#B lymphocytes

[humancelltournament]

Human Cell Tournament Round 2

Propaganda!

B lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane where they serve as a part of B-cell receptors. When a naïve or memory B cell is activated by an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into an antibody-secreting effector cell, known as a plasmablast or plasma cell.

Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to form polypeptide chains. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small and large ribosomal subunits. Each subunit consists of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and many ribosomal proteins (RPs or r-proteins). The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.

[medicomunicare]

Neuromyelitis optica "taken out of Breg": lymphocyte and cytokine signatures will grant the treatment conditions

No autoimmune diseases can currently be cured, only treated, and this is also true for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NEMOSD). Neuromyelitis optica disorder spectrum is one of them and it causes inflammation of the central nervous system, leading to vision and sensory loss, weakness and bladder dysfunction. The condition, which sometimes flares up in waves, has a treatment consisting of…

[strawberoni]

Healthy lymphocytes be like… ✨

(I am a helper t x killer t truther <3)

[mleprae]

This just in: i might be an B lymphocyte

[homeostasister]

🛰️🧪🔭 trick or treat >:3 🧪🔬🧫

You may have the treat of IRREVERSIBLE GENETIC MODIFICATION

🧬🧬🧑‍🔬🧫🧪🧬🧬🌐🧬🧬🧬🧬🧑‍🔬

[theoddvet]

The many faces of reactive plasma cells - all found within the same chronic skin infection in a dog!

Plasma cells are activated B lymphocytes and their purpose is to secrete immunoglobulin. When they become reactive, or stimulated, they can be binucleated, multinucleated, and have a variety of morphological changes occur including the formation of Russell bodies. Russell bodies are round to globular intracellular aggregates of immunoglobulin; their formation is due to an imbalance between the rates of synthesis, folding, secretion, and degradation of immunoglobulins.

While most Russell bodies are rounded, one (of many) phenotype of Russell bodies can present as crystalline bodies. Immunoglobulin crystals are very uncommon to see in plasma cell proliferations, and very few reports have been authored on them in veterinary medicine. I feel very lucky to have found three different types of crystalline bodies as you can hopefully appreciate in the above pictures!

[er-cryptid]

White Blood Cells

Neutrophil -- lifespan of 7 hours -- immune defenses

Eosinophil -- lifespan of 8 to 12 days -- defense against parasites

Basophil -- lifespan of a few hours to a few days -- inflammatory response

Monocytes -- lifespan of 3 days -- immune surveillance

B-lymphocyte -- may live for many years -- antibody production

T-lymphocyte -- may live for many years -- cellular immune response

[scopnotes]

An attempt for comic pages with my white blood cells.

Fleur is a lymphocyte B who lost his colleagues during their very first mission against a pathogen.

He’s not from the same company (lab) as Tars and Phal but fortunately he managed to prove his strength and intelligence and he is now allowed to stay with the duo.

[laurelnose]

god I love me an xkcd 2400 graph. LOOK at this shit from Tokunaga et al. 2017:

rag1 is a gene that, if deleted, arrests lymphocyte development: rag1-null mammals lack T and B cells completely, kneecapping the adaptive immune system and resulting in severe combined immunodeficiency. this is a graph of mortality in zebrafish infected with vibrio anguillarum. having a functional rag1 gene lets zebrafish take advantage of vaccination, but otherwise there is basically no difference in the mortality rates between regular and rag1-null zebrafish. that’s the same curve three times! even though rag1-null zebrafish have no T cells!

this isn't on the graph but the rag1-null zebrafish actually upregulated cytokines and macrophage production in the hepatopancreas to compensate for the deficiency in their adaptive immune system. if you dont think thats the tightest shit then get out of my face

[fooltemps]

Leukemia and Lymphoma Awareness Flags!!

This flag was designed by us, as we currently have a family member with Leukemia and wish to bring awareness to this kind of cancer.

color meaning:

#FF2D34: Myeloma

#00DC0E: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

#FF8C2E: Leukemia

#D12DFF: Hodgkin Lymphoma

Below is information all about Leukemia and Lymphoma Cancers.

Leukemia and Lymphoma are both cancers that are not associated with a tumor. Lymphomas are cancers that affect the lymph system and start in cells called lymphocytes. Leukemia is a cancer of the early blood-forming tissues, including your bone marrow and lymph system.

There are many types of lymphoma. Some grow and spread slowly and some are more aggressive. There are two main types of Lymphoma:

1. Hodgkin Lymphoma is cancer that starts in the B lymphocytes (B cells) of the lymph system. Your lymph system helps you fight infection and control the fluids in your body.

2. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is cancer that starts in the lymphocytes anywhere lymph tissue is found:

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Bone marrow

Thymus

Adenoids and tonsils, or

The digestive track.

Leukemia typically involves white blood cells, the cells that are your infection fighters. Leukemia can be divided into categories: fast growing (acute) and slow growing (chronic); and by which white blood cells are affected:

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

A screening test is used to detect cancers in people who may be at higher risk for developing the disease. With leukemia and lymphoma, there are no early detection tests. The best way to find them is to be aware of the symptoms:

Swollen lymph nodes which can appear as a lump in the neck, armpit or groin;

Fever

Night sweats

Weight loss without trying, and

Fatigue.

Leukemia can have similar symptoms but also can include:

Easy bleeding or bruising;

Recurring nosebleeds; and

Bone pain or tenderness

Myeloma is cancer of the plasma cells. Plasma cells are white blood cells that produce disease- and infection-fighting antibodies in your body. Myeloma cells prevent the normal production of antibodies, leaving your body's immune system weakened and susceptible to infection. The multiplication of myeloma cells also interferes with the normal production and function of red and white blood cells. An abnormally high amount of these dysfunctional antibodies in the bloodstream can cause kidney damage. Additionally, the myeloma cells commonly produce substances that cause bone destruction, leading to bone pain and/or fractures.

Myeloma cells are produced in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside your bones. Sometimes myeloma cells will travel through your blood stream and collect in other bones in your body. Because myeloma frequently occurs at many sites in the bone marrow, it is often referred to as multiple myeloma.

Signs and symptoms of myeloma include the following:

Hypercalcemia (excessive calcium in the blood)

Anemia (shortage or reduced function of red blood cells)

Renal damage (kidney failure)

Susceptibility to infection

Osteoporosis, bone pain, bone swelling, or fracture

High protein levels in the blood and/or urine

Weight loss

In 2022, more than 62,650 people are expected to be diagnosed with leukemia. In addition:

Leukemia accounts for 3.6% of all new cancer cases.

The overall 5-year survival rate for leukemia has more than quadrupled since 1960.

62.7% of leukemia patients survive 5 years or more.

The diagnosis of leukemia requires specific blood tests, including an examination of cells in the blood and marrow.

Treatment and prognosis depend on the type of blood cell affected and whether the leukemia is acute or chronic. Chemotherapy and blood and marrow transplant are often used to treat leukemia.

If you wish to read more about Leukemia and Lymphoma cancer, please visit this website!

[todays-xkcd]

It's very hard to detect, but recent studies have determined that when plasma B cells are producing antibodies, they go 'pew pew pew'

Lymphocytes [Explained]

[foolishfoolsgold]

LORE💥💥💥

So I’m looking to get my fic printed when its done (and maybe but on a site too but we’ll see) and I have a big ass world building guide in there because I can’t be normal about anything! Here’s the section about common cell types that show up, all in black and white bc ooo official fancy. ID, mostly copy-pasted image text, below

[Start ID: first image showcases red blood cells and neutrophils alongside their real-life counterparts, reading “Red everything: cars, uniforms, markings, even their flagella are red more often than not. Membrane comes in shades of red or salmon. One of the two cell types not to have humanlike skin tones, the other being neutrophils. Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes (err-ITH-row-sites), are plentiful in the blood and function to exchange gases (02 and CO2) throughout the body. Then there’s an asterisk leading to: in the story, RBCs can be seen delivering nutrients as well, but it's not really in their job description. In real life, nutrients are just free in the blood plasma -which is nonexistent in the CaW world- and RBCs play no part in its distribution.” Reb blood cells have tails with two lobes at the end, long non frilled ears and their usual uniforms. For neutrophils, it says: “Black scleras. Handheld knives are their weapon of choice. Membrane can come in muted shades of blue or purple, but may be paper-white. Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell, taking up as much as 70% of immune cells in the blood. They will destroy bacteria or infected cells without selectivity.” Neutrophils also have their usual white uniforms and basic ears, but have skinnier tails with dorsal lobes.

The next image has killer T cells and neutrophils. Killer ts are anatomically similar to neutrophils but lack dorsal tail lobes. Text reads: “-Skinny tails with a pair of retractable stingers that can inject deadly perforin into victims. Markings are brown, black, or dark navy blue. Generally don't fight with weapons, prefer to use their tails or knee-jerk punches. Take their orders from helper T cells, who act as commanders. "Pack hunters" who form close bonds with their squadrons of about 6-10 cells, each led by an experienced squad leader. Killer Ts are lymphocytes born in the bone marrow and matured in the Thymus, where they face a rigorous selection process that primes them for targeted destruction of infected cells, cancer cells, and sometimes bacteria.” Eosinophils are also similar to neutrophils: “Wield two-pronged spears, the heads of which grow as proteins on the tips of their tails until they're ready to be changed out, keeping the weapon sharp and shiny. Pink uniforms and purple markings. Eyes have no scleras- the eye color, usually shades of purple, takes up the whole eye minus the pupils. Eosinophils aren't as swift as other non-selective WBCs with bacteria or viruses. They do, however, come into play during inflammation, allergic responses and parasitic infections.” The third image has B cells and macrophages. For B cells: “Fight using handheld bazookas or machine guns. Tons of bird inspiration because B cells were first discovered in chickens. Can't actually fly. B cells are especially important when it comes to known pathogens. During or after an infection, they're able to make antibodies to help speed up future encounters.” For macrophages, which have no legs and look a bit like Ursula body-plan wise, “Cephalopod-like body plan with long tentacles for snaring pathogens. Fight with giant cleavers and other heavy-duty melee weapons. Macrophages are one of the largest and most powerful non-selective immune cells and are very versatile. Along with nghting infections, they also help keep the body clean.” Next up are natural killer cells and dendritic cells. For NKs: “Four legs in a centauroid body plan. Green camo-style patterns. Have the most freedom of any immune cell when it comes to weapon choice. NK cells are "lone wolf" hunters who, like killer Ts, also use perforin stingers to take down all sorts of pathogens. They're not as supervised as killer Ts and act on their own judgement.” The bottom half of NK cells are clothed unlike traditional centaurs, and the top piece covers both the chest and front legs. For dendritic cells, “Also sport green markings. Generally calm and collected in the face of crisis. Often described as treelike, hence the plant features. Dendritic cells act as coordinators on the front lines of an infection. They also manage antigens (basically tangible memories of an attack that can set off a planned response in the future).” Lastly are enterocytes. Unlike in canon, they wear a scrub-like uniform with gloves and shoe bags. Also unlike previous cells, they have big frilled ears. Text reads: “Huge tails covered in microvilli. Enterocytes of the small intestine have bigger tails and pink patterns, while those of the large intestine have lighter tails and blue markings. Work in warehouses along the digestive canal. Usually have thick NYC accents. Also called intestinal epithelial cells, enterocytes work to extract raw nutrients from digested food and make it available to cells across the body.” End ID.]

[science-sculpt]

The T Cell Landscape

T cells, a critical component of the adaptive immune system, stand as the body's elite force in combatting infections and diseases. These specialized lymphocytes boast remarkable diversity, each type playing a distinct role in orchestrating a targeted and effective immune response.

T cells, like all blood cells, originate from hematopoietic stem cells residing in the bone marrow. However, their training ground lies within the thymus, a specialized organ located in the chest. Here, they undergo a rigorous selection process known as thymocyte education. During this process, immature T cells, called thymocytes, are presented with self-antigens (molecules unique to the body) by special cells. Thymocytes that bind too strongly to these self-antigens are eliminated, preventing them from attacking healthy tissues later. Only thymocytes that demonstrate the ability to recognize foreign invaders while exhibiting tolerance to self are released into the bloodstream as mature T cells.

Following this rigorous training, mature T cells exit the thymus and embark on their patrol, circulating throughout the bloodstream and lymphatic system. They remain vigilant, constantly scanning for their specific targets – antigens. Antigens are foreign molecules, such as fragments of viruses, bacteria, or even cancerous cells, that trigger the immune response.

The hallmark of a T cell is its T cell receptor (TCR), a highly specialized protein complex embedded on its surface. This receptor acts like a lock, uniquely shaped to fit a specific antigen, the "key." Each T cell develops a unique TCR capable of recognizing only a single antigen, enabling a highly specific immune response.

But how do T cells encounter these hidden antigens lurking within infected or cancerous cells? This critical role is played by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). APCs, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, engulf pathogens or abnormal cells, break them down into smaller fragments (peptides), and present them on their surface complexed with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. MHC molecules act as identification tags, allowing T cells to distinguish between "self" and "non-self." When a T cell's TCR encounters its specific antigen bound to an MHC molecule on an APC, a dance of activation begins. The T cell becomes stimulated, and a cascade of signaling events is triggered. This leads to the T cell's proliferation, producing an army of clones specifically tailored to combat the recognized threat.

T cells are not a single, monolithic entity. They comprise a diverse population, each type with a specialized function:

Helper T Cells (Th Cells):

Helper T cells, often abbreviated as Th cells, play a central role in coordinating immune responses. They express the CD4 surface marker and can recognize antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. Subtypes of helper T cells include Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), each with distinct functions and cytokine profiles.

Th1 cells mediate cellular immunity by activating macrophages and cytotoxic T cells, crucial for defense against intracellular pathogens.

Th2 cells are involved in humoral immunity, promoting B cell activation and antibody production, thus aiding in defense against extracellular parasites.

Th17 cells contribute to the immune response against extracellular bacteria and fungi, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmunity by suppressing excessive immune responses.

Cytotoxic T Cells (Tc Cells):

Cytotoxic T cells, also known as Tc cells or CD8+ T cells, are effector cells responsible for directly killing infected or aberrant cells. They recognize antigens presented by MHC class I molecules on the surface of target cells. Upon activation, cytotoxic T cells release perforin and granzymes, inducing apoptosis in target cells and eliminating the threat.

Memory T Cells:

Memory T cells are a long-lived subset of T cells that persist after the clearance of an infection. They provide rapid and enhanced immune responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen, conferring immunological memory. Memory T cells can be either central memory T cells (TCM), residing in lymphoid organs, or effector memory T cells (TEM), circulating in peripheral tissues.

γδ T Cells:

Unlike conventional αβ T cells, γδ T cells express a distinct T cell receptor (TCR) composed of γ and δ chains. They recognize non-peptide antigens, such as lipids and metabolites, and are involved in immune surveillance at epithelial barriers and responses to stress signals.

Beyond the Battlefield: The Expanding Roles of T Cells: The remarkable capabilities of T cells have opened doors for several groundbreaking applications in medicine:

Vaccines: By presenting weakened or inactivated forms of pathogens, vaccines "train" the immune system to generate memory T cells. This prepares the body to recognize and rapidly eliminate the real pathogen upon future exposure, preventing disease.

Cancer immunotherapy: CAR T-cell therapy, a revolutionary approach, genetically engineers a patient's own T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that recognize and target specific cancer cells. These "supercharged" T cells are then reintroduced into the patient, unleashing a potent attack against the tumor.

Autoimmune disease treatment: Researchers are exploring ways to manipulate T cells to suppress harmful immune responses that underlie autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

The diverse array of T cells underscores the immune system's complexity and adaptability in mounting tailored responses against a myriad of threats. From orchestrating immune reactions to maintaining tolerance and establishing long-term immunity, T cells play multifaceted roles in safeguarding the body's health. Understanding the intricacies of T cell biology not only sheds light on immune-mediated diseases but also paves the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies harnessing the power of the immune system.

T cells represent a fascinating aspect of immunology, with their diversity and specificity driving the complexity of immune responses. As research advances, further insights into T cell biology promise to revolutionize immunotherapy and enhance our ability to combat diseases ranging from infections to cancer. By understanding and harnessing their power, we can unlock new avenues for protecting and improving human health.

[humancelltournament]

Human Cell Tournament Round 1

Propaganda!

Simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which are tall and slender with oval-shaped nuclei located in the basal region, attached to the basement membrane. In humans, simple columnar epithelium lines most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, and intestines. Simple columnar epithelium also lines the uterus. Simple columnar epithelium is further divided into two categories: ciliated and non-ciliated (glandular). The ciliated part of the simple columnar epithelium has tiny hairs which help move mucus and other substances up the respiratory tract. The shape of the simple columnar epithelium cells are tall and narrow giving a column like appearance.

In immunology, a memory B cell (MBC) is a type of B lymphocyte that forms part of the adaptive immune system. These cells develop within germinal centers of the secondary lymphoid organs. Memory B cells circulate in the blood stream in a quiescent state, sometimes for decades. Their function is to memorize the characteristics of the antigen that activated their parent B cell during initial infection such that if the memory B cell later encounters the same antigen, it triggers an accelerated and robust secondary immune response. Memory B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane, identical to the one on their parent cell, that allow them to recognize antigen and mount a specific antibody response.

[mleprae]

Ranking cells of the immune systems

Eosinophil - I have asthma -10000/10

Basophil - who? 5/10

Neutrophil - the farmers and peasants that got roped into this crusade, make up for half of the army but die off quickly. have more weapons than they should and are in larger numbers than they should be. the skaven of the immune system. 8/10

Macrophage (resident and patroller) - like neutrophils, they carry this entire body on their back. Who kickstarts the major immune reaction? Whos producing IL6 and TNFa??? Thats right bitch 10/10

Monocyte - baby macrophage 10/10

Lymphocyte T CD4 - squire. Trying their best, kind of cute .... kind of very nosy 7/10

Lymphocyte T CD8 - paladin class of the immune system. 9/10

Lymphocyte B - half alchemists 5/10

Plasm cell - full metal alchemists 10/10

NK cells and all their derivatives - godzilla let loose 10000/10

[owlservice]

The TNF family consists of two proteins designated TNF-a, also called cachectin, and TNF-b, also called lymphotoxin, which are pleiotropic cytokines that can mediate a wide variety of biological effects. TNF-b is produced by activated lymphocytes, whereas TNF-a is mostly produced by activated macrophages.

I didn't know they had Saint's names. Cachectin -> cachexia?