#intracellular

[johniac]

SciTech Chronicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jan 19, 2025

[mission-to-dietitian]

Serum/plasma sodium is about what fluid is doing!

You have intracellular and extracellular space (functionally, there are TWO compartments, but you have intravascular/plasma space and interstitial space, in addition to intracellular environment. There's normally around 28L of intraCELLULAR fluid.)

Adding normal saline is like giving your body "its own water," meaning it won't change your sodium concentration. Administering normal saline corrects hypovolemic hypernatremia (meaning fluid VOLUME is low, and sodium concentration appears very high. Giving more fluid will reduce serum/plasma sodium back to normal).

Sodium is a polar molecule and moves freely between intravascular and interstitial space. Wherever the sodium is highly concentrated, that is where water will go. Water shifts into interstitial fluid space when you have edema (AKA third spacing)

[whats-in-a-sentence]

According to the starch-statolith hypothesis, these cells represent statocytes, or gravity-sensing cells (see Figure 18.18). (...) According to one hypothesis, contact or pressure resulting from the amyloplasts resting on the ER on the lower side of the cell triggers the response (see Figure 18.18). (...) Amyloplasts are the only organelles that consistently sediment in the columella cells of different plant species, and the rate of sedimentation correlates closely with the time required to perceive the gravitational stimulus (see Figure 18.18). (...) When the root is oriented horizontally, however, the signals from the cap redirect most of the auxin to the lower side, thus inhibiting the growth of that lower side (see Figure 18.18). (...) In a vertically oriented root, PIN3 is uniformly distributed around the columella cells, but when the root is placed on its side, PIN3 is preferentially targeted to the lower side of these cells (see Figure 18.18). (...) Changes in intracellular pH can be detected early in root columella cells responding to gravity (see Figure 18.18).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[tenth-sentence]

Receptors often do this by modifying the activity of other proteins or by employing intracellular signaling molecules called second messengers; these molecules then alter cellular processes such as gene transcription.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[iteratorsex]

I am going to replace all of the water in five pebble's lymphatic conduits with milk.

[borgeslabyrinth]

Asking the real questions

[genderjester]

I love to listen and relisten to this podcast will kill u so much fr. Comfort podcast even tho the diseases they talk abt are obv often rly gnarly but i love. Microbiology and medical history<3

Also specifically relistening to the leishmaniasis episode made me once again go Ah! We should kill the profit driven pharma industry with hammers!

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Research Notebooks of S. Sunkavally. Page 311.

[devendrasingh3047]

How does the Avastin injection (bevacizumab) suppress intracellular tumour growth?

Avastin, known scientifically as bevacizumab, is a pivotal drug in oncology. It is known for its efficacy in suppressing intracellular tumour growth through targeted inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This blog explores the profound impact of Avastin across various cancer types, detailing its mechanism of action, clinical applications, safety profile, and future directions in cancer treatment.

What does Avastin do to cancer patients?

Avastin works by specifically binding to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that stimulates the growth of new blood vessels necessary for tumour progression. Here is everything you need to know:

Inhibits Tumor Growth: Avastin (bevacizumab) works by precisely targeting and inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This protein is crucial for the formation of new blood vessels that tumours need to grow. This precise mechanism of action is what makes Avastin so effective. By blocking VEGF, Avastin reduces the blood supply to tumours, thereby slowing down their growth and potentially shrinking them.

Enhances Treatment Effectiveness: When used in combination with chemotherapy or other cancer treatments, Avastin enhances their effectiveness. By reducing the blood flow to tumours, Avastin helps other treatments penetrate tumours more effectively, improving overall treatment outcomes.

Delays Disease Progression: Avastin is known to prolong the time before cancer progresses. In clinical trials, it has been shown to increase progression-free survival rates in various types of cancers, including colorectal, lung, breast, and kidney cancers, as well as glioblastoma.

Improves Quality of Life: For many cancer patients, Avastin not only slows disease progression but also improves the quality of life by reducing symptoms associated with advanced cancer, such as pain and discomfort caused by tumour growth.

Potential Side Effects: While generally well-tolerated, Avastin can cause side effects such as hypertension, proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), bleeding, gastrointestinal perforation, and impaired wound healing. Close monitoring by healthcare providers is essential to manage these risks effectively during treatment.

What types of cancer is Avastin used for?

In clinical settings, Avastin 100mg injection is prescribed to patients with advanced stages of cancer, including colorectal, lung, breast, and kidney cancers, among others. Its effectiveness lies in its ability to disrupt the tumour's blood supply, thereby shrinking tumours and preventing their progression.

Colorectal Cancer: Avastin is approved for use in combination with chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. It helps to slow down tumour growth and improve survival rates.

Lung Cancer: In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Avastin is used as a first-line treatment in combination with chemotherapy. It has been shown to extend survival and delay disease progression.

Breast Cancer: Avastin may be used in combination with chemotherapy for metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer. It helps to reduce blood flow to tumours, potentially shrinking them and improving treatment outcomes.

Kidney Cancer: Avastin is utilised for advanced renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer), often in combination with other targeted therapies or immunotherapy agents. It targets VEGF, which is crucial for tumour blood vessel growth.

Does Avastin have side effects?

Avastin has demonstrated significant benefits for cancer patients, especially those in advanced stages of the disease. It notably improves both progression-free survival and overall survival rates by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein crucial for tumour blood vessel formation. 

While Avastin is generally well-tolerated, it can cause several potential side effects that require careful monitoring. Common side effects include 

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)

Bleeding tendencies

Gastrointestinal perforation (a rare but serious complication)

Impaired wound healing

How do patients respond to Avastin treatment?

While Avastin is generally well-tolerated, it can cause several potential side effects that require careful monitoring. Common side effects include hypertension (high blood pressure), proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), bleeding tendencies, gastrointestinal perforation (a rare but serious complication), and impaired wound healing. Patients undergoing Avastin treatment should be closely monitored for these side effects, and healthcare providers may adjust treatment regimens as needed to manage these risks effectively.

[nutongzhi]

i can’t believe how fucking bad i bombed my quiz today you mean i have to know bio to do biophysics ?

[cailynnjohnson]

Intracellular cytokine flow cytometry

Another elegant, functional approach to detect cytokine production in T-cells is by intracellular cytokine flow cytometry. Following brief antigen exposure, cytokines are trapped intracellularly by the addition of brefeldin A to block the secretory pathways. After permeabilization, specific anti-cytokine fluorescent antibody conjugates can pass into the cells.

[oatmealswizard]

my favourite pomodoro stopped working 😭😭😭 it crashes around a minute from ending no matter what i do. i'm going to light a candle for it and for me

[vasanthasworld]

Intracellular Accumulation Pathology Short And Long Essay Question And Answers

[raphavisses]

Our First Pre-Registration is Live! Replication of...

After months of efforts, my co-authors and I are absolutely delighted to share this preprint, which is special in many ways: Said, Maha, Mustafa Gharib, Samia Zrig, and Raphaël Lévy. 2023. “Replication of “Carbon-dot-based Dual-emission Nanohybrid Produces a Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for in Vivo Imaging of Cellular Copper Ions”” OSF Preprints. November 29. doi:10.31219/osf.io/kf9qe. This…

[xseffort45]

Electrolytes and why they're important especially when water f4st!ng:

Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate. They are involved in various physiological processes.

During a water f4st, the body can lose electrolytes through various means, such as urine, sweat, and even through breathing.

Without sufficient intake of electrolytes, the body may experience imbalances that can lead to various health issues including:

muscle cramps, dizziness, weakness, irregular heartbeats, and in severe cases, even life-threatening conditions such as de4th.

Here's a breakdown of each electrolyte and its role in the body:

Sodium (Na+):

Role: Sodium is the primary extracellular cation (positively charged ion) and plays a vital role in maintaining fluid balance and blood pressure. It is essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle function.

Source: Commonly found in table salt (sodium chloride) and many processed foods.

Potassium (K+):

Role: Potassium is the primary intracellular cation. It helps regulate fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle contractions (including the heart), and maintains proper cellular function.

Source: Found in various fruits and vegetables, such as bananas, oranges, potatoes, and spinach.

Calcium (Ca2+):

Role: Calcium is essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also plays a key role in muscle contractions, nerve transmission, blood clotting, and cell signaling.

Source: Dairy products, leafy greens, nuts, and fortified non-dairy milk.

Magnesium (Mg2+):

Role: Magnesium is involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions in the body, including energy production, protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, and maintaining healthy bones.

Source: Found in nuts, seeds, whole grains, leafy greens, and legumes.

Chloride (Cl-):

Role: Chloride is the major extracellular anion (negatively charged ion) and works closely with sodium to help maintain fluid balance and osmotic pressure in cells.

Source: Commonly found in table salt (sodium chloride) and many processed foods.

Bicarbonate (HCO3-):

Role: Bicarbonate is involved in regulating the body's acid-base balance (pH level) and is a crucial component of the bicarbonate buffering system.

Source: The body produces bicarbonate as part of normal metabolic processes.

Phosphate (HPO42-):

Role: Phosphate is essential for bone and teeth mineralization, energy production (adenosine triphosphate, ATP), and serves as a component of DNA and RNA.

Source: Found in various foods, including meat, dairy products, nuts, and whole grains.

To prevent these complications and support the body during a water f4st, it is crucial to supplement with electrolytes.

Many people who practice prolonged water f4st!ng or intermittent f4st!ng find it helpful to take electrolyte supplements or consume electrolyte-rich drinks to ensure they maintain proper mineral balance throughout the f4!sting period. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any regimen or supplement routine, as individual needs may vary.