#Item analysis

[aymannudalf]

[xaleefhar]

IV. Assessment Tools Development

Assessment Development Cycle 

1. Planning Stage

Determine who will use the assessment results and how they will use them.

Identify the learning targets to be assessed.

Select the appropriate assessment method or methods.

Determine the sample size.

2. Development Stage

Develop or select items, exercises, tasks, and scoring procedures. 

Review and critique the overall assessment for quality before use.

3. Use Stage 

Conduct and score the assessment. 

Revise as needed for future use.

Steps in Developing Assessment Tools

1. Examine the instructional objectives of the topics previously discussed. The first step in

developing a test is to examine and go back to the instructional objectives so that you can

match with the test items to be constructed.

2.  Make a table of specification (TOS). TOS ensures that the assessment is based from the intended learning outcomes.

3.  Construct the test items. In constructing test items, it  is necessary to follow the general

guidelines for constructing test items. Kubiszyn and Borich (2007) suggested some guidelines for writing test items to help classroom teachers improve the quality of test items to write.

Begin writing items far enough or in advance so that you will have time to revise them.

Match   items   to   intended   outcomes   at   appropriate   level   of   difficulty   to   provide   valid measure of instructional objectives. Limit the question to the skill being assessed.

Be sure each item deals with an important aspect of the content area and not with trivia.

Be sure the problem posed is clear and unambiguous.

Be sure that the item is independent with all other items. The answer to one item should not be required as a condition in answering the next item. A hint to one answer should not be embedded to another item.

Be sure the item has one or best answer on which experts would agree.

Prevent   unintended   clues   to   an   answer   in   the   statement   or   question.   Grammaticalinconsistencies such as “a” or “an” give clues to the correct answer to those students who are not well prepared for the test.

Avoid replication  of  the  textbook  in writing test  items;  do  not  quote  directly from the textual materials. You are usually not interested in how well students memorize the text. Besides, taken out of context, direct quotes from the text are often ambiguous.

Avoid trick or catch questions in an achievement test. Do not waste time testing how well the students can interpret your intentions.

Try to write items that require higher-order thinking skills.

4. Assemble the test items

After constructing the test items following the different principles of constructing test item, the next step to consider is to assemble the test items. There are two steps   in   assembling   the   test:   (1)  packaging   the   test;   and   (2)  reproducing   the   test.   In

assembling the test, consider the following guidelines:

Group all test items with similar format.

Arrange test items from easy to difficult.

Space the test items for easy reading.

Keep items and option in the same page.

Place the illustrations near the description

Check the answer key.

Decide where to record the answer.

5. Check   the   assembled   test   items

Before reproducing the test, it is very important to proofread first the test items for typographical and grammatical errors and make necessary corrections if any. If possible, let others examine the test to validate its content. This can save time during the examination and avoid destruction of the concentration of the students.

6. Write directions

Check the test directions for each item format to be sure that it is clear for the students to understand. The test direction should contain the numbers of items to which they apply; how to record their answers; the basis of which they select answer; and the criteria for scoring or the scoring system.

7. Make the answer key

Be sure to check your answer key so that the correct answers follow a fairly random sequence.

8. Analyze and improve the test items

Analyzing and improving the test items should be done after checking, scoring and recording the test. 

[emerald-grove]

Just had a realization-

Gale cooking for the camp.

Gale desperate to prove he can help, he’s useful, he’s worth keeping around and protecting.

But also!

Gale who, after a year with the orb and loneliness, both haunting him in his tower with little reprieve, knows the feeling of hunger better than most. A hunger that isn’t satiated by food, but a hunger nonetheless.

Gale who, despite a year of isolation, doesn’t want his new companions to suffer the same hunger he does.

So he cooks.

He can keep their bellies full, even as they sate the hole in his heart and satisfy his bone deep hunger for companionship.

A meal shared with friends fills more than your belly, after all.

[pyrosomatic-metamorphosis]

thinking about the elections tonight... bad, cellbit, baghera, and forever are four candidates who are devoted to the island- more specifically, to the residents of the island. They care for the eggs, and they care for each other, and the way they exhibit that care through their primary presidential strategies is fucking fascinating.

Bad is who I watch the most, so I know him best. He's a classic mother hen. He doesn't like to take risks with the eggs, and he likes to prepare. If there's any sort of variable that could hurt an egg then he wants to control it. They have a stable relationship with the federation right now- it's not great, but they know the parameters. Don't trust cucurucho. don't follow cucurucho. send the eggs to NINHO every time there's a threat. the time of day changing means you need to run. Other than that they're p okay and roughly safe. But adding a president could potentially change everything. What if the president makes a rule that makes it easier to kill the eggs? And what about the way a president could cause tensions between the players to rise even higher? The dynamics of the island could change drastically. It's safer to neutralize that threat before it ever becomes a threat. It's easier to stop a war before it can start.

Baghera's primary concern is the way the election is designed to pit the residents against each other. All of them know that the Federation is a threat and she, like Bad, is focused on not letting them hurt more people. But, unlike Bad, she's less resistant to change. If the power is spread to multiple players rather than just one, it will be harder for the Federation to corrupt any one of them. Each time before the Federation has gotten to someone it's done so by isolating them. Felps, Cellbit, Jaiden- they've all spent a lot of alone time with Cucurucho. A council isn't just to consolidate the ideals of the island; a council would protect the players themselves. Sure, there might be disagreements and arguments, but they've had those before (and they're having them now!) and there's no reason to think they wouldn't be able to get through them again.

I hit a bit of a wall with Forever and Cellbit's pov here. Everything I know about their plans are from the debates and paraphrased discussions that have been translated here on tumblr, I'm going to talk less about their explicit plan and more about what the result will entail- a single president who takes responsibility for the island. It seems to me like they've recognized the presidential seat as the powerful opportunity that it is, and they want to take advantage of it. Here's some extra personal speculation but, adding rules, adding or removing mods, proposing public works, enforcing laws- those are just the abilities that are listed. Those are incredible opportunities to make the Federation take action, which is more than they've had before. We've seen before that the Federation isn't perfect; the Federation makes mistakes.

By working with the Federation, by making them take action (in a semi-controlled, semi-predictable way) you open them up to more opportunities for them to fuck up (while benefiting you). And, maybe, one of those fuck ups will be the key to taking them down. Maybe they could reopen ender chests. Maybe they could open the nether. Maybe they could learn why the Federation is holding an election in the first place. It's possible to do all these things with Baghera's plan, sure, but that's not a guarantee and, if someone like Bad is on the council, there's absolutely no way to be sure it would get done. And, if there's a council, then that opens up everyone on the council to the Federation's wiles. If there's just one president, then that's where the Federation's focus will be. By using a single person to build a relationship with the Federation, they only risk that single person. By electing ministers instead of a council, they can ensure that the island residents' needs are being heard while placing the federation's focus on that one person. A point can be made that they've done that before- with varying results. like kidnapping. selling your soul. etc. But! overall, I think they've gained more than they've lost by singling out one person. Because of them, we know that Cucurucho can't be trusted. We know that the Federation has a series of tunnels underneath the island. We know that the Federation not only has some sort of cryo technology, but had some unknown reason to use it. We know that there was another person working with Cellbit to take care of Felps (theorized to be ElQuackity), so we know there's at least one more Fed that isn't Cucurucho + blank-faced workers. There's been risk, but there's absolutely been rewards. This is just a very long meandering way to say that their plan to sacrifice Forever to the presidential seat reminds me very much of Cellbit's plan to sacrifice himself to the federation. They're saving their friends by potentially damning themselves and I, for one, think that is cool as hell.

they all care about each other so much. bad's plan means taking on no more risk. baghera's plan means spreading that risk evenly to stand strong together. and cellbit and forever's plan means taking the risk onto themselves so they can reap the rewards for others. am i reading too much into things? no this is tumblr and this smp is about LOVE and i really genuinely think that their election plans are a fantastic example of just how much they love each other

[bleue-flora]

and if i said c!dream had some form of empathy in c!tommy in exile, i'd get shot but that trident scene... look it may have been manipulation on c!Dreams part but since deep down c!Dream doesn't want to be lonely. I can see apart of him enjoying c!tommys company. and I have the hot take that if c!Discduo in exile ever had a moment of having a deep conversation and it wasn't just constant jokes and surface level friendship then I think it could have turned into a genuine friendship, it would take apologies, building trust. I'm an idiot for thinking this I know. wholesome c!discduo always seems to live rent free in my head.

What may surprise you is that I actually agree. I haven’t rewatched all of Exile in a while, though it is on my list. But having said that, I have always been under the impression that there is an underlying genuine friendship there. The best lies have a cornel of truth if you will and the same applies for manipulation. The more you believe it the more they believe it. And we know Dream uses this method because within his evil monologues and such there is a thread of truth weaved in there. So I do think Dream is in some ways genuine. Even further, I think perhaps he has convinced himself that Tommy is his friend by pure choice not circumstance. And I think he does want to be Tommy’s friend or at least did, and while he tried to do it in the normal manner perhaps he determined this was the only way for Tommy to see him as more than a villain. I don’t know…

But the line in the disc finale of “We were friends!” as Dream begs for his life stands out to me. Because I think a part of him saw Exile as real. The same part I think that didn’t fully expect Tommy to kill him all the way…

Exile, much like Daedalus is complex and with Daedalus we have a little more context to what Dream actually wants, which for Exile is perhaps a slightly nuanced. Was he manipulating Tommy - yes. But I am of the opinion that intentional or not, there was a form of genuine bond with him. I mean the thing is, if Dream is manipulating Tommy in Exile - isolating him and making himself Tommy’s only friend, then doesn’t that say something? Do we ever ask *why* he might be doing that?

He says to Tommy later in the disc confrontation, “everything I do is deliberate,” and although that’s true in general, I do think that Dream is also susceptible to emotions like the rest of us, but he uses those for a strategy and tells himself it was intentional the whole time. So, like Daedalus, I’m of the opinion that part of exile was Dream losing his temper and letting his emotions get the better of him, which he uses for his plan but may not have been really intended. When talking to Punz he says that after he blew up the chest that Tommy hid and was going to use to kill him, he ended up coming back to see if Tommy was ok [clip].

He lost everything because of Tommy, would that not make you angry enough to take it out on the source of your pain? Wouldn’t you want that person to feel lonely and abandoned just like you, wouldn’t you want that person to lose their items over and over just like he has done to you? Cuz I think overall he had a plan, but I’m not sure he meant to go as far as he did in some cases, I think emotion got the better of him, honestly understandably so. Isn’t that why Tommy murdered Dream in the disc confrontation? Revenge…

Unfortunately, I do think that reconciliation was probably never going to happen for them, I’m not sure at the moment, when they lost that chance, perhaps when he gave the tnt to Wilbur?… but I think their hate had grown a lot before Exile and they were both in very bad places emotionally speaking, which I find to be unhelpful when trying to make amends. A lot of times, it take a cleared head and not being raw from being hurt to be able to hear someone out, apologize, forgive, makeup or reach understanding. I mean maybe if Dream didn’t sabotage his beach party and take Ranboo’s letters and stuff then it’s possible… but then again the other people would likely relight the flame of hatred toward Dream. Quackity being an excellent example of someone who’s going for Dream’s head, ‘he’s a bad guy, he exiled you. He blew up L’manberg…’ etc probably undoing all the work. If he had let Tommy get items, Tommy would have probably tried to kill him, so sadly I’m not sure there was a world where Exile could have fixed their relationship. But it would have been nice, wouldn’t it? They make such a fun team…

[orange-coloredsky]

a couple other folks on both twt and on here (sorry its been awhile i cant always remember who said what) mentioned something that also didnt sit right with me that no one was really taking into account in their analyses of power dynamics. w regards to "absence" being a storytelling force -- the fact that there are very few hornsent that are named unless they are directly related to marika (morgott & mohg) or just. a major boss lol (inquisitor jori, curseblade labirith). even the member of the miquella party is just called "the hornsent". no one in the party refers to him by any name.

meanwhile i could easily run down a list of names of tarnished, golden order followers, golden order defectors, and the like in the lands between. even in the lands between, "omen" and "misbegotten" not related to marika are given placeholder names (misbegotten warrior, the fell twins, misbegotten crusader, etc). this feels very deliberate. in the crusade, all hornsent have been stripped of any personhood. we are allowed to humanize the people under the thumb of the golden order, we can recognize that being within an imperial order's reach doesnt mean you support that order, or that you are a necessary part of upholding it. but the hornsent, because of who the story is centering, arent allowed that luxury by way of leaving them unnamed. theyre a faceless terror. none of them is worth truly knowing in this game where your name tells a story of your home and lineage, because the golden order has deemed them inhuman as an entirety.

[deer-with-a-stick]

Literally screaming into a void right now but jesus christ why the hell do so many people hate Gale?? Is this because of Dragon Age??? He's my boy leave him alone

[dkniade]

This cake, (basically a tiramisu), is called “La Lettre a Focalors”.

Update: it’s an opera cake!

(The French sub adds diacritics which makes it “La lettre à Foçalors” meaning “Letter to Focalors”.)

The cake is also known as 致水神 (Zhì Shuǐshén) in Mandarin Chinese. 水神 is “Hydro Archon”. Now, the meaning of 致 as a verb…

send; deliver (mail, speech, etc)

express (feelings)

devote (one’s efforts, focus); concentrate

-

The Normal description says:

It is said that long, long ago, a certain patissier used the great love the people of Fontaine held for their Hydro Archon as inspiration to create this confectionary masterpiece. The manifold layers stacked one upon the other are a true test of the chef's skills, and each aspect of this cake is proof of the great Hydro Archon's influence.

Since the description refers to the people’s love (and in some sense, admiration) for the Hydro Archon, 致 should refer to an expression of devotion instead of the start of a letter such as “Dear Focalors”. The description refers to the “Hydro Archon” instead of “Focalors” or “Lady Furina”specifically, but since Furina’s specialty dish uses this dish as base, the Hydro Archon in question should be Fontaine’s concept of “Focalors” after all.

-

Which means, compared to a French name that translates to “Letter to Focalors”, the Chinese name 致水神 is more accurately, “For the Hydro Archon”, “In the Hydro Archon’s Name”, or “In the Name of the Hydro Archon”.

(Checks WordReference for French)

In the Name of the Hydro Archon = Au nom de l’Archon Hydro

-

Interestingly, Furina’s actual specialty is “Pour la Justice” in the English version, which does mean “For Justice” in French. It seems the Chinese name 普茹斯蒂司 (Pǔrúsīdìsī ) is a phonological transcription of “pour justice”?

[aesterblaster]

Hey do you guys think Snuffy is lonely? I mean making friends as an adult in the first place can be extremely hard, then add on top of that being famous. Of course he had the people on his team but even so it's telling that he never hung our with any of them. He might've *known* his other teammates but for some reason he clicked with only one of them. He went to crazy parties with him, he dragged him into his controversies, he was trying to make up for every night he lay alone after practice feeling tired and incomplete.

His ego told him, you only live once right? His ego didn't want him to ask the question of "What are you without football" because to him the answer was a loser. Someone with no close friends except one. Of course, he'd never tell anyone that though..

Do you think that to even the person closest to him, Snuffy seemed like a golden untouchable god? That even when he let someone get close to him, he still wasn't vulnerable enough to be a true friend? Do you think that he didn't go to the funeral because he's Marc Snuffy? Because he knew that cameras would follow him and he wanted to give the family peace? Or because he didn't know enough about him to give a proper eulogy?

[miirshroom]

Elden Ring: a cross between Absurdism and Surrealism

Upon reflection, I'd say the genre of the base game is pretty decently rooted in the theatre of the absurd. One of the main themes of that movement being the failure of language to clearly communicate ideas, leading to confusion and loss of direction.

Skimming over some articles on traditional absurdist literature, the three responses to the absurd are termination of the self (Frenzy Flame), turn to religion or some other higher purpose (any Elden Lord end), or rebel against the absurd. Which is to say embrace and accept the profound meaninglessness and go on anyways (Age of Stars). The Blessing of Despair is perhaps also an acceptance of the absurd, only it's with bitterness from a more narcissistic nihilism viewpoint when contrasted again Ranni's path. Space is cool, stars are cool. Even worms and dirt are cool, but not with the attitude the Dungeater has.

The DLC is something else entirely, and in fact I'd speculate that it's a genre shift from absurdism to surrealism. The aesthetic framing of the cocoon entry point itself was a play on Salvador Dali's “Geopoliticus Child Watching the Birth of the New Man” so the inspiration is right there in the open. There is indeed a difference between those two movements, as described by someone who has read the relevant literature more thoroughly and recently than I have:

"Absurdist writing focuses on the inherent purpose of life being elusive or questioned, can use dark humor to comment on the human condition, and explores themes of existentialism and purposelessness. Surrealism is marked by disjointed and occasionally fantastic imagery, irrational juxtaposition, and can be dreamlike"

Notably, the Shadowlands is another contrast against the Age of Stars in that it's a dead end that reflects upon the motifs if the past but offers no path forwards. It examines the ascent to "God and Lord" at a high point of the map and the Frenzy at the lowest depth and all of the other bits sandwiched between those two extremes.

Basically, the Lands Between is absurdism with the aesthetics of surrealism and the Shadowlands seem to show what it means to dive into surrealism while maintaining the theme of breakdown of communication that is characteristic of absurdism. Surrealist writing would be vague and cryptic and evocative of imagery. Absurdist writing is about people saying perfectly coherent words, but still talking past each other because they are asking the wrong questions and can't establish a common ground. In this sense "clarity" is a trap - the truth that you think you understand is not always what was said.

Similar to Demon's Souls, Dark Souls, and Bloodborne, the gothic medieval fantasy is a thin veneer for whatever philosophical or artistic movement FromSoft feels like exploring at the moment.

[cappurrccino]

finally got one of my queries to work and i am... immediately not thrilled with the results it's given me

[doom-nerdo-666]

Another thing about the QC D3 armor i didn't bring up: It using gloves.

Because i saw a video of someone playing D3 RoE and using a mod with that skin.

The gloves get in the way of the hands decomposing when the Artifact is in use.

[imminent-danger-came]

So, what are your thoughts on the "omg what if MK breaks the staff" of the MK vs SWK predictions?

So, admittedly I have never thought about this or heard of this. But now that the idea's been presented to me...

I kinda love it.

Post s3 I was expecting the staff to have a little bit more of a negative connotation moving forward (since MK tends to use it as a crutch/feels he needs it in seasons 1-3). In 4x08 we get MK saying "It's always my fault! Ever since I picked up Monkey King's staff I-" echoing Tangs words in 3x13 "MK, from the moment you picked up the Monkey King's staff, their stories became our stories. It's our responsibility to write the final chapter, no matter the outcome." and LBD's words in 3x14 "You're right MK. If you had never found that staff none of this would have been possible. A delivery boy to the end."

But, other than that—even despite the fact MK had assumed his powers came from the staff and he felt "incomplete without it"—in s4 MK returns to using the staff like normal.

Now, in s4 we also see Wukong using the staff more than we ever had before. In 4x07 he grabs the staff to attack the curse, and in the s4 special MK both gifts back Monkey King the staff (a moment I will never get over) and MK/SWK trade off using the staff against Azure. Whereas Wukong had given the staff to MK in AHIB, it seems now they have a sort of dual ownership over it. Which, I'm super excited to see how that plays out moving forward—but I also wonder if they're saving MK's eventual departure from the staff for later. One thing that I always notice watching s4 is the fact that while MK's in Monkey Form, he never uses the staff to attack. He only uses himself as a weapon ("You don't use a weapon, you are a weapon!" anyone?) so I think it's definitely going a "MK is going to no longer need/use the staff" direction.

And now, if the writers were to force this to happen by having MK break it during his fight with Wukong...that would be super interesting. I would quite possibly lose my whole entire shit, and I don't have many of those to spare.

[sandinthepipes]

Is- is Aziraphale stuck in 1862?

We all know Crowley is a fashionista, but Aziraphale too used to change outfits. He stopped after 1862, you know, WHEN HE’S SO SCARED TO LOOSE CROWLEY AND FOR THEIR SITUATION TO BE FOUND OUT

The coat, the vest and the watch, that’s when we first see them. That’s when they’re new. Here, I’ve made an infographic to show what changes and when. I didn’t include the trousers and shoes since I couldn’t always see them, but from what I can tell, at least the cut of the trousers looks to be the same in the present day as in 1862. The colour is debatable as it changes according to lighting, but they could be the same.

(1967 coat has a question mark because the lapel looks the same but, since not the front or sleeve buttons are shown, I can’t 10000% confirm)

Let me remind you what happens in each of those years:

1862 - I want insurance. Do you know what trouble I’d be in if they knew I’d be fraternising? I don’t need you

1941 - lift home? There must be something I can do for you in return? Literally everything about the magic trick

1967 - I can’t have you risking your life. Don’t go unscrewing the cap. You go too fast for me.

2008 to present- everything else

That’s it. Just wanted to point this out. No further analysis. Keep on going with your day.

[forensic-anal-y-sis]

NEUROSCIENCE

Critical Longevity Gene Discovered - Neuroscience News

[deelovesbooks]

ok I know Felicity is wonderful and amazing but at this point in time shes just part of the IT department how on earth is she supposed to run analysis on the chemical makeup of this "energy drink" Oliver???