#Azimuth 162

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Autumn Tundra and Snowcapped Peaks of the Alaska Range (Denali National Park & Preserve) by Mark Stevens

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THE NIGHT-MERMAID Film by and starring in: Penumbra Carter 2020 Filmed in Second Life at: Blake Sea - Swab (45, 241, 10) Blake Sea - Azimuth (157, 167, 7) Blake Sea - China (230, 153, 3) Blake Sea - Sirens Isle (236, 33, 8) Blake Sea - Jones Locker (134, 87, 17) The Citadel, Nautilus - Hannibal (247, 4, 11) Protected Land, Nautilus - Byth (151, 193, 18) The Leviathan Skeleton, Ahab's Haunt (124, 162, 10) Blake Sea - Indian (134, 88, 20) Glacis Isle (124, 113, 4) Anse Etoile Isle (127, 115, 2) Coastal Waterway, Sieraf (85, 116, 7) Coastal Waterway, Leoming (78, 124, 5) Attachments to Mermaid Mermaid Tail by MW Boa Tala AO(5Joints) by Bet (bet.quinote) flexi sleeve l upper arm by Mystygry Mirihi Tidal~ Smooth Glider Fin - Lace - BLUE by Graea AVZ ~ Parallel Hair (Platinum) by Hern Worsley virus face mask (breath) by Dekka Raymaker Ventilator,ball/stick molecule crown,cockroach sailing boat and corona virus by Penumbra Carter Sounds Used With Permissions Arpeggiator End Credits .wav by lharman94 strings 19 by Hoerspielwerkstatt_HEF Cinematic Soundtrack Test by BeatArchive C#m7 to C#7 11.wav by esistnichtsoernst Wide Cinematic Anxious Drone by Free-Rush charade 1Q62b by Setuniman Atmospheric Piano & Violin Music 01 by Magmi. Soundtracks Cinematic Bass Swell (C) by PicturEsqueSound KRUCIFIX PRODUCTIONS CINEMATIC SOUND SADNESS 2018.wav by Krucifix444

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Download Solution manual for Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics 14th Edition

Solution manual for Elementary Surveying 14th Edition by Charles D. Ghilani, Paul R. Wolf

Solution manual for Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics 14th Edition

This is completed downloadable link for Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics 14th Edition  Solution manual

Click here to download sample of Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics 14th Edition  Solution manual

The full solutions manual, answers for chapter list:

1 – Introduction 1 2 – Units, Significant Figures,and Field Notes 22 3 – Theory of Errors in Observations 45 4 – Leveling-Theory, Methods,and Equipment 71 5 – Leveling-Field Procedures and Computations 100 6 – Distance Measurement 124 7 – Angles, Azimuths, and Bearings 162 8 – Total Station Instruments: Angle Measurements 182 9 – Traversing 222 10 – Traverse Computations 235 11 – Coordinate Geometry inSurveying Calculations 265 12 – Area 296 13 – The Global Positioning System-Introduction and Principlesof Operation 318 14 – The Global PositioningSystem-Static surveys 354 15 – The Global PositioningSystem-Kinematic GPS 385 16 – Adjustments by Least Squares 404 17 – Mapping Surveys 450 18 – Mapping 488 19 – Control Surveys and GeodeticReductions 514 20 – State Plane Coordinates 571 21 – Boundary Surveys 612 22 – Surveys of the Public Lands 638 23 – Construction Surveys 663 24 – Horizontal Curves 693 25 – Vertical Curves 734 26 – Volumes 753 27 – Photogrammetry 773 28 – Introduction to Geographic Information Systems 818

Some informations about original book:

ISBN-13: 000-0133758885

 ISBN-10: 0133758885

Link download full: https://getbooksolutions.com/download/solution-manual-for-elementary-surveying-14th-edition/

Elementary Surveying, Fourteenth Edition, is ideal for Surveying courses offered in Civil Engineering departments and is a useful reference for civil engineers.

This highly readable, best-selling text presents basic concepts and practical material in each of the areas fundamental to modern surveying (geomatics) practice. Its depth and breadth are ideal for self-study. Elementary Surveying, Fourteenth Edition, is updated throughout to reflect the latest advances and technology.

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We now know, of course, that at a time when European seafaring was a mostly coast-hugging, tentative affair, loin-clothed “primitives” of Asian origin were braving the long swells of the Pacific. Their craft were probably sennit-lashed vessels of low freeboard (Sinoto 1983) and their navigational feats seemingly uncanny. Thanks to the recent work of such scholars and experimenters as Dodd, Finney, Goodenough, Alkire, Gladwin, and Lewis we now have a good idea of how such long-distance navigation may have taken place. The “discovery” of modern practitioners of the indigenous arts of noninstrumental celestial navigation, especially in Micronesia, has shed much light on the particulars of Pacific wayfinding.

Michael Halpern. “Sidereal Compasses: a Case for Carolinian-arab Links.” The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Volume 95, No. 4, p 441-460.

Remnants of star path and star compass navigational systems can be found in both the lore and current usage, as well as Western historical accounts, of other Indo-Pacific peoples. From all across this region comes evidence of long-distance voyaging and indigenous celestial navigation (D. Lewis 1964, 1972, 1978b; Best 1922:28; Dodd 1972:49; Ellis 1831:168; Da Silva and Johnson 1982:313–22; Haddon 1937:93; Sarfert and Damm 1929:187, 195; Liechti et al. 1980:2–4; A. Lewis 1973:252 n.3; Ferrand 1919:160). The present discussion will focus on the best available evidence, that from the Carolines.

All these star systems were made possible by a peculiarity of tropical naked-eye astronomy. In all latitudes stars appear to rise and set at the same point on the horizon throughout the year (Thomas 1982:2). But only relatively close to the equator is their motion vertical as they leave or approach the horizon. Beyond the tropics, stars rise and set obliquely, describing a circle about the celestial pole, the projection of the terrestrial pole on to the “dome” of the heavens (Aveni 1981). This vertical motion allows stars to be used as directional indicators some distance from the tropical horizon. In temperate zones, their oblique motion near the horizon markedly reduces their directional usefulness.

Carolinian navigators still use their sidereal compass to effect voyages often hundreds of kilometres in length (Gladwin 1970:37–39; D. Lewis 1978b:162–3, 177–80). And evidence from Western observers as well as indigenous tradition indicates that such long trips were more common in the past (Parsonson 1963:33; Åkerblom 1968:115; Lewthwaite 1967:76). Meanwhile, a cultural and geographical world away, Arab navigators also used the stars to guide them at sea (Taylor 1957:128). Interestingly, here, too, we find a sidereal rose showing remarkable similarities to the Carolinian (Fig. 2). A diagram of the rose was copied in the early 19th century from an Arab nautical treatise, the Majid Kitab (Prinsep 1836:Plate 48, 788). Its use is described in the Muhit, a 16th century Turkish work (Von Hammer 1834:548, 1838:768–9), though its representational roots probably reach much deeper into history (Ferrand 1928:198; 225; Tibbetts 1971:296). The Arab and Carolinian compasses share 18 points in common. Further, Arab navigators spoke of setting courses on the names of stars rather than in degrees even when the latter were available (Prinsep 1836:788–9). The version of this rose that has come down to us clearly postdates the introduction of the magnetic compass. The azimuths are regularly spaced and accompanied by degree notations. Their names, taken from the rising and setting points of stars, must be mere conventions.

[...]

By calculating the positions of the individual stars and constellations of the Arab rose at various times in the past, it can be seen that their relative positions did, indeed, correspond to those of the currently known representation. 3 This tends to confirm the speculations of both Prinsep (1836:788) and de Saussure (1928:124) that an Arab sidereal rose predated the use of stellar rhumb names on their magnetic compasses. As recently as A.D. 1000, for instance, Canopus was about the same distance from the equator as the prominent stars of the Southern Cross. In ancient times it was farther south, suggesting a cause for its choice as the rose's southern marker. The same precessional change resulted in the shift in the relative positions of Canopus and Alpha/Beta Centauri sometime between 1500 and 2000 years ago. Before that time, their depiction in the Arab rose accurately reflected their actual relationship. The Antares-Pleiades configuration displays a similar pattern. Just before A.D. 1000 Arcturus rose several degrees north of the Pleiades, as in the Arab compass. This gap increases as we recede further into the past, at least to 3500 B.C. The calculations show that at about the beginning of our own era, approximately 2000 years ago, all the stars held relative positions in the sky just as they are found in the representation of the Arab sidereal rose. Several hundred years earlier or later this was not the case.

There is, however, a complicating factor. Some of the gaps between adjacent calculated bearings are very small, on the order of a degree or two (e.g., Capella and Vega). The problem arises, then, of explaining - 447 why a navigator would choose two azimuths in such close proximity. While there is no definitive answer, one need only look to the still-functioning Carolinian compass for instruction. Here, the azimuths denoted by Tarazed (Gamma Aquilae) and Altair, the two closest of the entire compass, show a difference of barely 2° in their rising points along the horizon from the approximate latitude of the Carolines chain. This bunching of points around the east-west line presumably serves the local needs of the navigators since most voyaging was and is along the main axis of the chain (Gladwin 1970:152, 154 but see D. Lewis 1972:67). A similar explanation in the Arab case is plausible, though less readily understandable in light of the scanty information and long, open-water sea routes of the Indian Ocean.

[...]

But what of the Arab compass? Altair appears to rise even farther from true east, though only marginally, from the slightly higher latitudes frequented by Arab seafarers. Here too, then, it could not have been chosen because of some past correspondence with the celestial equator. Both Ibn Majid, the famous 15th century navigator and his 16th century Turkish translator, Admiral Sidi Ali Çelebi, were aware of the Altair discrepancy and the latter, at least, knew of precessional changes (Grosset-Grange 1972:39; Ferrand 1919:500–01). Tibbetts (1971:150) states that, while the “ancients” were aware of Altair's true position, early mariners used it anyway because their measurements were only approximate and because “the seamen of the Indian Ocean and others relied on it and so described it to each other.” If true, this would be a strong indication that early Arab navigators learned the use of the sidereal rose from other seafarers plying the Indian Ocean. These “others” were, perhaps, Austronesian cousins of the Carolinians.

Celestial longitude is usually designated by right ascension, a temporal measure based on the equivalence of 360° of longitude and 24 sidereal hours. It is measured in hours and minutes east from the vernal equinox. For example, a star found 60° east of the zero point has a right ascension of four hours (Jastrow and Thompson 1972:I–21 — I–23). Though the rising times of the Carolinian compass stars are generally spread out over a given 24-hour period, gaps do occur. This is not a serious problem for the navigator since the companion stars, those of similar declination but different right ascension, serve during these periods. Conveniently, the Carolinian compass calculated for 2000 years ago displays one large gap which falls entirely in daylight hours during the voyaging season. The differing conditions of Indian Ocean monsoon sailing eliminates this correspondence, though the voyaging season was much more flexible in these seas (Grosset-Grange 1970:236–38, 1978:18, Fig. 6). The companion stars would, of course, have permitted use of the compass at any time. This is one more indication, however, that the Arabs were working with a borrowed system.

The Arab rose of 2000 years ago (calculated) shows a bunching of azimuths around due north. This fact, plus the Arabs' well-known skill at latitude sailing by the height of Polaris and circumpolar stars (Prinsep 1836; Ferrand 1928; Tolmacheva 1980) might argue for a more northerly origin of their compass. But as we have seen, the astronomical requisites of navigation by rising and setting azimuths are particular to tropic regions. The Arabs' facility at latitude sailing carried them at least as far as India (and later to China and the East Indies) where they could have met Tibbetts' “seamen of the Indian Ocean and others,” possibly from or in contact with tropical Indo-Pacific lands, who taught them to key their compass to Altair. Such contact may have also led to the Arabs' use of the height of al-Murabba', the Southern Cross, for latitude determination south of the equator (Tibbetts 1971:340), though they may have discovered it themselves on voyages to the east or south to Madagascar.

There is, however, important evidence of former star compass use elsewhere in the Pacific. On Tonga, an elder of a traditional clan of navigators named “eight star points indicating directions rather than the positions of islands...” (D. Lewis 1978b:76). These had been learned from his father who reportedly knew more than he. In Tahiti Andia y Varela found a 16-point compass rose in use near the end of the 18th century, east being the principal direction (D. Lewis 1964:365). And David Malo reported that in Hawaii the stars were used as a compass (Hornell 1936:25). From the island of Madura off Java's north coast comes the report that there were 25 stars basic to navigational science, their rising and setting points constituting the bintang pedoman or star compass. Here, Altair was considered of primary importance, though not all the azimuths were remembered by the informants (Liechti et al. 1980:2–4). Though there is some question as to the accuracy of the star names reported (Horridge 1984; D. Lewis 1984; Frake 1984), the compass suggested by the researchers may have been a system of star path navigation used in conjunction with a cognitive directional system based on wind or other names. Support for the validity of this rose comes from an unusual quarter: Ibn Majid, the 16th-century Arab pilot. He claimed that, while most seafaring peoples of the Indian Ocean used a 32-point compass, the Chinese and Javanese roses contained only 24 stations (Ferrand 1924:216). It is not difficult to imagine that Majid's 24-point Javanese compass and the 25 stars of the Madurese informants refer to the same construct.

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Tree Spokes on a Wheel in the Sky (Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park) by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: A view looking up to the skies above with nearby coast redwoods coming together. This was while walking the Prairie Creek Trail in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. My thinking in composing this image was to take advantage of a wide angle view and have the trees come together as if spokes on some unseen wheel. Metering was a little more involved as the tree crowns were caught in morning sunlight while the main column of the tree was still in shadows. I was able to determine an exposure to not below any highlights while later being able to pull the more shadowed areas out in post production.

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No Matter How Many Times I Have Stopped Here, I Never Tire of the View (Jasper National Park) by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: While at a roadside pullout along Alberta Provincial Highway No. 1A, or Icefields Parkway, with a view looking down the road to the southeast. Given the very light traffic that morning, I was able to stand in the middle of the road and line up the image to have a balance on both sides of the road, as well as centering the ridges and peaks off in the distance with the image center. The rest was metering the image to get a proper exposure to not blow any of the highlights in the upper portion of the image, where the sun was starting to shine on the mountain peaks, while still being able to pull out the colors, without a color cast, in the lower portion of the image with the woods and forest. I've been to this location probably five times over the past 14 years and never tire of this mountain view! Based on the PeakVisor app on my iPhone, I was able to identify Mount Brussels (or Brussels Peak) and Mount Christie of the Hooker Icefield range.

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A 5-Star Day in Bryce Canyon National Park by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: A setting looking to the south while walking the Queens Garden Trail and taking in views across hoodoos and other eroded formations in Bryce Canyon National Park. My thought on composing this image was to capture a sweeping look across the amphitheater to my front with portions caught in sunlight while others were in shadows. That brought out more of the varied landscape with the forest and hoodoos. The rest was later making adjustments with control points in DxO PhotoLab 5 to bring out the contrast, saturation and brightness I wanted for the final image.

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Taking in The Complete Setting of Snoqualmie Falls (Black & White) by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: A conversion to black & white using Silver Efex Pro 2 where I used a Gold Toner recipe with a slight vignette, along with some color filters to bring out the look of a slightly faded image but with some added tonal contrast.

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Why Alaska? Why the Heck Not!?! (Denali National Park & Preserve) by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: A point along the Wonder Lake Trail where one comes out of a saddle between two hilltops and the view opens up with this setting of tundra, Wonder Lake and the “Great One” with Denali rising above it all. With this image, I pulled back slightly on the focal point in order to capture more of the tundra to my front as well as some of the ridges that surrounded the Wonder Lake area. By angling my Nikon SLR camera slightly downward, I was able to create a more sweeping view across this landscape and bring Denali and other peaks of the Alaska Range into the upper part of the image and emphasize the snowcapped grandeur.

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I Saw Water Fall from the Sky as Rain One Day in Ohio (Black & White, Cuyahoga Valley National Park) by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: A conversion to black & white using Silver Efex Pro 2 where I used some color filters to bring out a much richer tonal contrast for the final image.

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Letting Nature Pamper Me with Snapshots of a Denali National Park by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: Around the “normal vision” of sight by having my focal length around 50mm (52mm from the image EXIF data) and a view looking to the south to the snowcapped peaks with Denali and the Alaska Range in Denali National Park. I captured this view while walking around the North Face Lodge and Camp Denali area of the national park. My thinking was to angle my Nikon SLR camera slightly downward and capture a view looking across the tundra. That would then lead the eye to the nearby hilltop and ridgelines before coming to the peaks with blue skies above.

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A View Looking Down and Across from Panorama Point (Badlands National Park) by Mark Stevens

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A 5-Star Day in Bryce Canyon National Park by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: A setting looking to the south while walking the Queens Garden Trail and taking in views across hoodoos and other eroded formations in Bryce Canyon National Park. My thought on composing this image was to capture a sweeping look across the amphitheater to my front with portions caught in sunlight while others were in shadows. That brought out more of the varied landscape with the forest and hoodoos. The rest was later making adjustments with control points in DxO PhotoLab 5 to bring out the contrast, saturation and brightness I wanted for the final image.

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I Saw Water Fall from the Sky as Rain One Day in Ohio (Cuyahoga Valley National Park) by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: I Saw Water Fall from the Sky as Rain One Day in Ohio A few drops fell upon my face and dampened my clothes Other drops fell on the grass to add water for nourishment It was only later when I walked to Blue Hen Falls That I met the other drops as the fell over the edge with a waterfall And crashed on the rocks below in Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Another work of short poetry or prose to complement the image captured one mooning in Cuyahoga Valley National Park at Blue Hen Falls. With the rains that I'd seen on my drive from Kentucky and Mammoth Cave National Park, I'd wondered if I'd have good weather to enjoy for hiking. Little did I appreciate that this rain would bring waters that would allow me to capture a long exposure image of this famous waterfall. For the image captured, I was then able to work with control points and color control points in Capture NX2 to bring out the contrast, saturation and brightness I wanted. I finished up post-processing work in Capture NX2 by adding a few CEP filters (Low Key and Darken/Lighten Center) for the final image.

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A Grassy Meadow to Complete a Setting of Snoqualmie Falls by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: Here I experimented with some different angles and used some nearby grassy meadow as kind of a ledge to look beyond for this image of Snoqualmie Falls. I felt it added to the look of a punchbowl to the falls area...which I found it really does have from a satellite overhead view!