#Great Jubilee of the Year 2000

[thepastisalreadywritten]

SAINT OF THE DAY (October 22)

Saint John Paul II is perhaps one of the most well-known pontiffs in recent history.

He is most remembered for his charismatic nature, his love of youth and his world travels, along with his role in the fall of communism in Europe during his 27-year papacy.

Karol Józef Wojtyla, known as John Paul II since his October 1978 election to the papacy, was born in the Polish town of Wadowice, a small city 50 kilometers from Krakow, on 18 May 1920.

He was the youngest of three children born to Karol Wojtyla and Emilia Kaczorowska.

His mother died in 1929. His eldest brother Edmund, a doctor, died in 1932. His father, a non-commissioned army officer, died in 1941. A sister, Olga, had died before he was born.

He was baptized on 20 June 1920 in the parish church of Wadowice by Fr. Franciszek Zak, made his First Holy Communion at age 9, and was confirmed at 18.

Upon graduation from Marcin Wadowita high school in Wadowice, he enrolled in Krakow's Jagiellonian University in 1938.

The Nazi occupation forces closed the university in 1939 and young Karol had to work in a quarry (1940-1944).

He then worked in the Solvay chemical factory to earn his living and to avoid being deported to Germany.

In 1942, aware of his call to the priesthood, he began courses in the clandestine seminary of Krakow, run by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha, archbishop of Krakow.

At the same time, Karol Wojtyla was one of the pioneers of the "Rhapsodic Theatre," also clandestine.

After the Second World War, he continued his studies in the major seminary of Krakow, once it had re-opened, and in the faculty of theology of the Jagiellonian University.

He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Sapieha in Krakow on 1 November 1946.

Shortly afterwards, Cardinal Sapieha sent him to Rome where he worked under the guidance of the French Dominican, Garrigou-Lagrange.

He finished his doctorate in theology in 1948 with a thesis on the subject of faith in the works of St. John of the Cross (Doctrina de fide apud Sanctum Ioannem a Cruce).

At that time, during his vacations, he exercised his pastoral ministry among the Polish immigrants of France, Belgium and Holland.

In 1948, he returned to Poland and was vicar of various parishes in Krakow as well as chaplain to university students.

This period lasted until 1951 when he again took up his studies in philosophy and theology.

In 1953, he defended a thesis on the "Evaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of Max Scheler" at Lublin Catholic University.

He became professor of moral theology and social ethics in the major seminary of Krakow and in the Faculty of Theology of Lublin.

On 4 July 1958, he was appointed titular bishop of Ombi and auxiliary of Krakow by Pope Pius XII.

He was consecrated by Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak on 28 September 1958 in Wawel Cathedral, Krakow.

On 13 January 1964, he was appointed archbishop of Krakow by Pope Paul VI, who made him a cardinal on 26 June 1967 with the title of S. Cesareo in Palatio of the order of deacons, later elevated pro illa vice to the order of priests.

Besides taking part in Vatican Council II (1962-1965) where he made an important contribution to drafting the Constitution Gaudium et spes, Cardinal Wojtyla participated in all the assemblies of the Synod of Bishops.

The Cardinals elected him Pope at the Conclave of 16 October 1978. He took the name of John Paul II.

On October 22, the Lord's Day, he solemnly inaugurated his Petrine ministry as the 263rd successor to the Apostle.

His pontificate, one of the longest in the history of the Church, lasted nearly 27 years.

Driven by his pastoral solicitude for all Churches and by a sense of openness and charity to the entire human race, John Paul II exercised the Petrine ministry with a tireless missionary spirit, dedicating it all his energy.

He made 104 pastoral visits outside Italy and 146 within Italy. As Bishop of Rome, he visited 317 of the city's 333 parishes.

He had more meetings than any of his predecessors with the People of God and the leaders of Nations.

More than 17,600,000 pilgrims participated in the General Audiences held on Wednesdays (more than 1160), not counting other special audiences and religious ceremonies [more than 8 million pilgrims during the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000 alone], and the millions of faithful he met during pastoral visits in Italy and throughout the world.

We must also remember the numerous government personalities he encountered during 38 official visits, 738 audiences and meetings held with Heads of State, and 246 audiences and meetings with Prime Ministers.

His love for young people brought him to establish the World Youth Days.

The 19 WYDs celebrated during his pontificate brought together millions of young people from all over the world.

At the same time, his care for the family was expressed in the World Meetings of Families, which he initiated in 1994.

John Paul II successfully encouraged dialogue with the Jews and with the representatives of other religions, whom he invited several times to prayer meetings for peace, especially in Assisi.

Under his guidance, the Church prepared herself for the third millennium and celebrated the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000 in accordance with the instructions given in the Apostolic Letter Tertio Millennio adveniente.

The Church then faced the new epoch, receiving his instructions in the Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio ineunte in which he indicated to the faithful their future path.

With the Year of the Redemption, the Marian Year and the Year of the Eucharist, he promoted the spiritual renewal of the Church.

He gave an extraordinary impetus to Canonizations and Beatifications, focusing on countless examples of holiness as an incentive for the people of our time.

He celebrated 147 beatification ceremonies during which he proclaimed 1,338 Blesseds and 51 canonizations for a total of 482 saints.

He made Thérèse of the Child Jesus a Doctor of the Church.

He considerably expanded the College of Cardinals, creating 231 Cardinals (plus one in pectore) in 9 consistories.

He also called six full meetings of the College of Cardinals.

He organized 15 Assemblies of the Synod of Bishops — six Ordinary General Assemblies (1980, 1983, 1987, 1990, 1994, and 2001); one Extraordinary General Assembly (1985); and eight Special Assemblies (1980,1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998 (2), and 1999).

His most important Documents include 14 Encyclicals, 15 Apostolic Exhortations, 11 Apostolic Constitutions, 45 Apostolic Letters.

He promulgated the Catechism of the Catholic Church in the light of Tradition as authoritatively interpreted by the Second Vatican Council.

He also reformed the Eastern and Western Codes of Canon Law, created new Institutions, and reorganized the Roman Curia.

As a private Doctor, he also published five books of his own: "Crossing the Threshold of Hope" (October 1994), "Gift and Mystery, on the fiftieth anniversary of my ordination as priest" (November 1996), "Roman Triptych" poetic meditations (March 2003), "Arise, Let us Be Going" (May 2004) and "Memory and Identity" (February 2005).

In the light of Christ risen from the dead, on 2 April A.D. 2005, at 9:37 pm, while Saturday was drawing to a close and the Lord's Day was already beginning, the Octave of Easter and Divine Mercy Sunday, the Church's beloved Pastor, John Paul II, departed this world for the Father.

From that evening until April 8, date of the funeral of the late Pontiff, more than three million pilgrims came to Rome to pay homage to the mortal remains of the Pope.

Some of them queued up to 24 hours to enter St. Peter's Basilica.

On April 28, the Holy Father Benedict XVI announced that the normal five-year waiting period before beginning the cause of beatification and canonization would be waived for John Paul II.

The cause was officially opened by Cardinal Camillo Ruini, vicar general for the diocese of Rome, on 28 June 2005. He was beatified on 1 May 2011.

On 27 April 2014, he was canonized by Pope Francis during a ceremony in St. Peter's Square.

In an April 24 message sent to the Church in Poland, Pope Francis gave thanks for the 'great gift' of the new Saint, saying of John Paul II that he is grateful, "as all the members of the people of God, for his untiring service, his spiritual guidance, and for his extraordinary testimony of holiness."

[corsairesix]

i want to get into xmen but idk hwo :(

Great! There are a few ways to start reading X-Men, so I'm gonna go through a bunch of them.

Start with Giant-sized X-Men #1. X-Men had a run in the 60s that was canceled, and Giant-sized is the beginning of the 70s relaunch. Most of what you'd know from popular osmosis of the X-Men is going to come from this era from '75-'90, and it's mostly written by one writer, Chris Claremont. It's a great era, if sometimes of-it's-time. You can see it transition from a fun villain-of-the-week comic to one of the most iconic comics of all time.

After Dark Phoenix Saga. DPS was a really big event that brought in a bunch of people, so immediately after there was a comic that basically summarized everything prior to that. This is still in the Claremont era, but Dark Phoenix is really the turning point where it becomes the iconic 80s X-Men that people think of. Good place to start mid-Claremont-run.

Grab any classic collection from your library. Your local library will probably have collections of either events or just large chunks of the run. In the 80s, comics were sold at newsstands/spinner racks, so every comic was assumed to be someone's first, and any information you needed to know was pretty clearly exposited. The big events include Dark Phoenix Saga, Days of Future Past, Mutant Massacre, and Fall of the Mutants. Inferno and X-Tinction Agenda are really good too, but require a little more context.

Choose a student team. Every once and a while, X-Men will introduce a new crop of students. The books tend to be self-contained and focused on just that group. The big generations are New Mutants ('80s), Generation X ('90s), and Academy X (2000s). The first two are in books of the same name, but Academy X goes across two books--New Mutants Vol 2 and New X-Men Volume 2: Academy X. New Mutants is my personal favorite, followed by Generation X.

New X-Men. New X-Men was launched right after the movies brought in a lot of new fans, so it's friendly to new readers. At the same time, it's written by Grant Morrison, so it's some weird mystic wizard shit. The only thing you need to know is that Magneto took over a country called Genosha and Cyclops is traumatized through recent comic events (the details don't matter).

Krakoa era. Five years ago X-Men had a soft relaunch where mutants establish a nation on the living island of Krakoa. There are a bunch of books in this era, and are fairly cohesive, with lots of crossover between them. Luckily, the first era of books are collected in trade paperback as "Dawn of X." It's recent enough that your local library will probably have it. The reading order is House of X/Powers of X, Dawn of X 1-15, and X of Swords and then you can find the reading order going forward online. There are a lot of really good comics in this era.

Now! The Krakoa era just ended, and the new era going forward is less cohesive, so you can pick a comic you like and read just that! A bunch of new books just launched, so find a book with some characters you like. Gail Simone's Uncanny X-Men has a lot of fan favorites--Nightcrawler, Rogue, Gambit, Jubilee, and Wolverine. Just pick any that look good!

In general a good rule for getting into comics for the first time is that there will always be something that it's referencing that you might not have read, and that's fine. Most comics will explain what you need to know, and you should just roll with the rest.

[plague-of-insomnia]

Vatican Miracle Examiner Vocab: Chapter 1

100+ vocab terms from Ch 1, Vol 1 of the 5-part manga series.

Mostly Catholic terms in Japanese and unique usage related to the series.

This list is not exhaustive. I focused on terms that would be unfamiliar (or unfamiliar as used in this series), and/or directly relate to Catholic terminology in Japanese.

I list part of speech, pronunciation, and simple definitions. I have not included additional of these if they are not relevant to this series.

Character names will have titles where applicable and those will be in brackets to minimize confusion; titles will be listed under general vocab as well.

At the end of the list I’ll have a few sources for some of the more obscure terms in case you want to read more or get better context.

As of now I have things listed in the order in which they appear, roughly, in the manga.

Note: This will be a long post since it’s the first chapter in the series and 31 pages long.

~#~

Character Names/Places

Note: I’ve chosen to spell names close to the katakana spellings; keep in mind some may be transcribed with slightly different spellings (like Joseph instead of Josef).

平賀•ヨゼフ•庚 [神父] - Hiraga, Josef Kou [Father], Franciscan order

ロベルト•ニコラス[神父] - Roberto, Nicholas [Father], Franciscan order

良太 - Ryota (Josef’s younger brother)

サウロ[大司教] - Saul [Archbishop] , Franciscan order

ニコラス[枢機卿] - Nicholas [Cardinal], secretary of the Dicastery for the Causes of the Saints (also potentially the head of the miracle examiners), also known as “the prefect (of the Curia)” in English

ドンナ•ドロレス - Donna Dolores, a nun from St Rosario Church

[大天使]ミカエル - [Archangel] Michael

[聖]ペテ - [Saint] Peter

パウロ[大司教] - [Archbishop] Paul, Dominican order

アントニウス[神父] - [Father] Antonius

セントロザリオ教会 - St Rosario Church, a church in South America where Josef & Roberto are sent to investigate

バチカソ市国 - Vatican City, the City state of the Vatican

Other Vocab

奇跡、きせき (n; の adj) miracle

常識、じょうしき (n) common sense, common knowledge, common practice

科学、かがく (n) science

説明、せつめい (n, する v; trans v) explanation, account, caption, legend, description

不可思議、ふかしぎ (な adj; n; yojijukugo) mystery, miracle, something inexplicable, unfathomable

現象、げんしょう (n) phenomenon

神、かみ (n) God, divinity

御業、みわざ (n) the works (of the gods)

真偽、しんぎ (n) veracity, authenticity

確かめる、たしかめる (Ichidan v; trans v) to ascertain, to check, to make sure

神父、しんぷ (n) Catholic priest [Note: this is the term used when speaking to someone , like “Father” So-and-So, as opposed to a general word for priest, 司祭, which you don’t use when speaking TO someone but rather about them.]

害、がい (n) evil influence

礼服、れいふく (n) cassock, vestments, etc

暗号、あんごう (n; のadj) code, cipher, password

解読、かいどく (n; するv; trans v) deciphering, decoding

聖年、せいねん (n) holy year, jubilee [see additional notes below]

大聖年、だいせいねん (n) the Great Jubilee (of 2000)

聖堂、せいどう (n) church

バチカン (n) (the) Vatican

市国、しこく (n) city state (as in the Vatican)

宗教、しゅつきょう (n) religion, faith

ブラザー(n) brother (as in, a monk or priest)

天使、てんし (n;のadj) Angel

悪魔、あくま (n) devil, demon, the Devil (Satan)

骨肉腫、こつにくしゅ (n) osteosarcoma

治療費、ちりょうひ (n) cost of medical treatment

ルルドの泉、いすみ (n) Fountain of Lourdes, aka home of “Lourdes Water” in France

奇跡調査官、きせきちょうさかん (n) miracle examiner

調査、ちょうさ (n; するv; trans v) investigation, examination

聖痕現象、スティグマータ (n) stigmata (phenomenon)

未知、みち (のadj; n) the unknown

知れる、しれる (ichidan v; intrans v) to become known; to be discovered; to be known; to be understood

舞い込む、まいこむ (godan v む ending; intrans v) to happen unexpectedly

大司教、だいしきょう (n) archbishop

キリスト (n) (Jesus) Christ

聖書、せいしょ (n) Bible, scriptures, holy writ

黙示録、もくしろく (n) book of revelation; the apocalypse

悪魔が書いた魔法書 - literally, “magic writing written by the devil” [see additional notes below]

古文書、こもんじょ (n) historical document, ancient manuscripts

断片、だんぺん (n) fragment

読む、よむ (godan v, む ending; trans v) to decipher, to read, to recite (a sutra, prayer)

原文、げんぶん (n) original text

会、かい (n; n suffix) meeting, assembly, conference, clerical order

イエズス会 (n) society of Jesus, aka Jesuit order

ドミニコ会 (n) Dominican order

フランシスコ会 (n) Franciscan order (which Josef and Roberto belong to)

派閥 (n; のadj) faction; used in the manga as in orders of priests

破門、はもん (n; するv; のadj) excommunication

枢機卿、すうききょう (n) Cardinal (title)

執行部、しっこうぶ (n) leadership (for example, the Roman Curia, that is the administration of the Vatican)

列聖、れっせい (n; するv) canonization (of a Saint)

列聖省長官、れっせいしょうちょうかん (n) literally, “canonization ministry secretary”; I believe this is intended to refer to the Secretary/Director of the Dicastery of the Causes of Saints; a position in the Vatican overseeing things related to canonization [see additional notes]

祈り、いのり (n) prayer

申請書、しんせいしょ(n) Written application

申請、 しんせい (n; する v; trans v) application, petition, request

教会、しょうかい (n) church, congregation

修道女、しゅうどうじょ (n) nun

大天使、だいてんし (n) archangel

神の子、かみのこ (n) son of God (Jesus Christ); child of God (Christian)

処女懐胎、しょじょかいたい (n) virgin birth, such as Mary with Jesus (immaculate conception)

受胎、じゅたい (n; するv; intrans v) conception

聖母、せいぼ (n) Virgin Mary; holy mother

カソリック (n) Catholic, Catholicism, Catholic Church [note there are a couple diff katakana spellings of this word, but this one is used in VME]

受肉、じゅにく(n) (Christ’s) incarnation (as Jesus of Nazareth)

降臨、こうりん (n; するv) descent to earth (of a god); advent; epiphany

罪、つみ (n; なadj; のadj) sin

永遠、えいえん (n; なadj) eternity; immortality

贖う、あがなう (godan v, う ending; trans v) to atone for

最後の審判、さいごのしんぱん (n) judgment day; final judgment (religious sense)

聖、せい (n) Saint (may also be written with katakana, as in 「セント」, like “St Rosario’s Church”

ローム (n) Rome

司教、しきょう (n) bishop (catholic)

代理人、だいりにん (n) proxy, representative

存在意義、ぞんざいいぎ (n) raison d'être, reason for existing

冒涜、ぼうとく (n; するv) blasphemy, sacrilege, desecration

主、しゅ (n) the Lord (God)

カルト (n) cult

教徒、しょうと (n) believer, adherent

法王、ほうおう (n) Pope; aka ローム法王

司祭、しさい (n; のadj) a priest [do not confuse with 神父, the title of “Father”]

大罪、たいざい、(n) mortal sin, grave sin

契約、けいやく (n; するv; trans v) covenant, contract, pact [as in a deal with the devil]

最高責任者、さいこうせきにんしゃ (n) chief executive [such as, of the Vatican Bank]

教皇庁、きょうこうちょう(n) the Curia, the administration of the Vatican

地位、ちい (n) position, such as within the Vatican hierarchy, or in line to be a papal candidate

潜り込む、 もぐりこみ (Godan v, む ending; intrans v) to go undercover, to infiltrate

マリア (n) (the Virgin) Mary [sometimes seen as 聖母マリア]

聖母子 (n) Virgin and Child, Mary & Baby Jesus

全知全能、ぜんちぜんのう (n; のadj; yojijukugo) omnipotence and omniscient, all powerful and all knowing

救世主、きゅうせいしゅ (n) savior, the messiah, Jesus Christ (the messiah, savior)

背徳、はいとく (n) immorality, corruption, lapse of virtue

堕落、だらく (n; するv) depravity, degradation, corruption

偶像、ぐうぞう (n) idol, image, statue

天罰、てんぼつ (n) divine punishment, wrath of God, judgment of heaven

主よ、しゅよ (なadj; n) Lord, head (of a group)

信仰、しんこう (n;するv; trans v) (religious) faith, belief

印、しるし (n) a sign

聖所、せいじゅ (n) sanctuary, inner sanctum

邪悪、じゃあく (なadj;n) wicked, evil

~#~

Additional Notes

Holy year, 聖年 ; Great Jubilee, 大聖年

“Devil’s book,” 悪魔が書いた魔法書

I did a lot of searching trying to figure out what book, specifically, was meant here, and came up with 2 possibilities:

the Gigas Codex, ギガス写本 or 悪魔の聖書, a book that is not held by the Vatican but was supposedly written with magical assistance from Satan himself;

the Grand Grimoire, 大奥義書 or 大いなる教書, not written by Satan but that is held by the Vatican.

It’s possibly intended to be vague, but the exact phrasing here is different than used for either of these actual books and I couldn’t find any other possible real option. Note the anime does call a book “the devil’s book” and describe it as a “Bible written by the devil” but it doesn’t seem to really be a reference to Gigas, so maybe it’s intended to be a fictional book inspired by these real texts for the purposes of the story.

Secretary of Dicastery of the Causes of Saints - 列聖省長官

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints

~#~

As always, I’m human and make mistakes. If you find anything feel free to let me know.

[mybeautifulchristianjourney]

A Call to Repentance

1 ¶ In the eighth month, in the second year of Darius, the word of the LORD came unto the prophet Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo, saying,

2 The LORD has been sore displeased with your fathers.

3 Therefore thou shalt say unto them, Thus hath the LORD of the hosts said; Turn unto me, said the LORD of the hosts, and I will turn unto you, said the LORD of the hosts.

4 Do not be as your fathers, unto whom the former prophets have cried, saying, Thus hath the LORD of the hosts said; Turn now from your evil ways and from your evil doings: but they did not hear, nor hearken unto me, said the LORD.

5 Your fathers, where are they? and the prophets, do they live for ever?

6 But my words and my statutes, which I commanded my slaves the prophets, did they not take hold of your fathers? Therefore they returned from captivity and said, Like as the LORD of the hosts thought to do unto us, according to our ways and according to our doings, so has he dealt with us.

7 ¶ Upon the twenty-fourth day of the eleventh month, which is the month Sebat, in the second year of Darius, the word of the LORD came unto the prophet Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo, saying,

8 I saw by night, and behold a man riding upon a red horse, and he stood among the myrtle trees that were in the bottom; and behind him there were red horses, speckled, and white.

9 Then said I, O my lord, what are these? And the angel that talked with me said unto me, I will show thee who these are.

10 And the man that stood among the myrtle trees answered and said, These are those whom the LORD has sent to walk to and fro through the earth.

11 And they answered the angel of the LORD that stood among the myrtle trees and said, We have walked to and fro through the land, and, behold, all the earth sits still and is at rest.

12 Then the angel of the LORD answered and said, O LORD of the hosts, when wilt thou have mercy on Jerusalem and on the cities of Judah, against which thou hast had indignation these seventy years?

13 And the LORD answered good words unto the angel that talked with me, words of consolation.

14 So the angel that communed with me said unto me, Cry thou, saying, Thus saith the LORD of the hosts; I am jealous for Jerusalem and for Zion with a great jealousy.

15 And I am very sore displeased with the Gentiles that are at ease; for I was but a little displeased, and they helped forward the affliction.

16 Therefore thus hath the LORD said, I am returned to Jerusalem with mercies; my house shall be built in her, saith the LORD of the hosts, and a line shall be stretched forth upon Jerusalem.

17 Cry yet, saying, Thus saith the LORD of the hosts, My cities through abundance of good shall yet be widened; and the LORD shall yet comfort Zion and shall yet choose Jerusalem.

18 ¶ Then I lifted up my eyes and saw and behold four horns.

19 And I said unto the angel that talked with me, What are these? And he answered me, These are the horns which have scattered Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem.

20 And the LORD showed me four carpenters.

21 Then I said, What do these come to do? And he spoke, saying, These are the horns which have scattered Judah, so that no one lifted up his head, but these are come to cause them to tremble, to cut down the horns of the Gentiles, which lifted up their horn over the land of Judah to scatter it. — Zechariah 1 | Jubilee Bible 2000 (JUB) Jubilee Bible 2000 Copyright © 2013, 2020 by Ransom Press International Cross References: Deuteronomy 28:2; 1 Kings 22:11; 2 Chronicles 24:19; 2 Chronicles 36:16; Ezra 6:14-15; Job 1:7; Psalm 69:26; Psalm 75:4; Isaiah 14:7; Isaiah 37:32; Isaiah 40:1-2; Isaiah 44:12; Isaiah 44:26; Daniel 7:16; Zechariah 6:1; Matthew 23:35; John 8:52; James 4:8; Revelation 6:2; Revelation 6:4; Revelation 6:10

Summary of the Book of Zechariah

[teatitty]

Marvel dropped the ball on most of their characters from mid-2010's onwards but their biggest Gambit sins for me are, in no particular order:

Ignoring his long established friendship with Logan, giving us no interaction between them since 2014 until a brief moment this year in a series that timeline wise is based back in the 2000's [lmao???]

Actually stratch that, them ignoring most of his long established friendships until like this year is a great sin, not just with Logan but even Laura and Ororo got sidelined and despite being in Excalibur together, his interactions with Jubilee are also incredibly minimal and largely only happen on team missions now

We never see him react to Logan's death in 2014. He barely mentions Logan at all in fact, and the closest we get is when he says he wants to welcome Logan and Scott back from the dead but can't because he's busy with other shit [guess what! We never see a proper reunion either]

After his marriage with Rogue it's like he's not allowed to appear in any comics without her around and even when he does he has to be in team issues instead of one-on-one's For Some Fucking Reason

This is just a general issue with their relationship anyway, but Remy being used as a fucking stepping stone for Rogue and getting outright character assassinated just to show off how good she is [as if that's ever been a question anyway] will forever piss me off. The leaps this company goes through now to justify Remy being the "bad/immature one" in this romance never fails to astound me

[fundieshaderoom]

Fundie Families and Adjacents I Follow: Duggar

James Lee Duggar "JL"- February 3, 1936, d. February 9 2009 (age 73)

Mary Leona Lester- May 26, 1941, d. June 9, 2019 (age 78)

They married at ages 23/24 and 18/19 in 1960. They shared 2 children, 1 daughter-in-law, 21 grandchildren, 12 grandchildren-in-law, and 34 greatgrandchildren. Mary died of accidental drowning and JL died of a brain tumor. Their life was mostly based in Arkansas.

1- Deanna Lee- July 8, 1963

2- James Robert "Jim Bob"- July 18, 1965

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Deanna Lee Duggar- July 8, 1962

Terry Wayne Jordan

Deanna and Terry had their only child and were on and off for years. They married on September 14, 2006 and divorced on December 21, 2015. They share a daughter, son-in-law, and grandson.

1- Amy Rachelle- September 30, 1986

Amy married Dillon Grey King (April 3, 1988) on September 6, 2015. She was 28 and he was 27. They currently share one son and are based in Arkansas.

1- Daxton Ryan- October 9, 2019

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James Robert Duggar "Jim Bob"- July 18, 1965

Michelle Annette Ruark- September 13, 1966

They married on July 21, 1984, at ages 19 and 17. The couple lives in Tontitown, Arkansas. They share 19 biological children, Michelle's adopted great-nephew, 11 children-in-law, and 35 grandchildren. They are based in Arkansas.

1- Joshua James "Josh"- March 3, 1988

Caleb Ryan- Miscarriage on January 23, 1989

2- Jana Marie- January 12, 1990

3- John-David "John"- January 12, 1990

4- Jill Michelle- May 17, 1991

5- Jessa Lauren- November 4, 1992

6- Jinger Nicole- December 21, 1993

7- Joseph Garrett "Joe"- January 20, 1995

8- Josiah Matthew "Siah"- August 28, 1996

9- Joy-Anna "Joy"- October 28, 1997

10- Jedidiah Robert "Jed"- December 30, 1998

11- Jeremiah Robert "Jer"- December 30, 1998

12- Jason Michael- April 21, 2000

13- James Andrew- July 7, 2001

14- Justin Samuel- November 15, 2002

15- Jackson Levi- May 23, 2004

16- Johannah Faith- October 11, 2005

17- Jennifer Danielle- August 2, 2007

18- Tyler Wayne Hutchins- February 10, 2008, in Duggar custody since 2016

19- Jordyn-Grace Makiya- December 18, 2009

20- Josie Brooklyn- December 11, 2011

Jubilee Shalom- stillborn on December 11, 2011

Josh married Anna Renee Keller (June 23, 1988) on September 26, 2008 when they were both 20. Anna and the kids now live in Arkansas and Josh lives in Seagoville, Texas. They now share 7 children. Josh was arrested on CSAM charges in April 2021. In January of 2022, he was sentenced to 12 years in January of 2022.

1- Mackynzie Renee- October 8, 2009

Miscarriage in 2010

2- Michael James- June 15, 2011

3- Marcus Anthony- June 2, 2013

4- Meredith Grace- July 16, 2015

5- Mason Garrett- September 12, 2017

6- Maryella Hope- November 27, 2019

7- Madyson Lily- October 23, 2021

Jana married Stephen Gerald Wissmann (July 15, 1993) on August 15, 2024.

John married Abbie Grace Burnett (April 16, 1992) on November 3, 2018. He was 28 and she was 26. They now share two children.

1- Grace Annette "Gracie"- January 7, 2020

2- Charlie- September 2022

Jill married Derick Michael Dillard (March 9, 1989) on June 21, 2014. She was 23 and he was 25. They now share 3 children and have a strained relationship with Jill's parents and some siblings.

1- Israel David- April 6, 2015

2- Samuel Scott- July 8, 2017

miscarriage- River Bliss- 2021

3- Frederick Michael- July 7, 2022

Jessa married Benjamin Michael Seewald "Ben" (May 19, 1995) on November 1, 2014 at age 22 and 19. They share 5 children.

1- Spurgeon Elliot- November 5, 2015

2- Henry Wilberforce- February 6, 2017

3- Ivy Jane- May 26, 2019

Miscarriage- Fall 2020

4- Fern Elliana- July 18, 2021

Miscarriage- December 2022

5- George Augustine- December 19, 2023

Jinger married Jeremy Joseph Vuolo (September 5, 1987) on November 5, 2016 at age 22 and 29. They now share 2 children. Jinger released a theological memoir calling out the beliefs of the organization her family raised her in (IBLP).

1- Felicity Nicole- July 19, 2018

Halleli Grace- Miscarriage in November 2019

2- Evangeline Jo- November 22, 2020

Joe married Kendra Renee Caldwell (August 11, 1998) on September 8, 2017 at age 22 and 19. They now share 4 children together.

1- Garrett David- June 8, 2018

2- Addison Renee- November 2, 2019

3- Brooklyn Praise- February 19, 2021

4- Justus- April/May/June 2022

Josiah married Lauren Milagro Swanson (May 18, 1999) on June 30, 2018 at age 21 and 19. They now share 3 children. They are based in Arkansas.

Asa Duggar- Miscarriage on October 4, 2018

1- Bella Milagro- November 8, 2019

2- Daisy- March/April/May 2022

3- Ezra- April/May 2023

Joy married Austin Martyn Forsyth (December 11, 1993) on May 26, 2017 at age 19 and 23. They now share 3 children.

1- Gideon Martyn- February 23, 2018

Annabell Elise- stillborn on July 1, 2019

2- Evelyn Mae- August 21, 2020

3- Gunner James- May 17, 2023

Jed married Katelyn Koryn Nakatsu "Katey" (July 29, 1998) on April 3, 2021 when they were both 22. They share 4 children.

1- Truett Oliver- May 2, 2022

2- Nora Kate- May 24, 2023

3- Baby Girl- 2024 or 2025

4- Baby Girl- 2024 or 2025

Jer married Hannah Marlys Wissmann (June 23, 1995) on March 26, 2022 at age 23 and 26. They share 2 daughters.

1- Brynley Noelle- December 25, 2022

2- Brielle Grace- February 2024

Jason is engaged to Maddie Grace Jones. They are planning a spring 2025 wedding.

Justin married Claire Yvonne Spivey (February 27, 2001) on February 26, 2021 at age 18 and 19.

[monasteryicons]

The Two Easters and Tomorrow’s Annual Miracle

The Patriarch of Jerusalem brings out the Holy Fire from the shrine encasing the Tomb of Christ

Every year on Holy Saturday according to the Eastern Orthodox calculations, a miracle takes place in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, where Christ was crucified and entombed, and rose from the dead. The miracle of the Holy Fire has taken place at the same time, in the same manner, in the same place every single year for centuries. No other miracle is known to occur so regularly and so steadily over time.

Beginning the afternoon of Holy Friday pilgrims wait in anticipation for the miracle, camped as close to the Holy Sepulchre as possible. Beginning at around 11:00 in the morning on Holy Saturday the Christian Arabs chant traditional hymns in a loud voice. These chants date back to the Turkish occupation of Jerusalem in the 13th century, a period in which the Christians were not allowed to chant anywhere but in the churches. "We are the Christians, we have been Christians for centuries, and we shall be forever and ever. Amen!"- they chant at the top of their voices accompanied by the sound of drums. The drummers sit on the shoulders of others who dance vigorously around the Holy Ciborium. But at 1:00 pm the chants fade out, and then there is a tense silence, charged with the anticipation of the great demonstration of God's power for all to witness.

Shortly thereafter, a delegation from the local authorities elbows its way through the crowd. At the time of the Turkish occupation of Palestine they were Muslim Turks; today they are Israelis. Their function is to represent the Romans at the time of Jesus. The Gospels speak of the Romans that went to seal the tomb of Jesus, so that his disciples would not steal his body and claim he had risen. In the same way the Israeli authorities on this Holy Saturday come and seal the tomb with wax. Before they seal the door, they follow the custom of entering the tomb to check for any hidden source of fire which would make a fraud of the miracle.

How the Miracle Occurs

The Orthodox Patriarch then enters the Holy Tomb alone. Listen to this account of Patriarch Diodorus, who was Patriarch from 1981 to 2000:

"I enter the tomb and kneel in holy fear in front of the place where Christ lay after His death and where He rose again from the dead. I find my way through the darkness towards the inner chamber in which I fall on my knees. I say certain prayers that have been handed down to us through the centuries and, having said them, I wait. Sometimes I may wait a few minutes, but normally the miracle happens immediately after I have said the prayers.

"From the core of the very stone on which Jesus lay an indefinable light pours forth. It usually has a blue tint, but the color may change and take many different hues. It cannot be described in human terms. The light rises out of the stone as mist may rise out of a lake — it almost looks as if the stone is covered by a moist cloud, but it is light. This light each year behaves differently. Sometimes it covers just the stone, while other times it gives light to the whole sepulchre, so that people who stand outside the tomb and look into it will see it filled with light. The light does not burn — I have never had my beard burnt in all the sixteen years I have been Patriarch in Jerusalem and have received the Holy Fire. The light is of a different consistency than normal fire that burns in an oil lamp.

"At a certain point the light rises and forms a column in which the fire is of a different nature, so that I am able to light my candles from it. When I thus have received the flame on my candles, I go out and give the fire first to the Armenian Patriarch and then to the Coptic. Hereafter I give the flame to all people present in the Church."

When the Patriarch comes out with the two candles lit and shining brightly in the darkness, a roar of jubilee resounds in the Church.

The miracle is not confined to what actually happens inside the little tomb, where the Patriarch prays. For the blue light is reported to appear and be active outside the tomb. Every year many believers claim that this miraculous light ignites candles, which they hold in their hands, of its own initiative. All in the church wait with candles in the hope that they may ignite spontaneously. Often unlit oil lamps catch light by themselves before the eyes of the pilgrims. The blue flame is seen to move in different places in the Church. A number of signed testimonies by pilgrims, whose candles lit spontaneously, attest to the validity of these ignitions. The person who experiences the miracle from close up by having the fire on the candle or seeing the blue light usually leaves Jerusalem changed.

How Old is the Wonder?

The first written account of the Holy Fire dates from the fourth century, but authors write about events that occurred in the first century. So Saints John Damascene and Gregory of Nissa narrate how the Apostle Peter saw the Holy Light in the Holy Sepulchre after Christ's resurrection. "One can trace the miracle throughout the centuries in the many itineraries of the Holy Land," writes the Russian abbot Daniel, in his itinerary written in the years 1106-07.

Only the Greek Patriarch

The awesome honor of invoking the miracle of the Holy Fire is reserved for the Orthodox Patriarch – literally reserved by divine fiat. Several times over the centuries clergy from other churches or Moslem conquerors tried to exclude the Patriarch from the Holy Sepulchre on Holy Saturday. When this was attempted in 1579, as the Orthodox Patriarch Sophrony IV stood sorrowfully with his flock at the exit of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre near the left column, a divine light split this column vertically and the Holy Fire flashed out near the Orthodox Patriarch. A Muslim Muezzin, called Tounom, who saw the miraculous event from an adjacent mosque, immediately abandoned the Muslim religion and became an Orthodox Christian. The split column can be seen to this day.

Seeing is Believing

Numerous online videos of the Holy Fire are available on YouTube. One of the best is this 30 minute documentary:

"For those who believe, no explanation is necessary. For those who do not believe, no explanation is possible."

The Two Easters

Easter is a moveable feast, meaning it is not fixed in relation to the civil calendar. The First Council of Nicaea (325 A.D.) established the date of Easter as the first Sunday after the full moon (the Paschal Full Moon) following the northern hemisphere's vernal equinox. The date of Easter therefore varies between March 22nd and April 25th.

Why do the Western and Eastern churches sometimes celebrate Easter on different dates?

The Eastern churches base their calculations of the date for Easter on the Julian Calendar whose March 21 corresponds, during the 21st century, to April 3 in the Gregorian Calendar. So their celebration of Easter therefore varies between April 4 and May 8.

[kiragecko]

I'm just starting to listen to the Jay and Miles X-Plain the X-Men episodes dealing the late 90s 'Dr. Reyes and Marrow in the X-Mansion' era. And it got me thinking about how there are 4 different eras of X-Men that are 'My Introductory X-Men'.

I watched the 2000 X-Men movie a couple of years after it came out. Became very invested in the Wolverine and Rogue dynamic, and NEEDED more.

After learning how to use the internet, I discovered that what I was actually interested in was Wolverine and JUBILEE, who was the character that would have been palling around with Wolverine if the movies didn't need Rogue's powers for plot reasons.

I needed more of these guys. Desperately.

I ended up with 4 separate channels:

The Essentials volumes, which were cheap black and white reprints of the classic comics. I read all of Claremont's (17 year) run this way. His line-up changed, but probably the early 80s version is MY X-Men - running from Jean turning into the Phoenix until Rachel gets gaslit by Spiral.

The fanfic, hosted first on fansites, and later on ff net. This was mostly set in the late 90s-early 2000s - Rogue's relationship to Gambit dominated everything, but Dr. Reyes was being snarky and hating everyone, Iceman and Beast were best friends, and Jubilee sometimes turned up, to my great joy. These were my X-Men.

Pirated scans, which I used to read the early Jubilee stuff, since it hadn't been reprinted yet. Also, to reread some of the stuff with Alan Davis art that was absolutely illegible without colour. There WEREN'T any X-Men in these issues (the team had fallen apart) but there was JUBILEE! And Wolverine! And they were my favourites!

The mid-2000s comics. Eventually, I caved and started buying physical comics. And the SCHOOL! With all these fascinating background characters! And everyone's cool black and gold casual clothes with grey ribbed shirts! And Emma Frost! Yeah, this was the MODERN X-Men, and it could be my X-Men as well.

I've never been part of a fandom similar to that. With DC, the period I read matches the period fanfic I read is set. The older comics I only skim for interactions of characters I like, and I don't read after the reboot.

All the other fandoms - books, anime, TV shows, etc - tend to either be one complete unit, or to have the part I'm interested match across all the ways I'm engaging with it.

But the X-Plain the X-Men podcast mentioned Dr. Reyes, and I got all excited about finally seeing MY X-Men. And then had a sense of deja vu, because that had already happened twice.

[sheetmusiclibrarypdf]

Oscar Peterson - Hymn to Freedom (Easy Piano Solo arr. sheet music)

Oscar Peterson - Hymn to Freedom (Easy Piano Solo arr. sheet music) Best Sheet Music download from our Library.Recognized as one of Oscar Peterson’s most significant compositions, Hymn to Freedom was written in 1962 and was swiftly embraced by people over the world as the anthem of the Civil Rights Movement. Please, subscribe to our Library. Thank you! Celebrating 60 Years of Oscar Peterson's Hymn To Freedom Oscar Peterson

Oscar Peterson - Hymn to Freedom (Easy Piano Solo arr. sheet music)

https://youtu.be/YQGV0WVGnB4

Recognized as one of Oscar Peterson’s most significant compositions, Hymn to Freedom was written in 1962 and was swiftly embraced by people over the world as the anthem of the Civil Rights Movement. The piece was Peterson’s first major work and written with encouragement from his producer and dear friend Norman Granz. During those initial recording sessions, Granz urged Peterson to create a tune with a “definitive early-blues feel”. For inspiration, Peterson drew upon various church renderings of Negro spirituals recalled from his childhood in Montreal. He aimed to maintain the unadorned, yet poignant quality of these early Baptist hymns while composing the beginning chorus of Hymn to Freedom. Upon its completion, Peterson and Granz decided that lyrics would complement the music and contacted Malcolm Dodds, composer, arranger and choir director of The Malcolm Dodds Singers; a backup group for many popular artists of the day. Dodds turned to his collaborator Harriette Hamilton, who had been writing lyrics for the choir group’s original compositions for several years. According to Hamilton, “all the lyrics had to do was express in very simple language the hope for unity, peace and dignity for mankind. It was easy to write.” With Peterson on piano, Ray Brown on bass and Ed Thigpen on drums, the trio recorded the piece on Night Train (Verve 1962), which became one of their most commercially successful albums. Critical acclaim moved Peterson to record Hymn to Freedom on several albums that followed. During the 1980s, fellow Canadian jazz musicians Oliver Jones and Doug Riley recorded their own renditions of Hymn to Freedom. In 1986, 10 children’s choirs from around the world met in Helsinki, Finland, for the International Choral Sympaatti (the biggest international festival for children’s choirs ever organized in Finland), and performed their version of Peterson’s Hymn to Freedom. In 2000, the Deutsche Welle Choir of Fifty Voices performed Hymn to Freedom in Aachen, Germany, where Peterson was awarded the UNESCO International Music Prize. Today, it has been adopted as the unofficial anthem of youth choirs throughout the world, and is frequently chosen as a choir’s closing piece. In 2002, Oscar Peterson and his trio, along with various other Canadian artists, performed the Hymn at the end of a Gala Tribute Concert to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II during her Golden Jubilee celebrations in Canada. Hymn to Freedom is, indeed, one of Peterson’s most relevant and timeless pieces. Acknowledgements are due to this Canadian legend for creating this superbly moving composition, capturing a period of Western history that saw radical change, and becoming a powerful force for freedom and equality.

Celebrating 60 Years of Oscar Peterson's Hymn To Freedom

https://youtu.be/yuYeOUZfbY8

Oscar Peterson

As a virtuoso performer with unmatchable dexterity, speed, and expressiveness, as well as a talent for creating evocative compositions, he distinguished himself as one of the greatest jazz pianists of all time. Very few jazz musicians have achieved such great heights of success as this Canadian legend. The career of internationally renowned jazz pianist and composer Oscar Peterson spanned over sixty years. He led the way in establishing a space for Canadian jazz legends such as Oliver Jones, Joe Sealy, Maynard Ferguson and Ed Bickert on the international music scene, and influenced musicians from all across the world while paving the way for contemporary Canadian artists such as Diana Krall. Global renown did not stop him from paying tribute to Canada through numerous compositions dedicated to his homeland, as well as committing his time to educational endeavours that nurtured the growth and development of young Canadian talents Peterson was born in Montreal on August 15, 1925, the fourth of five children. His gift was discovered and nurtured early on by his father, a porter with Canadian Pacific Railways who had taught himself how to play piano while in the merchant marine. Throughout high school, Peterson studied with Louis Hooper, Canadian veteran of the Harlem jazz scene, and the distinguished pianist Paul de Marky, who reinforced the importance of technique and confidence. During this time, he was inspired by artists such as Teddy Williams, Nat King Cole, James P. Johnson, and in particular Art Tatum. In fact, the first time he was exposed to one of his father’s Tatum records, the young Peterson was so impressed and intimidated by what he heard that he avoided the piano for over a month. Peterson won a CBC national amateur contest, at only 14 years of age, after his sister Daisy, who became a noted piano teacher in Montreal, persuaded him to audition. He became a regular on the Montreal radio show Fifteen Minutes’ Piano Rambling and the CBC broadcast The Happy Gang. Peterson’s big break came in 1949 when Norman Granz, producer of Jazz at the Philharmonic, was on his way to the Montreal airport in a taxi and heard Peterson and his trio on the radio performing live from the Alberta Lounge. He immediately asked the driver to take him there, thus sparking the beginning of a long-lasting relationship between the two men. Granz offered Peterson an opportunity to play as a surprise guest at Carnegie Hall and he accepted, performing a brilliant set with bassist Ray Brown and motivating Granz to offer him a permanent position with Jazz at the Philharmonic. Peterson toured the United States extensively with the company and eventually formed the Oscar Peterson Trio with Brown and guitarist Herb Ellis. They worked hard, motivating and inspiring each other unflaggingly. Despite the demands of touring and recording, fellow musicians constantly clamored to be a part of the trio, due to a desire to work with Peterson and be part of his vision and talent. Peterson’s career involved continuous performing and recording. His discography of group and solo work amounts, incredibly, to over hundreds of records. He collaborated with such notable names as Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Stan Getz and others. Although Peterson never recorded or performed with his idol Art Tatum, they did become friends. In addition to being a brilliant pianist, Peterson was also a gifted composer. One of his first major works, Hymn to Freedom (1962) is a protest piece that became an anthem for the civil rights movement. His best known work, Canadiana Suite (1963), is self-described as “a musical portrait of the Canada I love”; Fields of Endless Day (1978) is a film score about the journey of black slaves who escaped to Canada through the Underground Railroad; City Lights (1977) composed for the Ballets Jazz de Montreal, is a waltz composed about the city of Toronto. Canadian filmmaker Norman MacLaren’s film Begone Dull Care was made to the music of Oscar Peterson. Other compositions include African Suite (1979), A Royal Wedding Suite (1981), Easter Suite (1984) and The Trail of Dreams Suite (2000) for the Trans-Canada Trail. He has composed works for Bach 300, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, the opening of the Skydome in Toronto and countless films and documentaries, including The Silent Partner, for which he won the Canadian Film Award for Best Original Score in 1978. Throughout his career, Peterson was always involved in creating and supporting music education programs in one capacity or another. From co-creating and training at his short-lived, yet highly-esteemed Advanced School of Contemporary Music in Toronto in the early 1960s, to his role as Chancellor at York University three decades later, he remained adamant about supporting the development of young Canadians: “I’ve been fortunate to have a successful jazz career, and I believe it’s now my turn to use that experience to help direct students.” Peterson received innumerable awards throughout his prolific career, including eight Grammys, two Junos, one Genie, one Gemini, nine Lifetime Achievement Awards from various organizations, eight Hall of Fame awards, thirteen consecutive Downbeat Awards, and is the recipient of 13 honourary degrees. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1972 and promoted to Companion in 1984. He received the Praemium Imperiale from the Japan Arts Association in 1999 (the arts equivalent of the Nobel Prize; the first Canadian and first jazz musician to receive this award) and the UNESCO International Music Prize in 2000. He was the first recipient of the Governor General’s Performing Arts Award. He had a stamp issued in his honour by Austria in 2003 and by Canada Post in 2005. Peterson was forced to slow down momentarily in 1993 after suffering a stroke while performing at the Blue Note club in New York, which slightly weakened his left hand. In more recent years, arthritis caused him to perform less frequently, although his performances contained as much passion and verve as they did half a century ago. Indeed, he is not only inspiring as an exquisite pianist and gifted composer, but also as a human being with unparalleled fortitude. On June 8, 2007, a tribute concert featuring jazz icons such as Hank Jones and Clark Terry was held for Peterson at Carnegie Hall, the same place where his prolific career began nearly 60 years before. Although ill health prevented him from attending, fellow jazz greats, young virtuosos, family and friends gathered together in his honour to celebrate the profound and prolific achievements of this beloved Canadian. On December 23, 2007, Oscar Peterson passed away at his family home in Mississauga, Ontario. Read the full article

[norfolkbuttonboy]

Stunning Papal Bulla / papal bull, in Roman Catholicism, an official papal letter or document. The name is derived from the lead seal (bulla) traditionally affixed to such documents. Since the 12th century it has designated a letter from the pope carrying a bulla that shows the heads of the apostles Peter and Paul on one side and the pope’s signature on the other. By the 13th century the term papal bull was being used only for the most important documents issued by the pope. These included canonizations of saints, dogmatic pronouncements, Henry VIII’s dispensation to marry Catherine of Aragon (his brother’s widow), the restoration of the Society of Jesus in 1814, and the announcement (December 25, 1961) of the forthcoming Second Vatican Council. Both Pope John Paul II and Pope Francis issued papal bulls to announce years of jubilee: the Great Jubilee from 2000 to 2001 and the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy from 2015 to 2016, respectively. Found using metal detecting in the Uk 🇬🇧 #treasurehunting #treasure #metaldetecting #metaldetectingfinds #history #metaldetector #treasurehunter #minelab #treasurehunt #relics #coins #ww #sondeln #dirtfishing #detecting #xpdeus #relichunting #coin #vintage #minelabequinox #hobby #silver #detectorist #treasures #garrett #metaldetectors #beachcombing #metalldetektor #magnetfishing #xpdeusmetaldetecting @metaldetecting_diaries @regtondetectors @coinpod @thesearchermag @allmetaldetection https://www.instagram.com/p/Coq8K-rKc2-/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[fathersoc]

THE GREAT JUBILEE 2000

The preparations are underway to launch a three-year jubilee in the entire Catholic Church to welcome the third millennium. Pope John Paul II has set his heart on leading Christendom to the year 2000 by declaring a three-year jubilee in honor of Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit, and the Father to welcome the Great Jubilee 2000, a jubilee year of redemption. The “jubilee” does not only refer to a…

[thepastisalreadywritten]

The Coronation Chair: Anatomy of a Medieval throne

The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II prompted the first comprehensive archaeological study of the Medieval throne on which British monarchs are crowned.

It has been battered and vandalised over the ages, but unpicking this majestic artefact’s evolution shed new light on both its original form and that of the enigmatic Stone of Scone, as Warwick Rodwell reveals.

10 August 2013

The Coronation Chair has been illustrated and described since the 14th century, and is renowned the world over.

For hundreds of years, this piece of Medieval furniture has played a seminal role in the anointing and crowning of English monarchs.

It was last used at the coronation of HM The Queen on 2 June 1953, the Diamond Jubilee of which was celebrated this year.

To mark the occasion in 2010-2012, the Chair underwent a long-overdue programme of cleaning, conservation and redisplay in Westminster Abbey.

Concurrently, a detailed archaeological study was carried out and the Chair was comprehensively recorded for the first time.

The project led to a radically new understanding of its construction and decoration, and of its relationship to the Stone of Scone, which was embodied in its seat.

Spoils of war

The origins of the Chair are well known. Indeed, the documentation accompanying its manufacture in the 1290s is still preserved.

Following Edward I’s victory over the Scots in 1296, state documents and items of regalia were surrendered and taken to London as spoils of war.

One of those items was a ceremonial block of sandstone upon which Scottish kings had hitherto been inaugurated at Scone Abbey in Perthshire, the last being John Balliol in 1292.

The Coronation Chair and Stone of Scone.

Constructed in the 1290s on the orders of Edward I, this famous throne recently received its first comprehensive archaeological study.

The results emphasise how the current form of the Stone of Scone can only be understood alongside the evolution of the chair that held it.

Edward I treated the Stone of Scone as a relic and presented it, along with the Scottish crown and sceptre, to the shrine of St Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey on 18 June 1297.

He ordered the construction of a great gilt-bronze chair to incorporate the Stone as its seat.

The chair was cast but was scrapped before it was finished and a new one made of oak, thereby reducing its weight from three-quarters of a ton to one-quarter.

St Edward’s Chair, as it is properly known (‘Coronation Chair’ is a relatively recent naming), was designed as a liturgical furnishing that would stand close to the shrine altar, where it served as a seat for priests officiating at masses.

Opinion is divided as to when the Chair was first used in the coronation ritual, but it was no later than 1399, when Henry IV was crowned.

A manuscript illustration of the coronation of Edward II in 1308, however, shows the king seated in what is almost certainly the Coronation Chair.

It is an extraordinary fact that, like a surprising number of artefacts and structures of first-rank importance, the Coronation Chair had never been systematically studied and recorded until now.

John Carter’s sketches of 1767 provided the basis for all known drawings but neither he nor any other antiquary recorded how the Chair was constructed or unravelled the vicissitudes of its later history.

Like most ancient artefacts of complex construction, it has undergone fundamental alterations as well as suffered deterioration over the centuries.

In fact, very little has been written about the Chair at all, as opposed to the Stone that it encapsulated.

The Chair has been the subject of a dozen books, scores of articles, Parliamentary debates, a commercial film, theft, hoaxes, and much political posturing.

Myths and misdirection

The Stone has accrued a huge mythology, but that is wholly of Medieval or later invention, as Nick Aitchison demonstrated in his study Scotland’s Stone of Destiny (2000).

The block is made of Lower Old Red Sandstone and has a geological signature that confirms it derives from the Scone Formation.

It did not originate in Egypt, Ireland or the west of Scotland, as the Romantic tales would have led us to believe.

Indeed, the Stone’s spurious biblical connection (as ‘Jacob’s Pillow’ – the stone on which, according to the Book of Genesis, the sleeping Jacob had a vision) was already being ridiculed in 1600 by William Camden.

Much of the Stone’s pseudo-history is of even more recent invention.

The first archaeologically objective study of the Stone took place in 1996, when it was removed from the Coronation Chair and sent to Edinburgh Castle, where it currently resides on loan from the Crown.

Under the direction of David Breeze and Richard Welander, Historic Scotland carried out a detailed examination, the findings of which were published by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: The Stone of Destiny: artefact and icon (2003).

The Stone’s intimate relationship to the Chair has never been explored, however, resulting in the wholly unwarranted assumption by past commentators that the physical features exhibited by the block today relate to its pre-1296 history in Scotland.

This in turn has given rise to the invention of historical scenarios to explain these features.

Some writers have pronounced the block to be a Roman building stone or part of a pagan altar; others have claimed a Bronze Age or Pictish ancestry.

The iron links and rings that are attached to the two ends of the block have given rise to much comment, as well as claims that they were inserted for the purpose of carrying the Stone from site to site in Scotland, or alternatively for transporting it to London.

Finally, there are the conspiracy theorists who would have us believe that the Stone is fake.

These contentions can be refuted without exception. When we study the Chair and the Stone as archaeological artefacts, not just individually but jointly, and marry the findings with reliable historical evidence, a clear picture emerges.

The most fundamental misapprehension is that the Stone (as we see it today) was brought from Scone and placed in a made-to-measure compartment under the seat of the Chair, and that it simply sat there for the next 700 years.

In reality, the Chair and the Stone were made for one another, and both have been subjected to significant change over the centuries.

Made for each other

There is no basis for casting doubt on the authenticity of the Stone of Scone, or for claiming it as a Roman ashlar or a Pictish symbol-stone.

The upper and lower faces are natural bedding planes and are untooled, although the former is well worn through its prolonged use as a seat.

The four vertical edges were all crisply dressed in 1297 to create a close-fitting, rectangular seat for the new Chair.

One of the revelations of the 2010 study was the fact that the Coronation Chair did not have a wooden seat-board until the 16th or 17th century: the Stone itself was the seat.

The Chair frame is made of oak and comprises four corner-posts, and a series of moulded horizontal rails.

The sides of the Chair have upswept arms, which were originally decorated with carved lions.

The joints are mortised-and-tenoned but are inherently weak. The frame gets its structural strength from the lining of thick planks.

Below seat level, the sides are pierced by large quatrefoils – that is, four partially overlapping circles creating a shape akin to a stylised four-leaf clover – each of which originally had a painted heraldic shield at its centre.

By the 1820s, the shields had all been lost, and the quatrefoil grille at the front had gone too.

The gang that stole the Stone in 1950 also smashed the front rail and further weakened the frame. A replacement grille has now been fitted to restore its structural strength.

The Stone of Scone rested in this compartment and could be glimpsed on all sides; its top was fully exposed.

William Lethaby’s 1906 reconstruction of the gilt figure of a king in the back of the Chair. He is depicted seated on a low throne, with his feet resting on a lion. Only the lower part of this image survives today.

Externally, the sides and back of the Chair were carved and moulded with Gothic arcades.

The corner-posts too were embellished with blind, pointed – lancet – arches, and surmounted by pinnacles from which decorative foliage or ‘crockets’ sprouted.

No timber was originally visible, though, as the surfaces were entirely covered with decoratively punched gilding and pseudo-enamels.

There were also many pieces of coloured glass inlaid into the carved decoration. These inserts would have carried painted and gilded motifs, similar to those found in profusion on the altarpiece of Henry III known as the Westminster Retable (c. 1270).

Internally, the Chair was uncarved but was covered with gold leaf. It bore finely punched decoration - showing birds, animals, vegetation, and Gothic motifs.

Dominating the centre of the back was the seated figure of a king with his feet resting on a lion, almost certainly Edward the Confessor.

It was the work of Walter of Durham, principal painter to the court of Edward I. Unfortunately, most of this impressive display has been lost over time.

A detail of the punch-decorated gilding surviving inside the Chair’s left arm, showing birds amid vegetation.

The conservation programme of 2010-2012 was undertaken by Marie Louise Sauerberg, then of the Hamilton Kerr Institute, but now Westminster Abbey’s Senior Conservator.

Her work was key to unlocking the history of the Chair’s decoration, particularly by demonstrating that the all-over gilded appearance was primary.

In the 1950s, it had been suggested that the Chair was initially white in colour, emulating King Solomon’s ivory throne.

Royal pride

Perhaps the most striking aspect of the Coronation Chair today is the gilt plinth on which it is raised, comprising four magnificent lions with Oriental features.

These were fitted in 1727 by the royal furniture-maker for the coronation of George II and replaced an earlier plinth, which also incorporated lions.

That plinth may have been made in 1509 for the coronation of Henry VIII.

Since both lion-plinths were fixed to the Chair frame, the Stone could only be inserted into the seat compartment from above, but this was not the original arrangement.

Walter of Durham’s exquisite gilt decoration would have been wrecked by manhandling a close-fitting, 3-cwt block of sandstone through the seat compartment.

Every time the Chair was required for a coronation, it had to be taken from the Confessor’s chapel through a narrow doorway, carried down steps, and repositioned in the Abbey.

Four operations were involved in extricating and replacing the Stone.

Almost certainly, the original plinth was a separate construction that rested on the floor. The Stone was placed on it and the Chair lowered over that.

Iron links and rings are attached to the ends of the Stone by staples set into lead plugs.

Various theories about their date and purpose have been advanced, all based on the assumption that they were used for lifting or carrying.

But nobody seems to have noticed that their fixing points are below the Stone’s centre-of-gravity, which means that it would instantly rotate when lifted.

Also, the links are not long enough for the rings to clear the top of the Stone, making it impossible to thread a carrying-pole of adequate diameter through them.

It is now clear that the ironwork was attached to the block in c. 1324-1327, on the instruction of Abbot Curtlyngton, expressly for the purpose of chaining it to the floor of the chapel.

At the time, he was under pressure from Edward III to relinquish the Stone so that it could be used as a bargaining counter with the Scots.

The abbot refused and the chronicler Geoffrey le Baker tells us that ‘the stone was now fixed by iron chains to the floor of Westminster Abbey under the royal throne’.

Since enforced removal of an object gifted to a shrine would have constituted sacrilege, the king backed down.

The 13th-century marble and glass mosaic pavement in the Shrine chapel has been meticulously recorded by David Neal.

During his work, we noticed that a square area to the south of the altar, where the mass priest’s seat would have stood, had been destroyed.

Almost certainly, this marks the place where the pavement was broken through in the 1320s to embed anchors in the floor for the chains that secured the Stone.

When the Chair was fitted with the first of the lion plinths, a new means of manoeuvring the Stone in and out of the seat compartment had to be found: the only route was from above.

The iron fittings were now pressed into service as lifting devices. Channels were crudely cut into the ends of the Stone so that the links could stand up, rather than hang down, and ropes could be passed through the rings.

The tendency for the unbalanced Stone to rotate was largely mitigated by the links being constrained in channels.

It was a clumsy compromise but it worked, albeit inflicting damage on the gilded interior of the Chair, as the Stone was hauled in and out.

The institutional history of Westminster Abbey in the two decades following its dissolution in 1540 is complex, but remarkably, the shrine of St Edward and the royal tombs survived.

The later 16th century saw a fashion for attaching historical labels (tabulae) to features around the Abbey, including the shrine, tombs and St Edward’s Chair.

These were generally painted either directly on the object or on a board, but in the case of the Chair, it seems that there was initially an intention to insert an inscribed brass plate in the upper face of the Stone.

The rectangular outline for the plate was roughly chiselled. The matrix was never fully cut and the project aborted. A painted label on a board was provided instead.

The change of plan most likely resulted from a decision to fit a timber seat-board over the Stone that had two further consequences.

First, battens had to be fitted to the sides of the Chair to support the seat-board, thereby reducing the size of the Stone compartment opening.

The block had to be shortened, and both ends were cut back by c. 15mm.

Second, the iron rings projected above the top of the Stone, obstructing the fixing of the seat.

To solve this problem, housings were hacked into the top of the Stone, allowing the rings to lie flat.

13th-century survival

Since the late 16th century, travellers and antiquaries have written accounts of the Chair, from which we learn that it suffered casual abuse until Queen Victoria came to the throne.

All the glass inserts were prised out, scores of slices were removed from the frame with pocket-knives and taken as souvenirs, names and initials were liberally carved in the wood, and the shields were stolen from the quatrefoils, exposing the sides of the Stone, which was then scraped with knives to acquire samples of its dust.

Three shallow scoops scored into the front edge result from this activity.

In the 18th century, when the second lion-plinth and new seat-board were fitted, further modifications to both the Chair and Stone occurred.

Although the latter had been shortened, the iron staples to which the rings were attached projected awkwardly, gouging the sides of the Chair every time the Stone was moved.

To ease this, the crowns of the staples were filed down. Something even more barbaric happened between 1727 and 1821: the lower edges of the Stone were broken away with nine hammer-blows.

There is no obvious explanation for this – perhaps the pieces were sold as souvenirs.

Even in more recent times, the Chair has suffered periodically.

In 1887, the Office of Works painted it brown for the celebration of Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee.

A public outcry ensued and great damage was done to the gilt decoration when trying to remove the paint.

In 1914, Suffragettes attached a home-made bomb to one of the Chair’s pinnacles, causing more damage.

In 1939-1945, the Chair was stored in the crypt of Gloucester Cathedral, where it narrowly escaped destruction by an infestation of dry rot.

Finally, as well as vandalising the Chair, the gang that stole the Stone in 1950 dropped it and broke it.

Given this long and varied history, it is perhaps remarkable that the Chair survives at all.

Yet our study makes it clear that, despite having fallen victim to neglect, politics and the whims of fashion, St Edward’s Chair and the Stone of Scone – in the form we know it today – are two components of a single artefact, made in the 1290s.

They have an integrated physical history, and shared archaeology: one cannot be understood without the other.

[cpmbumba2020]

October 22 | Memorial of St. John Paul II, Pope

“Open wide the doors to Christ,” urged John Paul II during the homily at the Mass where he was installed as pope in 1978.

Born in Wadowice, Poland, Karol Jozef Wojtyla had lost his mother, father, and older brother before his 21st birthday. Karol’s promising academic career at Krakow’s Jagiellonian University was cut short by the outbreak of World War II. While working in a quarry and a chemical factory, he enrolled in an “underground” seminary in Kraków. Ordained in 1946, he was immediately sent to Rome where he earned a doctorate in theology.

Back in Poland, a short assignment as assistant pastor in a rural parish preceded his very fruitful chaplaincy for university students. Soon Fr. Wojtyla earned a doctorate in philosophy and began teaching that subject at Poland’s University of Lublin.

Communist officials allowed Wojtyla to be appointed auxiliary bishop of Kraków in 1958, considering him a relatively harmless intellectual. They could not have been more wrong!

Bishop Wojtyla attended all four sessions of Vatican II and contributed especially to its Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World. Appointed as archbishop of Kraków in 1964, he was named a cardinal three years later.

Elected pope in October 1978, he took the name of his short-lived, immediate predecessor. Pope John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. In time, he made pastoral visits to 124 countries, including several with small Christian populations.

John Paul II promoted ecumenical and interfaith initiatives, especially the 1986 Day of Prayer for World Peace in Assisi. He visited Rome’s main synagogue and the Western Wall in Jerusalem; he also established diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Israel. He improved Catholic-Muslim relations, and in 2001 visited a mosque in Damascus, Syria.

The Great Jubilee of the Year 2000, a key event in John Paul’s ministry, was marked by special celebrations in Rome and elsewhere for Catholics and other Christians. Relations with the Orthodox Churches improved considerably during his papacy.

“Christ is the center of the universe and of human history” was the opening line of John Paul II’s 1979 encyclical, Redeemer of the Human Race. In 1995, he described himself to the United Nations General Assembly as “a witness to hope.”

His 1979 visit to Poland encouraged the growth of the Solidarity movement there and the collapse of communism in central and eastern Europe 10 years later. John Paul II began World Youth Day and traveled to several countries for those celebrations. He very much wanted to visit China and the Soviet Union, but the governments in those countries prevented that.

One of the most well-remembered photos of John Paul II’s pontificate was his one-on-one conversation in 1983, with Mehmet Ali Agca, who had attempted to assassinate him two years earlier.

In his 27 years of papal ministry, John Paul II wrote 14 encyclicals and five books, canonized 482 saints and beatified 1,338 people. In the last years of his life, he suffered from Parkinson’s disease and was forced to cut back on some of his activities.

Pope Benedict XVI beatified John Paul II in 2011, and Pope Francis canonized him in 2014.

Source: https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saint-john-paul-ii

Photo and caption by: Simon Tanjutco

[on-my-way-to-the-woods]

If anyone wants tomato seeds or pepper seeds (or many other kinds of seed), Free Heirloom Seeds is really trying to get the rest of their seed stock sent out before the end of planting season and you should check them out.  4 packets of seed per household per year.  The seeds are free, please donate $1.25 for shipping if you can, but you don’t have to. 

Note: they will ship outside the US, email them for details.

Tomato and pepper varieties as of 2/1/2021, check their website for the most recent list.

#TO1-Tomato - Amish Paste, (85 Days) Organic, Indeterminate, Wisconsin heirloom from Amish farmers dating back to around 1870 boats big oxheart fruits with consistent flavor

#TO3-Tomato - Japanese Black Trifele, (74 Days) Organic, 4-6 oz fruits with deep flavor, potato leafed indeterminate, harvest whe shoulders are still green for the best flavor, 5-10 seeds per request

#TO4-Tomato - Cherokee Purple, (77 Days) Organic, Heirloom tomato said to have originated from the Cherokee Indians is known to be one of the best tasting tomatos in the world. Brownish pirple skin & brick red flesh

#TO5-Tomato - Black Krim, (80 Days) Organic, red with deep brown shoulders, full flavored tomato has been described as "smoky", high yeilding indeterminate is sure to please, 5-10 seeds per request

#TO7-Tomato - Green Zebra, (77 Days) Organic, Slicing tomato ripens green with yellow stripes, very enjoyable out of hand. ALway a pleasure to grow

#TO8-Tomato - Fargo Yellow Pear, (82 Days) Organic, Vigorous determinate introduced in 1934. Each plant produces about 3 dozen 1 oz. fruits

#TO9-Tomato - Golden Jubilee, (80 Days) Organic, Indeterminate slicing tomato, 8 oz. gold tomato won AAS in 1943

#TO11-Tomato - Valencia, (85 Days) Organic, Indeterminate, Maine family heirloom is a nice small midsize bright orange tomato great for fresh eating.

#TO12-Tomato - Matt's Wild Cherry, (85 Days) Indeterminate, this bright red heirloom cherry tomato has origins tracing back to Hidalgo Mexico, where they grow wild. Full flavor cherry tomato.

#TO14-Tomato - Orange Banana, (85 Days) Organic, Indeterminate orange paste tomato of exceptional quality, also said to be a great choice for dried tomatoes

#TO15-Tomato - Sheboygan, (80 Days) Organic, Indeterminate red paste tomato, highly productive Lithuanian Heirloom

#TO16-Tomato - Peacevine, (78 Days) Organic, Small fruited red tomato, rampant indeterminate produces countless clusters of sweet fruit. Originally selected from sweet 100

#TO19-Tomato - Pink Brandywine, (82 Days) Organic, Indeterminate potato leaf variety. Possibly the most famous heirloom of all. Specially selected to offer the best that the Brandywine variety has to offer

#TO20-Tomato - Yellow Brandywine, (78 Days) Organic, Indeterminate potato leaf variety. Rich flavor from these large, meaty yellow fruits. 5-10 seeds per request

#TO21-Tomato - Principe Borghese, (75 Days) Organic, Vigorous determinate small fruited red tomato. Praised by people who have gotten this seed from us in the past as a great yielder with fantastic taste

#TO28-Tomato - Speckled Roman, (85 Days) Organic, Indeterminate,This pointed roma type tomato is great for fresh eating & is very easy on the eyes with orange stripes over red. One of our favorites! 

#PPH1-Pepper/Hot - Anaheim Hot Pepper (78 Days) The pepper for Chile Rellenos & so much more. Got it's name being grown for a factory near Anaheim around 1900

#PPH4-Pepper/Hot - Early Jalapeno (75 Days) a familar friend that packs the heat at 4000 to 6500 scovilles

#PPH5-Pepper/Hot - Hidalgo Serrano (75 Days) Organic, A bit hotter than Jalapeno, with quite a range from 2000 to 17,000 scovilles, prolific plants produce dozens of small finger sized peppers

#PPH6-Pepper/Hot - Fish (80 Days) Organic, A serrano pepper mutation dating back to the late 1800's. No joke at 5000 - 30,000 scovilles

#PPH7-Pepper/Hot - Poblano Ancho Grande(76 Days) The classic medium hot roasting chili pepper, appx. 10-20 seeds per request

#PPH8-Pepper/Hot - Hungarian Hot Wax (58 days pale yellow/83 red) Organic, Sunset ripening yellow, orange to red make for gorgeous pickled peppers, 5-10 seeds per request

#PPH9-Pepper/Hot - Habanero (80 days green/100 orange) Organic, Famous, flavorful extra hot pepper, an extremely pugent Habanero with hints of ctirus, 5 seeds per request

#PPS1-Pepper/Sweet - Golden Cal Wonder Bell Pepper (75 Days) Abundant producer of big blocky bell peppers that ripen to a deep gold. Appx. 10-20 seeds per request

#PPS2-Pepper/Sweet - Horizon Orange Bell Pepper (75 Days) Vigorous producer of full sized bells, known for it's premium "gourmet" color, appx. 5-10 seeds per request

#PPS4-Pepper/Sweet - Yolo Wonder L Bell Pepper (75 Days) Abundant producer of big blocky bell peppers that ripen to a deep red. Appx. 10-20 seeds per request

#PPS6-Pepper/Sweet - Karlo Paprika Pepper (70 Days) Organic, 3-5" pointed peppers, Semi-sweet/semi-hot pepper ripens to bright red, making an excellent choice for paprika, 5 seeds per request

#PPS7-Pepper/Sweet - Tangerine Pimiento Pepper (85 Days) Organic, Beautiful bright Tangerine color with outstanding sweetness fresh or roasted, appx 5-6 seeds per request

#PPS8-Pepper/Sweet - Greek Pepperoncini (65 Days)Classic Pepperoncini, sweet with just a little bite, produces an abundance of fruit on a compact plant, just over a foot tall. 5-6 seed per request

#PPS9-Pepper/Sweet - Klari Baby Cheese (65 Days) Organic, aka "Golden Delicious Apple Pepper" this Heirloom from Hungary produces small globe peppers about 3", that are fantastic for eating out of hand, 4 oz. fruits ripen from yellow to red, appx. 5-7 seeds per request

#PPS10-Pepper/Sweet - Sweet Pimiento (80 Days) Organic, early & productive red pimiento. You can't go wrong with this sweet fruity pepper, appx. 5-6 seeds per request

#PPS11-Pepper/Sweet - Chocolate Cake Sweet Pepper (90 Days) 3.5" thick walled pepper that makes a sweet green pepper that if allowed to ripen turns to a deep chocolate red. great, sweet flavor! appx. 6 seeds per request

#PPS12-Pepper/Sweet - Jimmy Nardello's Elongated Sweet Pepper (76 Days) Our favorite, long Italian sweet pepper, always a joy to eat & grow. Brought to the US in 1887 from Southern Italy  by Jimmy Nardello's mother. appx. 6 seeds per request

[english-history-trip]

 Portrayals of English Queens Regnant on Film and TV

Empress Matilda:

Becket, 1964

The Devil’s Crown, 1978

The Pillars of the Earth, 2010

Jane Grey and Mary I:

Tudor Rose, 1936

Lady Jane, 1986

Jane Grey and Elizabeth I:

The Prince and the Pauper, 1937

The Prince and the Pauper, 1976

Crossed Swords, 1977

The Prince and the Pauper, 1996

The Prince and the Pauper, 2000

Jane Grey, Mary I and Elizabeth I:

The Prince and the Pauper, 1962

Becoming Elizabeth, 2022

My Lady Jane, 2024

Mary I and Elizabeth I:

The Pearls of the Crown, 1937

Anne of the Thousand Days, 1969

Elizabeth R, 1971

Elizabeth, 1998

Elizabeth, 2000

Elizabeth I: Red Rose of the House of Tudor, 2000

The Virgin Queen, 2005

The Tudors, 2008

Wolf Hall, 2015

Elizabeth I and Her Enemies, 2017

Anne Boleyn, 2021

Firebrand, 2023

Just Mary I: 

Marie Tudor, 1912

Anna Boleyn, 1920

Marie Tudor, 1966

The Six Wives of Henry VIII, 1971

Henry VIII and his Six Wives, 1972

Love and the Queen, 1977

Henry VIII, 2003

The Twisted Tale of Bloody Mary, 2008

Carlos, Rey Emperador, 2015

The Spanish Princess, 2019

Just Elizabeth I:

The Lovers of Queen Elizabeth, 1912

The Virgin Queen, 1923

Drake of England, 1935

Mary of Scotland, 1936

Fire Over England, 1937

The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex, 1939

The Heart of a Queen, 1940

Young Bess, 1953

Elizabeth the Queen, 1968

Jubilee, 1978

Will Shakespeare, 1978

Drake’s Venture, 1980

Blackadder II, 1986

Orlando, 1992

Shakespeare in Love, 1998

Gunpowder, Treason, and Plot, 2004

Elizabeth I, 2005

Anonymous, 2011

Reign, 2015

Bill, 2015

Upstart Crow, 2017

Mary Queen of Scots, 2018

A Discovery of Witches, 2018

The Boleyns: A Scandalous Family, 2021

Blood, Sex, and Royalty, 2022

Mary II and Anne:

The First Churchills, 1969

Just Mary II:

England, My England, 1995

The League of Gentlemen’s Apocalypse, 2005

Versailles, 2015

Just Anne:

The Man Who Laughs, 1928

The Glass of Water, 1960

The Favourite, 2018

Victoria:

Sixty Years a Queen, 1913

Disraeli, 1916

The Yankee Clipper, 1927

The War of the Waltzes, 1933

Victoria in Dover, 1936

David Livingstone, 1936

Victoria the Great, 1937

The Little Princess, 1939

The Prime Minister, 1941

Time Flies, 1944

Annie Get Your Gun, 1950

The Mudlark, 1950

Victoria Regina, 1951

Happy and Glorious, 1952

The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan, 1953

Melba, 1953

Victoria in Dover, 1954

Seven Seas to Calais, 1961

Victoria Regina, 1961

Victoria Regina, 1964

The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes, 1970

Fall of Eagles, 1974

Edward the Seventh, 1975

Disraeli, 1978

Lillie, 1978

Around the World in 80 Days, 1989

Mrs. Brown, 1997

Victoria and Albert, 2001

Looking for Victoria, 2003

Around the World in 80 Days, 2004

The Young Victoria, 2009

Victoria, 2016

The Greatest Showman, 2017

The Black Prince, 2017

Holmes & Watson, 2018

Elizabeth II:

Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story, 1982

The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana, 1982

A Question of Attribution, 1992

Fergie & Andrew: Behind the Palace Doors, 1992

The Women of Windsor, 1992

Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After, 1992

Diana: Her True Story, 1993

Prince William, 2002

Bertie and Elizabeth, 2002

The Queen, 2006

The Queen, 2009

The King’s Speech, 2010

William and Catherine: A Royal Romance, 2011

Walking the Dogs, 2012

A Royal Night Out, 2015

The BFG, 2016

The Crown, 2016

Inside Windsor Castle, 2017

Harry & Meghan: A Royal Romance, 2018

The Queen and I, 2018

Pennyworth, 2019

Spencer, 2021

[srbachchan]

DAY 5026(i)

Jalsa, Mumbai                  Nov 25,  2021                  Thu 7:21 am

In the early hours of the morning, I rise and thoughts run to the incompleteness of the missive that reaches over 5000, and the left over of the night before at work, comes chasing the mind, of having completed the thousandth KBC episode, yes 1000 episodes since its introduction to the World of Television in the year of our making 2000.

Two thousand, one thousand and over five thousand !

The thousand has a ring about it, indeed it can be said the ‘circulars’ that follow after the numerals have ever been given a significant significance. And why that has been so, is difficult to assess. But the World has been done in such, from time immemorial, that we have accepted it without question and have formed our own limits of attained achievement and signature of success.

It’s the 100 score on the cricket field ; the year of the century change from 1900 to 2000 ; and in moments of indicators that reflect success, a divisible of the 10 , 5. The film ratings at the time of the past years - silver jubilee, golden jubilee, diamond jubilee - 25, 50, 75 and on. Currency not withstanding - 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000 - in our local money indicators - our gauges of measure in finance.

So yes, the 1000th episode on the platform of Kaun Banega Crorepati, was given its due importance and the request by the Channel to bring in the family on that revered and feared Hot Seat, was accepted.

And there we were, as per the pictures in the previous.

A delight, to be able to, not just test the ability of the ‘contestants’, but to give the freedom to express what many have felt has been undisclosed and kept behind closed doors. The banter of the family dining table, the repartee, and most importantly the several causes that the young at this age think about and work for.

An evening of great pride for the Father and Grandfather - for Papa and Nana !

The rapturous ecstatic appreciation by the Team that controls and runs the workings of this TV presence. The emotions that poured out at the collective viewing of both personal and highlighted incidents, and the appreciation of the masses in genuine applause.

My gratefulness then in abundance, ever.

Till the evening then and the hope and prayer of your ever committed support and affection.

I remain -

Amitabh Bachchan