#Abd-ar-Rahman III

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.16 (before 1940)

456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire. 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire. 912 – Abd ar-Rahman III becomes the eighth Emir of Córdoba. 955 – King Otto I defeats a Slavic revolt in what is now Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. 1311 – The Council of Vienne convenes for the first time. 1384 – Jadwiga is crowned King of Poland, although she is a woman. 1590 – Prince Gesualdo of Venosa murders his wife and her lover. 1736 – Mathematician William Whiston's predicted comet fails to strike the Earth. 1780 – American Revolutionary War: The British-led Royalton raid is the last Native American raid on New England. 1780 – The Great Hurricane of 1780 finishes after its sixth day, killing between 20,000 and 24,000 residents of the Lesser Antilles. 1793 – French Revolution: Queen Marie Antoinette is executed. 1793 – War of the First Coalition: French victory at the Battle of Wattignies forces Austria to raise the siege of Maubeuge. 1805 – War of the Third Coalition: Napoleon surrounds the Austrian army at Ulm. 1813 – The Sixth Coalition attacks Napoleon in the three-day Battle of Leipzig. 1817 – Italian explorer and archaeologist Giovanni Belzoni, uncovered the Tomb of Seti I in the Valley of the Kings. 1817 – Simón Bolívar sentences Manuel Piar to death for challenging the racial-caste in Venezuela. 1834 – Much of the ancient structure of the Palace of Westminster in London burns to the ground. 1836 – Great Trek: Afrikaner voortrekkers repulse a Matabele attack, but lose their livestock. 1841 – Queen's University is founded in the Province of Canada. 1843 – William Rowan Hamilton invents quaternions, a three-dimensional system of complex numbers. 1846 – William T. G. Morton administers ether anesthesia during a surgical operation. 1847 – The novel Jane Eyre is published in London. 1859 – John Brown leads a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. 1869 – The Cardiff Giant, one of the most famous American hoaxes, is "discovered". 1869 – Girton College, Cambridge is founded, becoming England's first residential college for women. 1875 – Brigham Young University is founded in Provo, Utah. 1882 – The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business. 1905 – The Partition of Bengal in India takes place. 1909 – William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz hold the first summit between a U.S. and a Mexican president. They narrowly escape assassination. 1916 – Margaret Sanger opens the first family planning clinic in the United States. 1919 – Adolf Hitler delivers his first public address at a meeting of the German Workers' Party. 1923 – Walt Disney and his brother, Roy, found the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, today known as The Walt Disney Company. 1934 – Chinese Communists begin the Long March to escape Nationalist encirclement. 1939 – World War II: No. 603 Squadron RAF intercepts the first Luftwaffe raid on Britain.

[docpiplup]

Characters of the Banu Qasi triology (+ some familiy trees of the Banu Qasi, the emirs and khalifas of Cordoba, the Arista & Jimena dinasties and the Asturian/Leonese kings)

Banu Qasi-Arista Familiy trees from the books:

Arista-Jimena & Benu Qasi dinasties family trees I found on Internet:

The Asturian-Leonese kings:

The Umayyad emirs and khalifas of Cordoba (the first ones are the Umayyads from Damascus, the Umayyads from Cordoba start with Abd al Rahman I):

Abulfath Nasr: Eunuch who achieved great influence and power in the court of Abd al Rahman II.

Abd al Karim ibn Mugit: Hayib of Al Hakam I, a prestigious general and trusted man of the emir.

Abban ibn Abd Allah: Son of the emir Abd Allah

Abbas ibn Abd al Aziz: Cordovan General.

Abbas ibn Abd al Barr: Governor of Huesca

Abd al Aziz al Tuchibí: Patriarch of the Tuchibíes

Abd al Aziz: Male son of the emir Abd al Rahman III and his wife Maryam.

Abd al Malik: Eldest son of Al Tawil.

Abd al Rahman I: First Emir of Córdoba (756-788), granson of the khalifa Hisham of Damascus. He was the only survivor of the slaughter of the Umayyads of Damascus carried out by the Abbasids and their supporters. The Abbasids established their caliphate in Baghdad, and Abd al Rahman fled to Al Ándalus and established an independent emirate from Baghdad, the emirate of Cordoba.

Abd al Rahman ibn Marwan: Rebel of the heart of Merida

Abd al Rahman ibn Badr: Son of the hachib Badr ibn Ahmad.

Abd al Rahman ibn Ibrahim ibn Hayay: Son of Ibrahim ibn Hayay, little king of Ishbiliya.

Abd al Rahman ibn Umar: Son of Umar ibn Hafsun.

Abd al Rahman II: Fourth Emir of Córdoba (822-852).

Abd al Rahman III: Eighth emir of Córdoba, son of Muhammad ibn Abd Allah. He succeeded his grandfather after his father's death.

Abd Allah ibn Kulayb: General and Governor with Abd al Rahman II

Abd Allah ibn Yahya: Governor of Zaragoza with Muhammad I

Abd Allah ibn Muhammad: Seventh Emir of Córdoba (888-912), husband of Onneca and father of Muhammad.

Abd Allah ibn Muhammad: Second son of Muhammad ibn Lubb, leader of the Banū Qasī since 907.

Abd Allah ibn Hayay: Arab rebel from Seville

Abd Allah ibn Khalaf: Vali of Barbastro and father-in-law of Ismail ibn Musa

Abd Allah ibn Abd al Rahman: Brother of the emir Hisham I, who fought against him together with Sulayman, the eldest son.

Abd al Walid al Iskandaraní: General of the emir Abd al Rahman II.

Abú Marwám: Second son of the emir Abd al Rahman and Maryam.

Abdel: Fictional character. Slave of Fortún and Onneca in Córdoba

Abu Marwan: Alfaquí from Cordoba

Abu Nasr: Famous archer in the ranks of Ibn Hafsun.

Abu Umayya: One of the sons of the emir Abd Allah.

Abū Yazīd: Chief of the Zenetas tribe.

Adosinda: First wife of Ramiro de León.

Adur: Fictional character. Muzna's brother and thus Abd al Rahman III's uncle.

Adur ibn Badr: Fictional character. Assumed name of the second son of the hachib Badr ibn Ahmad.

Ahmed ibn Qasi: Fictional character. Zahir's relative who lives in Zaragoza.

Ahmad ar-Razi: Cordovan poet.

Ahmad ibn Abd Rabbih: Cordovan poet

Ahmad Al-Barra: Governor of Zaragoza and the Upper March

Ahmad ibn Baqi: Qadi of Qurtuba.

Ahmad ibn Maslama: Sevillian leader, opposed to Ibn Hayay.

Ahmad ibn Muhammad: Brother of the emir Abd Allah.

Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hudayr: Vizier of Abd al Rahman III.

Al Anqar: Mujahid al Tuchibi, Governor of Saraqusta.

Aishun: Chieftain of Archidona

Afrah: fictional character. Concubine in the palace of the governor of Zaragoza

Al Abli: Muladi Poet from Granada

Al Anqar: The One Eyed. Tuchibi Governor of Zaragoza during the siege of the city. Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al Tuchibi (although in the novel he is known as Mujahid to avoid the constant repetition of the same name)

Al Asadí: Arabic poet from Granada

Aisha: Supposed daughter of Fortún, although some sources consider her the daughter of Musa

Al Hakam I: Third Emir of Córdoba (796-822).

Al Harraní: Famous Cordovan doctor in the court of Abd al Rahman II.

Al Mahdi: Ubayd Allah al Mahdi, first Fatimid caliph (909-934).

Al Mundhir: Sixth Emir of Córdoba (886-888).

Al Sarray: Muslim holy man opposed to the power of the emir

Al Tawil: Nickname of Muhammad ibn Abd al Malik, governor of Huesca.

Al Walid ibn Al Hakam: Brother of the emir Abd al Rahman II.

Alfonso Froilaz: Son of Fruela II of León.

Alfonso II: King of Asturias (791-842)

Alfonso III: King of Asturias (866-910). Known as Alfuns among Muslims.

Alfonso IV: Alfonso Ordóñez, King of León.

Almugirah ibn Al Hakam: Brother of the emir Abd al Rahman II.

Álvaro Herrameliz: Count of Álava.

Álvaro de Córdoba: Cordovan monk, friend and biographer of Eulogio de Córdoba.

Amrus ibn Kulayb: General of Abd al Rahman II, brother of Abd Allah ibn Kulayb

Amrus ibn Umar: Muladí who seized power in Huesca

Amrus ibn Yusuf: General of Huesca muladí origin, governor of Talavera, later of Toledo, and later of the Upper Marca. He fortified Tudela in 802, and for this reason he is considered the founder of the city.

Andregoto: Daughter of Galindo Aznar and Sancha Garcés.

Aragonta: Second wife of Ordoño II of León.

Argentea: Daughter of Sulayman ibn Umar.

Aslam ibn Abd al Aziz: First qadi of Abd al Rahman III.

Asbag ibn Isa: Cordovan strategist in the battle of Bulay

Assona Iñiguez: Daughter of Iñigo Arista and Wife of Musa ibn Musa

Auriya ibn Musa: Eldest daughter of Musa ibn Musa. The Arabic name corresponds to the Oria of the Christian chronicles.

Ajab: fictional character. Former slave of Córdoba, wife of Lubb ibn Musa

Ayyub ibn Umar: Firstborn of Umar ibn Hafsun.

Aznar Galindo: Aragonese count faced with the Basques and the Banu Qasi.

Aznar Fortúnez: Son of Fortún Garcés

Aznar Sánchez de Larraón: Son of Sancho Garcés, husband of Onneca Fortúnez, father of Toda Aznárez.

Azzam: Fictional character. Andalusian fisherman, supporter of Ibn Hafsun.

Badr: fictional character. Eunuch of the harem of Abd Allah, died in 891.

Bahlul ibn Marzuq: Huesca rebel faced with the Banu Salama who came to take control of Zaragoza in 799

Banu Anyalin: Family of Sevillian muladíes

Banu Sabariquh: Family of Sevillian muladíes

Bashir: fictional character. One of Umar ibn Hafsun's administrators.

Badr ibn Ahmad: Hachib and trusted man of the emirs Abd Allah and Abd al Rahman III.

Basilio: Bishop of Pamplona.

Bastán: Cordovan Governor of Úbeda, owner of a famous sword that will bear his name.

Belasco Fortúnez: Son of Fortún Garcés

Belasquita Sánchez: Daughter of Sancho Garcés I and Toda Aznárez.

Balask al Yalaski: Velasco el Gascón, a character from Pamplona who was a supporter of Carolingian rule, who will intervene in the life of the city for decades.

Charlemagne: King of the Franks (768-814) who went to Zaragoza in 778. On his return, after destroying Pamplona, ​​the rear of his army was decimated in the battle of Roncesvalles. Creator of the Hispanic March, in the year 800 he had himself crowned emperor by Pope Leo III

Céntulo Aznárez: Son of Count Aznar Galindo

Columba: Wife of Sulayman ibn Umar, mother of Argentea.

Count Casio: Visigothic count who dominated the lands of the Ebro upon the arrival of the Muslims in 711. He adopted the faith of the conquerors and became the mawla of the caliph of Damascus, thus preserving his rights and the government of his lands. His descendants, the Banū Qasī, would maintain this power for generations.

Count Eblo: Count of Gascony, sent by Ludovico against Pamplona

Count Gastón: Brother of Ordoño I, general of the Christian army.

Dadildis de Pallars: Mother of Sancho Garcés I.

Diego de Salazar: Fictional character. Pamplona gentleman.

Diego Rodríguez: Count at the service of Alfonso III, one of the officers of his hosts.

Dulce: Cordovan martyr.

Dulcidio: Leonese cleric, ambassador in the Cordovan court.

Damian: Fictional character. Mozarabic collaborator from Huesca who helps Belasquita.

Elvira: First wife of Ordoño II.

Elvira: fictional character. One of Burbaster's hermit nuns.

Enneco Fortúnez: First son of Fortún Garcés.

Enneco Garcés: Regent of Pamplona until the death of Fortún Garcés in 905.

Enneco Iñiguez: known as Iñigo Arista, the first king of Pamplona, ​​blood brother of Musa ibn Musa

Enneco Jimeno: Basque leader, Onneca's first husband, father of Enneco Arista and Fortuño

Eulogio de Córdoba: Religious from Córdoba, promoter of the Mozarabic response to the emir.

Eugenia: Cordovan martyr.

Eugenia: fictional character. One of Burbaster's hermit nuns.

Eulogio: Bishop of Córdoba.

Fatima al Qurayshiya: First wife of Emir Abd al Rahman III.

Fortún Garcés: Son of García Iñiguez. He remained a hostage in Córdoba between 860 and 880. He returned as King of Pamplona, ​​although he abdicated before his death in 905. His successor was Sancho Garcés I.

Fortún ibn Musa: Fourth son of Musa ibn Musa.

Fortún ibn Qasi: Son of Count Casio, father of Musa and Zahir ibn Fortún.

Fortuño Iñiguez: Brother of Enneco Arista, son of Enneco Jimeno and Onneca.

Fortuño: Fictional character. Abbot of the Monastery of Leyre.

Fray Aurelio: Fictional character. Burbaster Monk.

Galindo: Bishop of Pamplona.

Galindo Aznar: Count of Aragon.

Galindo Belascotenes: Father of García the Bad, lord of Cerretania until his removal from power by Aznar Galindo.

Galindo Aznárez: Son of Count Aznar Galindo

Galindo Garcés: Son of García the Bad and Nunila Galindo

Iñiguez: Fictional character. Alleged adoptive brother of García Iñiguez

Garcia I: First King of Leon.

García the Bad: Aragonese leader, faced with Aznar Galindo, who married Nunila, Enneco's daughter. Also known as Garcia from Sirtaniya.

García Garcés: Basque knight, husband of Auriya and son-in-law of Musa.

García Iñiguez: King of Pamplona (852-882)

García Sánchez: Son of Sancho Garcés I and Toda Aznárez.

García Ximenez: One of the Basque seniors, related to the Arista. He married several of his sons and daughters to sons and grandsons of the King of Pamplona. Father of Sancho Garcés I.

Garsiya: Fictional character. Basque businessman settled in Huesca.

Goto Núñez: Wife of King Sancho de León.

Guifrid/Wifredo the Hairy: First count of Barcelona.

Habiba: fictional character. Concubine in the palace of the governor of Zaragoza.  

Habil: fictional character. Confidence man of Umar ibn Hafsun, in charge of finances.

Haddad: fictional character. One of Umar ibn Hafsun's administrators.

Hafsun: Father of Umar ibn Hafsun

Hafs ibn Umar: Son of Umar ibn Hafsun.

Hafs al Mur: Lieutenant of Umar ibn Hafsun

Hakim: Fictional character. Representative of the muladíes

Hana: fictional character. Wife of Abd Allah ibn Muhammad.

Hakam ibn Atinah: Governor of Toledo

Harith ibn Hamdum: Lord of Al Hamma

Harith ibn Bazi: General of the emir Abd al Rahman and governor of Zaragoza

Hāsim al Tuchibí: Son of Al Anqar.

Haxim ibn Al Aziz: General and hachib of the emir Muhammad I.   

Hazine: fictional character. Concubine of Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Hermenegildo: Bishop of Compostela.

Hermogio: Bishop of Zamora, captured in the battle of Muez.

Hisam I: Second Emir of Córdoba (789-796).

Ibn Abd Rabbihi: Cordovan poet.

Ibn Abí Abda: Prestigious general, commander of the Cordovan army.

Ibn al-Wárit: Cordovan general. Ibn Basil: Cordovan general.

Ibn Bizant: Christian Governor of Úbeda.

Ibn Firnás: Andalusian poet of Maghrebi origins and scientist in the court of Abd al Rahman II. Among other, things he is considered the father of Aviation, Abbas Ibn Firnas created the first glider, and he achieve to soar over the city of Córdoba during brief flights in 9th century

Ibn Galib: Muladí officer under the orders of the emir Abd Allah

Ibn Mastana: Lieutenant of Umar ibn Hafsun.

Ibn Nabíl: Captain of Ibn Hafsún. Ibn Rudmir: Fictional character. They are of Rudmir, one of Burbaster's Christian captains.  

Ibn Tumlús: Cordovan general.

Ibn Zennun: Toledo rebel

Ibrahim: Fictional character. Master builder of Muhammad ibn Lubb in Zaragoza

Ibrahim ibn Hayay: Arab Governor of Ishbiliya.

Idris I: Descendant of Muhammad, founder of the Idrisí caliphate with its capital in Fez.

Isa ibn Ahmad: Vizier of Abd al Rahman III.

Ishaq: fictional character. Ibn Hafsun's lieutenant.

Ismail ibn Badr: Cordovan poet.

Ismail ibn Fortún: Eldest son of Fortún ibn Musa

Ismail ibn Mūsa: Younger son of Mūsa ibn Mūsa.

  Izraq ibn Mantil: Governor of Guadalajara, husband of Aisha.

Jawhar: fictional character. Muhammad ibn Lubb's officer in Saraqusta

Jazar ibn Mu'min: Senior officer of the Cordovan army confronted with Musa

Khaled: Fictional character. Head of the souk in Zaragoza.

Kurayb ibn Khaldún: Arab rebel from Seville.

Leodegundia: Daughter of Ordoño I of Asturias, second wife of García Iñiguez, King of Pamplona.

Lope=Lubb, its arabized form, lubb comes from latin lup, meaning wolf

Lubb ibn Fortun: Son of Fortun ibn Musa

Lubb ibn Muhammad: Son of Muhammad ibn Lubb, leader of the Banū Qasī since the year 898. Also known by the family name of Lubb ibn Qasī.

Lubb ibn Mutarrif: Son of Mutarrif ibn Musa

Lubb ibn Musa: Second son of Musa ibn Musa

 Ludovico Pio: Son of Charlemagne. Emperor and King of the Franks from 814 to 840

Ludriq: Asturian knight that Fortún ibn Musa faced in his first campaign. It corresponds to the name of Rodrigo.

Maqsim: Bishop of Burbaster.

Maryam: Concubine and later wife of Emir Abd al Rahman III.

Maslama: Captain of Ibn Hafsun

Masud ibn Amrus: Son of Amrus ibn Umar, governor of Huesca like him

Matrona: Daughter of Aznar Galindo, first wife of García el Malo

Matruh ibn Sulayman: Chief of the Yemenis of Saragossa, evicted from power and died in 791

Mikhail: fictional character. Muhammad ibn Lubb's trusted official.   

Moisés de Rada: Fictional character. Mozarabic doctor from Zaragoza.

Mudahir: Uncle of Umar ibn Hafsun

Muhagir ibn Alqatil: Leader of the Toledo rebels.

Muhammad I: Fifth Emir of Córdoba (852-886).

Muhammad ibn Abd Allah : First-born son of the emir Abd Allah and Onneca Fortúnez.

Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Hayay: Son of Ibrahim ibn Hayay, little king of Ishbiliya.

Muhammad ibn Ismail: Son of Ismail ibn Mūsa, cousin of Lubb ibn Muhammad.

Muhammad ibn Lubb: Eldest son of Lubb ibn Mūsa, leader of the Banū Qasī until 898.

Muhammad ibn Lubb: Son of Lubb ibn Muhammad, leader of the Banū Qasī since 915.   

Muhammad ibn Mutarrif: Son of Mutarrif ibn Musa

Muhammad ibn Rustum: Fictional character. General of the emir Abd al Rahman Mukhtar. Sahib al Suq of Tudela

Mutarrif ibn Salma: First qādi of Córdoba in the time of Abd Allah

Munia Sánchez: Daughter of Sancho Garcés I and Toda Aznárez.

Mūsa ibn Abd Allah: Supposed last leader of the Banū Qasī, second son of Abd Allah ibn Muhammad.

Musa Ibn Fortún: Father of Musa ibn Musa and brother of Nashir. Died in Zaragoza in 788 before the birth of his son Musa

Musa ibn Fortún: Son of Fortún ibn Musa, from Tudela.

Musa ibn Ismail: Son of Ismail ibn Musa   

Musa ibn Galind: Governor of Huesca

Mūsa ibn Muhammad ibn Hudayr: Vizier of Abd al Rahman III.

Mūsa ibn Muhammad ibn Sa'id: Hachib of Abd al Rahman III.

Mūsa ibn Mūsa: Muladī, chief chieftain of the Banū Qasī (788-862). He came to be considered "the third king of Spain" by Christian chronicles. Enneco Arista's blood brother.

Musa Ibn Mutarrif: Son of Mutarrif ibn Musa

Mūsa ibn Nusayr (640, Saudi Arabia –716/718, Damascus or Hijaz) Yemeni conqueror of the Iberian Peninsula during the rule of khalifa Walid I of Damascus in 711 along with Tariq ibn Ziyad. He was governor of Ifriqiya (Tunisia) between 704 and 712 and first governor of Al Ándalus (712-714). His son, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusair (685, Egypt or Iraq-716, Seville) was the second governor of Al Ándalus (714-716), he married Egilona (the widow of Rodrigo, the last Visigothic king), and their daughter, Aïcha or Asima bint Abd al-Aziz, married Fortún ibn Qasi (before 740– Zaragoza, 788), and their sons were Musa and Nashir ibn Fortún   

Mutarrif ibn Musa: Third son of Musa ibn Musa, married to Belasquita of Pamplona

Mutarrif ibn Abd Allah: Second son of the emir Abd Allah, murderer of his brother Muhammad, the eldest son.

Mutarrif ibn Di-l-Nun: Berber leader of the Santaver district.

Mutarrif ibn Muhammad: Third son of Muhammad ibn Lubb, governor of Toledo since 898.

Muzna: Mother of Abd al-Rahman III, Basque.

Nayat: fictional character. Midwife of the emir's harem.    

  Nicholas: fictional character. Burbaster boy.

Nora: fictional character. Assumed name of the wife of the hachib Badr ibn Ahmad

Onneca: Mother of Mutarrif, Fortún and Musa ibn Musa, first married to Enneco Jiméno, with whom he had his first two children: Iñigo Iñiguez (Iñigo Arista) and Fortún Iñiguez.

Onneca Fortúnez: Daughter of King Fortún Garcés, captive with him in Córdoba for 20 years. There she married Prince Abd Allah, later emir, to be the mother of their firstborn, and grandmother of Abd al Rahman III, the first caliph of Córdoba.

Onneca Sánchez: Second daughter of Sancho Garcés I and Toda Aznárez

Onneca Rebelle: First wife of García Ximenez de Pamplona

Órbita Sánchez: Younger daughter of Sancho Garcés I and Toda Aznárez      

  Ordoño I: King of Asturias (850-866)

Ordoño II: King of León at the beginning of the 10th century. Urdūn for the Arabs.

Rashida: Fictional character, mother of Mutarrif ibn Abd Allah, wife of Prince Abd Allah

Recafredo: Metropolitan Bishop of Córdoba in the time of Muhammad I

Pedro: First abbot of the monastery of Albeda

Pelayo: young Christian martyr from Córdoba

Perfecto: Christian priest of Córdoba.

Qalam: Slave, singer and versatile woman of Basque origin transferred to Medina and from there to the court of Abd al Rahman II.

Raissa: fictional character. Wife of Mutarrif ibn Muhammad

Rabbi ben Teodulfo: Qumis from Córdoba of Christian origin who came to control the finances of the emirate during the reign of Al Hakam I   

Ramiro I: King of Asturias (842-850)

Ramiro: Third son of Ordoño II of León

Ramón de Pallars: Count of Pallars

Rudmir: Captain of Ibn Hafsun

Sabrit: Muladí from Huesca related to Amrus ibn Yusuf, origin of the Banu Sabrit family

Sa'id ibn Al Mundhir: Governor of Guadalajara

Sa'id ibn Al Hudayl: Rebel faithful to Ibn Hafsun

Sa'id ibn Al Nabil: Cordovan Army Officer

Sa'id ibn Al Ya'la: Cordovan Army Officer

Sa'id ibn Amrú al Akri: Cordovan poet

Sa'dun: High-ranking official in the court of Abd al Rahman II, substitute for eunuch Nasr

Sa'dun al Ru'ayní: Zado. Governor of Barcelona until the conquest by the Franks in 801      

Sadun al-Surumbaqi: Lieutenant of Ibn Marwan

Sahra: fictional character. Wife of Muhammad ibn Lubb, mother of Lubb ibn Muhammad.

Said: fictional character. Supporter of Amrus ibn Umar in Huesca

Said ibn Ismail: Son of Ismail ibn Musa

Said al Husayn: Protagonist of the rebellion against the emir in Zaragoza in 788

Salvador: Fictional character. Herbalist brother from a monastery in Albeda.

Samuel: Christian name of Sulayman ibn Umar

Sancha Aznárez: Daughter of Onneca Fortúnez and Aznar Sánchez

Sancha Sánchez: eldest daughter of Sancho Garcés I and Toda Aznárez

Sancha Garcés: Daughter of García Ximenez, wife of Enneco Fortúnez        

Sancho Aznárez: Son of Onneca Fortúnez and Aznar Sánchez

Sancho: fictional character. Abbot of Leyre

Sancho Aznárez: husband of Toda Aznárez, king of Pamplona since 905

Sancho Ordóñez: Eldest son of Ordoño II of León

Sancho Garcés: Second son of García Iñiguez, regent during the captivity of his brother Fortún in Córdoba.

Sarband: Servando, son of the Christian count of Córdoba of the same name

Sawar ibn Hamdum: Arab rebel from Granada.

Sayida: Daughter of Al Tawil, wife of Lubb ibn Muhammad

Sebastian: Fictional character. Supposed name of the monk who helped Musa after the battle of Clavijo

Servando: Christian Count of Córdoba  

Shamena: supposed first wife of Lubb ibn Muhammad

Sulayman ibn Umar: Son of Umar ibn Hafsun

Sulaaf ibn Hazim: Fictional character. Military chief of the Tudela garrison

Sulayman ibn Abd al Rahman: Eldest son of the first emir who fought for the succession against his brother Hisham I

Talal: fictional character. Christian boy imprisoned in an aceifa and turned into a eunuch of the fortress

Tariq ibn Ziyad: Maghrebi conqueror of the Iberian Peninsula in 711, lieutenant of Musa ibn Nusayr.

Tarub: Wife of Abd al Rahman, mother of his son Abd Allah

Temam ibn Alqama: Chancellor of the Al Mundhir government

Toda: Wife of Iñigo Arista, mother of García, Assona and Nunila Iñiguez.     

Toda Aznárez: Daughter of Onneca Fortúnez and Wife of Sancho Garcés I

Ubayd Allah: Son of Abd al Rahman III and his wife Maryam

Ubayd Allah ibn Muhammad: Vanguard General at the Battle of Bulay

Ubayd Allah: General from Córdoba, protagonist of a large number of wars against the Christian lands of the north

Umar ibn Ayyub: Grandson of Umar ibn Hafsun

Umar ibn Hafsun: Malaga rebel who managed to put the emirate of Qurtuba to the test

Umaya ibn Abd Al Gafir: Governor of Seville envoy of the emir Abd Allah

Urdūn: Arabic name for Ordoño

Urraca Sánchez: Third daughter of Sancho Garcés I and Toda Aznárez

Urraca of Gascony: First wife of García Iñiguez, mother of Fortún Garcés

Vela Jiménez: Count at the service of Alfonso III     

Walid ibn Ganim: General of Emir Muhammad I

Wanyat: Governor of Arnedo, deposed by Lubb ibn Musa

Wadinás: Captain of Ibn Hafsún

Willesindo: Bishop of Pamplona

Wuhayb (father): Governor of Zaragoza

Wuhayb (son): Governor of Tudela

Ximena: Pamplona princess, married to Alfonso III of Asturias, mother of Ordoño II.

Ximeno: Bishop of Pamplona in the time of Fortun Garcés

Ximeno Garcés: Brother of Sancho Garcés I and husband of Sancha Aznárez

Ximena Belasco: Daughter of Belasco Fortúnez, married to a son of García Ximenez.

Ya'far ibn Umar: Son of Umar ibn Hafsun

Yahya: boy who helps Musa after the battle of Albelda          

Yahya ibn Idris: Yahya IV, Emir of Idris

Yahya ibn Ishaq: Jewish court physician of Cordoba

Ya'ad ibn Abd al Gafir: Governor of Ilvira (Granada), sent to Seville by Abd Allah

Yahya ibn Abd Al Aziz: Prosecutor in the trial against Muhammad

Ya'qūb ibn Abí: Officer of the Cordovan army

Yasar: fictional character. One of Umar ibn Hafsun's administrators

Yaziz: fictional character. Mercenary in the service of Ismail ibn Musa

Yunus ibn Muhammad: Son of Muhammad ibn Lubb, and brother of Lubb ibn Muhammad

Yusuf ibn Muhammad: Son of Muhammad ibn Lubb, and brother of Lubb ibn Muhammad

Zakariyya: Fictional character. Supposed childhood name of the character who will be known as Badr ibn Ahmad

Zakariyya ibn Amrus: Member of the Banu Amrus of Huesca

Ziryab: Musician, writer and multifaceted member of the Cordovan court, coming from the Baghdad court

Ziyad ibn Hud: Fictional character. Musa ibn Musa's childhood friend

Etymology II Locations

[siegesquirrel42]

Here's a story I remember:

The endgame of CBRX Season 1 ultimately came down to five civs, all jockeying for influence.

South America and Australia were dominated by the hyper-advanced Uruguayan empire, who were extremely successful but unpopular with the fans, as the mod was considered to have some balance issues. They had probably the best navy on the cylinder, and so the Pacific was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's oyster.

The Moors had conquered Europe and the Middle East, but Abd-ar Rahman III had struggled to break out since then. This would change, but when the final phase of the game began, he was absolutely not the favorite.

Zimbabwe, under Nyatsimba Mutota, dominated Africa and the Indian subcontinent. They'd recently knocked Benin out of the running, but they, too, were not considered the favorite.

The favorite was, and had been since the game started, Ablai Khan of the Kazakh Khanate. With a wide-open starting location and a massive horde of cavalry - and, subsequently, tanks - the Kazakhs had conquered most of Asia without much difficulty. Nobody seemed able to so much as slow them down.

Last, and as far as everyone was concerned, least, were the Iroquois, rulers of North America. While Hiawatha had the run of the continent, he also had the Moorish Atlantic fleet and the armies of Uruguay to contend with. And then he became the Kazakhs' next target. "Welp," we all thought, "that's pretty much the game, then."

Except it wasn't. Kazakh armored columns broke through the Bering Strait and stormed across North America, all the way to the Gulf of Mexico... and then the Iroquois stopped them.

And then they drove them back. City after city was liberated, until the Haudenosaunee Confederacy had the Kazakhs forced all the way back to their beachheads in Alaska. They even kicked Uruguay out of Central America at the same time! For those unaware of how Civ 5 works, generally the AI isn't good enough to pull off this sort of thing. Comebacks on this scale do not happen. And yet, it happened. In fact, it happened twice, as when Ablai Khan counterattacked, Hiawatha met him on the Great Plains and chased him back to Alaska once more, alternately helped and opposed by Uruguay, who were cementing themselves as a sort of anime rival figure.

While the Iroquois were left weakened to the point it was clear they had no shot at victory (if they ever did), Ablai's vaunted hovertank legions had been smashed and the myth of Kazakh invincibility broken. It was time for the real hero to rise. After several episodes spent building up their strength, the Moors finally attacked. Abd-ar Rahman's forces struck the Kazakh empire from behind, crushing their depleted reserves and fighting all the way to the Pacific. Uruguay broke through too, conquering Japan and Southeast Asia. The very last Kazakh city wss an outpost in Far East Siberia originally settled by Shikoku, over a thousand turns ago. Poetically enough, the ones to capture it and eliminate Ablai wound up being the Iroquois.

After that, it was Moors vs. Uruguay. The two superpowers partitioned Zimbabwe (who hadn't done much of anything) between them and then started duking it out, all the while poking at Hiawatha's defenses. Uruguay had spent the game at least as highly favored as the Kazakhs. But finally, the Moors managed to get the better of Lavalleja, kicking the blue menace out of Africa and India. Abd-ar Rahman had decisively beaten the two least liked civs in the season and thus indirectly saved the beloved Iroquois underdogs. He was, without a doubt, the game's hero.

The game ended up being called complete at what, thanks to a map reset midway through, appeared as turn 1500 but was really closer to turn 2500 - several times longer than Civ 5 was ever meant to run for. Progress had stalled once the front reached the Ring of Fire. The Moors couldn't break Uruguay's super-soldiers and nanobot swarms, Uruguay couldn't stop the Moorish mobile fortresses and genetically engineered war-beasts, and neither side could crack the Iroquois chokepoints, guarded as they were by an army of robots. The game was declared over, and the Moors were declared the winner. Uruguay and the Iroquois had to settle for second and third, respectively, but the Iroquois swept the popularity polls.

By the end of the game, the AI no longer knew what to do, and so nobody was building very many military units. I'd like to think the three powers found peace after all those millennia and built a new society, working together to advance humanity after the Observers left them behind for the next Battle Royale.

The Civilization Battle Royale

I figure it's been too long since I've made a post, so I'm gonna make a series of post talking about one of my special interests, which is the Civilization AI game my friend runs. For those who are unaware of the concept, you can essentially pit all the computer players against one another in Sid Meier's Civilization V using mods. A while back, a user created the series called the Civilization Battle Royale, and it got fairly popular (10,000 subscribers on reddit, currently.) It eventually got handed over to my friend Coiot, but throughout the years, it's been a fun little gimmick throughout my life. So, let me discuss events that happen in this wacky game. Let's start with my favorite story: the Orange Containment Project.

[rabbitcruiser]

Stronghold

What do you think about my pic?      

[tiny-librarian]

Royal Birthdays for today, January 11th:

Theodosius I, Emperor of Rome, 347

Abd-ar-Rahman III, Spanish Emir of Córdoba, 889

Kōmyō, Emperor of Japan, 1322

Go-En'yū, Emperor of Japan, 1359

Michelle of Valois, Duchess consort of Burgundy, 1395

Karl von Habsburg, Archduke of Austria, 1961

Maryam bint Mohammed Al Maktoum, Princess of Dubai, 1992

[mehmetfath]

Abdurrahman III: Khalifah Pertama di Semenanjung Iberia

Abdurrahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abdillah Al Umawi menjadi amir setelah sang kakek wafat. Sebetulnya, ayahnya yang bernama Muhammad-lah yang menjadi penerus Abdullah, amir sebelumnya. Akan tetapi, Muhammad dibunuh saudaranya yang bernama Al Qasim. Mengetahui hal itu, ditegakkanlah hadd untuk Al Qasim. Ia diqisas. Ketika Muhammad terbunuh, usia Abdurrahman baru 20 hari.

Ia memimpin Emirat (yang kemudian berubah menjadi khilafah) Cordoba selama 49 tahun. Ia dilantik di usia yang masih muda, 23 tahun. Ia dianggap sebagai khalifah yang paling cakap dalam memimpin. Kepribadian yang kuat, kepemimpinan yang baik, keteguhan hati, dan pertimbangannya yang selalu matang menjadi modalnya untuk memajukan daulah ini.

Ia diamanahi Emirat Cordoba dalam keadaan babak belur usai dihantam berbagai usaha pemberontakan. Namun ia berhasil meninggalkan daulah yang ia pimpin dalam keadaannya yang paling kuat. Kedamaian, kemakmuran, dan keadilan kembali bersinar cerah setelah sebelumnya redup. Ia sering disebut sebagai Sang Penyelamat Imperium Muslim Andalusia.

Ia menegakkan keadilan secara sempurna, membereskan semua pengacau di dalam negerinya, juga memimpin langsung pasukannya dalam berbagai peperangan melawan musuh. Ia menemani rakyatnya di segala kondisi, senang maupun susah, sehingga semangat tentara untuk mengembalikan kejayaan Emirat Cordoba begitu membara. Ia berhasil menegakkan kekuasaannya dari Pyrenees ke Gibraltar, menaklukkan musuhnya yang paling bandel, Ibnu Hafshun, dan pemberontak lainnya.

Ia mengatur semua hal terkait negaranya dengan rapi. Pos-pos polisi di tiap kota disiagakan untuk menjaga keamanan negara, sehingga para pedagang yang berjalan jauh tidak merasa takut.

Ia juga membangun infrastruktur dan sumber daya manusia di Cordoba dengan baik, sehingga segala kebutuhan masyarakat tersedia tanpa ada kurang. Ilmuwan-ilmuwan muslim seperti Sa'id ibn Yahya, Ahmad ibn Nashr, dan Ibnu Masarrah ada di masanya. Ini merupakan efek dari dikembangkannya budaya dan ilmu pengetahuan secara pesat.

Ia juga membangun istana Az Zahra dengan megah. Batu-batu pualamnya berasal dari Carthage dan Nurmidia. Padahal ketika itu, di Eropa jarang sekali ditemui bangunan semewah itu.

Ia adalah amir Cordoba pertama yang bergelar Amirul Mu'minin. Itu juga menandai berdirinya Khilafah Cordoba setelah sebelumnya para pemimpinnya hanya dipanggil dengan sebutan amir. Masa itu bertepatan dengan melemahnya Daulah Abbasiyah di bawah Al Muqtadir, dan mulai menjamurnya pengaruh Syiah yang dibawa Dinasti Ubaidiyah di Qairawan.

Abdurrahman wafat di tahun 961 M. Al Hakam II naik menggantikannya sebagai khalifah di Cordoba.

(Sumber: Artikel Republika: Abdurrahman III; Siyar A'lam An Nubala'; Tarikh Al Khulafa'; Wikipedia: Abd ar Rahman III)

[nico-meridius]

Sylum Trivia Answer: April 2021

Sylum Trivia Answer: April 2021

Question: Name the Clan Lawyers, which included the Council Answer: Oliver Babish – Council Lionel Tribby – Council Hank Palmer – Council Hetshepsu – Council Marcus Caldius Avitus – Council Albert Gallatin – Ehre/Weisheit Abd-ar-Rahman III – Integridad Romeo Montague – Passion Lucius Malfoy – Mod Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky – Sila Gracchus – Lealta Draco – Sanguen Wyatt Earp – Border Wesley…

[spainsight]

UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Andalucía (Andalusia)

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Andalucía has 8 world heritage sites, with 7 of them being exclusive of the area while the other one is shared between Aragón, Catalonia, Castile-La Mancha, Murcia and Valencia.

Córdoba is the city with the most Heritage Sites.

Alhambra, Generalife and Albaicín (Granada)

Type: Cultural

The Alhambra, meaning "The Red One"', is a palace and fortress complex. It was originally constructed as a small fortress in AD 889 on the remains of Roman fortifications, and then renovated and rebuilt in the mid-13th century by the Nasrid emir Mohammed ben Al-Ahmar of the Emirate of Granada, who built its current palace and walls with many beautiful, intricate details. It was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada.

The Generalife, meaning "Architect's Garden", was the summer palace and country estate of the Nasrid rulers of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus. The palace and gardens were built during the reign of Muhammed II (1273-1302), Sultan of Granada, and later by Muhammed III (1302–1309). They were redecorated shortly after by Abu I-Walid Isma'il (1313–1324). The Generalife is one of the oldest surviving Moorish gardens.

The Albaicín is a district of Granada. It retains the narrow winding streets of its Medieval Moorish past dating back to the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.

Antequera Dolmens Site (Málaga)

Type: Cultural

The Antequera Dolmens Site is a cultural heritage ensemble comprising three cultural monuments (the Dolmen of Menga, Dolmen of Viera and Tholos of El Romeral) and two natural mountain features (the Peña de los Enamorados and El Torcal).

Both the Dolmen of Menga and the Tholos of El Romeral have anomalous orientations: whereas the axes of almost all dolmens around the Mediterranean are oriented to a celestial feature, such as sunrise at dawn on the equinoxes  the Dolmen of Menga is the only Dolmen in continental Europe that points towards an anthropomorphic mountain (the Peña de los Enamorados) while Tholos of El Romeral is oriented to the mountains of El Torcal, containing the Cave of the Bull.

Caliphate City of Medina Azahara (Córdoba)

Type: Cultural

Medina Azahara, meaning "the Shining City", is the ruins of a vast, fortified Andalus palace-city built by Abd-ar-Rahman III (first Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba). It was the de facto capital of al-Andalus as the heart of the administration and government was within its walls.

Medina Azahara is an outstanding example of urban planning combining architectural and landscape approaches, the technology of urban infrastructure, architecture, decoration and landscape adaptation, illustrating the significant period of the 10th century CE.

Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias (Sevilla)

Type: Cultural

The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See is a Roman Catholic cathedral as well as the largest Gothic religious building. After its completion in the early 16th century, it supplanted Hagia Sophia as the largest cathedral in the world, a title the Byzantine church had held for nearly a thousand years. It is the resting place of Christopher Columbus and his son.

The Royal Alcázars of Seville, meaning "The Verdant Palace", is a royal palace built by Castilian Christians on the site of an Abbadid Muslim alcazar ("residential fortress") destroyed after the Christian conquest of Seville. The palace is a preeminent example of Mudéjar architecture in the Iberian Peninsula but features Gothic, Renaissance and Romanesque design elements from previous stages of construction.

The Archivo General de Indias is the repository of extremely valuable archival documents illustrating the history of the Spanish Empire in the Americas and the Philippines. The building itself, an unusually serene and Italianate example of Spanish Renaissance architecture, was designed by Juan de Herrera.

Doñana National Park (Huelva, Cádiz and Sevilla)

Type: Natural

Doñana National Park has a biodiversity that is unique in Europe, although there are some similarities to the Parc Naturel Régional de Camargue of the Camargue river delta in France. The park features a great variety of ecosystems and shelters wildlife including thousands of European and African migratory birds, fallow deer, Spanish red deer, wild boars, European badgers, Egyptian mongooses, and endangered species such as the Spanish imperial eagle and the Iberian lynx.

Due to its strategic location between the continents of Europe and Africa and its proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Doñana's large expanse of salt marsh is a breeding ground as well as a transit point for thousands of European and African birds (aquatic and terrestrial), and hosts many species of migratory waterfowl.

Historic Centre of Córdoba (Córdoba)

Type: Cultural

The historic centre of Córdoba is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. The historic centre has a wealth of monuments preserving large traces of Roman, Arabic, and Christian times.

Evidence of the Roman period can be seen in the bridge over the Guadalquivir, the mosaics in the Alcázar, the columns of the Roman temple, and the remains of the Roman walls. In addition to the Caliphal Baths, the Moorish influence in the city's design is evident in the Alcázar gardens adjacent to the former Grand Mosque. Minarets from the period survive in the churches of Santiago, San Lorenzo, San Juan and the Santa Clara Hermitage. The Jewish presence during Muslim rule can be seen in the La Judería district in which the synagogue was used.

Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza (Jaén)

Type: Cultural

The respective monumental ensembles attained their most unique constructive expressions during the Renaissance period. Úbeda developed outstanding noble architecture; Baeza turned into an important ecclesiastic and educational centre.

Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin (Jaén, Almería and Granada, shared with other autonomous communities)

Type: Cultural

Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, is the name given to the group of over 700 sites of prehistoric Levantine art. The sites are in the eastern part of Spain and contain rock art dating to the Upper Paleolithic or (more likely) Mesolithic periods of the Stone Age. The art consists of small painted figures of humans and animals, which are the most advanced and widespread surviving from this period, certainly in Europe, and arguably in the world, at least in the earlier works. It is notable for the number of places included, the largest concentration of such art in Europe. Its name refers to the Mediterranean Basin; however, while some sites are located near the sea, many of them are inland in Aragon and Castilla–La Mancha; it is also often referred to as Levantine Art (meaning "from Eastern Spain", not the Levant region).

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.5 (before 1860)

AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty. 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are extinguished. 642 – Battle of Maserfield: Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Northumbria. 910 – The last major Danish army to raid England for nearly a century is defeated at the Battle of Tettenhall by the allied forces of Mercia and Wessex, led by King Edward the Elder and Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians. 939 – The Battle of Alhandic is fought between Ramiro II of León and Abd-ar-Rahman III at Zamora in the context of the Spanish Reconquista. The battle resulted in a victory for the Emirate of Córdoba. 1068 – Byzantine–Norman wars: Italo-Normans begin a nearly-three-year siege of Bari. 1100 – Henry I is crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey. 1278 – Spanish Reconquista: the forces of the Kingdom of Castile initiate the ultimately futile Siege of Algeciras against the Emirate of Granada. 1305 – First Scottish War of Independence: Sir John Stewart of Menteith, the pro-English Sheriff of Dumbarton, successfully manages to capture Sir William Wallace of Scotland, leading to Wallace's subsequent execution by hanging, evisceration, drawing and quartering, and beheading 18 days later. 1388 – The Battle of Otterburn, a border skirmish between the Scottish and the English in Northern England, is fought near Otterburn. 1460 – The Kingdom of Scotland captures Roxburgh, one of the last English strongholds in Scotland, following a siege. 1506 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Crimean Khanate in the Battle of Kletsk. 1583 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes the first English colony in North America, at what is now St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. 1600 – The Gowrie Conspiracy against King James VI of Scotland (later to become King James I of England) takes place. 1620 – The Mayflower departs from Southampton, England, carrying would-be settlers, on its first attempt to reach North America; it is forced to dock in Dartmouth when its companion ship, the Speedwell, springs a leak. 1689 – Beaver Wars: Fifteen hundred Iroquois attack Lachine in New France. 1716 – Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718): One-fifth of a Turkish army and the Grand Vizier are killed in the Battle of Petrovaradin. 1735 – Freedom of the press: New York Weekly Journal writer John Peter Zenger is acquitted of seditious libel against the royal governor of New York, on the basis that what he had published was true. 1772 – First Partition of Poland: The representatives of Austria, Prussia, and Russia sign three bilateral conventions condemning the ‘anarchy’ of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and imputing to the three powers ‘ancient and legitimate rights’ to the territories of the Commonwealth. The conventions allow each of the three great powers to annex a part of the Commonwealth, which they proceed to do over the course of the following two months. 1763 – Pontiac's War: Battle of Bushy Run: British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Indians at Bushy Run. 1781 – The Battle of Dogger Bank takes place. 1796 – The Battle of Castiglione in Napoleon's first Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars. 1816 – The British Admiralty dismisses Francis Ronalds's new invention of the first working electric telegraph as "wholly unnecessary", preferring to continue using the semaphore. 1824 – Greek War of Independence: Konstantinos Kanaris leads a Greek fleet to victory against Ottoman and Egyptian naval forces in the Battle of Samos. 1858 – Cyrus West Field and others complete the first transatlantic telegraph cable after several unsuccessful attempts. It will operate for less than a month.

[raashmblr]

World heritage site of Córdoba, Andalusia/Spain🇪🇸.

The ruins of a vast, fortified Andalus palace-city built by Abd-ar-Rahman III, the first Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.

The main reason for its construction was politico-ideological; the dignity of the Caliph required the establishment of a new city, a symbol of his power, imitating other Eastern Caliphates.

On July 1, 2018, the site was listed as a UNESCO world heritage site with the inscription name "Caliphate city of Medina Azahara ".

[implexis]

10th Century, 901 to 1000

901  In middle Mexico, the Toltecs have established themselves at Tula. (map)

904  Recent emperors in China have been incompetent and the puppets of palace eunuchs. Many in China believe that these emperors have lost the Mandate of Heaven.

905  China's emperor loses control over Annam (northern Vietnam). There a village notable, Khuc Thua Du, has led a rebellion. The Chinese garrison at Tong Binh (Hanoi) is vanquished. Khuc Thua Du declares Annam autonomous.

911  The King of France, Charles III, gives Normandy to Vikings in return for the Viking leader, Rollo, a Norwegian, pledging his allegiance to him – the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. Rollo and his Vikings (mostly Danes) are to defend his part of the coast of France from attacks by other Vikings.

912  Rollo and his Vikings become Christian.

924  Bulgarians overrun the lands of Prince Caslav Klonimirovic in what today is Serbia.

927  Prince Caslov drives away the Bulgarians and expands his kingdom, uniting what today is Serbia, Montenegro, East Herzegovina (Hercegovina) and Bosnia, then called Raska, Duklja, Travunija and Bosnia. This is said by Serbians to be the founding of Serbia. Orthodox Christianity is the state religion.

929  At Cordoba Spain, Abd-ar-Rahman, of the Umayyad dynasty, elevates himself from an emir to caliph, putting himself in rivalry with the Abbasid caliph at Baghdad.

950  Women in a Chinese harem invent playing cards.

960  In China, palace guards surround their commander and demand that he become emperor. The commander agrees but only if they vow to obey him and not plunder, not harm citizens and not harm the ruling family they are overthrowing. The troops agree. The new emperor is Taizu, who will begin the Song Dynasty.

970  Córdoba, on the Iberian Peninsula, is Europe's intellectual center and the world's most populous city. Constantinople is the only other European city in the top ten of the world's most populous cities. Córdoba is a Muslim city. Caliph al Hakam II has been in power since 961 and is contributing to the building of Cordoba's libraries. Córdoba has Europe's best university, with a spirit of free inquiry. It has medical schools. Work is being done also in math and astronomy. The city is tolerant toward its Jewish and Christian minority.

970  In China, paper money, invented there around 100 C.E., now dominates as the monatery unit.

970  Around this year in China, a ruler's consort who has bound her feet with strips of silk cloth performs a dance that impresses the aristocrat artsy crowd. Other court females adopt the practice. The binding of feet becomes a part of aristocratic culture for women expected to be playthings and entertainers rather than having the mobility needed for labor among common women.

975  Europeans begin to use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, et cetera), which are more convenient in arithmetic than Roman numerals.

980  Wealthy landowners in Japan have freed themselves from paying taxes. The government has little in revenues and has stopped supporting a national army. The wealthy landowners have been consolidating their various lands into single administrative units and creating their own armies. The men hired for these armies are to be known as samurai (men who serve), or bushi (warriors).

982  Erik the Red has been expelled from Iceland. He leads a group in the exploration of Greenland.

985  Erik the Red has returned to Iceland. With 25 ships filled with people and their belongings he heads back to Greenland. Many are lost at sea. With the 350 persons who arrive in Greenland, he establishes a settlement.

988  In Kiev, Prince Vladimir I adopts the religion of the Byzantine Empire as the state religion.

990  Between Timbuktu and the Atlantic coast, authoritarian kings have enriched themselves by forcing tradesmen to give them a cut in the gold that has been passing through their territory from mines to their south on their way northward. Their kingdom is called Ghana. Ghana extends its empire by conquering the Berber-dominated town of Awdaghost, to the northwest of Ghana, and Ghana is now at the peak of its power.

1000  Northern Maya cities begin to be abandoned. The Toltecs have arrived from central Mexico, and at what had been a Maya city, Chichen Itza, they build their own monuments.

1000  A few Turks are in Iran employed as soldiers. Now tribes of Turks start moving into Iran.  

1000  Muslims looking forward to the future are expanding southward along the Somali coast in eastern Africa. The town of Mogadishu is founded, where Muslim merchants are to trade in gold dust from the south.  

1000  For centuries Christians have been expecting the Second Coming of Jesus – the Day of Judgment. Giving importance to a round figure such as 1000, and assuming that Jesus was born exactly one thousand years earlier, many believe this is the year that it will happen. The passing of the year leaves believers thanking God for the postponement of Armageddon.

1000  Per capita world Gross Domestic Product (according to today's economic historian Angus Maddison) is $435, measured in 1990 dollars. This (according to Maddison) is down from $444 in the year 1. And (according to Maddison) income levels in Europe are below those of Asia and North Africa.

[rabbitcruiser]

Almería, Spain (No. 9)

The Alcazaba of Almería is a fortified complex in Almería, southern Spain. The word alcazaba, from the Arabic word (القَصَبَة; al-qaṣabah), signifies a walled fortification in a city.

In 955, Almería gained the title of medina ("city") by the Caliph of Cordoba, Abd ar-Rahman III: construction of the defensive citadel, located in the upper sector of the city, began in this period. The alcazaba, provided not only with walls and towers but also with squares, houses and a mosque, was to be also the seat of the local government, commanding the city and the sea nearby.

The complex was enlarged under caliph Al-Mansur and, later, under Khayran as-Saqlabi [ar], first king of the independent taifa of Almería (1012–1028).

Its intention was to protect the area's largest city at the time, Pechina.

The majority of the objects of an archaeological site found at the Alcazaba are kept in the Museo de Almería, although some pieces are kept in the Museo de la Alhambra.

Source: Wikipedia

[mehmetfath]

Hisyam III: Berakhirnya Kekuasaan Umayyah di Cordoba

Hisyam III naik menggantikan Abdurrahman V. Ia berkuasa selama lima tahun menggantikan Muhammad III. Muhammad III memiliki seorang anak perempuan yang menjadi penyair yang terkenal, Walladah ibn Muhammad atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Walladah ibn Al Mustakfi.

Selama kekuasaannya, kerusuhan terus terjadi. Kerusuhan itu membuatnya harus lari hingga ke benteng Lerida di Aragon pada tahun 1031. Ia wafat di sana.

Kemudian, diangkatlah seorang dari Bani Umayyah bernama Umayyah ibn Abdirrahman. Banyak sejarawan tidak memasukkannya ke dalam daftar pemimpin resmi Bani Umayyah di Cordoba karena ia berkuasa hanya sehari.

Ketika Umayyah dilantik, orang-orang di sekitarnya berujar, “Kami sangat khawatir engkau akan dibunuh, sedangkan hidup Anda sekeluarga diliputi kebahagiaan.”

Ujaran itu dijawab Umayyah dengan jawaban yang direkam sejarah, “Silakan baiat diriku hari ini, dan bunuh aku esok hari!”

Dan ternyata, perkataannya terbukti. Ia dibaiat, tak lama setelah itu ia melarikan diri dan meninggalkan Cordoba. Kepergiannya menandai berakhirnya kekuasaan Bani Umayyah di Cordoba pada tahun 1031. Setelah itu, kekuasaan Islam di Cordoba terpecah ke dalam kekuasaan-kekuasaan kecil, mencapai lebih dari 15 kerajaan. Masa ini disebut juga sebagai Muluk Ath Thawa-if.

Betapa takdir Allah telah terencana. Bani Umayyah Damaskus tidak bisa bangkit tanpa kehadiran seorang Marwan ibn Al Hakam, namun ia juga runtuh ketika dipegang oleh Marwan ibn Muhammad. Sementara Umayyah Cordoba harus berakhir di tangan penguasa bernama Umayyah!

(Sumber: Artikel Republika: Umayyah ibn Abdurrahman; Wikipedia: Hisham III of Cordoba, Muhammad III of Cordoba)

[humanhistoricalstories]

January, 16 #onthisday 27BC. The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. 550. Gothic War (535-552): The Ostrogoths, under King Totila, conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison. 929. Caliphate of Cordoba is established by Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III. 1493. Christopher Columbus leaves the New World and sets sail for Spain. 1501. Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral and 6 ships begin their return voyage to Lisbon. 1547. Ivan IV, the Terrible, crowns himself first tsar of Moscow. 1556. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V appoints his son Philip II, King of Spain. 1870. Virginia becomes 8th state readmitted to US after Civil War. 1878. Captain Burago with a squadron of Russian Imperial army dragoons liberates Plovdiv from Ottoman rule. 1939. Daily newspaper comic strip, Superman, debuts. #humanhistoricalstories #history #photographie #onthisdayinhistory #otd #thisdayinhistory #todayinhistory #augustus #caesar #roman #gothicwar #kingtotila #ostrogoths #spain #caliphate #cordoba #columbus #moscow #russia #ivaniv #ivantheterrible #tsar #charlesv #philipii #kingofspain #virginia #burago #ottomanempire #superman https://www.instagram.com/p/CKGqWEElokr/?igshid=19vy0h0cdb0d2

[nemesisbinxartifactseries]

Artifact Series A

A Christmas Story Leg Lamp (canon)

A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson

A.A. Milne's Honey Dipper

ABBA's Champagne Glasses

AFV Video Screen

A.J. Hackett's Bungee Cord

ATLAS Android Test Subject

Aaron's Rod

Aaron's Staff

Aaron Anderson’s Oars

Aaron Swartz's Computer Mouse

Abby Normal's Brain *

Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani's Walking Stick

Abebe Bikila's Jersey

Abigail Williams' Pendent

Abing's Erhu

Abraham's Sapphire

Abraham Lincoln's Top Hat *

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy Chart

Abraham Suydam's Golden Pocketwatch

Abraham Ulrikib's Caribou Pelt

Absorbent Photo Album and Camera

Abu al-Qasim's Bellows

Abu al-Qasim's Forceps

Abu Hurairah's Tombstone

Achilles' Arrow *

Accordion from Kunstkamera

Acme Police Whistle

Ada Lovelace's Dress

Adad-nirari I’s Axe Blade

Adam Lanza's Gun

Adam Rainer's Measuring Tape

Adam Sandler's Idea Pad

Adelard of Bath’s Abacus

Adolf Eichmann's Eagle Insignia Badge

Adolf Frederick's Silver Cutlery Set

Adolf Hitler's Colored Pencils

Adolf Hitler's Microphone *

Adolf Slaby's Snuff Box

Adolphe Chaillet's "Shelby" Bulbs *

Adolphe Dugleres' Menu

Adrian Hill's Sketchpad

Aegean Sails

Aegicoros' Goblet

Aesop's Cloak

Aesop's Grapevine

Aesop's Pendant

Aesop’s Rope

Aeschylus' Turtle Shell

African Ngil Fang Mask *

African Tribal Elephant Tusk *

African Witch Doctor's Staff

Agamemnon's Mycenaean Bronze Sword

Agatha Christie's Car

Agatha Christie's Typewriter *

Agatha Christie's Wedding Ring

Agathodaemon's Natron

Agent Aden Taylor's God-Tier Clock

Agent Aden Taylor's God Tier Outfit

Aggressive Metal Lunchbox

Agnodice’s Tunic

Aguara's Carob

Ahmad Shah Durrani's Pesh-Kabz

Ahmose I’s Armband

Aileen Wuornos' Black Ledger

Aimée Crocker's Hat and Fur Stole

Air from the Great Stink of 1858

Air Raid Siren from Pearl Harbor

Air-Raid Skeet Thrower

Airbrushes from Disney Studios *

Akbar the Great's Water Container

Akira Kurosawa's Mao Hat

Akira Toriyama's Original Pen

Aki Ra’s Landmine Casings

Alain Robert’s Bag of Chalk

Albert Fish's Whip of Nails

Al Capone's Fedora

Al Capone's Machine Guns *

Al Smith's 1928 Campaign Badges

Aladdin's Lamp

Alan Hale Jr.'s Skipper Hat

Alan Seeger's Helmet

Alan Turing's Typewriter

Alan Wake's Flashlight

Alarm Clock

Albert Abrams’ Vials

Albert Anastasia's Barber Shop Chair

Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll

Albert Butz's Glasses *

Albert Camus' Coffee Cup

Albert Einstein's Bridge Device *

Albert Einstein's Chalk

Albert Einstein's Comb *

Albert Stevens’ Paintbrush

Albert Tirrell’s Razor

Alberto Burri's Sacking and Red

Albertus Magnus' Quill Pen

Alboin’s Skull Cup

Albrecht Dürer's Rhinoceros Horn

Self-portrait at 26" href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%27s_%27%27Self-portrait_at_26%27%27">Albrecht Dürer's Self-portrait at 26 *

Alchemist's Curse

Alcmaeon of Croton's Ring

Aldrich Ames' Chalk

Aldus Manutius’ Vellum

Aleijadinho’s Palanquin

Aleister Crowley's Ruby Studded Universal Hexagram Necklace *

Alejandro Jodorowsky’s Keisaku

Tetris" href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Serebrov%27s_Nintendo_Game_Boy_%26_Copy_of_%27%27Tetris%27%27">Aleksandr Serebrov's Nintendo Game Boy & Copy of Tetris

Alessandro Volta's Biscuit Bin *

Alessandro Volta's Lab Coat and Goggles *

Alethiometer

Alex Mercer's Jacket

Alex Sander's Scourge

Alexander of Abonoteichus' Grimorie

Alexander Alekhine's Chess Set *

Alexander Bain's Fax Machine

Alexander Calder's First Mobile

Alexander D'Agapeyeff's Telegraph

Alexander Fleming's Beaker

Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone Wire

Alexander the Great's Bronze Breastplate

Alexander the Great's Xyston

Alexander of Greece's Pocket Watch

Alexander Grey's Owl Pendant

Alexander Hamilton's & Aaron Burr's Dueling Pistols

Alexander Herrmann's Gold Watch

Alexander Hermann's Mustache Scissors *

Alexander Keith Jr’s Barrel

Alexander Litvinenko's Tea Pot

Alexander Morison's Top Hat

Alexander Polyhistor's Animal Fiber Sponge

Alexander Steinert's Grand Piano

Alexander von Humboldt's Fern

Alexander Wilson's Falconry Glove

Alexandre Étienne Choron’s Menu

Alexey Leonov's Near the Moon

Alexis Soyer's Cutting Board

Alexis St. Martin's Musket Powder

Al-Farabi's Shahrud

Alfred Adler’s Coat Rack

Alfred Dreyfus' Sword Hilt *

Alfred George Hinds' Prison Uniform

Alfréd Hajós' Measuring Tape

Alfred Hitchcock's Metal Pinwheel (canon)  

Alfred Kinsey's Abacus

Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Bronze Statue of Chiron

Alfred's Monarch Ice Skates

Alfred Nobel's Box Detonator

Alfred Nobel's Curtains

Alfred Packer's Gold

Alfred Snoxall's Lee-Enfield Rifle

Alfred N. Stevenson's Military Helmet

Alfred Stieglitz's Tripod

Alfred Watkin’s Theodolite

Alfred Wegener's Parka

Algie the Pig

Al Herpin's Rocking Chair

Al Hirschfeld’s Chair and Lamp

Ali Asghar Borujerdi's Prayer Beads

Alice Manfield’s Trekking Pole

Alice Bailey's Necklace

Alice's Crown

Alice Stebbins Wells’ Police Badge

Alien's Device Prop

Allan Pinkerton's Briefcase

Allan W. E. Jones' Underwear

Alleyway from Kowloon Walled City

Alliance Tenna-Scope TV Signal Booster

All Hallow's Eve Pumpkin

Alphonse Bertillon's Shaving Mirror

Alphonse Cahagnet's Magnets

Alpine Brandy Rescue Cask *

Aloysius 'Alois' Alzheimer's Eye Glasses

Alpharts Tod's Hauberk

Altaïr's Hidden Blade

Aluminum Bluthner Piano *

Álvaro Obregón's Right Arm

Alvin C. Graves' Tie

Alvin C. York's .45 Colt Automatic Pistol

Alvin C. York's Medal

Alvin Straight’s Riding Lawn Mower

Alyattes of Lydia's Electrum Coins

Amanda Palmer's Ukulele

Amanda Todd's Flashcards

Amasa Coleman Lee's Porch Swing

Amaterasu's Yasakani no Magatama

Amazon Fish Tank *

The Amber Room

Amber Sphere *

Amber Spyglass

Ambrose Bierce's Skull

Ambrose Burnside's Jacket

Amelia Earhart's Goggles

Amelia Earhart's Lockheed Vega 5B

Amenemhat III’s Pyramidion

Amenemhat III's Sistrum

Amenemhat IV’s Sphinx

"American Idiot" Stage Set

Amerigo Vespucci's Armor Plate

Amityville House Windows

Ammunition from the USS Maine

Amphion's Lyre

Amulet of Hapi

Amy Lowell's Cigar

Amy Winehouse's Microphone

An Zhengwen's Brush

Anasazi Rope

Anatoly Onoprienko's Sawed off Shotgun

Anatomical Model

Anaxagoras' Krater

Anaximander's Sundial

André the Giant's Wrestling Singlet

André Citroën's Double Helical Gear

André de Toth’s 3-D Glasses

Andre Devigny's Bedding and Lantern

André Devigny Spoon

André-Marie Ampère’s Notebook

André Martinet's Phonograph

Andrea Aguyar’s Lasso

Andrea del Verrocchio's Workshop

Andreas Mihavecz’s Prison Cell

Andreas Vesalius' Watering Can

Andrew Borden's Couch

Andy Dufresne’s Rock Hammer

Andrew Jackson's Keg of Ale

Andrew Wyeth's Christina's World

Andy Kaufman's Bowl & Spoon

Andy Kaufman's Sunglasses

Andy Lambros' Fishing Pole

Andy the Clown’s Costume

Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans

Andy Warhol's Concept Dress Mannequin

Andy Warhol's Hairbrush

Andy Warhol's Marilyn Diptych

Anfo Merc's Electric Guitar and Battery Amplifier

Angela Cavallo's Car Fender

Angelo Faticoni's Chair

Angelo Moriondo’s Espresso Machine

Angelo Siciliano's Workout Trunks *

Angel Wings from the Pulse Funeral

Angkor Wat Piece of Vishnu

Ankou's Horseshoe

Angry Birdcage *

Animatronic Presidents from the "Hall of Presidents" in Walt Disney World

Anita King’s Lighter

Ann Corio's Bra

Ann Faraday's Jacket

Anna Baker's Wedding Dress

Anna Bertha Ludwig's Wedding Ring

Anna de Coligny's Crown

Anna Pavlova's Swan-Feather Fan

Annabelle Doll

Anne Boleyn's Pearl Necklace and Ornate B

Anne Bonny's Cutlass *

Anne Frank's Diary and Ribbon Bookmark

Anne Greene's Noose

Anne Sullivan’s Doll

Annette Funicello's Beach Ball *

Annie Edson Taylor's Barrel *

Annie Fox's Purple Heart

Annie Oakley’s Bonnet

Ansel Adams' Camera

Antarctic Whaling Station Camp

Anthony Bishop's Manuscript *

Anthony Salerno's Fedora *

Anthony Spilotro's Casino Tokens

Anthony Stewart/Rupert Giles' Glasses

Anti-Boarding Netting from the Mary Rose

Antique Candy Box

Antoine Lavosier's Candle

Antoine Lavosier's Microscope

Anton Aicher's Marionette Handle

Anton Chekov’s Pince-Nez's

Antoni Gaudí’s Chisel and Trencadís

Antonietta Dell'Era's Ballet Slippers

Antonio Stradivari's Violin Strings *

Antonio Vivaldi’s Aspergillum

Anton Praetorius' Hynm Book

Anubis Canopic Jar

Anubis Shrine Pyramid *

Anuket's Necklace

Aphrodite's Ankle Bracelet

Aphrodite's Girdle *

Aphrodite's Hairbrush

Apple of Discord

Apollo 11 Lunar Landing Hoax Set *

Apollo 11 Moon Rock *

Apollo 13 Command Module

Apollo 15 Geologic Hammer and Falcon Feather

Apollonius of Tyana's Amulet

Apollo of Veii's Arms

Apollo’s and Artemis’ Bows

Apollo's Sandals

Apophis Statuette

Apsley Cherry-Garrard’s Goggles

Aquilas from the Battle of Teutoburg Forest

Arachne's Loom

Arceus' Plates

Archibald McIndoe's Saline Bathtub

Archibald Spooner's Cloak

Archilochus' Aulos

Archimedes's Bathtub

Arc Light from the Iroquois Theater

Ares' Gauntlets

Aretha Franklin's Spotlight

The Argo

Ariadne's Ball of Thread

Aristotle's Lyre

Aron Ralston’s Pocketknife

Artemisia II of Caria's Chalice

Armand David's Glasses & Zucchetto

Armand Guillaumin's Soleil couchant à Ivry

Armando Socarras Ramirez's Shirt

Arne Larsson's Pacemaker

Arrow of Alan Gua

Arrow of Time

Artemis' Cloak Pin

Arthur Aitken's Pith Helmet

Arthur Aston's Wooden Leg

Arthur Blessitt’s Cross

Arthur C. Clarke's Telescope

Arthur Claude Darby's Rope

Arthur Conan Doyle's Disintegration Machine

Arthur Conan Doyle's Fairy Notebook

Arthur Conan Doyle's Pipe

Arthur Edward Waite's Tarot Deck

Arthur Evans' Magnifying Glass

Arthur Galston's Soil Knife

Arthur Rostron’s Loving Cup

Arthur Stace’s Chalk

Arthur Wellesley's Boots

Arthur Wynne's Journal

Arthur Zimmermann's Ticker-tape Machine

Artie Moore's Headphones

Artie Shaw's Clarinet *

Asclepius' Offering Bowl

Ash Williams’ Double-Barrel "Boomstick"

Ashes from the 1925 Madame Tussaud Fire

Ashley Revell's Tuxedo

Ashurbanipal's Crown

Ashoka's Hell

Ashoka's Pillars

Assorted Herbs (Parsley, Sage, Rosemary, and Thyme)

Asphyxiating Blackboard Erasers

Atalanta's Spear

Æthelred the Unready's Crown

Athena's Owl Pendant

Athena Parthenos

Athena's Aegis

Athena’s Breastplate

Athens Caryatid

Atlanta Ripper's Balaclava

Atlantean Crystal Pendant

Atlas' Globe

Atomic Bombs from The Dayton Project

Atticus Finch's Pocketwatch

Attila the Hun's Battle Helmet (canon)

Attila the Hun's Swaddling Blanket *

Audio-Healing Tuning Fork *

August Bier’s Needle

August Musger's Projector

August Natterer's Bible

Auguste Escoffier’s Tasting Spoons

Auguste Piccard's Gondola

Auguste Renoir's Young Girls at the Piano *

Auguste Rodin's Hammer and Chisel *

Auguste Rodin's Gateway to Hell

Auguste Rodin’s The Kiss

Auguste Rodin's Rasp

Augustina de Aragon's Cannon

Augustin-Jean Fresnel's Magnifying Glass *

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle’s Touch-Me-Not Plant

Augustus Saint-Gaudens’ Double Eagle Gold Coin

Aung San's Pinhole Camera

Aurora's Torch

Australian Boomerang

Automatic Trash-Disposal Waste Bin

Automatic Vaccum *

Autumn Leaves

Avatar Relics from The Last Airbender

Axe Ring

Axel Erlandson's Sycamore Seeds

Axeman of New Orleans' Phonograph

Ayrton Senna's Race Suit

Azletar (by technicality)

Aztec Bloodstone *

[islamichistory-blog1]

Medina Azahara “the shining city”,located on the western outskirts of Córdoba, the ruins of a vast, fortified palace-city built by Abd-ar-Rahman III al-Nasir, (912–961) Umayyad Caliph. In 1010 it was sacked in a civil war, and was abandoned. Its ruins were excavated starting from the 1910s.[Image:By Justojosemm (Cordobapedia) [GFDL  via Wikimedia Commons]