#ubiquitin

[humancelltournament]

Propaganda!

Ubiquitin is a small (8.6 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e., it is found ubiquitously. The addition of ubiquitin to a substrate protein is called ubiquitylation (or ubiquitination or ubiquitinylation). Ubiquitylation affects proteins in many ways: it can mark them for degradation via the proteasome, alter their cellular location, affect their activity, and promote or prevent protein interactions.[4][5][6] Ubiquitylation involves three main steps: activation, conjugation, and ligation, performed by ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin ligases (E3s), respectively.

Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. Dopamine constitutes about 80% of the catecholamine content in the brain. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical, L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. Neurotransmitters are synthesized in specific regions of the brain, but affect many regions systemically. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior.

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

TSRNOSS, page 209.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

JA acts through a conserved ubiquitin ligase-based signaling mechanism that bears close resemblance to those described for auxin and gibberellin (Figure 23.19). (...) Two additional proteins and two histone deacetylase enzymes (HDA6 and HDA19) act as co-repressors asking with the JAZ-COI1 complex and are instrumental in maintaining the chromatin in an inactive state (see Figure 23.19). The binding of JA-Ile to the JAZ-COI1 co-receptors leads to the ubiquitination of JAZ by the SCF^(COI1-JA-Ile) complex, followed by JAZ degradation via the 26S proteasome (see Figure 23.19).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[darkyayincilik]

Eskiler, Genç Araştırmacı Proje Destek Ödülü Aldı

Sakarya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Temel Tıp Bilimleri Bölümü öğretim üyesi Doç. Dr. Gamze Güney Eskiler, “Genç Araştırmacı Proje Destek Ödülü” almaya hak kazandı. Güven Eğitim ve Sağlık Vakfı tarafından düzenlenen 17.Dr. Aysun ve Dr. Ahmet Küçükel Tıp Ödülleri kapsamında Doç. Dr. Gamze Güney Eskiler, “Triple Negatif Meme Kanserinde PARP İnhibitörlerine Karşı Gelişen İlaç Direncinin Aşılmasında…

[o-craven-canto]

Some of the amazing biological watercolors by David Goodsell, who paints cells, organelles, and tissues literally molecule by molecule. The whole set of pictures is published as The Machinery of Life.

Bacterium Escherichia coli, with cell membrane and wall in green, cytoplasm in blue and magenta, and nucleoid in yellow and orange. Detail in the white square magnified on the right, showing the base of a flagellum. The yellow rope-like objects are strands of DNA, being replicated and transcribed to mRNA by orange enzymes. The pink curls are mRNA filaments, fed to purle ribosomes for protein synthesis. Full caption in the link.

To follow, the whole lifecycle of secreted proteins in a eukaryotic cell:

Left: In the nucleus, strands of DNA carrying the relevant gene (7) is attached by RNA polymerase (8) which creates the corresponding sequence of messenger RNA (9). Right: mRNA is carried by proteins through a nuclear pore (7) into the cytoplasm.

Left: mRNA is carried to the ribosomes (1) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (green). The ribosomes "read" the mRNA sequence and assemble the corresponding aminoaid sequences (polypeptides) which are then brought into the ER; here they are folded into proteins and bound with sugars. Right: The mature proteins (in this case antibodies, 9) are packed into vesicles. Misfolded proteins are tagged by ubiquitin (6) and degraded in the proteasome (8).

Left: The proteins are carried by vesicles through the cytoplasm, navigating between the filaments of actin (3) until they reach the Golgi apparatus (green), where they are further processed. Right: The proteins are packed into membrane-bound vesicles, "tagged" by specialized receptors (1), by cages of clathrin (2).

Left: The vesicles travel again through the cytoplasm, dragged along the path of microtubules (6) by kinesin (5). Right: Eventually the vesicles merge with the cell membrane and the proteins are secreted into the external environment.

The whole thing as a single picture:

More:

Influenza virus budding from a cell

Synapse discharging acetylcholine into a muscle cell (at bottom)

[girlactionfigure]

1 Nobel Prize in Chemistry - The Development of Multiscale Models for Complex Chemical Systems

2 Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Quasiperiodic Crystals

3 Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Decoding the Structure and The Function of The Ribosome

4 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences - Repeated Games

5 Nobel Prize in Chemistry – Ubiquitin, Deciding the Fate of Defective Proteins in Living Cells

6 Nobel Prize in Economics - Human Judgment and Decision-Making Under Uncertainty

7 Fields Medal Award in Mathematics

8 Turing Award - Machine Reasoning Under Uncertainty

9 Turing Award - Nondeterministic Decision-Making

10 Turing Award - The Development of Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proofs

11 Turing Award - Developing New Tools for Systems Verification

12 Vine Seeds Discovered from The Byzantine Period

13 The World’s Most Ancient Hebrew Inscription

14 Ancient Golden Treasure Found at Foot of Temple Mount

15 Sniffphone - Mobile Disease Diagnostics

16 Discovering the Gene Responsible for Fingerprints Formation

17 Pillcam - For Diagnosing and Monitoring Diseases in The Digestive System

18 Technological Application of The Molecular Recognition and Assembly Mechanisms Behind Degenerative Disorders

19 Exelon – A Drug for The Treatment of Dementia

20 Azilect - Drug for Parkinson’s Disease

21 Nano Ghosts - A “Magic Bullet” For Fighting Cancer

22 Doxil (Caelyx) For Cancer Treatment

23 The Genetics of Hearing

24 Copaxone - Drug for The Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

25 Preserving the Dead Sea Scrolls

26 Developing the Biotechnologies of Valuable Products from Red Marine Microalgae

27 A New Method for Recruiting Immune Cells to Fight Cancer

28 Study of Bacterial Mechanisms for Coping with Temperature Change

29 Steering with The Bats 30 Transmitting Voice Conversations Via the Internet

31 Rewalk – An Exoskeleton That Enables Paraplegics to Walk Again

32 Intelligent Computer Systems

33 Muon Detectors in The World's Largest Scientific Experiment

34 Renaissance Robot for Spine and Brain Surgery

35 Mobileye Accident Prevention System

36 Firewall for Computer Network Security

37 Waze – Outsmarting Traffic, Together

38 Diskonkey - USB Flash Drive

39 Venμs Environmental Research Satellite

40 Iron Dome – Rocket and Mortar Air Defense System

41 Gridon - Preventing Power Outages in High Voltage Grids

42 The First Israeli Nanosatellite

43 Intel's New Generation Processors

44 Electroink - The World’s First Electronic Ink for Commercial Printing

45 Development of A Commercial Membrane for Desalination

46 Developing Modern Wine from Vines of The Bible

47 New Varieties of Seedless Grapes

48 Long-Keeping Regular and Cherry Tomatoes

49 Adapting Citrus Cultivation to Desert Conditions

50 Rhopalaea Idoneta - A New Ascidian Species from The Gulf of Eilat

51 Life in The Dead Sea - Various Fungi Discovered in The Brine

52 Drip Technology - The Irrigation Method That Revolutionized Agriculture

53 Repair of Heart Tissues from Algae

54 Proof of The Existence of Imaginary Particles, Which Could Be Used in Quantum Computers

55 Flying in Peace with The Birds

56 Self-Organization of Bacteria Colonies Sheds Light on The Behaviour of Cancer Cells

57 The First Israeli Astronaut, Colonel Ilan Ramon

58 Dr. Chaim Weizmann - Scientist and Statesman, The First President of Israel, One of The Founders of The Modern Field of Biotechnology

59 Aaron Aaronsohn Botanist, Agronomist, Entrepreneur, Zionist Leader, and Head of The Nili Underground Organization

60 Albert Einstein - Founding Father of The Theory of Relativity, Co-Founder of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem

61 Maimonides - Doctor and Philosopher

Source

@TheMossadIL

[hellsite-proteins]

oh you want cursed biochem acronyms? good god i’ve got some absolute Bricks to share.

piRNA - PIWI interacting RNA

PIWI and RNA are also both acronyms

PIWI - p-element-induced wimpy testis

yes they’re nesting acronyms now. yes i hate it.

UHRF1 - "ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains, 1"

once again PHD and RING are both acronyms. STOP NESTING ACRONYMS

PHD - plant homeodomain

RING - really interesting new gene

reading papers for genetics/biochem courses is like. ah how many random sequences of letters can we cram in here before people start calling bullshit. and apparently? it’s a lot.

today i googled GPS looking for 'global protein stability', and was completely shocked when i was reminded that there is a much more common use for that acronym. please share any more cursed acronyms you know in the notes!

letter sequence in this ask matching protein-coding amino acids:

hywantcrsedichemacrnymsgdgdivegtsmeaslterickstsharepiRNAPIWIinteractingRNAPIWIandRNAarealsthacrnymsPIWIpelementindcedwimpytestisyestheyrenestingacrnymsnwyesihateitHRFiqitinlikecntainingPHDandRINGfingerdmainsnceagainPHDandRINGarethacrnymsSTPNESTINGACRNYMSPHDplanthmedmainRINGreallyinterestingnewgenereadingpapersfrgeneticsichemcrsesislikeahhwmanyrandmseqencesfletterscanwecraminhereefrepeplestartcallingllshitandapparentlyitsalt

protein guy analysis:

this structure does a wonderful job illustrating the difference between secondary and tertiary structure. there is a decent amount of secondary structure, with lots of alpha helices of widely varying lengths. however, they do not actually come together to make anything. that is why, when you look at the surface, it is more holes than protein. it seems that unnatural, random proteins with a hydrophobic core may be more likely to aggregate and therefore more dangerous to the cells, but i'm not expressing these in anything anyways, so i still think it would be nice to have a good-looking image.

predicted protein structure:

cartoon representation

surface representation

[longhaulerbear]

Several of the most prevalent new-onset autoantibodies have, to our knowledge, not been described previously, including the three with the highest prevalence, i.e., anti-CCDC63 (coiled-coil domain-containing protein 63), anti-TRIM63 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM63), and anti-SNURF (SNRPN upstream reading frame protein)

[mindblowingscience]

Scientists in Canada and the U.S. have discovered a new way in which Ebola—an often deadly virus affecting people mostly in sub-Saharan Africa—reproduces in the body. By shedding light on how the virus interacts with a human protein called ubiquitin, the researchers have also identified a potential target for new drugs to prevent the disease.

Continue Reading.

[humancelltournament]

Propaganda!

Podocytes are cells in Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus. Podocytes filter the blood, retaining large molecules such as proteins while smaller molecules such as water, salts, and sugars are filtered as the first step in the formation of urine.

SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) proteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function, via a process is called SUMOylation. SUMOylation is a post-translational modification involved in various cellular processes, such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, protein stability, response to stress, and progression through the cell cycle.

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Research Notebooks of S. Sunkavally. Page 208.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Strigolactones are perceived by a protein complex containing an α-/β-fold hydrolase protein and an F-box protein (D14 end MAX2, respectively) (Figure 19.31).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[maxinemartinsdrill]

got too into iwtv and now I'm learning about the ubiquitin - proteasome pathway

[er-cryptid]

26S Proteasome

-- protein complex

-- found in eukaryotes

-- large

-- cylindrical

-- degrades ubiquitin-labeled proteins in peptides

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