#Berea Sandstone

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Berea Sandstone Lamps by HB-AS for LEIBAL https://thisispaper.com/mag/berea-sandstone-lamps-hb-as-leibal

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The Gray Cat Ghost at Fairport Harbor Lighthouse

Even though the Fairport Harbor Light on Lake Erie was given the nickname “The light that shone for 100 years”, it actually doesn’t live up to its name. The current lighthouse didn’t earn the nickname alone. Its predecessor, which was built in the same site, shone for the first 46 years. What makes this lighthouse one of the most haunted places in America is its paranormal claims about a gray cat.

The original lighthouse was built in 1825. When the population of the town reached 300, the Painesville Telegraph issued a notice asking for lighthouse bids. Collector of Customs, A. Walworth, signed the proposal. Unfortunately, he didn’t leave the detail-planning to the potential builder. He specified the height of the deck, depth of the foundation, number of windows, materials to be used, etc. in his proposal.

Builders Hiram Wood and Jonathon Goldsmith received a contract to the lighthouse and keeper’s dwelling for $2900. Everything went smoothly with the construction at first, until it was realized that there was a mis-communication concerning the cellar. The construction of the cellar wasn’t included in the builders’ plans. It wasn’t until after the construction of the lighthouse that an upset Walworth contracted Goldsmith and Wood to complete the cellar for additional money. In 1841, Goldsmith applied for the keeper’s job for the lighthouse he had helped build but someone else received the job.

Fairport Harbor Light on Lake Erie wasn’t just used as a hub of commerce, it was also the final stop for the Underground Railroad. The lighthouse acted as a beacon of freedom to slaves. The town, along with the captains and seamen who sailed there, was completely anti-slavery. The ships in the area would help transport escaped slaves to Canada. Many of them were kept hidden in the lighthouse itself until a ship was available.

The original lighthouse began to wear and tear just a few years after its construction. After a decade, the foundation had settled to the point where it needed a replacement. Within 30 years, wire hoops encircled the lighthouse to keep it from falling over.

In March 1869, Congress finally approved a proposal to replace the original tower and keeper’s dwelling. The new project cost an estimated $30,000. Not wanting to make the same mistakes of their predecessors, the new builders contracted engineers to help them. They scouted the area to find the best foundation point.

In 1871, the new Berea sandstone tower and brick keeper’s dwelling were finally complete. Minor improvements have been made over the decades. The harbor itself grew considerably as new piers and a foghorn were installed.

The original lighthouse was set to be destroyed but the citizens of the community protested due to its historical value. After WW II, it was turned into a museum. Now, visitors can walk through the very same corridors as the runaway slaves more than 150 years ago.

The most interesting paranormal claim coming from the lighthouse doesn’t involve the underground railroad or even humans for that matter. The most talked about ghost around the lighthouse is the gray ghost cat. The story of the cat starts around 1877. Captain Joseph Babcock was the Head Keeper of the lighthouse in 1871. He and his wife Mary had two children, Hattie and Robbie.

Unfortunately Robbie died at the age of 5 of diphtheria. Mary became depressed and was eventually bedridden. To help comfort her and keep her company, the Captain gave her cats. After Mary’s death all the cats disappeared over time except this one gray cat.

In 1989 the curator of the now lighthouse museum first reported seeing an apparition of a cat playing in the kitchen and also felt it jump on the bed. Visitors soon started to report small puffs of gray smoke and the sightings have continued ever since.

In 2001 the lighthouse got a new air conditioning system. While crawling in the basement, workers came across the mummified remains of a gray cat. This gray ghost cat, who’s remains are on display inside the museum, makes Fairport Harbor Lighthouse one of the most haunted places in America.

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Union Club

1211 Euclid Ave.

Cleveland, OH

The Union Club of Cleveland, incorporated on September 25, 1872, is one of the oldest private social organizations in Cleveland. A group of many of the city’s industrialists, businessmen, and professional citizens who had originally belonged to the Cleveland Club formed the new group for the purpose of having a place for reading, for discussing the topics of the day, for entertaining and for promoting physical training and education. From the beginning, the Union Club was the center of social and commercial life, the place where the city’s leaders met and mingled with people of accomplishment and culture. Many of Cleveland’s great business and cultural achievements were first conceived and initiated within its sociable parlors and dining rooms.

During its distinguished history, the venerable Union Club has survived several stock market crashes and national depressions and recessions, two world wars, a global pandemic, explosive industrial growth followed by gradual decline, and civil unrest and rioting. Throughout the good times and bad, members saw themselves entwined in Cleveland's history. The 81 founders included such luminaries as William Bingham, Sylvester Everett, William Gordon, Marcus Hanna, Samuel Mather, Henry B. Payne, Amasa Stone and Jeptha Wade. These charter members contributed $600 each to acquire, as the Club’s new home (and first clubhouse), the Truman Handy mansion on Euclid Avenue just west of East 9th Street.

In the early years of the Union Club, the membership roster included U.S. Presidents Grant, Hayes, Garfield, McKinley and Taft. Other notable names included inventors Charles Brush, Caesar Grasselli, businessman William Rockefeller and famed surgeon George Crile. From its beginning, the Union Club was the center of social and commercial life, the place where the city's leaders met and mingled with people of accomplishment and culture. Many of Cleveland's great business and cultural achievements were first conceived and initiated within the sociable parlors and dining rooms.

By 1900, the membership had increased to 500 with a long waiting list of influential people clamoring to join what had become the most selective and prestigious club in Cleveland. Qualified candidates often had to wait as long as 10 years for admittance. The fortunes of the Club coincided with the extraordinary success of the City of Cleveland. With its exploding population and booming industries, the city had become an economic and political powerhouse by 1900. Meanwhile, the Union Club's facilities, which had been spacious and accommodating 30 years before, had become seriously overcrowded and outdated for its growing membership.

On June 25, 1901, the Club was incorporated for profit; it became the Union Club Co. and subsequently purchased the Castle property at East 12th and Euclid Ave. and worked with Cleveland architect Chas. F. Schweinfurth to design and construct a new clubhouse which was dedicated on December 6, 1905. The new clubhouse was built to accommodate the increased membership and remains the Club’s home. With its refined and stately classicism, Schweinfurth's massive building constructed of Berea sandstone was immediately recognized as an architectural jewel in the bustling center of Cleveland, widely admired for its quiet dignity and tasteful design.

On May 23, 1961, the Union Club Co. amended its 1901 articles of incorporation, becoming an Ohio corporation not for profit. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 15, 1974. In 1983 the first woman, Karen Horn, was admitted as a member will full privileges, allowing women entrance through the front door, use of the marble staircase, and access to the entire club. Mary Lynn Laughlin was named the first woman President of the Union Club in May 2007. On May 28, 2015, Randy McShepard was named the first African American President of the Union Club. On April 1, 2019 the Union Club welcomed the members of the Intown Club, a private invitation-only ladies’ luncheon club as members of the Union Club which grew the percentage of primary members who are women to over 33%. This is iconic as the Union Club till the early 80’s was men-only.

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Superior Avenue Viaduct

Superior Ave.

Cleveland, OH

The Superior Avenue Viaduct once carried Superior Avenue over the Cuyahoga River in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Built in 1878, what remains of the bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Superior Viaduct was proposed for improving transriver commuting in the years following Cleveland's 1854 annexation of Ohio City. The Cuyahoga River bridges up to that time had been "low-level," necessitating being opened for every river craft that needed to pass. Prior to the Viaduct's opening, low-level bridges were the only way for vehicles to cross the Cuyahoga River. To approach these bridges, commuters had to navigate steep valley walls. Moreover, bridge traffic would come to a halt with the passing of each and every boat. While the Superior Viaduct's central span still had to swing open several times a day to let taller ships through, it was a vast improvement over the older bridges. City voters in Apr. 1872 approved construction of the new bridge, which was to extend from Superior Ave. and W. 10th St. on the east to Detroit Ave. and W. 25th St. on the west. Plans called for a western approach consisting of Berea sandstone arches built on piles driven 20' into the muddy subsoil. A total of 10 arches carried this portion of the viaduct a length of 1,382', 72' above the foundations. Connecting the masonry arches to the eastern portion of the bridge was a 332' pivoting center span. The eastern end of the viaduct was of girder design, 936' long. With approaches, the viaduct totaled 3,211', with a 64' roadway. Construction began in Mar. 1875; the bridge was completed at a cost of $2.17 million and opened to traffic on Dec. 28,1878.

Clevelanders met the opening of the Superior Viaduct in December 1878 with great fanfare, celebrating the city's first high-level bridge. The bridge in many ways symbolized Cleveland's continuing economic growth and development into a major American city. Despite all its grandeur, the viaduct became outdated with the opening of the Detroit-Superior Bridge in 1917. That bridge was built high enough to let even the larger boats pass underneath without disturbing traffic. Because of the center drawspan, traffic still had to halt approximately 300 times each month for an average of 5 minutes to permit river vessels with tall superstructures to pass. These delays became increasingly annoying, and the procedure itself began to take a toll on the bridge structure. Voices were raised once again for a new bridge that would be completely high-level. In 1918 the Detroit-Superior Bridge (now Veterans Memorial Bridge) was opened to traffic, and the Superior Viaduct was closed in 1920. Its eastern portions were demolished in 1922. The viaduct was closed to cross-river traffic once and for all when its center span was removed in 1923, and in 1939 the easternmost 3 arches of the remaining sandstone segment were blasted away to allow for a widening of the river. Over time, the once-celebrated structure was dismantled. Today, a number of the stone arches and other components of the viaduct's western approach are all that remain. Seven arches, a total of 600', remained in place on the west side of the river. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1978.

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St. Paul's Episcopal Church

4120 Euclid Ave.

Cleveland, Ohio

The former St. Paul's Episcopal Church is a historic church located at 4120 Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio, built in 1876 in Cleveland, Ohio, for an Episcopal parish by a well-known architect and became a prominent component of the city's wealthy Millionaire's Row, due to its grand architecture. St. Paul's Episcopal Church was founded in late 1846, and for two years the parishioners worshipped in a hotel before constructing a building at Fourth and Euclid downtown. A fire destroyed the structure before it was completed, but people throughout the city contributed funds to build a brick replacement in 1851. By the 1870s, the streets surrounding the church had become primarily commercial, so the vestry sold the building and rented halls while building the present church eastward on Euclid Avenue. Its placement amid the wealthy Millionaire's Row district soon caused it to become a symbol of the neighborhood

St. Paul's church building is one of just six Gothic Revival churches built in Cleveland during the 1870s that survived into the 1980s. At one time considered Cleveland's grandest and largest church, it is distinguished by the unusual architecture of the peak of the bell tower, and the open interior features extensive detailing, along with seating for one thousand worshippers. Covered with sandstone from Berea, the building was a work of Gordon W. Lloyd, a Detroit architect who also produced grand churches in Ohio cities of various sizes, ranging from Trinity Episcopal Church in downtown Columbus to St. Paul's Episcopal Church in the smaller community of Medina.

However, the membership gradually moved farther eastward in the 1920s, and in 1928 a new building was constructed in Cleveland Heights. Meanwhile, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland was seven years into the process of establishing a monastery for perpetual Eucharistic adoration by the Poor Clares. Two years after the Episcopalians had moved eastward, they sought to sell the old building, and the Catholic diocese bought it for monastic use. A new Catholic parish, dedicated to St. Paul like the original occupants, was established in 1949 to worship on the property; it remains to the present day. It was named a historic site and listed with the National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 1980, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of thirteen Lloyd-designed buildings, including ten churches, that are listed on the National Register.

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Old Stone Church (First Presbyterian Church)

91 Public Sq.

Cleveland, OH

The Old Stone Church is a historic Presbyterian church located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, and is the oldest building on Public Square. It is also the second church built within the city limits. In June 1819, the Union Sunday School began meeting on the site of the current church, and on September 19, 1820, fifteen Clevelanders, some ten percent of the then-village's population, signed a charter officially establishing the congregation. It was formally incorporated in 1827 as The First Presbyterian Society, and in 1834 the first church was built out of gray sandstone. The interior featured a gallery suspended by iron rods, reportedly a first in a Cleveland public building, as well as the city's first pipe organ. Because of its building materials, First Presbyterian was called "the Stone Church," and as other stone churches were erected in the area, it became known as the "Old Stone Church."

By 1853, the congregation had outgrown the original building, so the church was razed, and a larger replacement was built on the same spot. The Romanesque Revival church, dedicated on August 12, 1855, was also made of local sandstone, and was designed by architects Charles Heard and Simeon Porter. Nineteen months later, on March 7, 1857, fire struck the church. Water from the hand-pumped fire engines was unable to reach the 250-foot steeple, which came crashing down onto Ontario Street. Despite this, the building remained mostly intact, and reconstruction began almost immediately. The church was rededicated on January 17, 1858.

The second fire occurred on January 5, 1884, spreading to the church from the adjoining Wick Building's Park Theater. Despite the sturdy construction of the building, the interior was gutted. Afterward, the congregation considered a move to E. 55th Street and Euclid Avenue, but it was eventually decided to keep the original location, after pressure from influential members including John Hay. Architect Charles Schweinfurth was hired to head the reconstruction of the church, which was dedicated on October 19, 1884. Subsequent additions to the church include three Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows, a John La Farge triple window overlooking Public Square, and a Holtkamp Organ Company organ.

The Old Stone Church has stood virtually unchanged to this day, and is the last remaining church designed by the Heard and Porter architectural firm. The Old Stone Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1973. The only major modification was the 1999 addition of a steeple that replicated the original, part of a $2.4 million renovation project, which also included cleaning the Berea sandstone (which had turned black from air pollution) and conservation of the La Farge window.

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Cleveland Grays Armory

1234 Bolivar Rd.

Cleveland, OH           

Grays Armory is a historic building in Cleveland, Ohio. It was built by the Cleveland Grays, a private military company which was founded in 1837. This is one of the oldest standing buildings in downtown Cleveland located at 1234 Bolivar Rd. The Cleveland Grays is a social organization devoted to the promotion of patriotism and the preservation of the military heritage of Greater Cleveland. It was founded as a volunteer private military company at a time when the common or constitutional militia languished due to uninterest and neglect by state politicians.

     The unit's original purpose was twofold: to provide assistance and support to the local law enforcement authorities of the time as well as to provide a first line of defense for the city in the event that the fighting in Canada's Rebellions of 1837 spilled over the border and into the United States resulting in a third war with the United Kingdom in less than a century. The unit's motto is Semper Paratus (from the Latin: "Always Ready").  The first organizational meeting was held on August 28, 1837, and on September 18, seventy-eight men joined the active company. At the time of its founding, the unit was called The Cleveland City Guards but within the next year the membership decided that their organization would be known by reference to the gray color of their uniforms. On November 29, 1838, the Grays made one of the first of their many parade appearances fully dressed in their distinctive gray uniforms and tall black bearskin caps. As the years passed, those who had earned the status of "Pioneer" for their membership of twenty-five or more years were entitled to add leather aprons to their uniforms and to carry axes when on parade.

     The Grays saw military service as a unit during the Civil War and the Spanish–American War. Reforms of the country's militia system which began with the Militia Act of 1903 and continued with subsequent legislation at the state and federal levels meant that the era of private military companies' official participation in national military affairs had come to an end and while the Grays, under the leadership of Ludwig S. Connelly, were able to enlist in the Ohio National Guard (ONG) for duty during the Mexican Punitive Expedition, they essentially did so as a group of private citizens enlisting en masse and not as a private military company. Their participation in World War I, which began immediately upon their ONG unit's release from duty on the Mexican border, was the last conflict in which the Grays saw active service even as a group of enlistees. Individual members have served in subsequent conflicts.

     The Grays made their home in several different places from the time of their founding until the completion of their own building on Bolivar Road. The Grays' first armory was located on the fourth floor of the Mechanics Block, newly erected in 1838 at the southeast corner of Ontario Street and Prospect Street. In 1870, they moved into a building which had once served as a fire station on Frankfort Street. By March 20, 1880, the Grays had moved into the new City Armory on Long Street and used that facility as its headquarters along with the 5th Regiment, Ohio National Guard until December 8, 1892, when fire destroyed the building and much of its contents including equipment and guns belonging to the Grays. Major Otto Schade and several of his men were able to save a few items without any cost to their health or their lives. The unit was able to recover very quickly and funds were soon amassed for the purpose of building a new armory. Until construction was completed in 1893, the company found a temporary home at the Gatling Gun Battery Armory on Sibley Street.

     On May 30, 1893, a three-ton Berea sandstone foundation block was put in place by Colonel John Frazee. The main portion of the building is four stories high, and the most notable feature is the five-story tower on the northeast corner of the building. The tower has '3 x 5' foundation blocks, the main entrance corners and the front window lintels are all of solid rough-hewn sandstone. The main entry arch rests on top of polished granite columns that rise from each cornerstone. Positioned above is a black iron drop-gate, and a gothic barrier between the front steps and the colossal oak doors. There were also pointed iron rods bolted to the scarlet brick walls that make up the window protectors on the first floor. The effect is a splendid mix of color and texture in materials. The overall design effectively conveys that this is an urban fortress.  The Cleveland Grays Armory has been long known for hosting the city's premier social events. Grays Armory earned repute as an exclusive venue right from the beginning during the celebrations for Cleveland's Centennial (1896). The Grays Armory events went way beyond the customary military balls and band concerts typical during that era. This building was originally built to house weapons and provides a drill hall for the militia; this edifice quickly evolved into a vital community center for the turn-of-the-century Clevelanders. 

     The Grays Armory Museum seeks to share its historical and cultural legacy with the public. Beyond stewardship of the building and conservation of artifacts, the museum strives to preserve the traditions and the rich heritage of those who serve their country and their community. The museum actively fulfills this objective by preserving, interpreting and presenting the military history of the United States. The museum regularly reaches out to Greater Cleveland by sponsoring open-house events intended to reach diverse audiences. Each Veterans Day, the museum presents a cultural and educational program honoring those who serve. In the past, programs that have included patriotic orchestra concerts and special touring exhibits. The Grays Armory can also be rented for special events such as private parties, weddings, receptions, and even proms.  In July, 1970, the 3 manual 17 rank pipe organ was installed. The organ originates from the Warner Theater in Erie, Pennsylvania. Three or four concerts per year are given on this organ, sponsored by the Western Reserve Theater Organ Society.  The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 28, 1973.

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George W. Whitney House (Rose Hill)

330 S. Rocky River Dr.

Berea, OH

The George W. Whitney Estate, also known as Rose Hill, in Berea, Ohio, was built by a sandstone magnate in 1873 and offers 5-bedrooms and 2.5-bathrooms in 5,400-sq. ft.   Berea became a world leader in sandstone in the 1800s thanks in part to a rivalry between sandstone magnates John Baldwin and George W. Whitney. Legend has it, Whitney’s competitive spirit inspired him to build a house that was bigger and, in his mind, better than his counterpart’s.  The result was Rose Hill, an Italianate mansion located at 330 S. Rocky River Dr. completed in 1873. Preserved, renovated, and well-cared for in the 148 years since, the home has been restored but has a lot of its original character and qualities still very much intact.

     Added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 22, 1974, the home’s rich history is literally etched on a window in the study where Whitney proposed to his second wife. The diamond in the engagement ring was so big, she questioned if it was real. So, he took the ring back and, to prove its authenticity, used the diamond to carve his initials in the window.  Built on the highest point in Berea, one of the home’s distinguishing features is the cupola above the roof where Whitney could climb up and keep an eye on his nearby quarries and the people working in them. Today, the windowed tower is used mainly to suck the heat out of the house and cool it during the summer.

     The 5,400-sq. ft. home has five bedrooms and two-and-a-half bathrooms. Must-see period details include eight fireplaces (two functional), four brass chandeliers imported from Budapest, a main and summer kitchen (both with tin ceilings), a pulley system to carry luggage from the ground level to the bedrooms upstairs, plus two outbuildings including a horse stable with original stable posts intact.  But one of the most beautiful spaces in the house was actually added during a renovation in the 1990s. The primary bathroom, converted from a bedroom, features green ceramic tiles kiln-fired on site, a fireplace, a showerhead strategically placed in a gargoyle’s mouth and a urinal.

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Lyceum Village Square And German Wallace College

Seminary St.

Berea, OH

     The Lyceum Village and the Berea Seminary were established at Berea, Ohio, in 1837 by John Baldwin, Jame Giruth, Henry O. Sheldon, and Josiah Holbrook. Their vision was to create the first in a connected series of Lyceum Villages. The Villages were designed especially to assist in the education of teachers, promote “scientific” exchanges over the world and thus encourage the study of the works and word of God, and cultivate the spirit of “peace on earth and good will to men.” The community, however, declined and in 1842, John Baldwin assumed the indebtedness of $15,000. James Wallace acquired the area. It was owned by the Methodist Children’s Home in the 1860’s and then sold to German Wallace College in 1866, becoming the original German Wallace College Campus.

     The Baldwin Wallace University South Campus Historic District includes a four-block area known as the Lyceum Village Square And German Wallace College that is centered on Seminary Street. The south campus of Baldwin Wallace University incorporates the former German Wallace College campus, which was centered on the mid-19th century site of the Lyceum Village Square. Both the college and the square were listed with the National Register of Historic Places as the Lyceum Village Square and German Wallace College Historic District on October 29, 1975.  It features a variety of collegiate, religious, and residential buildings in a campus setting, mostly constructed of Berea sandstone and brick between 1866 and 1958, and representative of architectural styles from the late 19th and early 20th century including Gothic Revival, Richardsonian Romanesque, Romanesque Revival, High Victorian Gothic and Colonial Revival.

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Baldwin-Wallace College South Campus Historic District

Seminary St.  

Berea, OH

The Baldwin-Wallace College South Campus Historic District is an area of land on the south end of the Baldwin Wallace University campus. When the district was established, the school was Baldwin-Wallace College. Baldwin Wallace W is a four-year private, coeducation, liberal arts college in Berea, Ohio, United States. The school was founded in 1845 as Baldwin Institute by Methodists settlers. Eventually the school merged with nearby German Wallace College in 1913 to become Baldwin-Wallace College.  Several buildings since its founding have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, establishing this area as the Baldwin-Wallace College South Campus Historic District on June 7, 2010.  The institution adopted the present name in 2012.  A boundary increase to the Historic District was approved on June 27, 2022.

     The Baldwin-Wallace College South Campus Historic District includes a four-block area that is centered on Seminary Street between School St. and Church St., and also includes Front St. to Beach St., variable west/east boundary; also 84, 114, 115, 125, 144 Tressel and 191 East Center Sts., 275 Eastland Rd. The south campus of Baldwin-Wallace College incorporates the former German Wallace College campus, which was centered on the mid-19th century site of the Lyceum Village Square. Both the college and the square are listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Lyceum Village Square and German Wallace College Historic District in 1975. The Baldwin-Wallace College South Campus Historic District includes a total of 14 buildings and one structure.

     The district features a variety of collegiate, religious, and residential buildings in a campus setting, mostly constructed of Berea sandstone and brick between 1866 and 1958, and representative of architectural styles from the late 19th and early 20th century including Gothic Revival, Richardsonian Romanesque, Romanesque Revival, High Victorian Gothic, and Colonial Revival.  In 2012, it was announced that Saylor, 63 Beech, and Klein halls would be renovated to update their residence hall spaces.

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Baldwin-Wallace College North Campus Historic District

E. 5th Ave.

Berea, OH

Baldwin-Wallace College North Campus Historic District is an area of land on the north end of the Baldwin Wallace University campus. Baldwin Wallace is a four-year private, coeducation, liberal arts college in Berea, Ohio. The school was founded in 1845 as Baldwin Institute by Methodists settlers. Eventually the school merged with nearby German Wallace College in 1913 to become Baldwin-Wallace College, which changed its name to "Baldwin Wallace University" in 2012. Several buildings since its founding have been established on the National Register of Historic Places, establishing this area as the Baldwin-Wallace College North Campus Historic District on January 23, 2013. This area is the second historic district added to the campus which includes the South Campus Historic district.

     The Baldwin-Wallace College North Campus Historic District is bounded by East Fifth Avenue on the north; Beech Street, east; East Bagley Road, south and Front Street, west. The Baldwin-Wallace College North Campus Historic District includes a total of 14 buildings and one structure.  The district features a variety of collegiate, religious, and residential buildings in a campus setting, mostly constructed of Berea sandstone and brick between 1866 and 1958, and representative of architectural styles from the late 19th and early 20th century including Richardsonian Romanesque, High Victorian Gothic, Georgian Colonial, Tudor Revival and mid-century Modern.