#B lymphocytes

[humancelltournament]

Human Cell Tournament Round 2

Propaganda!

B lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane where they serve as a part of B-cell receptors. When a naïve or memory B cell is activated by an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into an antibody-secreting effector cell, known as a plasmablast or plasma cell.

Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to form polypeptide chains. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small and large ribosomal subunits. Each subunit consists of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and many ribosomal proteins (RPs or r-proteins). The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.

[medicomunicare]

Neuromyelitis optica "taken out of Breg": lymphocyte and cytokine signatures will grant the treatment conditions

No autoimmune diseases can currently be cured, only treated, and this is also true for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NEMOSD). Neuromyelitis optica disorder spectrum is one of them and it causes inflammation of the central nervous system, leading to vision and sensory loss, weakness and bladder dysfunction. The condition, which sometimes flares up in waves, has a treatment consisting of…

[strawberoni]

Healthy lymphocytes be like… ✨

(I am a helper t x killer t truther <3)

[mleprae]

This just in: i might be an B lymphocyte

[homeostasister]

🛰️🧪🔭 trick or treat >:3 🧪🔬🧫

You may have the treat of IRREVERSIBLE GENETIC MODIFICATION

🧬🧬🧑‍🔬🧫🧪🧬🧬🌐🧬🧬🧬🧬🧑‍🔬

[darkmaga-returns]

…here are twenty five more studies that further irrefutably prove vaccines are dangerous, useless, and are directly responsible for the autism epidemic:

A two-phase study evaluating the relationship between Thimerosal-containing vaccine administration and the risk for an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in the United States A positive association found between autism prevalence and childhood vaccination uptake across the U.S. population Commentary--Controversies surrounding mercury in vaccines: autism denial as impediment to universal immunisation Methodological issues and evidence of malfeasance in research purporting to show thimerosal in vaccines is safe Abnormal measles-mumps-rubella antibodies and CNS autoimmunity in children with autism Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnosis, NHIS 1997-2002 Do aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism? What is regressive autism and why does it occur? Is it the consequence of multi-systemic dysfunction affecting the elimination of heavy metals and the ability to regulate neural temperature? A case series of children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies manifesting with clinical symptoms of regressive autistic disorders A comprehensive review of mercury provoked autism Thimerosal Exposure and the Role of Sulfation Chemistry and Thiol Availability in Autism B-Lymphocytes from a Population of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Unaffected Siblings Exhibit Hypersensitivity to Thimerosal Theoretical aspects of autism: causes--a review Conjugate vaccines and autism Autism: a novel form of mercury poisoning A prospective study of thimerosal-containing Rho(D)-immune globulin administration as a risk factor for autistic disorders Hypothesis: conjugate vaccines may predispose children to autism spectrum disorders The potential importance of steroids in the treatment of autistic spectrum disorders and other disorders involving mercury toxicity Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children Cultured lymphocytes from autistic children and non-autistic siblings up-regulate heat shock protein RNA in response to thimerosal challenge A possible central mechanism in autism spectrum disorders, part 1 The role of mercury in the pathogenesis of autism Transcriptomic analyses of neurotoxic effects in mouse brain after intermittent neonatal administration of thimerosal Causal relationship between vaccine induced immunity and autism Elevated levels of measles antibodies in children with autism Subtle DNA changes and the overuse of vaccines in autism What is regressive autism and why does it occur? Is it the consequence of multi-systemic dysfunction affecting the elimination of heavy metals and the ability to regulate neural temperature?

[theoddvet]

The many faces of reactive plasma cells - all found within the same chronic skin infection in a dog!

Plasma cells are activated B lymphocytes and their purpose is to secrete immunoglobulin. When they become reactive, or stimulated, they can be binucleated, multinucleated, and have a variety of morphological changes occur including the formation of Russell bodies. Russell bodies are round to globular intracellular aggregates of immunoglobulin; their formation is due to an imbalance between the rates of synthesis, folding, secretion, and degradation of immunoglobulins.

While most Russell bodies are rounded, one (of many) phenotype of Russell bodies can present as crystalline bodies. Immunoglobulin crystals are very uncommon to see in plasma cell proliferations, and very few reports have been authored on them in veterinary medicine. I feel very lucky to have found three different types of crystalline bodies as you can hopefully appreciate in the above pictures!

[thebeesforeleg]

This can be based purely off vibes or can be based on immunocompetency and functions. No immunology knowledge required. I’d love to hear your reasoning, no matter how silly or complex

I just love forming pointless opinions on things and starting good-natured and silly arguments from them

[stupidlittlespirit]

Hello!!!

First of all, I’m the silent follower type, but your writing is the best I’ve ever read so I had to at least tell you that your stories are getting me through the craziness of life right now, so thank you for another AMAZING CHAPTER 🙏🏻💕 (literally in love with Ford but also really wanted Stan to just demolish Ford for being a total jerk to reader this whole time😅)

ANYWAY….

Second of all, I’m actually a microbiologist who works with bacteria and viruses everyday so I’m nerding out over this entire plot. The thought of “alien” bacteria literally makes my brain go into overdrive. OBSESSED.

Third, I just wanted to help you clarify one little thing from the last chapter about all the science stuff. (You’re doing an amazing job btw for someone who is looking things up as you go!) - Lymphocytes are actually a whole category of immune cells including T-Cells (which there are a bunch of different varieties of); B-cells (and then plasma cells which are the mature form of B-cell… which are different from blood plasma… it’s confusing); and NK cells (natural k!ller cells, which deal with viruses). Different types of lymphocytes can actually deal with bacteria, viruses, and even fungi and parasites, so Ford was technically incorrect in that lymphocyte counts being low indicated that the illness has to be bacterial bc lymphocytes don’t exclusively deal with viruses. Both CD4-helper T-cell and B-cell levels would be raised for a bacterial infection, while CD8-cytotoxic T-cells and NK cell levels would be lower.

This stuff is super confusing and I literally only know this because I had to take a whole class about it. The human immune system is insanely complex and you’re doing an AMAZING job! Plus we can just say that FORD messed it up bc he’s being a poopy butthead to reader…

Anyway, hope this helps! It’s definitely not a criticism in any way! This story is outstanding and I can’t wait to see what happens next!!!!! 😊

LISTEN OKAY

I know I fucked it up. I fucked up a lot of the science in that chapter. I'm doing extra work to cover my mistakes now in the next one, so now I gotta reap what I've sown.

asjkdskjjd no it's okay, I appreciate you telling me. I'll probably go back in and change that bit to make it correct. I'm trying to make sure the science for the next chapter is more sound, but because I'm working in reverse and with made-up alien stuff, I'm doing a bit of jiggery-pokery with it all. Hopefully that way it covers over the issues if I make a mistake.

This stuff is hard as fuck dude. It's not super important to me to get everything 100% but I never planned to have so many legit scientists get invested in this fic so now I have to put on my big boy pants and avoid looking (more) dumb. I originally was just going to make everything up but as I got closer to the end of the fic I realised that I was going to need to actually explain everything and because of who Ford is, he'd be doing it in a very technical way. So..... This has been a steep learning curve and a new experience. But hey, that's what life is all about right?

*visibly shaking, tears in my eyes* riGHT??????

[er-cryptid]

White Blood Cells

Neutrophil -- lifespan of 7 hours -- immune defenses

Eosinophil -- lifespan of 8 to 12 days -- defense against parasites

Basophil -- lifespan of a few hours to a few days -- inflammatory response

Monocytes -- lifespan of 3 days -- immune surveillance

B-lymphocyte -- may live for many years -- antibody production

T-lymphocyte -- may live for many years -- cellular immune response

[scopnotes]

An attempt for comic pages with my white blood cells.

Fleur is a lymphocyte B who lost his colleagues during their very first mission against a pathogen.

He’s not from the same company (lab) as Tars and Phal but fortunately he managed to prove his strength and intelligence and he is now allowed to stay with the duo.

[fooltemps]

Leukemia and Lymphoma Awareness Flags!!

This flag was designed by us, as we currently have a family member with Leukemia and wish to bring awareness to this kind of cancer.

color meaning:

#FF2D34: Myeloma

#00DC0E: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

#FF8C2E: Leukemia

#D12DFF: Hodgkin Lymphoma

Below is information all about Leukemia and Lymphoma Cancers.

Leukemia and Lymphoma are both cancers that are not associated with a tumor. Lymphomas are cancers that affect the lymph system and start in cells called lymphocytes. Leukemia is a cancer of the early blood-forming tissues, including your bone marrow and lymph system.

There are many types of lymphoma. Some grow and spread slowly and some are more aggressive. There are two main types of Lymphoma:

1. Hodgkin Lymphoma is cancer that starts in the B lymphocytes (B cells) of the lymph system. Your lymph system helps you fight infection and control the fluids in your body.

2. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is cancer that starts in the lymphocytes anywhere lymph tissue is found:

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Bone marrow

Thymus

Adenoids and tonsils, or

The digestive track.

Leukemia typically involves white blood cells, the cells that are your infection fighters. Leukemia can be divided into categories: fast growing (acute) and slow growing (chronic); and by which white blood cells are affected:

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

A screening test is used to detect cancers in people who may be at higher risk for developing the disease. With leukemia and lymphoma, there are no early detection tests. The best way to find them is to be aware of the symptoms:

Swollen lymph nodes which can appear as a lump in the neck, armpit or groin;

Fever

Night sweats

Weight loss without trying, and

Fatigue.

Leukemia can have similar symptoms but also can include:

Easy bleeding or bruising;

Recurring nosebleeds; and

Bone pain or tenderness

Myeloma is cancer of the plasma cells. Plasma cells are white blood cells that produce disease- and infection-fighting antibodies in your body. Myeloma cells prevent the normal production of antibodies, leaving your body's immune system weakened and susceptible to infection. The multiplication of myeloma cells also interferes with the normal production and function of red and white blood cells. An abnormally high amount of these dysfunctional antibodies in the bloodstream can cause kidney damage. Additionally, the myeloma cells commonly produce substances that cause bone destruction, leading to bone pain and/or fractures.

Myeloma cells are produced in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside your bones. Sometimes myeloma cells will travel through your blood stream and collect in other bones in your body. Because myeloma frequently occurs at many sites in the bone marrow, it is often referred to as multiple myeloma.

Signs and symptoms of myeloma include the following:

Hypercalcemia (excessive calcium in the blood)

Anemia (shortage or reduced function of red blood cells)

Renal damage (kidney failure)

Susceptibility to infection

Osteoporosis, bone pain, bone swelling, or fracture

High protein levels in the blood and/or urine

Weight loss

In 2022, more than 62,650 people are expected to be diagnosed with leukemia. In addition:

Leukemia accounts for 3.6% of all new cancer cases.

The overall 5-year survival rate for leukemia has more than quadrupled since 1960.

62.7% of leukemia patients survive 5 years or more.

The diagnosis of leukemia requires specific blood tests, including an examination of cells in the blood and marrow.

Treatment and prognosis depend on the type of blood cell affected and whether the leukemia is acute or chronic. Chemotherapy and blood and marrow transplant are often used to treat leukemia.

If you wish to read more about Leukemia and Lymphoma cancer, please visit this website!

[laurelnose]

god I love me an xkcd 2400 graph. LOOK at this shit from Tokunaga et al. 2017:

rag1 is a gene that, if deleted, arrests lymphocyte development: rag1-null mammals lack T and B cells completely, kneecapping the adaptive immune system and resulting in severe combined immunodeficiency. this is a graph of mortality in zebrafish infected with vibrio anguillarum. having a functional rag1 gene lets zebrafish take advantage of vaccination, but otherwise there is basically no difference in the mortality rates between regular and rag1-null zebrafish. that’s the same curve three times! even though rag1-null zebrafish have no T cells!

this isn't on the graph but the rag1-null zebrafish actually upregulated cytokines and macrophage production in the hepatopancreas to compensate for the deficiency in their adaptive immune system. if you dont think thats the tightest shit then get out of my face

[foolishfoolsgold]

LORE💥💥💥

So I’m looking to get my fic printed when its done (and maybe but on a site too but we’ll see) and I have a big ass world building guide in there because I can’t be normal about anything! Here’s the section about common cell types that show up, all in black and white bc ooo official fancy. ID, mostly copy-pasted image text, below

[Start ID: first image showcases red blood cells and neutrophils alongside their real-life counterparts, reading “Red everything: cars, uniforms, markings, even their flagella are red more often than not. Membrane comes in shades of red or salmon. One of the two cell types not to have humanlike skin tones, the other being neutrophils. Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes (err-ITH-row-sites), are plentiful in the blood and function to exchange gases (02 and CO2) throughout the body. Then there’s an asterisk leading to: in the story, RBCs can be seen delivering nutrients as well, but it's not really in their job description. In real life, nutrients are just free in the blood plasma -which is nonexistent in the CaW world- and RBCs play no part in its distribution.” Reb blood cells have tails with two lobes at the end, long non frilled ears and their usual uniforms. For neutrophils, it says: “Black scleras. Handheld knives are their weapon of choice. Membrane can come in muted shades of blue or purple, but may be paper-white. Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell, taking up as much as 70% of immune cells in the blood. They will destroy bacteria or infected cells without selectivity.” Neutrophils also have their usual white uniforms and basic ears, but have skinnier tails with dorsal lobes.

The next image has killer T cells and neutrophils. Killer ts are anatomically similar to neutrophils but lack dorsal tail lobes. Text reads: “-Skinny tails with a pair of retractable stingers that can inject deadly perforin into victims. Markings are brown, black, or dark navy blue. Generally don't fight with weapons, prefer to use their tails or knee-jerk punches. Take their orders from helper T cells, who act as commanders. "Pack hunters" who form close bonds with their squadrons of about 6-10 cells, each led by an experienced squad leader. Killer Ts are lymphocytes born in the bone marrow and matured in the Thymus, where they face a rigorous selection process that primes them for targeted destruction of infected cells, cancer cells, and sometimes bacteria.” Eosinophils are also similar to neutrophils: “Wield two-pronged spears, the heads of which grow as proteins on the tips of their tails until they're ready to be changed out, keeping the weapon sharp and shiny. Pink uniforms and purple markings. Eyes have no scleras- the eye color, usually shades of purple, takes up the whole eye minus the pupils. Eosinophils aren't as swift as other non-selective WBCs with bacteria or viruses. They do, however, come into play during inflammation, allergic responses and parasitic infections.” The third image has B cells and macrophages. For B cells: “Fight using handheld bazookas or machine guns. Tons of bird inspiration because B cells were first discovered in chickens. Can't actually fly. B cells are especially important when it comes to known pathogens. During or after an infection, they're able to make antibodies to help speed up future encounters.” For macrophages, which have no legs and look a bit like Ursula body-plan wise, “Cephalopod-like body plan with long tentacles for snaring pathogens. Fight with giant cleavers and other heavy-duty melee weapons. Macrophages are one of the largest and most powerful non-selective immune cells and are very versatile. Along with nghting infections, they also help keep the body clean.” Next up are natural killer cells and dendritic cells. For NKs: “Four legs in a centauroid body plan. Green camo-style patterns. Have the most freedom of any immune cell when it comes to weapon choice. NK cells are "lone wolf" hunters who, like killer Ts, also use perforin stingers to take down all sorts of pathogens. They're not as supervised as killer Ts and act on their own judgement.” The bottom half of NK cells are clothed unlike traditional centaurs, and the top piece covers both the chest and front legs. For dendritic cells, “Also sport green markings. Generally calm and collected in the face of crisis. Often described as treelike, hence the plant features. Dendritic cells act as coordinators on the front lines of an infection. They also manage antigens (basically tangible memories of an attack that can set off a planned response in the future).” Lastly are enterocytes. Unlike in canon, they wear a scrub-like uniform with gloves and shoe bags. Also unlike previous cells, they have big frilled ears. Text reads: “Huge tails covered in microvilli. Enterocytes of the small intestine have bigger tails and pink patterns, while those of the large intestine have lighter tails and blue markings. Work in warehouses along the digestive canal. Usually have thick NYC accents. Also called intestinal epithelial cells, enterocytes work to extract raw nutrients from digested food and make it available to cells across the body.” End ID.]

[mleprae]

Ranking cells of the immune systems

Eosinophil - I have asthma -10000/10

Basophil - who? 5/10

Neutrophil - the farmers and peasants that got roped into this crusade, make up for half of the army but die off quickly. have more weapons than they should and are in larger numbers than they should be. the skaven of the immune system. 8/10

Macrophage (resident and patroller) - like neutrophils, they carry this entire body on their back. Who kickstarts the major immune reaction? Whos producing IL6 and TNFa??? Thats right bitch 10/10

Monocyte - baby macrophage 10/10

Lymphocyte T CD4 - squire. Trying their best, kind of cute .... kind of very nosy 7/10

Lymphocyte T CD8 - paladin class of the immune system. 9/10

Lymphocyte B - half alchemists 5/10

Plasm cell - full metal alchemists 10/10

NK cells and all their derivatives - godzilla let loose 10000/10

[caffineandcadavers]

The blood cells

Monocyte- these white blood cells (scientific term leukocytes) are the largest type and can split into macrophages and dendritic cells and then engulf pathogens (phagocytosis).

Lymphocyte- Includes multiple cells (such as natural killer cells & B cells) and makes up approximately 18-42% of circulating white blood cells and produces antibodies.

Neutrophil-Most common white blood cell in the body, they phagocytise external pathogens.

Eosinophil-Helps fight parasitic infections by releasing toxic granules and are also involved in allergic reactions, these cells make up around 1-3% of circulating white blood cells.

Basophil- These cells release histamine and are responsible for allergic reactions, they are an uncommon cell making up 0.5-1% of circulating white blood cells.

Macrophage-Large immune cell that engulfs microbes & pathogens (scientific term for this is phagocytosis).

Erythrocyte- the common red blood cell that everybody knows, responsible for the transportation of oxygen from the lungs into the bodies tissues.

Platelets- small cell fragments that aid in the clotting of blood and wound healing.

Pictured above is the process of blood stem cells being developed into various types of blood cells, this process is called hematopoiesis.

Photo credit (Healio (2018). Components of the Immune System. [online] Healio.com. Available at: https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/learn-immuno-oncology/the-immune-system/components-of-the-immune-system.)