying on despite the apparent popular opinion — bingqiu would be great parents! give them a decade of peace and quiet to start healing from the trauma of.. everything and to get comfortable in the fact that their love and commitment to the other is reciprocated equally, and I can 100% see them wanting some little ones.

Shen Qingqiu overcame both his age AND gender to become Cang Qiong's resident milf in a matter of days after his transmigration. He's great with kids - as Shen Yuan he had a younger sister who he likely helped raise or was at least somewhat close with, he obviously loves teaching and doting on his disciples, he's immediately protective of random-abandoned-toddler!Binghe in the dream realm after escaping from the Water Prison, and obviously in the Return to Childhood extra he's (the only one) having a great time. you're telling me he WOULDN'T want a baby version of Binghe for real??

and as for Luo Binghe himself, the joke/argument I see most often is that he'd be jealous of the baby for taking his shizun's time and attention away from him. first of all, by the end of the novel, do you know how many times that man has died in his arms, pushed him away, or been separated from him in some other very traumatic ways, mostly while he was being influenced by an evil sword that amplified his worst intrusive thoughts? do you know how many people WOULD take Shen Qingqiu away, given the chance?! I think he deserves to be a bit paranoid!! but again, with a bit more distance and healing from his traumas, time, and reassurance that Shen Qingqiu really is staying, I fully believe he will mellow out in that regard. with that aside, Luo Binghe is a total mama's boy, he's a part-time emperor full-time housewife, and his greatest dream has always been to be a family with Shen Qingqiu. I don't think it's a stretch at all to imagine that someday in the future, he would want to grow that family with him too. and although we don't see him interacting with children in canon the way we do Shen Qingqiu, I cannot imagine him not loving his kids, a tangible result of their love, to pieces too.

[garland-on-thy-brow]

Our intelligence has gained the information that Russia is considering committing a terrorist act at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant - a terrorist act with the release of radiation. They have prepared everything for this.

Unfortunately, I already had to remind more than once that radiation knows no national borders, and who it hits is determined only by the direction of the wind.

We are sharing all available information with our partners - everyone in the world. All the evidence. Europe, America, China, Brazil, India, the Arab world, Africa - all countries, absolutely everyone must know this. International organizations. All of them.

There should never be any terrorist attacks on nuclear power plants, anywhere. This time it should not be like with Kakhovka: the world has been warned, therefore, the world can and must act.

- Volodymyr Zelenskyy, 22.06.2023 11:47

[nibbelraz]

A scenario I had been toeing writing was a "beings with really ingrained beastly instincts (like, monsters and beasts but mostly those who appeared in Airplane's draft) recognize him as their God and Creator/Owner and obey him like well trained, overly loving doggos". Kinda like this fic on AO3 with Xin Mo recognizing SQH as his Gid& creator, except its an eldritch entity that was supposed to be a Real PlotPoint and Hurt LBH really bad just wagging tail and doing tricks for one tiny ass, sweaty and nervous peak lord.

Also, I don't remember if either Tianlang-Jun or Zhuzhi-Lang ever met gim, but wouldn't it be hilarious if they, too, recognize him as Something Other because they were not part of the plot but the draft and thus "closer" to SQH's "heart/true intentions"?

THIS IS ACTUALLY REALLY COOL??? LIKE SO INCREDEBLY COOL I WOULD READ THAT IMMEDIATELY

I 100 percent can definitely see other types of beasts and creatures seeing Shang Qinghua as an otherworldly being but also a lot of concepts were in Qinghuas drafts I wonder if those carry over. Like Binghe getting the ending he was meant to have was a concept and it came to be so would binghe sense Qinghua as something? Maybe that's why he's just glaring at him because he thinks it's jealousy for being near his shizun but nooo it's other things he can't pinpoint.

Thinking of Qinghua having beasts listening him to tho is funny too like

"They listen to him" points to Shang Qinghua whose staring at this huge creature and he's shaking and about to cry while the creature in question is like ":D"

I don't remember either if Tianlang-Jun or Zhuzhi-lang lang met Qinghua actually but if he did I think Tianlang-Jun would look at him real hard and then be incredibly interested in him like "Oh. This one. THIS ONE HERE. He's something for sure." He'd have the same level of enthusiasm as he does with Shen Qingqiu.

If you end up writing it, I would love to read it!!!!

[carnivalcarriondiscarded]

fantasy laughingstock mawwiage but make it potc3 Flavor-

[hamdi-shiltawi]

Please, you will not pass by. 🍉

Donate and reblog until the campaign is achieved to help build my house and get out of the impasses, siege, war, and travel outside Gaza 🙏💔

Iam Hamdi Al-Shaltawi from northern Gaza. I was displaced to Deir Al-Balah. My family and I created my campaign to help my family and save them from the suffering they are experiencing. Our lives, our hopes and ambitions have been destroyed, our livelihoods have been destroyed, we have lost dear friends and many relatives, our house has been completely destroyed, we live in a plastic tent in the middle of an UNRWA school and we suffer from the heat of the sun, which causes headaches, migraines, body allergies and many diseases. There is no food, water, medicine or basic life necessities and the prices are very high, we cannot buy anything

hope you will help and donate to me through the link to my campaign on the GoFundMe website, and I invite you to share it with your friends.

I am and my family is in desperate need of money My campaign still raised only €220/€20,000 (~1%)! Please consider donating even €5 if you can, any amount means a lot, or at least share/reblog to help reach more people 🙏

Verified by : @90-ghost @imjustheretotrytohelp @irhabiya @gaza-evacuation-funds @sar-soor @nabulsi

@90-ghost @nabulsi @sar-soor @imjustheretotrytohelp @icyandthefrostbites @labutansa @el-shango-drew-and-shot @jimstumblings @yt00ka00 @tamamita @wellwaterhysteria @woomeme-funds @quiteemocowboylover2 @irhabiya @neptunerings @ms-demeanor @venusmage @casualtheoristdeer @zesty-lesty

[thelien-art]

Heirs of Quendi Edhel & Firya Feir; Elrond & Elros

Green leaves: Green leaves symbolize new beginnings, rebirth, love, hope, and resilience

Blueberries: I found an article about blueberries, and it was mentioned that in Native American folklore, they were believed to be a gift from the great spirit, who sent star berries to ease children's hunger during hard times - as a whole blueberry symbolizes wisdom, knowledge, and understanding

Quendi, Edhel = Elvers: First; Quenya - Second; Sindarin

Firya, Feir = Humans/mortals: First; Quenya - Second; Sindarin

[shiftythrifting]

finally found something worthy of this blog!! this fuckin thing!

coming from Queensland, Australia.