#proto italic

[etymologyhunter]

Etymology of 'unfixable'

un + fix + able

PIE *ne (not) → *n̥- (zero grade form) → Proto-Germanic un- → English un-

+

PIE *dʰeygʷ- (to pierce, dig, set up, fasten) → *dʰéygʷeti → Early Proto-Italic *θeigʷō → Proto-Italic *feigʷō (to insert, to fasten) → Latin fīvō (to fasten) → ¹ fīxī→ fīxus (fixed, stable, steady) → (It gets a little odd with the exact word borrowed here (see ¹) but just know that it passes through Old French as a form of fīxus → fix or fīgō → *fīgicāre → ficher/fichier/fiquier/*fixer) → Middle English fixen → fix

+

PIE *-dʰlom (forms nouns denoting a tool) → *-dʰli- (i-stem from) → Proto-Italic *-ðlis (capacity or worth of being acted upon)→ Latin -bilis + -i- or -a- based on stem → -ābilis/-ibilis (-able) → Old French -able → Middle English -able → English -able

¹ fīvō later becomes fīgō via back formation from fīxī

[yvanspijk]

Wool & lana

The word lana (wool) in languages such as Spanish is etymologically related to English wool. For words to be related, they don't have to look like each other. Instead, you have to be able to trace them back to the same ancestor through regular sound changes - and that's what linguists managed to do with wool and lana. The infographic shows the Germanic and Romance family trees of these words.

[historyfiles]

Vistula Veneti: as proto-Italic-speaking descendants, the Vistula Venedi may well have been in position since at least the twelfth century BC, and perhaps as early as the start of the second millennium BC.

[swallowtail-ageha]

When i am on a motorbike i speed like crazy because that's my yamnaya steppe horse rider genes awakening

[etymologyhunter]

Etymology of 'accessible'

PIE *h₂éd (near, at, to) → Proto-Italic *ad → Latin ad (to, towards) → ad- (to) + cēdō (move, proceed, withdraw, from: Proto-Italic *kedzō which has a unclear/disputed etymology) → accēdō/adcēdō (to approach, to reach, to advance, to accede) → accesus (approached, reached) + -ibilis (-able, from: PIE *-dʰlom (instrumental suffix) → *-dʰlis (i stem form) → Proto-Italic *-ðlis → Latin -bilis → -ibilis) → accessibilis (able to be accessed) → English accessible (can also be reconstructed as access + -able/-ible via the same roots)

When I say “school should be disability accessible”, I don’t just mean we need handicap rails and EAs. Kids should be able to miss a day without failing out of school. You shouldn’t be dismissed from clubs because your attendance record is “spotty” (true story). I once missed an entire week of school because of a terrible, unending migraine. I was expected to keep up with my studies despite the blinding pain that came with working on my computer. When I heard my teachers say that you couldn’t miss exams, I asked what I would have to do to be excused from them. Their response? “Either get a doctor’s note an hour before the exam or death of an immediate family member.”

I cannot express how rigid this expectation was. First of all, with my condition, I wouldn’t have enough warning about my sickness to go to the doctor and request a note. For many people, this is exceptionally difficult, especially with the current shortage of medical professionals. Next, it ignores the fact that my schedule may not line with theirs because of my medical needs. Once, I had to visit a hospital a province away (which I was on the waiting list of for over a year) on the same day as an exam. I begged my mother not to take me because I was so nervous that I would be marked as an automatic fail. I was lucky enough to make it work, but that’s only because of my spectacular support system consisting of family members and wonderful doctors.

Disabilities aren’t always about needing a bus that can accommodate wheelchairs. It’s already difficult enough for many of us to maintain school attendance without the harsh punishments involved for skipping a day. We need to be able to miss school without being punished. Only than can you claim that the school is “accessible”

[thydungeongal]

There's an idea often advanced by the radical left that actually represents the perversion of an archetype that is nearly universal to humanity: "Girls go to college to get more knowledge; Boys go to Jupiter to get more stupider."

Traditionally, education was the realm of the masculine, but due to feminism and also woke it's impossible to be a man these days, so it stands to reason why girls would go to college to get more knowledge. But why would boys go to Jupiter?

The Roman deity Iūpiter, from Proto-Italic *djous patēr, whose cognates include the Greek "Zeus" and the Baltic "Dievas" among others, literally "sky father," in many ways acts as a metonym for divine wisdom in this context. Women are drawn to the earthly realm: men seek higher truths. But just as the halls of academia have been debased, so has the loony left chosen to paint the pursuit of the transcendent as folly: are boys going to Jupiter? Yes. But certainly not to get more stupider.

As Jordan B. Peterson argues in his book, 12 Rules of Life: An Antidote to Chaos,

[whencyclopedia]

Alphabet

The history of the alphabet started in ancient Egypt. By 2700 BCE Egyptian writing had a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel (or no vowel) to be supplied by the native speaker. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for logograms, to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names. However, although seemingly alphabetic in nature, the original Egyptian uniliterals were not a system and were never used by themselves to encode Egyptian speech. In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently "alphabetic" system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in central Egypt around 1700 BCE for or by Semitic workers, but only one of these early writings has been deciphered and their exact nature remains open to interpretation. Based on letter appearances and names, it is believed to be based on Egyptian hieroglyphs. This script eventually developed into the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, which in turn was refined into the Phoenician alphabet. It also developed into the South Arabian alphabet, from which the Ge'ez alphabet (an abugida) is descended. Note that the scripts mentioned above are not considered proper alphabets, as they all lack characters representing vowels. These early vowelless alphabets are called abjads and still exist in scripts such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac. Phoenician was the first major phonemic script. In contrast to two other widely used writing systems at the time, cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs, it contained only about two dozen distinct letters, making it a script simple enough for common traders to learn. Another advantage of Phoenician was that it could be used to write down many different languages since it recorded words phonemically.

Phoenician colonization allowed the script to be spread across the Mediterranean. In Greece, the script was modified to add the vowels, giving rise to the first true alphabet. The Greeks took letters which did not represent sounds that existed in Greek and changed them to represent the vowels. This marks the creation of a "true" alphabet, with both vowels and consonants as explicit symbols in a single script. In its early years, there were many variants of the Greek alphabet, a situation which caused many different alphabets to evolve from it. The Cumae form of the Greek alphabet was carried over by Greek colonists from Euboea to the Italian peninsula, where it gave rise to a variety of alphabets used to inscribe the Italic languages. One of these became the Latin alphabet, which was spread across Europe as the Romans expanded their empire. Even after the fall of the Roman Empire, the alphabet survived in intellectual and religious works. It eventually became used for the descendant languages of Latin (the Romance languages) and then for the other languages of Europe.

Continue reading...

[max1461]

Is it fair to say that none of the protolanguages of the primary Indo-European branches are as thoroughly reconstructed as Proto-Germanic? Maybe Italic or Indo-Aryan are close?

[star-of-zeus]

Zeus Aethiops

For the people that come to my blog for the information, the actual post is in non-italics below (pls scroll down quick otherwise I'll look like a dork haha) For the people who have been following my blog for a longer period of time (and those fond of the dramatic) I set this scene:

You open your eyes to a sturdy oak table in the midst of a dimly room that smells of moisture, frankincense, and oakmoss. A deep blue satin cloth, about three feet long, lies upon the table, held down on either side by lit candelabras. The surface is bare otherwise. Pulled out a few feet behind the table is matching sturdy oak armchair with eagle head detailing on each of the armrests, and a royal purple satin cushion. Star-of-Zeus enters, wearing square glasses and holding a old and dusty-looking leather-bound tome that's thicker than their hands can hold stretched to their max, so Star chooses to hold it to their chest wrapped in their arms. Walking to the table, you watch them lean forward to set the heavy tome on the table with a solid, resounding thump before wiping the dust off their shirt and blowing the rest of the dust off of the tome before opening it up. [You, standing on the other side of the table, are subsequently covered in this dust and have to stand there looking like a bizarre snowman while listening] Finally, Star looks up through their glasses after settling in their chair and grins.

"My, my. It seems that it's been three years and two months since my last Zeus Epithets post. Finally ready for the next one?"

Zeus Aethiops is one of my absolute favorite epithets that I commonly venerate, and though this epithet comes rooted in a notion of race that looks nothing like our modern concept, I will take a stand (likely in another post so I can make a full breakdown/rant) against other opinions that I've seen that advise against blending the two (ancient and modern) notions of race when venerating such an epithet, but it will be written entirely from my perspective and experience, so be aware. But I digress - let's get back to learning about this epithet. Some translations I've seen include "of the Burnt Face" or "Ethiopian". Our beloved resource, theoi.com, defines this epithet of Zeus as:

AE′THIOPS (Aithiops), the Glowing or the Black. A surname of Zeus, under which he was worshipped in the island of Chios. (Lycophron, Cass. 537, with the note of Tzetzes.)

If we go to the theoi.com translation of Lycophron's Alexandra, 537, we find the line:

But we have one, yea one beyond our hope, for gracious champion, even the god Drymnius Promatheus Aethiops Gyrapsius, who, when they who are destined to suffer things dread and undesirable shall receive in their halls their fatal guest, the swooping robber, the wandering Orthanes...

The god referred to only by epithets in this line "Drymnius Promatheus Aethiops Gyrapsius" is indeed Zeus - the epithets Aethiops + Gyrapsius are cult-names from Chios, while Drymnius is from Pamphylia and Gyrapsius from Thurii.

So, now that we've established this epithet is from Chios, and attributed to Zeus, let's take a closer look at what the term Aethiops might signify. Merriam-Webster defines Aethiops as an alternate spelling of Ethiops, and defines Ethiops and simply meaning "Ethiopian" but the old Greek etymology of the word is a compound, according to Wikitionary --

From Proto-Hellenic*aitʰiyokʷs, explained since antiquity as αἴθω (aíthō, “I burn”) +‎ ὤψ (ṓps, “face”), though this is likely a folk etymology.

Thus, it wouldn't be outrageous at all to assume that this was a word used to refer to peoples with higher amounts of melanin, or generally those from the ancient region of Aethiopia, which was a geological term used to designate the "upper nile region of Sudan, south of the Sahara, and certain areas of Asia."

But yes, overall the opinion of scholars and historians is that the term 'Aethiops' could reasonably be associated with features that are associated with the Black or African people of today. As an American, I could go on long-winded talks about my experience worshipping a Justice god that is depicted as what I see as Black (not even to mind that I started following this path in 2020, during another round of BLM protests) but that's a topic for a more personal post instead of a research-based one. In the meantime, please look at one of my favorite pictures of Zeus from a Laconian cup, and if you look at me in my beautiful hazel eyes and tell me those aren't locs coming from Zeus's head I'm having Sisyphus crush you under his boulder.

Was Homer's Zeus Black?

Chios is a Greek island off the Western coast of Turkey, and I watched one video that also talks about Zeus Aethiops but makes the claim that Homer is from the island of Chios (which the author provides evidence for from the Homeric hymn to Apollo) and therefore the Zeus that Homer writes about in the Iliad and the Odyssey could be Black. In my personal opinion, they're playing very fast and loose with the Homeric Question, something scholars have been arguing over for centuries, but at the same time I very firmly believe in the mystery of history and the fact that it is incredibly important for people to see themselves in the deities or things they venerate, and at the very least it's great food for thought. The Homeric Question is outside the scope of this post, but I just wanted to share some other resources in case someone wants a longer more video-essay style post about Zeus Aethiops and that perspective on Homer.

But yes. That's all I have to say on Zeus Aethiops for now, but rest assured I will be shouting from the rooftops about him again soon. I'm so happy I finally did a post on one of my (probably top 5?) Zeus epithets, even though there isn't a lot to be found about this surname of his since I suppose it could have been considered minor in the ancient world.

As always, feel free to send in requests for other epithets!

[ishparpuaqib]

so, from what i understand:

after the split of proto-tocharian, late proto-indo-european seems to have continued functioning as a single dialect continuum for a very, very long time, with the remaining (historically attested) branches of indo-european separating from each other more or less simultaneously (with the possible exception of italo-celtic—note, ofc, the probably not-accidental fact italo-celtic represents the westernmost branch of indo-european proper)

there is no reason to believe the earliest attested languages grouped under indo-european proper (i.e. excluding anatolian and tocharian), cf. greek, actually separated from (late) proto-indo-european earlier than those attested relatively late in the historic record (like albanian, or the various germanic languages)

internal divisions within core indo-european ("northwest proto-indo-european", the whole satem phenomenon, etc.) are all presently understood to represent zones of convergence through areal contact, and are not considered to constitute proof of genetic closeness even when they involve common innovations in morphology and phonology (mostly because all such innovations exist on a clear geographic gradient—cf. the frustrating example of albanian sharing quite a few common innovations with greek, and greek sharing quite a few innovations with armenian... but albanian and armenian sharing no remarkable innovations at all)

there are some very curious lexical parallels between italic and indo-iranian—specifically relating to the semantic domains of kingship and statemanship—that can't be explained away as having been borrowed from a common substrate or preserved from an archaic stage of pie, as they don't appear to be shared by either anatolian or tocharian. ???

how maximally unsatisfying...

[archaeology-findings]

Daily Etymology #159

Segue

Segue is a loanword from Italian, where it was derived from seguire meaning to follow. This in turn came from the Latin sequor, which meant to follow. Sequor came from the Proto-Italic *sekʷōr, from the PIE *sekʷ-, of the same meaning. Sequence, consequence and pursue are all also derived from *sekʷ-.

* Indicates a reconstructed word

[gender-jargon]

[Image ID: a redesigned Resgender flag by Gent (Gender-Jargon). The background of the flag is black, with eight central stripes, with the outer two being slightly larger than the others. The center stripes are grey, red, fuchsia, blue, green, yellow, orange and grey. In the middle of the flag is the Cengender symbol, which is made from the number "100" by centering and overlaying two ones facing away from each other and two concentric zeros positioned in the middle of the stalk of the number one. The Cengender symbol is off-white. At the very center is a brown circle. ./. End ID]

Resgender: a fluid, ever-changing gender experience that is wholly unidentifiable and nondescript, but is capable of manifesting in an extremely vast multitude of experiences of gender and/or lack of gender which may or may not be contextually based or circumstantial.

[PT: Resgender: a fluid, ever-changing gender experience that is wholly unidentifiable and nondescript, but capable of manifesting in a extremely vast multitude of experiences of gender and/or lack of gender which may or may not be contextually based or circumstantial. ./. End PT]

A synonym of Cengender.

Etymology

[PT: Etymology ./. End PT]

From Latin, "Res" meaning "Thing" + "-gender", a neologistic English suffix indicating genderedness. The Latin word "Res" draws from both Proto-Italic and Porto-Indoeuropean language families, where it originally meant "Wealth", "Goods" or even to refer to a head of cattle. The coiner does not specify further regarding the etymology of the term or how it relates to the definition. Coined by user Baaphomett in June 2014 (link) [PT: Coined by user Baaphomett in June 2014 (link) ./. End PT].

Alternative, Cengender was coined by user Small-Enby in August 2014 on MOGAI-Archive (link) [PT: Cengender was coined by user Small-Enby in August 2014 on MOGAI-Archive (link) ./. End PT]. The etymology is likely from Galacian, “Cen”, meaning “100″ + “-gender”, a neologistic English suffix indicating genderedness. The definition of Cengender is as follows:

a gender that can be summed up as an unidentifiable thing but manifests as hundreds of different genders or non at all at any given time at the same time and/or separately. Fluid and ever changing.

[PT: a gender that can be summed up as an unidentifiable thing but manifests as hundreds of different genders or non at all at any given time at the same time and/or separately. Fluid and ever changing. ./. End PT]

Resgender and Cengender appear to have been considered synonyms from at least July 2016, as seen in this post from user Pride-Color-Schemes (link) [PT: as seen in this post from user Pride-Color-Schemes (link) ./. End PT] It could be argued that both terms are different from each other, based upon each of their definitions. More information is included on this below in the Elaboration section.

Elaboration

[PT: Elaboration ./. End PT]

Resgender and Cengender were both coined independently, but close in date. According to the definition given by the coiner, Resgender:

is unidentifiable (UIN) and nondescript (GEIN) in it's nature.

embodies a vast range of gender experiences (VASIN).

...these vast experiences of gender have the capacity to be identified as, operate as and/or be attributed to being a "girl" and/or "boy".

is contextually based.

By comparison, Cengender:

is unidentifiable (UIN).

embodies a vast range of gender experiences (VASIN).

may manifest as having no gender (AGIN).

may be AGIN and VASIN separately and/or simultaneously.

is fluid (IDIN) and always changing.

Both Cengender and Resgender are UIN and VASIN. However, Resgender is also GEIN, explicitly mentions xorgenders in it's definition and can be contextually based. Cengender is AGIN and IDIN, and may be considered paradoxical (DOXIN).

Since both terms are generally considered synonyms and are often used interchangeably, I have attempted to integrate the definitions into one, but it should be noted that each are indeed different from one another based upon the wording of their respective definitions.

This is a repost from my old blog, Gender-Resource (terminated) (link) [PT: This is a repost from my old blog, Gender-Resource (terminated) (link) ./. End PT]. This post has been updated with a redesigned flag, updated definition, an elaboration and additional links.

Pride Flag

[PT: Pride Flag ./. End PT]

My Resgender flag is based up on the pride flag created by user Pride-Color-Schemes in 2016. To avoid creating a flag that is difficult to reproduce, I simplified the Cengender symbol to be of one color.

This is my redesign of my original pride flag that I posted on Gender-Resource. The background of the flag is black, with eight central stripes, with the outer two being slightly larger than the others. The center stripes are grey, red, fuchsia, blue, green, yellow, orange and grey. In the middle of the flag is the Cengender symbol, which is made from the number "100" by centering and overlaying two ones facing away from each other and two concentric zeros positioned in the middle of the stalk of the number one. The Cengender symbol is off-white. At the very center is a brown circle. The design carries the following meanings:

The black background represents vastness.

The grey stripes represent contextual/circumstantial basis and fluidity.

The red, fuchsia, blue, green, yellow and orange stripes represent the diversity of gender (or lack thereof).

The brown circle represents being unidentifiable and nondescript.

[PT: The black background represents vastness. The grey stripes represent contextual/circumstantial basis and fluidity. The red, fuchsia, blue, green, yellow and orange stripes represent the diversity of gender (or lack thereof). The brown circle represents being unidentifiable and nondescript. ./. End PT]

[moonlight1237]

RUNES HISTORY AND FACTS

There are many types of rune systems, including Younger Futhark, Anglo-Frisian Futhorc, Medieval runes, and Elder Futhark, which are the ones I’ll be talking about.

The Younger Futhark (long twig) has 16 runes and is typically used in translation with Old Norse. It was used in Scandinavia during the Viking Age, from 800 A.D to 1200 A.D.

Then you have Anglo-Frisian (Frisian being Dutch), which had around 30 runes and was used in Britain. It’s also known as Anglo-Frisian Futhorc.

The latest and closest to us is the Medieval Runes, which fall back into a 24 system (like Elder Futhark) with the Roman/Latin alphabet, which is also used in translation to Old Norse.

Finally, the Rune system we’re talking about is the Elder Futhark used in a 24-rune system and is used to translate proto-European languages (proto-Germanic, high Italic, proto-English, etc, NOT Old Norse!) None of the names of the Elder Futhark have truly been written down; they have come from reconstruction and guesswork from scholars. The names have come from Old English/Gothic sources and the Rune poems that feature names and pieces associated with names.

Norse=Runa English=Rune both meaning “a secret” or “mystery”

Old Norse=Rún Old Irish=Rún Middle Welsh=Rhin “to whisper” “secret” or “mystery”

Scots=Roun “To whisper” or “speak often about one thing”. It’s also associated with the Rowan tree in Scots, which is a very well-known magical tree in many folklores (also known as the “rune tree” or “the whisper tree”).

It was believed the Elder Futhark came from the Rome/Latin alphabet and had ancient Greek relations—due to the closeness of the Germanic tribes there and the mingling of Elder Futhark and High Italic.

The runes were not traditionally used as magical symbols. they were used in divination but were not considered magical themselves until later centuries, far after the Viking Age when they became popular as magical symbols. The furthest back they were found to be used was theorized to be Germania, as typically (but not always) female diviners would “cast lots” which were believed to later influence the Norse people to cast the runes. It was widespread for Norse kings, warlords, and explorers of this time to have a rune caster or diviner with them wherever they traveled. Diviners and Rune Casters at this time were well respected and always welcomed into people's homes.

Then in the myths, we find where Odin discovers the runes and shares them with the other gods. Later the gods share them with humanity. The god Odin stabbed himself with his spear, Gungnir, and hung himself from Yggdrasil for 9 days and nights without food or water sacrificing himself for the runes till they appeared to him in the Well Of Urd. This myth differs depending on the source you found it on. Then in the Havamal 80’ page, 31 of Jackson Crawford's translation of the Poetic Edda (elder edda), it states, “What you ask the runes will prove true; they are gifts of the Aesir, made by the gods and painted by Odin. You’ll learn best with your mouth shut.”

Freyr’s Aett

Fehu Uruz Thurisaz Ansuz Raidho Kenuz Gebo Wunjo

Hagal’s Aett

Halagaz Nauthiz Isa Jera Eihwaz Perthro Algiz Sowulo

Tyr’s Aett

Tiwaz Berkana Ehwaz Mannaz Lagaz Ingwaz Dagaz Othala

24 runes in total for the Elder Futhark

Freyr’s Aett

Everything for your basic human existence, talking with the divine, human social life, and the earth and its bounty, and how to live our lives happily or at least contently.

Hagal’s Aett

shows us how to navigate the difficult parts of life when things take a rough turn and you don’t know what to do. This Aett shows us how to move forward in life and cause change and unexpected luck for ourselves.

Tyr’s Aett

This Aett shows us how to connect with life around us like. We learn to connect with and communicate with Humanity, deities, and nature around us, as well as how to connect our physical worlds to the unseen spiritual worlds we work in.

Getting into the runes themselves and the meanings and associations

Fehu

Letter-F

God/Goddess-Freyja, Freyr

Meaning-Wealth or cattle

Association-Wealth, Livestock/cattle, prosperity, abundance, fulfillment, stability, success, new beginnings, things earned and won, reward, good health, unexpected good luck

Runic poems- Old English, “Wealth provides comfort, but you must share it who hopes to cast lots for judgment before the gods.”

Norwegian, “Money causes strife among kin; the wolf grows up in the woods.” Icelandic, “Money causes strife among kin, and the fire of the flood tide and the path of the serpent.”

Uruz

Letter-U

god/goddess-Ullr, Audhumla (the creation cow), Thor

Meaning-Ox or bull sometimes bison

Association- challenges, endurance, courage, strength, untamed potential, good health, good luck, moving forward after being stuck in stagnation, sudden breakthroughs, overcoming challenges, trials, power, creative forces

Rune poems- Old Norse, “The wild ox has great high horns with which it gores; a fierce fighter who boldly stamps the moors.”

Norwegian, “Slag is cast from bad iron; reindeer cross the hard snow.”

Icelandic, “Drizzle is the weeping of clouds, and blights the harvest and is hated by the herdsmen.”

Thurisaz

Letter-Th

god/goddess-Thor

Meaning-Giant or Thorn

Association-Strength, breaking down barriers, Thor's hammer, defense, reaction, temptations, resisting temptations, disruption, passion, protection, conflict, power

Rune poems- Old Norse, “Thorn is wickedly sharp and causes pain to those who grasp it, hurt to you who rest among them.”

Norwegian, “Giant causes the sickness of women; bad luck pleases nobody.”

Icelandic, “Giant is the torment of women, and the dweller of rocky vales and husband of Varthrun the giantess.”

Ansuz

Letter-A

God/goddess-The aesir, Odin

Meaning-Aesir, the ancestor god

Association-communication with the gods, wisdom, divine power, knowledge, creativity, understanding, passing tests, understanding, communication

Rune Poems- Old Norse, “Mouth is the source of the word, bringing wisdom and counsel to the wise, hope, inspiration, and a blessing to all.”

Norwegian, “Rivermouth opens most journeys; but the sword belongs in it’s sheath.” Icelandic, “Odin is the ancient creator, and Asgards king and lord of Valhalla.”

Raidho

Letter-R

God/goddess-Sol

Meaning-Wagon or chariot

Association-Rythme, journey, travel, personal development, change, evolution, decisions, taking the opportunity, movement

Rune poems- Old Norse, “Riding is easy for heroes inside a hall; it’s much harder astride a strong horse pounding against the great mile.”

Norwegian, “Riding is said to be the worst for horses; reginn forged the best sword.”

Icelandic, “Riding is a sweet sitting and a swift journey and the toil of the horse.”

Kenaz

Letter-K and C

God/goddess-Loki

Meaning- the torch

Association-Knowledge, Light, warm, illumination, visions, enlightenment, intuition, learning, Improvement, creativity, Inner voices, Breakthroughs

Rune poems-Old Norse, “The torch we know by its flame, which brings illumination, and light wherever noble souls encourage.”

Norwegian, “Ulcer is the curse of children; grief turns us pale.”

Icelandic, “Ulcer is the bane of children and a grievous blight and the house of rotting flesh."

Gebo

Letter-G

God/goddess-Odin

Meaning-gift

Association-Love, partnership, giving and receiving gifts, generosity, sacrifice, balance, joy in relationships, talents, abilities

Rune Poem-Old English, “A gift returns to adorn the giver with greatness and honor; it helps and heartens those who have nothing.”

Wunjo

Letter-W

god/goddess-Baldr

Meaning-Joy

Association-happiness, light, perfection, comfort, harmony, recognition of worth, reward, success, good health, prosperity, flourishing, bliss

Rune poem-Old English, “Joy comes to you who know no sorrow, blessed with grain and plenty, content in a strong community.”

Halagaz

Letter-H

God/Goddess-Hel

Meaning-Hail

Association-interference, disruption, corrections, changes for long-term good, change, being tested, nature, overcoming obstacles, wrath, chaos, misfortune, transformation

Rune poem-Old English, “Hail, whitest of grains, whirls down from heaven, is tossed by the wind, and turns water.”

Norwegian, “Hail is the coldest of grains; All-Father shaped the world in ancient times.”

Icelandic, “Hail is cold grain and a shower of sleet, and the bane of snakes.”

Nauthiz

Letter-N

gods/goddess-Skuld

Meaning-Need

Association-resistance, demand, desire, personal development, constraint, willpower, endurance, self-reliance, patience, necessity, kindling passion, recognizing your needs

Rune poems-Old English, “Need constricts the heart but can bring help and healing if heeded in time.”

Norwegian, “Need leaves one little choice; the naked freeze in the frost.”

Icelandic, “Need is the bondmaid’s grief, and a hard condition to suffer, and toilsome work.”

Isa

Letter-I

God/Goddess-Skadi

Meaning-Ice

Association-cold, lack of change, stagnation, challenge, self-control, harsh reality, concentrated self, clarity, watching and waiting, delay, obstacles, danger

Rune poems-Old English, “Ice is cold and slippery; jewel-like and glistening, fair to behold, the frozen field.”

Norwegian, “Ice we call the board bridge; the blind need to be led across.”

Icelandic, “Ice is the rind of the river and roof of the waves, and a mortal danger.”

Jera

Letter-J

God/goddess-Freyr, Idunn

Meaning-Year, Harvest

Association-cycles, harvest, efforts rewarded, plenty, good spirits, change, completion, fertility, growth

Rune poems-Old English, “Harvesttime brings joy when the goddess Earth gifts us with her bright fruits.”

Norwegian, “Harvesttime brings bounty; I say that Frothi is generous.”

Icelandic, “Harevsttime brings profit, and a high summer and a ripened field.”

Eihwaz

Letter-Ei, Y

God/goddess-Ullr, sometimes Skadi

Meaning-Yew tree

Association- strength, endurance, protection, movement, balance, death and life, Yggdrasil, change, magic, rebirth, friendships

Rune poems-Old English, “Yew has rough bark without but holds the flame within; deeply rooted, it graces the land.”

Norwegian, “Yew is winter’s greenest wood; it splutters when it burns.”

Icelandic, “Yew is a taut bow, and brittle iron and the arrow of Farbauti.”

Perthro

Letter-P

God/Goddess-The Norns, Frigga

Meaning-Lot cup/casting cup

Association-fate, gambles, hidden things, unknown outcomes, chance, destiny, pregnancy/birth, luck, common sense, revelation,

Rune poems-Old English, “Gaming means to play and laughter among the high-spirited who sit merry together in the mead hall.”

Algiz (Elhaz)

Letter-Z

God/goddess-All the Aesir, Heimdall

Meaning-Elk, the white elk

Association-Protection, awakening, teachings of the divine, ward off evil, defense, guardianship, opportunity to grow, fulfilling dreams, employment, shelter

Rune poems-Old English, “Elk sedge grows in the fen, waxing in the water, grimly wounding; it burns the blood of those who would lay hands upon it.”

Sowilo

Letter-S

God/Goddess-Sol, Baldr

Meaning-The Sun

Association-motivation, action, the sun, guidance, health, victory, cleansing, life purpose, enlightenment, spiritual will, goals, light, energy, self-confidence

Rune poems-Old English, “The sun guides seafarers who ferry across the fish’s bath until the seahorse brings them to land.”

Norwegian, “Sun is the light of the world; I bow to its holiness.”

Icelandic, “Sun is the sky shield, and a shining radiance, and the nemesis of ice.”

Tiwaz

Letter-T

God/Goddess-Tyr

Meaning-The god Tyr

Association-Courage, victory, peacekeeping, faith, loyalty, leadership, logic, sound judgment, compassion, honor, passion, masculine energy, truth revealed

Rune poems-Old English, “Tiw is a sign that spells confidence to the noble; unfailing, it holds true though the night clouds.”

Norwegian, “Tyr is the one-handed of the aesir; often has the smith to blow.” Icelandic, “Tyr is the one-handed god, and the leavings of the wolf and ruler of the temple.”

Berkano

Letter-B

God/Goddess-Nerthus, Freyja, Frau Holle

Meaning-birch tree

Association-New life, life changes, growth, healing, new beginnings, femininity, birth, regeneration, renewal

Rune poem- Old English, “The birch thought fruitless sends out countless shoots; leafy branches, high crowned, reach to the sky.”

Norwegian, “Birch has the greenest-leafed branches; Loki brought the luck of deceit,”

Icelandic, “Birch is a leafy limb and a little tree and a youthful wood.”

Ehwaz

Letter- E

God/Goddess-Freyja, Gullveig, sleipnir, loki

Meaning-horses

Association-momentum, trust, harmony, change, healthy relationships, progress, transportation, loyalty

Rune poem- Old English, “The horse brings Joy; proud on its hooves, by heroes praised, it is a solace to the restless.”

Mannaz

Letter-M

God/Goddess-Odin, Thor, Heimdall

Meaning-Mankind

Association-Humanity, soul, divine influence, social order, society, friendship, teamwork, self, family, support

Rune poems-Old English, “We are each other’s mirth yet must one day take leave, for the gods will allot our frail bodies to the earth.”

Norwegian, “Man is the waxing of dust; mighty is the hawk’s talon span”

Icelandic, “Man is the joy of man and the increase of dust and the adorner of ships.”

Lagaz

Letter-L

God/Goddess-Loki, Freyja, Hel

Meaning-Water, Lake

Association- Emotion, cleansing, intuition, dreams, flow, guidance, love, memory, feminine, physic abilities, renewal

Rune poems-Old English, “Water to land folk seems never-ending when they set sail on a heaving ship; the huge waves overwhelm them and the seahorse won’t head the bridle.”

Norwegian, “Waterfalls free from the mountain; gold trinkets are so highly prized.” Icelandic. “Water wells from the spring and the great geyser and the land of fish.”

Inguz (Ingwaz)

Letter-Ng

God/Goddess-Freyr, Ing

Meaning-The ancient god

Association-love, peace, internal growth, harmony, approval, agreement, completion, Masculinity, time of rest, goals, common sense, home, channeling force

Rune poem-Old English, “Ing, first seen by the East Danes, later rode his wagon away eastward over the waves; thus was the great god named.”

Dagaz

Letter-D

God/Goddess-Dagr, Baldr, Sol

Meaning-Day, dawn

Association-Dawn, daylight, change of direction, prosperity, clarity, awakening, breakthrough, hope, completion, balance, transformation

Rune poems-Old English, “Day is the gods’ messenger; the light of the gods grants ecstasy, good hope, and a boom to all.”

Othala

Letter-O

God/Goddess-Odin, Hel

Meaning-Home, Ancestors

Association-Family, inheritance, Home, Knowledge from the past, heritage, experience, value, group prosperity, positive mental state, good health, good financials

Rune poem-Old English, “Home is loved by all who prosper there in peace and enjoy a frequent harvest.”

Bind runes

Bind runes are 2 or more runes combined to make one bigger Bindrune. Used historically as a way to shorten up writing or just as a fun way to write, we now use them as stronger versions of runes, or as a way to have many runes together without having to write them all out.

Famous ones, Vegvisir and Aegishjalmaur (Helm of Awe) aren’t runes or bind runes, but instead Sigils that came around centuries after the Viking Age, and were found to be from the 1800s. Vegvisir is a path finder, not a compass. The Helm of Awe is used as a warding symbol but historically wasn’t actually used for anything as far as our sources note.

Resources

https://oreamnosoddities.com/blogs/news/how-to-make-a-bindrune-Bindrune explaining

https://oreamnosoddities.com/blogs/news/rune-meanings-the-elder-futhark-elder futhark source

http://www.shieldmaidenssanctum.com/blog/2019/3/12/the-elder-futhark-runes-and-their-meanings- elder futhark sources

https://youtu.be/nK51UmwJxRU-bindrune source from witches view with a little misinfo on Helm of Awe and Vegvisir

https://youtu.be/wG9d95vJibk-Bindrune source from Jackson Crawford

https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLATNGYBQ-TjrPCf9YGy0qzqca1ypcGs50-Jackson Crawfords videos on runes through historical source

https://youtu.be/IROvre0w6hc-Vegvisir info

https://youtu.be/kW9KbtjyHN4-intro to runes

https://youtu.be/Gjmxu7z04kk-explaining the connection between the runic writing and languages

“Runes For Beginners” Lisa Chamberlain

“A Little Bit Of Runes” Cassandra Eason

“Nordic Runes” Paul Rhys Mountfort

“The Poetic Edda” Translated by Jackson Crawford

“Tales Of Norse Mythology” Helen A. Guerber

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1F5INHBpAeUZ8Ux632760FbNQ0SUHDUGX/view?usp=drivesdk-Reading Past Runes book

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1p5L1BFpUFRte-BVq7XgBdXLjAqqZKKkI/view?usp=drivesdk-Nine Doors Of Midgard book

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EGtRedzunDGtUYkAbtdDrOQS0ppBBH9t/view?usp=drivesdk-The Big Book Of Runes book

[yvanspijk]

Sí, oui, òc!

Italian sì, Spanish sí, Portuguese sim and many more Romance words for 'yes' come from Latin sīc, which meant 'so; thus; like that'. In Popular Latin it got an extra meaning: 'yes', born out of the sense 'like that', i.e. 'like you said'.

French oui has a completely different origin. It comes from Old French oïl, a univerbation of o il, literally 'yes, it (is/does/has etc.)'.

O stemmed from Latin hoc (this), which became òc (yes) in Occitan, a group of languages whose name was derived from this very word.

[tinyreviews]

Tiny Curiosity: Etymology of Opera

Origin: The term “opera” comes from the Italian language, which in turn borrowed it from Latin.

Italian Roots: In Italian, “opera” means “work”, both in the sense of labor done and the result produced.

Latin Roots: The Latin word “opera” is derived from “opus”, which means “work” or “effort”.

Proto-Indo-European Roots: The Latin “opus” comes from the Proto-Italic “*opes-”, which in turn comes from the PIE root “*op-”, meaning "to work, produce in abundance".

Interesting Note: The term “soap opera” originated from radio dramas that were originally sponsored by soap manufacturers. These dramas were broadcast during the day, and their target audience was primarily housewives.

Related words from PIE root “*op-”: Opus, Operant, Operate, Cooperation.

This is part of my Tiny Curiosity series. I publish worldbuilding tidbits, trivia, etymology to this blog.

[necarion]

"nefling" as gender-neutral "sibling-child"

There's been some discussion about a gender-neutral term for "niece or nephew" and I know there's been some settling on "nibling". And I really don't like that, as it is an obviously play on "nibble" which implies something tiny and inconsequential. Which maybe works if they're a baby, but is generally condescending.

Looking through the etymology of "nephew" and "niece", I think that "nefling" is probably the most sensible linguistic construction.

Nephew:

From Middle English nevew, neveu (“nephew, grandson”), from Old French neveu, from Latin nepos, nepōtem, from Proto-Italic *nepōts (also, from whence we get "nepotism") Displaced or absorbed the inherited English neve (“nephew, grandson, male cousin”), from Middle English neve, from Old English nefa, from Proto-West Germanic *nefō, from Proto-Germanic *nefôd

Niece:

From Middle English nece (“niece, granddaughter”), from Old French nece (“niece, granddaughter”) (Modern French nièce (“niece”)) from Late Latin neptia, representing Latin neptis (“granddaughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *néptih₂ (“granddaughter, niece”). Doublet of nift. (displaced form)

nift: From Middle English nyfte, nift, nifte, from Old English nift (“niece, granddaughter”), from Proto-Germanic *niftiz (“niece”), from Proto-Indo-European *néptih₂.

All the terms we have for niece and nephew, both in original OE and in French borrowings, derive from the PIE *nepōts (*néptih₂ itself comes from *nepōts + *-ih₂.

If you trace those four terms back to a common ancestor, we could have "nepper", "nepling" or even "nephling", but that's crossing etymological forms (something English would never (/s) do, I know). But honestly, I just don't like the sound of "nepper" (close to "nipper", a colloquial for "small child" and very similar to "nibbler").

But if you go from the Proto-Germanic *nefod and *niftiz, you can construct either "nifling" or "nefling". Since "niffling" is slang for "to pilfer" and a "niffler" is a term for "trifle", I'm strongly inclined to the latter. And because we're taking the Germanic linguistic root, we don't have to deal with a "-ph-" in there.

"Nefling" it is?