#trichoderma research

[captaindomy]

Trichoderma strains application in promoting rooting of Schlumbergera cactus

Authors: Domenico Prisa 1, * and Damiano Spagnuolo 2 1 CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia, PT, Italy. 2 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. Research Article World Journal of Biology…

[briantwomeydallas]

How Innovation Is Reshaping the Food Industry

Food innovation refers to introducing novel ideas, products, and technologies that change how society produces, processes, packages, distributes, and consumes food. It goes beyond merely creating new recipes or flavors - food innovation encompasses advances in agriculture, food science, sustainability, and packaging. The goal is to enhance efficiency, safety, nutrition, and the overall consumer experience.

The need for food innovation arises from the ever-changing demands of consumers and the pressing challenges faced by the industry. As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for food. Additionally, sustainability concerns, climate change, and limited resources prompt exploring alternative food growing and production methods. Innovations in food aim to enhance food security, minimize environmental impact, and offer consumers healthier, more diverse options.

Food innovation occurs through a combination of research, collaboration, and creativity. Scientists, entrepreneurs, farmers, and food industry professionals work together to develop new technologies and processes. Research institutions and startups play a crucial role in conducting experiments, testing new concepts, and bringing innovative products to the market.

In recent years, the food industry has witnessed groundbreaking innovations reshaping how people interact with food. The plant-based movement has gained immense traction, with plant-based alternatives for meat, dairy, and seafood becoming mainstream. Companies have developed plant-based burgers, vegan cheeses, and sustainable seafood alternatives using cutting-edge technologies. Beyond plant-based options, innovations have also focused on alternative protein sources, such as insect-based proteins and lab-grown meats, offering sustainable and protein-rich alternatives.

Swedish startup Mycorena is boosting microbial protein production through its fungi-based mycoprotein called Promyc. This ingredient can be used to create meat and tuna alternatives, beverage additives, and dessert ingredients, offering plant-based and sustainable options for consumers.

Finnish startup Onego Bio has developed a product genetically identical to egg whites using fermentation, and without using actual chickens. It uses precision fermentation of a microflora called Trichoderma reesei to produce ovalbumin, the protein found in chicken egg whites. This technology offers a sustainable and animal-friendly alternative for various food applications, including baked goods, desserts, sauces, and dressings.

Companies like New Culture are incorporating animal-free casein into their cheeses through precision fermentation. This breakthrough allows them to produce animal-free mozzarella cheese, offering a delicious and cruelty-free alternative to traditional dairy products.

In addition, consumers increasingly seek transparency in food choices, leading to the clean label movement. Brands are responding by using simple natural ingredients and avoiding artificial additives and preservatives.

Breakthrough innovations in the food industry are revolutionizing how society grows, produces, and consumes food, focusing on sustainability, nutrition, and convenience. One such innovation is plastic-free and smart packaging. Food companies are exploring biodegradable and even edible packaging solutions in response to environmental concerns. Smart packaging using nanotechnology is also gaining popularity, allowing consumers to assess food safety and quality easily.

The Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture employs sensors and data analytics for optimizing crop conditions, irrigation, and pest control, reducing resource usage. Food waste reduction solutions, such as surplus food redistribution platforms, are being developed to combat the global food waste crisis. Moreover, biotechnology and data science advances enable personalized nutrition, tailoring dietary recommendations to individuals based on their genetic makeup, lifestyle, and health goals. These innovations promise a more sustainable, healthier, and efficient food future.

Food innovation is driving a remarkable transformation in the food industry, responding to the challenges and opportunities of today. From new plant-based products to sustainable agriculture and cutting-edge technologies, the future of food promises to be more diverse, nutritious, and sustainable. As consumers, entrepreneurs, and stakeholders continue to embrace innovation, the food industry's journey toward a more resilient and conscious future is set to continue.

[rupalic]

Agricultural Microbials Market to Showcase Continued Growth in the Coming Years

The agricultural microbials market refers to the sector involving microorganisms that are used in agriculture to enhance crop productivity and sustainability. These microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa that provide benefits such as improving soil health, nutrient uptake, pest resistance, and crop yield.

Key Factors Driving the Agricultural Microbials Market Growth

Sustainable Agriculture: Growing awareness and demand for sustainable farming practices are driving the adoption of agricultural microbials. These microorganisms offer a natural alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Environmental Regulations: Stricter regulations regarding the use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture are encouraging the use of microbial products.

Technological Advancements: Innovations in microbial formulations and delivery systems are enhancing the efficacy and adoption of these products.

Increasing Food Demand: The rising global population is increasing the demand for food, pushing farmers to seek more efficient and sustainable ways to boost crop productivity.

The agricultural microbials market size is expected to generate a revenue of USD 12.6 billion by 2027 and is estimated to be valued at USD 6.4 billion in 2022, at a CAGR of 14.6% from 2022 to 2027.

The agricultural microbials market is segmented based on:

Type:

Bacteria: Includes nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, etc.

Fungi: Includes mycorrhizal fungi, Trichoderma, etc.

Viruses: Viral biopesticides targeting specific pests.

Protozoa: Less common but used for certain niche applications.

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Application:

Soil Treatment: Enhancing soil health and fertility.

Seed Treatment: Protecting seeds and improving germination.

Crop Protection: Biological control of pests and diseases.

Post-Harvest: Extending shelf life and reducing spoilage.

Crop Type:

Cereals & Grains: Corn, wheat, rice, etc.

Fruits & Vegetables: Apples, tomatoes, leafy greens, etc.

Oilseeds & Pulses: Soybeans, lentils, etc.

Others: Specialty crops and forage.

Agricultural Microbials Market Trends

Advancements in Microbial Technology

Genomic Research: Advances in genomic sequencing and microbiome research are enabling the development of more effective and targeted microbial products.

Enhanced Formulations: Innovations in formulation technology are improving the stability, shelf life, and efficacy of microbial products, making them more practical for widespread use.

Integration with Precision Agriculture

Data-Driven Farming: The integration of microbial products with precision agriculture technologies allows for more precise application, optimizing their benefits and reducing waste.

IoT and Sensors: Use of IoT devices and sensors in fields to monitor soil health and crop conditions can help in timely application of microbial products.

Regulatory Support and Government Initiatives

Subsidies and Incentives: Governments are increasingly offering subsidies and incentives to promote the use of biopesticides and biofertilizers.

Regulatory Frameworks: Development of clearer regulatory frameworks for microbial products is facilitating their market entry and acceptance.

Rise of Biofertilizers and Biopesticides

Biopesticides: Increasing incidences of pest resistance to chemical pesticides are driving the use of biopesticides, which offer a sustainable alternative.

Biofertilizers: Growing awareness of soil health and the benefits of biofertilizers in enhancing nutrient availability is boosting their adoption.

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How are large-scale investments in R&D by key companies impacting the agricultural microbials industry?

Major players in the agricultural microbials industry, like BASF, Bayer, and Sumitomo Chemicals, are investing heavily in research and development (R&D) and strategic acquisitions to expand their offerings of beneficial microbial products. This trend is expected to fuel significant growth in the market. For example, BASF’s new multipurpose facility allows them to produce a wider range of biological crop protection solutions for the booming Asia Pacific market. Additionally, collaborations like BASF’s partnership with Vipergen and Bayer’s work with Thrive are accelerating the discovery of sustainable solutions that minimize environmental impact and empower smallholder farmers.

North America holds the largest agricultural microbials market share

North America stands out as a major agricultural exporter. Abundant water resources, vast arable land, and a spirit of agricultural innovation among its farmers fuel this strength. Additionally, well-developed infrastructure facilitates the efficient movement of goods. Government policies further solidify this advantage. The Agricultural Improvement Act, for example, demonstrates a commitment to organic farming through dedicated research funding and trade promotion efforts. Even with a decline in overall farmland, Canada’s agricultural sector is experiencing a surge in practices utilizing biofertilizers and biopesticides, reflecting a growing focus on sustainable methods.

How do top agricultural microbials companies aim to enhance their market position in the agricultural microbials industry?

A global leader in crop protection, Bayer CropScience champions sustainable agricultural practices. Part of the Bayer corporation, this segment offers a comprehensive range of solutions, including high-quality seeds, improved plant traits, innovative biological and chemical crop protectants, digital farming tools, and extensive customer support. Bayer leverages a vast collection of over 125,000 microbial strains to develop new and beneficial products through genetic diversity. Additionally, they focus on RNA interference (RNAi) techniques for efficient crop protection solutions. The acquisition of Monsanto further bolstered their research in RNAi technology, expanding their capabilities to deliver advanced crop protection.

FMC Corporation, a leading agrochemical company, empowers growers globally with innovative solutions. Committed to environmental responsibility, they champion sustainability across their fungicide, insecticide, herbicide, and Plant Health segments. Notably, the Plant Health segment, offering a diverse range of plant protection products derived from natural sources like microorganisms, has seen significant growth in recent years.

Formerly the agricultural division of DowDuPont, Corteva Agriscience became an independent company in 2019. With its headquarters now in Indianapolis, Indiana, and a global network spanning over 140 countries, Corteva operates through Global Business Centers and regional offices. They leverage a robust infrastructure of over 150 research and development facilities and 92 manufacturing sites to deliver innovative solutions to farmers worldwide. Corteva operates in two core segments: Crop Protection and Seed.

[d-g-i-t-a-l]

Exploring the Diversity of Agricultural Inoculants: Bacteria, Fungi, and Beyond

In the expansive realm of the Agricultural Inoculants Market, a diverse array of microbial allies stands ready to bolster crop health and soil fertility. These inoculants, hailing from various kingdoms of life, play pivotal roles in sustainable agriculture by enhancing nutrient availability, promoting plant growth, and mitigating environmental stressors. Let's delve into the fascinating world of agricultural inoculants and explore the different types available, from bacteria and fungi to lesser-known microbial agents.

At the forefront of the Agricultural Inoculants Market are bacterial inoculants, which comprise a wide range of beneficial bacteria species. Among the most renowned are nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, which form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants. These bacteria colonize the roots of legumes and convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can utilize, thereby reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and enhancing soil fertility.

Fungi also play a crucial role in the Agricultural Inoculants Market, particularly mycorrhizal fungi, which form symbiotic associations with the roots of most plant species. Mycorrhizal inoculants, containing species like Glomus and Rhizophagus, extend the reach of plant roots and enhance nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus and micronutrients. By facilitating nutrient exchange between plants and soil, mycorrhizal fungi contribute to improved plant growth, stress tolerance, and overall soil health.

In addition to bacteria and fungi, the Agricultural Inoculants Market encompasses a diverse array of other microbial agents with unique capabilities and applications. For example, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculants harness the power of beneficial bacteria to stimulate plant growth, enhance nutrient uptake, and suppress soil-borne pathogens. These inoculants often contain species like Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Azospirillum, which produce growth-promoting compounds and enzymes beneficial to plants.

Furthermore, the Agricultural Inoculants Market includes lesser-known microbial inoculants with specialized functions tailored to specific agricultural needs. For instance, biocontrol agents, such as Trichoderma and Bacillus subtilis, offer natural alternatives to chemical pesticides by antagonizing plant pathogens and promoting disease resistance. Similarly, microbial consortia formulations combine multiple beneficial microorganisms to provide a holistic approach to soil and plant health management.

The diversity of microbial inoculants available in the Agricultural Inoculants Market underscores the complexity of soil ecosystems and the multifaceted interactions between microorganisms, plants, and the environment. Each type of inoculant offers unique benefits and applications, allowing farmers to customize their approach to crop production and soil management based on specific agronomic goals and environmental conditions.

As the Agricultural Inoculants Market continues to evolve, fueled by advancements in microbiology, biotechnology, and agronomy, the potential for innovation and discovery remains vast. Emerging research is uncovering novel microbial species and exploring their potential applications in agriculture, from enhancing nutrient cycling and soil carbon sequestration to improving crop resilience in the face of climate change.

In conclusion, the diversity of agricultural inoculants available in the market reflects the richness of microbial life and its profound influence on agricultural sustainability. By harnessing the power of beneficial microorganisms, farmers can optimize crop production, improve soil health, and reduce reliance on synthetic inputs, thereby fostering a more resilient and environmentally friendly approach to farming. As we continue to unlock the secrets of the soil microbiome, the potential for transformative innovations in the Agricultural Inoculants Market is boundless.

[ananya5400]

Key Trends Shaping the Biological Seed Treatment Market

The biological seed treatment market is projected to reach USD 1.7 billion by 2025, and it was valued at USD 0.9 billion in 2020. It is expected to grow with CAGR of 11.9%. The global demand for biological seed treatment solutions is increasing as they ensure the farmers in protecting their potential yield, quality by minimizing the crop losses. Although, the biological seed treatment market is a small sector in the global agrochemical industry, the market has been growing at a significant rate due to agricultural and environmental benefits globally and increasing need for a sustainable approach in agricultural operations in developed countries. Strong research funding by key manufacturers for product development is projected to drive the growth of the market over the next five years.

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Driver: Environmental concerns associated with chemical seed treatment

The demand for biological seed treatment has significantly increased as a result of high awareness of their potential and the growing attention to the environmental and health risks associated with conventional chemicals. Chemical seed treatments are detrimental to the environment and pose a serious risk to pollinators. The neonicotinoid class of insecticides is considered highly toxic to honeybees. Microorganisms employed as active substances in pest management are recognized as generally safe for the environment and non-target species, in comparison with synthetic chemicals.

Challenges: Inconsistent performance and incompatibility with certain pesticides

The features of biological seed treatments that have discouraged investment are their inconsistent results. The most common problems encountered during the usage of such products include desiccation and environmental conditions that discourage their growth. Successful inoculants with one crop may not work as effectively with another crop. For instance, Trichoderma is more effective for the increase in yield in tomatoes than cucumbers. Choosing just one or two microbes is not as effective as loading with an entire community. However, effectiveness can sometimes be increased by a combination of microbes, with various growth requirements. For instance, fungi can be combined with PGPR.

Fastest-growing segment by function: Seed protection segment

On the basis of function, the global market has broadly been segmented into seed enhancement and seed protection. Biological seed treatments aimed at seed protection provide targeted control of certain pests and fungal diseases during the early seedling stage. Biological seed treatments are used on multiple crops to control a variety of pests. It ensures uniform stand establishment through defense against numerous soil-borne pathogens and insects.

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North America region’s increasing preference for high quality produce

The increasing agricultural practices and requirement of high-quality agricultural produce are factors that are projected to drive the biological seed treatment market growth in this region. The government policies adopted by developed countries for the ban on key active ingredients are the major factors encouraging the growth of this market in North America region. Hence, North America is projected to be the fastest-growing region in the global market. R&D investments for the development of biological seed treatment and installation of new production capacities by key players are projected to drive the market growth in the next five years.

Key players in this market include BASF SE (Germany), Bayer AG (Germany), Novozymes A/S (Denmark), Syngenta Group (Switzerland), Corteva Agriscience (US), Valent BioSciences (US), Verdesian Life Sciences (US), Plant Health Care (US), Precision Laboratories (US), Koppert Biological Systems (Netherlands), and Italpollina (Italy).

[chris-mga2022mi5019]

Research on Black hat |

A number of plant pathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Claviceps, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and so on, produce, in plant seeds infected by these fungi, extremely poisonous toxins, called mycotoxins, some of which are the most potent carcinogens known.

[timetimetimefmp]

DESIGN TWELVE

My twelfth design is inspired by Petri dishes. Petri dishes have been a common theme within my research do I chose to create a bold dress to represent this. To create the puffed sleeves I would gather the fabric at the top and bottom of the sleeve and sew them together. As for my colour pallet I would use different tones of green relating back to the Trichoderma harzarium.

Overall I believe that this design isn’t as detailed as my other ones it would still look extremely effective if I was to make it.

[indoorverticalfarmingnews]

Enhancing Cucumber Seedling Vigour with Bioagents

In a recent study conducted by Sharma, Shukla, and Gupta (2023), the researchers investigated the impact of various bioagents, including Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. virens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, on seed mycoflora, seed germination, root/shoot length, and seedling vigor of cucumber variety Solan Srijan under controlled laboratory conditions. The study aimed to…

[samridhibio]

Samridhi Bio Culture

Since its inception in 1998, Samridhi BioCulture has been involved in the Manufacturing and Supplying of the Best Quality Agro Products Raw Materials, and Bacterial Cultures including Trichoderma, Biofertilizers, PGR & Organic Fertilizers in Bulk Quantity at Affordable Rates. We have helped farmers to get the maximum yield of crops by providing Premium Quality Industrial Standard Products developed after in-depth research and quality check-ups.

[muttonbct]

Plant Growth Stimulant Research

Main Categories of Plant Biostimulants:

Protein hydrolysates (PHs) and other N-containing compounds

Humate substances

Seaweed extracts

Biopolymers (Chitosan and other polymers)

Microbial biostimulants include mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi, Rhizobium, Trichoderma, and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

Ingredients in Commercially Available Growth Stimulants:

Alfalfa pellets - provide triacontanol, a stimulant of overall plant growth and mild amount of nutrients

Bone meal or super phosphate (0-22-0) and triple phosphate (0-33-0) - stimulates growth and bud set

Transplant solution contains indole butyric acid - a hormone plants manufacture naturally in spring

Transplant solution with vitamin B1 -  has a low analysis of plant nutrients (usually 0-2-1) with the addition of thiamin (vitamin B1), affects the rate at which plants consume essential nutrients.

Effective Microorganisms -  naturally-occurring organisms that can be applied as inoculants to increase the microbial diversity of soil ecosystem

Forms of nitrogen -  helps plants produce more chlorophyll, which especially promotes healthy leaves

Forms of phosphorus - encourages more and bigger blooms

Forms of  potassium - builds roots and creates a stronger plant that deals better with drought and diseases

Auxins -  promote the elongation of cells in plant stems, inhibit the the growth of buds growing from the sides of plant stems

Gibberellins -  promote the elongation of cells in plant stems, used to encourage plant growth at lower temperatures, allowing you to grow earlier in the season

Cytokininins -  results in densely growing stems and leaves

Commercially Available Growth Stimulants

https://herbals.co.nz/products/goliath-super-bloom-nutrients?variant=11999760187439¤cy=NZD&utm_medium=product_sync&utm_source=google&utm_content=sag_organic&utm_campaign=sag_organic&gclid=Cj0KCQjwvr6EBhDOARIsAPpqUPE02b_JTKyLFDpbrOVvKJ8lIF192MVVmR87olO4gRAKptxvSAgzDS8aAld7EALw_wcB

https://www.sprintfit.co.nz/product/3919/pranaon-power-plant-protein/10285?gclid=Cj0KCQjwvr6EBhDOARIsAPpqUPEpBxPw8kLptKwsalxAWM4-fOinH9x82-NSkVj1-46ZEeNUBx2hi_0aAqBhEALw_wcB

https://www.emnz.com/product/em-garden-boost

https://homeguides.sfgate.com/plant-growth-stimulants-35437.html

https://thehydrocentre.co.nz/products/nutrifield-elements-grow-a-b?currency=NZD&variant=38311495434418&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=Google%20Shopping&gclid=Cj0KCQjwvr6EBhDOARIsAPpqUPHGZw3U4LYmY5__0SPho38vI5afa-0VAvvOtSJKOBL90OXidogJP0waAkfQEALw_wcB

Focus On:

Want to focus on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in terms of what we use for our growth stimulant contained within our product as they will likely give us the best results when attempting to grow plants

Also want to look at using effective microorganisms as it will result in the soil having more microorganism activity to stimulate plant growth

Links:

https://medcraveonline.com/MOJES/MOJES-05-00202.pdf

https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/community/cambrian/article66405007.html

https://www.bhg.com/gardening/yard/garden-care/plant-growth/

[juniperpublishers-agriculture]

The Insight of Mycovirus from Trichoderma spp.-Juniper Publishers

Trichoderma spp. are used extensively in agriculture as a biological control agent to prevent soil-borne plant diseases. In recent years, mycoviruses from fungi have attracted increasing attention due to their effects on their hosts, but Trichoderma mycoviruses is in the beginning stage as the subject of extensive study. At present, eight researches were on the mycoviruses from Trichoderma spp. techniques of genome sequencing, elimination of dsRNA, detection of dsRNA, transmission of mycovirus were elaborated. With the deep research on the mycovirus, more and more effective methods for these basic researches should be applied. The topics about antagonism and biocontrol function of mycovirus will better push the deep exploration on the interaction among Trichoderma-mycovirus-plant (or pathogen), which also will have the driving role on seeking and screening more resources of Trichoderm spp. possessing biocontrol capabilities with mycoviruses.

Keywords: Trichoderma spp., Mycovirus, dsRNA, Application

Introduction

Viruses are popular small organism, which are distributing in human, animals, plants and insects to microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea and fungi and induced the obvious disease or symbiosis with the hosts without any symptoms [1-4]. Mycovirus is a group of viruses that can infect and replicate in filamentous fungi, yeasts and oomycetes and is widespread [3,4] which was first described by Hollings et al. (1962), who found three kinds of spherical or short rod-shaped viruses related to diseases in cultivated mushrooms [5]. Lampson et al. (1967) discovered a mycovirus in Penicillium funiculosum (Eurotiales, Ascomycota) and showed that it can induce an interferon-mediated response in the host [1,2,5-7]. In the same year, Ellis et al. (1967) observed the presence of virus particles in the culture fluid of P. stoloniferum by electron microscopy [8]. Based on previous studies, Banks et al. (1968) found that both P. stoloniferum virus (PsV) and P. funiculosum virus (PfV) had a dsRNA genome [9]. Since then, various types of mycoviruses have been reported. Until now, the classification of mycoviruses was based on the mode of replication and the type of the genome, which was divided all currently known mycoviruses into 16 families and an unclassified group by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [10]. The 16 families are consisted with seven dsRNA virus families, five positive-sense ssRNA virus families, two reverse-transcribing virus families (+ssRNA), one negative-sense ssRNA virus family, and one positive-sense ssDNA virus family [10]. The taxonomic status of roughly 20% of fungal viruses still need to be determined in the future [11,12].

The transmission and function of mycovirus: The transmission of mycoviruses have two ways, vertical and horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission is through spores of the fungi, including both sexual and asexual spores. In case of the mycelial asexual spores, the virus can be transmitted through the cytoplasm. This mode of transmission is relatively easy and especially common for dsRNA virus [13]. Horizontal transmission is accomplished by the fusion between hyphae, but this mode of transmission is limited by the incompatibility between the vegetative forms [14]. In some cases, few mycoviruses from fungi and fungi-like protozoans could not be virulent for the hosts with effecting the host fitness, including improving mycelia growth or reducing growth, abnormal pigmentation or deficient sporulation [4,6], and most mycovirus infections are asymptomatic [15]. But some mycoviruses had virulence, there were two main affections to plant pathogenic fungi: first, they can cause the host to become a low-virulence strain; second, the metabolites induced by the mycovirus can increase the pathogenicity of the host [16-18]. The most successful mycovirus biocontrol agent to date has been The transmission and function of mycovirus: The transmission of mycoviruses have two ways, vertical and horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission is through spores of the fungi, including both sexual and asexual spores. In case of the mycelial asexual spores, the virus can be transmitted through the cytoplasm. This mode of transmission is relatively easy and especially common for dsRNA virus [13]. Horizontal transmission is accomplished by the fusion between hyphae, but this mode of transmission is limited by the incompatibility between the vegetative forms [14]. In some cases, few mycoviruses from fungi and fungi-like protozoans could not be virulent for the hosts with effecting the host fitness, including improving mycelia growth or reducing growth, abnormal pigmentation or deficient sporulation [4,6], and most mycovirus infections are asymptomatic [15]. But some mycoviruses had virulence, there were two main affections to plant pathogenic fungi: first, they can cause the host to become a low-virulence strain; second, the metabolites induced by the mycovirus can increase the pathogenicity of the host [16-18]. The most successful mycovirus biocontrol agent to date has been

The researches of mycovirus from Trichoderma: Despite Trichoderma spp. is researched popularly in the world for the function of biocontrol agent, and for producing important industrial enzymes [20-23], mycoviruses from Trichoderma spp. have been poorly studied and characterized. So far, there are eight descriptions of researches about Trichoderma mycoviruses [3,4,24-29].

The genome sequences of Trichoderma mycovirus: The first report for Trichoderma mycovirus was from the research of Jom-in in 2009 [24], however the signs of mycoviruses existing in Trichoderma spp. were only explored by checking the dsRNA by extraction methods, the genome sequences was not get anymore. Until 2016, Yun et al. still used the dsRNA extraction method to get 32 strains with dsRNA- mycoviruses from 315 strains of Trichoderma spp. from Lentinula edodes in Korea [25]. According to the diversification of number and size of dsRNAs among isolates, the band patterns of the dsRNA were categorized into 15 groups. The genome sequence was also not get yet.

The first whole genome sequences of the Trichoderma mycovirus was obtained from Lee’s research in 2017 [26]. The complete genome is consisted by 8566bp, which contains two open reading frames (ORF), encoding structural proteins and RNA dependent RNA polymerases (RdRP), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis classified it belong to the family Fusagraviridae and named Trichoderma atroviride mycovirus 1 (TaMV1) [26]. In this research, the detection method for dsRNA was the electrophoresis, and then subjected to reverse transcription and cDNA library synthesis by using random hexanucleotide primers and reverse transcriptase, then RACE Analysis was used for 5’- and 3’-terminal sequences. This method was also used in the later following researches for sequences.

From then on, the five genome sequences of Trichoderma mycovirus were come out one after another. In 2018, Chun et al. obtained two genome sequences from mycovirus of Trichoderma, Trichoderma atroviride partitivirus 1 (TaPV1) [23] and Trichoderma harzianum partitivirus 1(ThPV1) [28]. TaPV1 was from T. atroviride and had two segments. The bigger one (dsRNA1) is consisted with 2023bp with one open reading frame (ORF) encoding RdRP. The smaller one (dsRNA2) has a total length of 2012bp with a single ORF encoding CP. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the virus was a new member of Alphapartitivirus in the Partitividae family [27]. Moreover, the electron micrographs of purified viral particles of TaPV1 was shown as an isometric structure approximately of 30 nm in diameter. It was the first successful extraction of mycovirus particles from Trichoderma. ThPV1 was from T. harzianum, which is consisted of two dsRNA with similar sequence size. The larger dsRNA1 is 2289 bp with a single open reading frame encoding RdRP. The smaller dsRNA2 with 2245 bp contains an ORF encoding capsid protein (CP). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the virus was a new type of fungal virus which was not specifically classified into species in the genus Betartitivirus, family Partitividae, named Trichoderma harzianum partitivirus 1(ThPV1) [28]. All of these two mycoviruses possessed two segment, belonging to family Partitividae.

At the same time, a new fungal virus isolated from T. asperellum was reported in the laboratory of Guizhou Medical University, China, which was named Trichoderma asperellum dsRNA virus 1 (TaRV1) with two ORF on its genomic plus strand. ORF1 is a hypothetical protein, ORF2 encodes an RdRP. Based on RdRP sequence, phylogenetic analysis TaRV1 belongs to unclassified virus [29], which was the first report about Trichoderma mycovirus from

In 2019, Liu et al isolated two unclassified dsRNA mycovirus isolates harzianum mycovirus 1 (ThMBV1) [3] and harzianum mycovirus 1 (ThMV1) [4] from the 155 Trichoderma spp. strains, which were collected in the soil from Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, China in 2019 [3,4]. The metagenetics as new method was used for checking the sign of mycovirus in strains, then electrophoresis, RT-PCR, 5’ RACE and 3’ RACE were used for whole genome sequence [3,4]. ThMBV1 was a new type of virus with bipartite segments mycovirus. one was 2088 bp encoding the RNAdependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), and another segment was 1634 bp encoding a hypothetical protein. phylogenetic analysis suggested it was identified as unclassified mycovirus, named Trichoderma harzianum bipartite mycovirus 1. The phylogenetic analysis indicated it belonged to an unclassified family of dsRNA mycoviruses [3]. ThMV1 had two ORFs on the negative strand, ORF-A (residues 1857-109) encoded RdRP, ORF-B encoded a putative protein. On the positive strand, there was an ORF C (residues 1076-1370), presumed to be a hypothetical protein containing 94 amino acids, with the poly(A) structure on the 3’ terminal. This was the first report about the RdRP and CP encoding on the negative strand of mycovirus genome sequence.

The Methods of Eliminating dsRNA

For the elimination of dsRNA is very important step for exploring the function of the Trichoderma strains with and without dsRNA. The basic method should be single-spore isolation followed by hyphal tipping, the auxiliary measures were always variated. Some used heat therapy, some used cycloheximide or ribavirin, and some also have been helped by the protoplasting/ regeneration. In the research of Jom-in [24], the method of elimination of dsRNA was heat therapy, though not successful. The details were alternately heating at 37°C for 3 hours and room temperature (28-30°C) interval for 24 hours, and then like this for 10 times, but he did not use single-spore isolation. In the research of Yun et al [25], the elimination of dsRNA from strains is different with Jom-in, the auxiliary measures were depended on the cycloheximide (5 and 10μg/ml) or ribavirin (10 or 20mg/ ml), which were used to eliminate the dsRNA incubated at 25°C, transferred agar plugs from the margin of each colony to the fresh V8 agar plates (100×15mm) [30] with the same concentration ORF either cycloheximide or ribavirin for 3-4 times, and then grown for 3 or 4 days in each time, and then hyphal tipped and grown in 50 ml of potato dextrose broth (PDB) (Difco Laboratories, Detroit) at 25°C for 2 weeks. The mycelium was used for further analysis of dsRNA presence [30]. Until 2018, the method of singlespore isolation followed by hyphal tipping from protoplast was successfully single used to eliminate dsRNA by Chun et al [27,28]. In our research, the ribavirin, protoplasting/regeneration and single-spore isolation followed by hyphal tipping were together used to successfully eliminate ThMV1 from Trichoderma strain 525 [4], but for ThMBV1, this method was not successful [3]. Moreover, RT-PCR and northern blotting should be a good method for detecting dsRNA, in the researches of Chun, Jem-in and Liu, it was good use of checking existing of dsRNA [20] and elimination of dsRNA [3,4,27,28].

Transmission of Trichoderma Mycovirus

The researches on the Transmission of Trichoderma mycovirus were limited. Normally, most vertical transmission of dsRNA into asexual spores of ascomycetes occurs at a markedly higher rate, for instance, the TaMV1 has a very high transmission rate 33/38 [26], but ThPV1 had low transmission rate into conidia with exceptional considering, the low transmission rate of ThPV1 into conidia is attributable to the intrinsic characteristics of the virus– fungus (ThPV1–T. harzianum) interaction [27]. We also found the transmission between same species also had the difficulties for ThMV1 (not published).

The Antagonism and Biocontrol Researches of Trichoderma Mycovirus

The antagonism and biocontrol researches were involved invitro and in-vivo researches, some differences were found between with and without strains, and some not. Jom-in comparing with the free isolates without the dsRNA, the function of the isolates of TM10 and TM20 with dsRNA reduced the host growth rate, sporulation and biological control efficacy [24]. But in the research of TaPV1[27], no apparent difference in colony morphology was observed between TaPV1-containing and the three virus-cured strains, moreover, β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase, as the two representative antifungal enzymes, no obvious alterations of enzymatic activities were observed between the infected and viruscured isogenic strains [2018a], Moreover, the enzymatic activities of β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase were no changes in viruscured strains, which was the first report of an Alphapartitivirus in T. atroviride [27]. In our research, antagonism characteristics of ThMV1 was explored though in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiment, There were no obvious differences, when we tested the antagonism of T525 with ThMV1and T525-F without ThMV1 to three pathonogenic fungi (F. oxysporum f.sp.cucumebrium Owen, B. cinerea and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum). but in vivo, the removal of ThMV1 from host strain 525 reduced host biomass production and improved the biocontrol capability of the host on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum. Moreover, the presence of ThMV1 functioned to improve the growth of the cucumber [4]. It was the first research on detecting the changes of biocontrol in vivo of the Trichoderma trigged by mycovirus currency.

Prospect of the Study on Trichoderma Mycoviruses

At present, the researches of Trichoderma mycoviruses are limited, the more molecular technique for extraction of dsRNA, the genome sequences, eliminating methods, Transmission methods, the antagonism and biocontrol aceessment of Trichoderma mycovirus will be improved and abundant. In the next, the research goals of Trichoderma mycoviruses should be focus on these aspects:

a. For the resources of Trichoderma mycovirus should be rich in the nature, there should be more dsRNA mycovirus need to be explored in the future;

b. It is the total tendency to find more strains of Trichoderma spp. with mycoviruses with biocontrol function, which was hoped to the find more mycoviruses mediating the capabilities of Trichoderma to control plant disease, promoting plant growth and going through the environment stress;

c. The interval mechanism among Trichodermamycoviruses- plant-pathogen need to be discovered, for the complicated factors, the true interaction between or among the factors will be discovered with the progress of molecular biological informatics, transcriptome, proteomics and metabonomics;

d. Until now the resources of Trichoderma mycoviruses are limited, with the richness of them, the origin and phylogenetic research of the Trichoderma mycoviruses need to be more focuses for the growing enormous taxonomy in the future.

All in all, according to an applied agronomical perspective, discovering more mycoviruses infecting Trichoderma spp. populations and characterizing the nature of their host-parasite interactions would be of special interest for identifying new agents with potential biotechnological interest and also to better understand the ecology and temporal dynamics of fungal communities in natural and agronomic ecosystems.

Acknowledgment

The information presented in this article is derived from projects funded by National key research and development plan (Chemical fertilizer and pesticide reducing efficiency synergistic technology research and development): Research and demonstration of a new high efficiency biocide (2017YFD0201100-2017YFD0201102) granted to Xiliang Jiang. Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China: Exploration of mycovirus of Trichoderma and their effects on the host biology (No. 6192022) granted to Beilei Wu; Survey of basic resources of science and technology: A comprehensive survey of biodiversity in the Mongolian Plateau (2019FY102000) granted to Beilei Wu; Demonstration of comprehensive prevention and control technology of non-point source pollution in main vegetable producing areas of Huang Huai Hai (SQ2018YFD080026) granted to Beilei Wu.

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Article: Trichoderma harzianum: biocontrol to Rhizoctonia solani and biostimulation in Pachyphytum oviferum and Crassula falcata

Article: Trichoderma harzianum: biocontrol to Rhizoctonia solani and biostimulation in Pachyphytum oviferum and Crassula falcata

Domenico Prisa * CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia, PT, Italy. Research Article World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2019, 03(03), 011–018. Article DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2019.3.3.0066 DOI url: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2019.3.3.0066Publication history: Received…

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The best biocontrol agent trichoderma harzianum

What’s Trichoderma Harzianum ?

Trichoderma harzianum fungi that are present in nearly all soils. It readily colonizes plant roots and rhizosphere competent able to grow on roots as they develop.

Trichoderma has quicker growth rate, and highly adaptation in bad soil condition. It is usually used for foliar application, seed treatment and soil treatment for suppression of various disease causing fungal pathogens.

Trichoderma harzianum plays an important role in soil micro-environment, diseases control &root system growth.

Based on these characteristics, we divided functions into three parts:

For soil condition

Outstanding soil adaptability in soil, control soil borne pathogenes and help soil build a stable granular structure, which is porous & full of nutrition. Preserve moisture and fertility.

Alleviating soil secondary-salinization, and acidification. Reduce heavy metals & organic pollutants.

For diseases control

Trichoderma harzianum can eliminate damaging fungal pathogens, such as Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium. It will form a nature defensive bond to “Guard” your crop’s roots.

For root growth

Trichoderma harzianum promotes root growth in three main ways:

1. Kills the fungus which causes root rot. 2. Reduces the physical stress on the crop and makes it grow better. 3. Secrete organic acids and natural growth hormones to promote the growth of crop roots system.

Several research shows that trichoderma harzianum is one of the most effective microbes to colonise the roots.

It often used as an inoculant for crop production, and to improve the root growth and acclimatisation phases in plant nurseries.

Field Trial For Trichoderma Harzianum

1. For Root Growth

2. For Soil Salinity

3. For tomato diseases

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TYPES OF MOULD

There are over 100,000 different types of mould all with different shades tones and textures. some of these are:

-Black mold -Black bread mold -Aspergillus niger -Penicillium digitatum -Penicillium chrysogenum -Mucor muce -Aspergillus flavus -Aspergillus fumigatus -Aspergillus oryzae -Trichoderma harzianum -Trichophyton rubrum -Alternaria alternata -Fusarium oxysporum -Trichophyton mentagrophytes -Penicillium roqueforti -Penicillium camemberti -Trichophyton tonsurans -R-hizopus oligosporus -Alternaria solani -Aspergillus wentii -Trichoderma viride -Talaromyces marneffei -Aspergillus terreus -Fusarium venenatum -Mucor racemosus -Aspergillus versicolor -Aspergillus nidulans -Trichophyton interdigitale -Trichoderma reesei -Cladosporium cladosporioides -Fusarium verticillioides -Trichophyton verrucosum -Cladosporium sphaerospermum -Aspergillus sojae -Penicillium citrinum -Acremonium strictum -Penicillium expansum -Aspergillus sydowii -Aspergillus parasiticus -Fusarium proliferatum -Aspergillus tubingensis -Aspergillus glaucus -Aspergillus ochraceus -Mucor circinelloides -Penicillium rubens -Aspergillus penicillioides -Penicillium brevicompactum -Penicillium glaucum -Trichoderma longibrachiatum -Penicillium nalgiovense -Aspergillus clavatus

As there are so many different types of mould I am going to choose a handful of them that stand out to me and research them in depth. So far the ones that stand out to me the most are Slime Mould, Black Mould, Penicillium Digitatum, Aspergillus Terreus, Trichoderma harzianum and white mould.