#fMRI
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What's the dead salmon study, and what does it tell us about fMRIs?
fMRIs generate roughly 130,000 voxels in every set of scans.
A voxel is a very small cube. Remember the ones you played with in school?

Like that.
Put together, they form a 3-D picture.
In the background of fMRIs is static and interference.
Through completely random chance, with over 160,000 voxels of data to comb through, the area around a dead fish's brain showed "activity".
The activity was natural interference, which coincidentally "lit up" in a way that set off sensors. It's not actual activity, but what does this tell us? What can we learn from this?
What was the point?
According to the lead researcher, "In fMRI, you have 160,000 darts, and so just by random chance, by the noise that's inherent in the fMRI data, you're going to have some of those darts hit a bull's-eye by accident."
Like adjusting the contrast on a photo, researchers can filter data to see through the noise, but in doing so, you have to ADD additional checks to maintain data integrity.
You can set the filter too high and eliminate false positives, but you'll miss things under the threshold. Set the filter too low, and you get active voxels in a dead fish's brain.
The point of the study isn't to prove that fMRI shouldn't be used or are worthless. It's to show that there's a fine line in that filter level, and that additional verifications MUST be made.
The answer is multiple comparison corrections.
Data collection and interpretation can seem very simple at first glance. Orange around a fish's brain? Clearly it's examining the photos and trying to determine the emotion of the people in the photos, as requested.
No, seriously, they put a fish in a machine and asked it to do the same tests as any other person in the scanner. They talked to it.
I think that's neat :)
But the point of the study was that it's not that simple. That orange could be nothing or it could be something. You HAVE to take the additional steps.
According to Oxford academic,
'The dead salmon study was not bashing functional MRI, it was about people who refuse to use multiple comparisons correction in functional MRI analysis … the salmon is important because it drew attention to the problem, but it’s not a problem with functional MRI as such’.
Yes, the problem is with the researchers.
So what about current fMRI research into DID?
Well, any paper that's been published has had its methods scrutinized. Considering:
1) the number of papers from THE MANY different organizations all showing the same things
2) the repeatability of the findings, over all these studies
3) the decades upon decades of repeated findings, and the additional scans and research in other areas of interest connected to it
4) the mentioned and approved comparisons within the studies
6) the rigorous data sorting involved in ALL of the studies combined, and the noted methods of sorting and interpretation, and the acceptance of sorting methods by MANY various journals
5) and what we are actually seeing on scans, AFTER multiple comparisons...
I think the DID studies are just fine when we're talking about the dead fish study and fMRIs.
#debunk#someone doesn't know what the dead salmon study is#research#fmri#at last check the dead fish study was not accepted or published fyi#syscourse#pro syscourse conversation#sysconversation#did#osdd#cdd system
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Is dancing synesthesia?
You're aware of the neurological phenomenon called synesthesia, right? It's a blending of different senses, hearing colors or tasting textures, etc. You might be turning a piece of clay on a wheel and hear specific frequencies when you create certain shapes or textures. You might hear specific notes on a piano as specific colors. And different individuals will very likely hear different colors for the same note: one person's bright yellow B-flat might be dark blue for someone else. It seems to vary quite a bit from person to person, even for individuals with similar types of synesthetic overlap.
We're not entirely sure what causes it, but psychedelic drugs and certain brain injuries can sometimes induce these experiences. It also just happens naturally in about 2-4% of humans (which is roughly in line with the percentage for a lot of other neurodivergences btw). If there's a specific genetic marker for synesthetic experience, we haven't found it yet. As far as I can tell from a cursory internet browse, we don't really know the root cause of synesthetic experience, but it offers an interesting avenue of research because it can help us map out a lot of the edge cases of human consciousness: What exactly is happening in our brains when our senses are pushing against their usual boundaries?
What I'm proposing here is that (maybe) a rather large subset of the human population experiences a form of synesthesia when they hear music and then feel the impulse to dance. This kind of synesthesia takes rhythmic auditory inputs and processes them through proprioception (the sensation of the position of your body and limbs, the amount of force you're using when you open a jar, the weirdly intuitive feeling of squeezing through a tight space just barely wide enough to accommodate your body, etc.)
It happens on such a widespread scale that we typically just call this synesthetic experience "having rhythm". Some people can feel the music and naturally move along to the beat, but a big chunk of humanity just doesn't seem to be able to do it. Like, if you can dance or play the drums, then you probably have the mutation that causes the rhythm synesthesia experience. Or maybe the actual mutation is the people who can't feel rhythm?
I'm assuming that it's pretty difficult to get fMRI scans of somebody's brain while they're dancing, but there's probably a ton of research using fMRI scans while people listen to music. Hopefully there are some brilliant neuroscientists out there who can explain to me why my synesthesia theory is completely wrong or point me to some cool research about human perception of rhythm or somesuch. Anyway, thanks for reading, and please be peaceful.
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The targeting program is inhumane. They’d be more ethical if they just took out whom they didn’t like.
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Dr. Ahmad Hariri, a pioneer in task fMRI research, finds that its test/retest reliability is terrible and questions the methodology's future.
This means many cognitive neuroscience studies are flawed because they were based on junk science. This is a "three strikes you're out" moment for task fMRI, and one of several reasons why cognitive neuroscience has hit a dead end.
Consciousness research needs fresh approaches that do not rely on cognitive neuroscience.
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TEDにて
マチウ・リカール:幸せの習慣
(詳しくご覧になりたい場合は上記リンクからどうぞ)
幸せとは、何で、どうやったら幸せになれるのでしょうか?
生化学者から仏門を選んだマチウリカールは、我々の心を鍛えて満ち足りた状態を習慣にすることによって、心の奥底からの静かな充足を生み出すことができると言います。
これもグローバリゼーションのおかげなのでしょうね。
エベレストの山頂にコカコーラの缶、モントレーに僧侶(私はちょうど、2日前。皆さんのお招きに上がりヒマラヤ山脈から来ました。ですから、皆さんをしばらくの間。ヒマラヤ山脈に招待したいと思います)
そして、私のような修行僧がいる場所にご案内しましょう。
私はパスツール研究所の分子生物学者でしたが、山に入る道を選びました。さてと、幸福について語りましょう。私は、フランス人ですが、フランスには幸福に全く興味のない知識人が多いです。
では、幸福または満たされた状態について話しましょう。
まず、最初にフランスの知識人がなんと言おうと朝から「今日も一日苦しむだろうか」と考えながら起きる人は誰もいません!つまり、意識しようがしまいが、直接であれ間接であれ、すぐのことでも将来のことでも我々がすること。
望むこと。夢見ること。そういったこと全てが心の奥底で幸せを求めることにつながっているのです。
東洋や西洋の書物を調べれば、幸せの定義は驚くほど多彩でしょう。こう言う人がいます。「過去の記憶を信じて、将来を想像し、現在は念頭にない」こう言う人もいます。「幸せとは、今という瞬間。今という瞬間の新鮮さの度合いである」
そして、これは、フランスの哲学者アンリベルクソンにこう言わせました「すべての偉大な人文科学の思想家は、幸せを曖昧なまま残した彼らが自分達の言葉で幸せを定義できるように」
人生において幸せにそれほど関心がないならかまわない��しょう。しかし、幸せが人生のあらゆる瞬間の質を定めるものだとしたら?私たちは、それが何であるかを知り、はっきりした考えを持った方が良いでしょう。
そして、おそらく私たちが幸せについてよく知らないことが理由となって、しばしば、幸せを求めながらそれに背を向けてしまうのでしょう。
苦しみから逃れたいのに苦しみに向って走っているかのようです。それはある種の勘違いが原因かもしれません!
喜びを、幸せと思い込む事は、よくあります。
この2つの特徴をよく見てみると喜びは、時間、目的、場所に左右されます。その本質は相対的に変わりうるものです。チョコレートケーキの最初の一切れはおいしいです。二切れ目はそれほどでもなく、三切れ目には嫌気がさします。
それが人間の欲望の本質です。
飽きが来ます。私は、昔、バッハが大好きでギターで弾いたりしました。5回聴いても飽きません。もし、24時間休みなしで聴くことになれば飽きるかもしれません。寒いとき、火のそばに近づくのは気持ちがいいです。
そして、しばらくすると少し後ろに下がります。それからすごく熱く感じます。
喜びは経験とともに消費されるかのようです。
そして、それは、あなたから発せられるものではありません。あなたが強い喜びを感じることでまわりの人が大いに苦しむこともありえます。ゲーム理論のゼロサムゲームのこと
では、幸福とはいったいなんでしょう?
幸福というとあまりにも漠然とした言葉なので満ち足りた状態と定義しましょう。
仏教徒の見解から、最もふさわしい定義は、満ち足りた状態とは、ただ楽しいという感覚ではないということです。
それは心の奥底を静かに満たすものです。
人生におけるあらゆる心の働きや喜びや悲しみにも、しみ渡ってその根底に横たわっています。皆さんは驚くかもしれません。悲しみのさなかでも満ち足りていることは、ある意味可能です。なぜなら、私たちは別のレベルの話をしているからです。
岸辺に寄せる波をごらんなさい。波の谷間にいれば、海底に当たります。
堅い岩にあたります。波の上にのっているときは意気揚揚としています。海面は上へ下へと揺れ動きます。外洋をごらんなさい。そこには鏡のように美しく穏やかな海があるかもしれません。嵐の海かもしれません。
しかし、海の深さはそこにあり変わらないのです。どういうことでしょう?それは、つかの間の感情や感覚でなく、そのものの状態です。喜びもまた幸福の源となりえますが、誰かの苦しみを喜ぶというような邪悪な喜びもあります。
ではどのように幸せを探しましょうか?
たいていは外界から探し出そうとします。「幸せ」になるためにすべての状況。すべての条件を満たせば幸せになれると考えます。すべてを得ることで幸せになる!
こんな考え方の幸福には、崩壊が待ち構えています!!��べてを持つこと。何かが欠ければそれは崩れます。
何かがうまく行かないといつも外界を修正しようとします。しかし、私たちが外に及ぼす力は限られたもの。一時のもの。錯覚かもしれません。では、内部の状況を見てください。それらはより強くありませんか?
外界から幸福や苦しみを捉えるのは心ではないですか?心の影響が強くないですか?小さなパラダイスのようなところに住んでいてもまったく不幸せなこともあるのをご存知でしょう。
ダライラマがポルトガルに行ったとき、そこでは、至る所で建設工事が行われていました。ある晩、彼は言いました「立派な建物を建てるよりも、心の中に何か築き上げるのが良いのではありませんか?」
そして、こう言いました「もし、あなたが素晴らしくモダンで居心地の良いハイテクのマンションの100階に住んでいても内面でひどく不幸だったら飛び降りるための窓を探してしまうでしょう」
では、反対に非常に厳しい状況下でも落ち着き、芯の強さ、自由、信頼を失わない人が沢山います。では、内面の条件が強ければどうか?もちろん、外部状況は影響するでしょう。
そして、健康に長生きすることや情報が得られ。教育が受けられ、旅行が出来。自由でいられることは素晴らしいことです。大変望ましいことです。
しかし、これだけでは十分ではありません。補助的な条件に過ぎないのです。
すべてに解釈を与えるのは、心の中に存在する経験です。内面の幸せの条件をどうはぐくむかと自問していくと幸せを妨げるものが自らの内面に見出されたりもします。これを解るにはいくらかの経験が必要です。
ある種の心の状態があることに気付かなければなりません!
それは、この幸せ、この満ち足りた状態につながる心の状態でギリシア人がユーダイモニアと呼んだものです。
こんな満ち足りた状態の妨げとなるものもあります。自らの経験の中から探しても怒りや憎悪、嫉妬、ごう慢、しつこいほどの欲望、執着。そんな感情にとらわれた後はあまりよい状態とはいえません。
そのうえ、それらは他人の幸せにも有害です。これらのものが心に侵入すればするほど、連鎖反応のようにますます惨めになり苦悩を感じます。憎しみの連鎖とも呼ばれてます。
逆に、誰もが知っていることですが、献身的で、寛大な行為の奥底では、遠くからであっても、他の誰に知られることがなくても、子どもの生命を救い。誰かを、幸せにすることができます。
我々は、認識されることも、感謝されることも必要としません。ただ、そうする事が、心の深みにおいて、満ち足りたものを与えます。それは、常にそうありたいと思う「姿」です。
では、生き方を変えて心の在りようを変容させることが可能でしょうか?
生まれつき心が持っていた否定的な気持ちや破壊的な感情��?我々のムードや特徴。そして、感情を変化させることは可能でしょうか?そのためにはこう尋ねなければなりません。
心の性質とは何でしょう?
経験的な観点から見れば、意識の主な性質というものは、単に事実を認識し、気付くことなのです。
意識は、すべてのイメージを映し出す鏡のようです。
醜い顔も美しい顔も鏡は気にしません。鏡は汚されず、イメージによって変質する事もありません。同様にすべての思考の背後には、ありのままの意識。純粋な認識があります。
そういう性質なのです。意識は、憎悪や嫉妬によって損なわれるようなことはありません。全体が、染料で染められても、布は布であるように、常に、意識は、そこにあります。
我々は、いつも怒っていたり、嫉妬深かったり、気前がよかったりするわけではありません。意識という布地は、純粋に認識をするというその性質において、石とは違っていて、だから、変化の可能性があります。
すべての感情は過ぎ去っていくからです。それが、心の訓練の基盤です。
心の訓練は、2つの対立する精神要因が、同時に起こり得ないという考えに基づきます。愛から憎しみへ行くことはできます。でも、同じ時間に同じもの。同じ人に対し、害悪を願いながら、善を願うことはできません。あなたは、握手しながら殴ることはできません。
我々の内面が、満ち足りようとするのを妨げる感情に対して、自然の特効薬がある!!ということです。
そこに進むべき道があります。
嫉妬に対しては、喜び。貧欲な執着に対しては、内心の自由。憎悪に対しては、慈愛あふれる親切。もちろん、それぞれの感情ごとに、特定の解毒剤が必要です。
これは、仏教の最古の経典とされる南伝パーリ語のスッタニパータにもある「貪・瞋・痴(とん・じん・ち)」の克服方法です!!
もう一つの方法は、全ての感情の特質を分析することで、対抗手段を見出そうとするものです。
通常、我々が、誰かに対し、不快や憎しみ。動揺を感じたり、何かに執着すると我々の心は、その対象のことを繰り返し考えます。その対象に思いを寄せるたびに、執着心や不快感が増します。
その過程は、際限なく膨らみ、繰り返されていきます。今、我々が見るべきなのは、外を見る代わりに、内観するということです。
「怒り」そのものを「ああっ自分は怒ってるな〜」と注視してください。それは、非常に恐ろしげに沸き立つモンスーンか雷雲のように見えます。その雲に座ることすらできそうに見えますが、近づけばただの霧にすぎません。
同様に、あなたが怒りという感情を直視すると、それは、朝日のあたった霜のように消えます!!これもブッタのプラスサムの智恵です。
何度も繰り返して、怒りの感情を直視して、解消しているうちに、怒りの繰り返しは、解消するたびに、だんだん小さくなります。そして、ついには、たとえ怒りが生じても心をかすめるのみで、空を渡る鳥のように痕跡��残さなくなります。
これが心の訓練の基本であるウィパッサナー瞑想法です!!
時間はかかります!心の欠点や性癖を積み重ねるのに、時間がかかったように、それらを解きほぐすのにも時間がかかります。
しかし、それしか方法はありません!!
心の変容こそが、瞑想の意味することろです。新しい在り方やものの受け止め方を習熟することです。そのほうがより現実であり、相互に支えあい。流れのように連続的な変化であるもの。
それが、我々の存在であり意識であるのです。それでは、認知科学との接点について、この話をする必要があります。短い限られた時間で話さなければなりません。
脳の可塑性に関して、以前は、脳の機能は不変のものと思われていました。20年ほど前までは、すべての神経の接続の総数は、成人した後には、ほとんど変化しなくなるものと考えられていました。最近では、それは大きく変化しうることが解かっています。
10,000時間。バイオリンの特訓をしたバイオリン奏者の話を聞きましたが、指の動きを制御する脳の部分は大いに変化して、シナプス接続が強化されます。人間の品位において、愛あふれる慈悲や忍耐強さ。開かれた心によっても同じことができるでしょうか?
これは、それらの偉大な瞑想家が行っていることです。ウィスコンシンのマディソン。
または、バークレーの研究室に来た達人の中には、2万から4万時間も瞑想をした人がいます。彼らは、3年間ほどの隠遁生活を送り、その間、毎日12時間、その後も毎日3-4時間瞑想します。彼らは、心の訓練の真のオリンピック勝者です。
何が明らかになったでしょうか?
さきほどの話と同じです。研究に関しては、まだお話できないのですが、この研究では、無条件の慈悲について調べました。何年も何年もかけて、心の中に慈しみをあふれるさせることができるようになった瞑想家に実験をMRIにて手伝ってもらいました。
そこに至る訓練の途上では対象として、苦しんでいる人々のこと。愛する人々のことを考えますが、やがて、慈しみがあふれて、全てを覆い尽くすことができるのです。科学的な結果の全てを述べる時間はありません。またの機会があることを期待しましょう。
肝心なことは、この実験は、サーカスのように特別なことができる人を見せようというものではなく、精神鍛錬は、重要だと言いたいのです。これは、ただの贅沢ではなく、精神のビタミン栄養剤でもありません。
これは、我々の人生のすべての瞬間の品質を決定するものです!!
皆さん。教育には、すすんで15年を費やし、ジョギングやフィットネスなど、表面上の美貌を維持するためにあらゆる事を行います。しかし、心の動かし方、心の美貌などという最も重要なことには、驚くほど無関心で訓練に時間をかけません。
それは、我々の経験の質を決定する根本的なことなのです!!
または・・・
皆さんにも、「イラっ」とした感覚が生じる瞬間があるはずです。これは、「憎しみ」と誤解して、表現する書物がたくさんある。
しかし、誤りです。ブッタによると、「憎くて憎くて、あんたが憎い!だから、私の最大の敵なんだ〜」として、「イラっという感覚」と「目の前の敵」をリンクさせたがる。
これも、誤りです。ブッタは「私は、おまえの敵ではない!おまえの敵は自分自身なのだ!」と言います。自分自身ほど手強いライバルはいないとも言います。つまり、人間の特質がそうさせる自我がライバルです!
アインシュタインの相対性理論によるとある時点で光が、トポロジー的に反転して、今、自分の見ている対象が、自分自身の姿として写って脳内が認識してしまう!という現象も計算で判明しており、鏡のようになってしまうこともあり得ます。
「イラっという感覚」と「他者を敵という概念」は、リンクせず、関連もない!ただ単に、自分自身の勘違いと言うこと。これが理解できれば、憎しみの連鎖は断ち切れます。他人に教えても減らないプラスサムのブッタの知恵です。
また、ネイティブアメリカンでも、「イラっ」とする感情は、慈愛、慈しみと言うらしいです。
そして、親、兄弟姉妹は、ウザいという感情表現は、最高の慈愛、慈しみを感じてるから!らしいです。最悪、感情を自分自身で消化できないなら、物理的な距離感を大事にすればいい。ということになります。
これと似た現象に、政府の陰謀?影の政府?誰かの陰謀と具体的でない言葉で発言して自分以外の責任になすりつける人物や団体には、盲点があります。
つまり、邪悪な影の政府は具体的に発信している本人自身ということ。
なぜ?言葉の定義もなく指摘も抽象的ならその人や団体自体が最も具体的だから!
自分自身が、真の影の政府になるというパラドックス
日本では、西遊記の物語にでてくる天竺(てんじく)に行く三蔵法師が有名だが、アビダンマは、根本経典である三蔵(経・律・論)の一部。
阿毘達磨とも。サンスクリット語から、漢字に翻訳するとこう書かれる。武道の達人でもあった達磨大師。ダルマ様とも呼ばれる。
数十年単位では、悪性でも数百年単位では善性という事象は多数ある!
なぜ?一神教に比べて、多神教や漢字などに概念が多いのは、お釈迦さまが膨大に構築し、先人達の蓄積したアビダンマが根本だから!
宗教の創始者たちの概念上の教え。
原本は、ものすごくパワー(「パワーかフォースか?」の本でのパワー)の高い状態であることが確認されている。
ここで言われる「Powerパワー」は(スターウォーズでのライトサイドのForceフォース)そして、「Forceフォース」は(ダークサイトの方)という前提で���。
しかし、宗教概念が、二元的であればあるほど(例えば、「神と悪魔」や「法��で暴力装置をがんじがらめにしたテロリスト集団が警察機構なのに絶対に善のような先入観を強調する構造」など)
つまり、ゼロサムになると誤訳される危険性も大きくなるように思います。
ロジェカイヨワの戦争論にある「いけにえ」も似ている。
あれこれと姿は変わっても、それらは常に存在し続けてきました。
上があれば下があるように、光と闇があります。人間の心理への探求、そして、高い精神的レベルに達しようとするコミットメントは、宗教として社会的に組織化されます。
逆に、そうなることによって、最も低いエネルギーフィールドに落ちていくのです。
よく組織に入ると優秀な人が無能化するのもこの構造原理にあるためです。
なぜなら、組織化されると言う偽りが最初から伴っているからです!!
だから、マスメディアを通すと意味が反転して届き易くなる傾向があります。
世界中のさまざまな宗教の創始者たちの概念上の教えが言うように、慈愛と言うエネルギーフィールドは、一神教でいう神の恩恵への入り口です。
多神教の仏教では慈悲とも言う「悟りへの入り口」とも呼びます。「ラーマ」「道(タオ)」バージョンもあります。
これらのキャパシティを増やすことで、私たちは、誰であり、なぜ?ここにいるのかと言う最終的な気づきに導かれ。
さらに、このアトラクタフィールドの光の中では溶かされ、すべての存在の究極の源へと導かれます。
これが、この世界で自らのパワーを高める唯一の方法なのです。
そして
ユダヤ教、キリスト教、イスラム教の三大宗教って、すべて一神教。数学の群論、トポロジーの圏論で多神教の仏教の視点で俯瞰すると、ある意味、多神教の一形態とも言えるんだよな。
インドでも似たようなのあるからね。ブラフマー神、ヴィシュヌ神、シヴァ神など。
なお、日本では、あまり知られていないヴィシュヌ神は、日々、時空を超越して、同時に姿を変えて人々を救っていたという場の量子論的な特徴があります。
その時のそれぞれの姿は化身を意味する「アヴァターラ」と定義されており、オンラインゲームなどで呼ばれる自分の分身となるキャラクター「アバター」の由来ともされています。
日本では、観自在菩薩に似ていますが、シヴァ神よりも強くて最強。宇宙を維持する役割もあるので、最新物理学では、イメージ的に不確定性原理に近く、スーパーストリング理論や陰陽五行理論も含まれています。
日本人は皆、神社にいくでしょ!
あれ神道で神社庁も公的にありますよ。
お寺にいくでしょ!あれ仏教ですよ。
お盆やお祭りや年中行事に参加するでしょ!あれ仏教ですよ。
これらに関わらない人も・・・
数%の大企業を中心にしたマスメディアやテレビなどもナショナリズムと言うカルトの定義になるんだけどね。
カルトの定義���中立的なバランスの欠けた極端な思想を対象にする少人数の狂���的な崇拝を持つ教団」に当てはまる?
カルトを論じる前にカルトの定義をしないと風評被害になります!
ご注意下さい。
お金に色がつかないように、量子にも色はつきません(数学の言葉で裏付)人間が色を定義していく。
お金に色がつかないように、量子にも色はつきません(数学の言葉で裏付)人間が色を定義していく。
お金に色がつかないように、量子にも色はつきません(数学の言葉で裏付)人間が色を定義していく。
テーラワーダ仏教では「色」も定義されていて、「色」とは「五蘊(ごうん)」の一部であり「存在する物や事を視覚で認識」すること。
「色即是空」の「色」です。
「五蘊(ごうん)」は「五根(ごこん)」という身体の感覚器官から執着が生じていると論じています。
偶然の一致か否か?不思議なことに・・・
「量子力学」という分野を開拓し、発展させた三人の物理学者「ニールス・ボーア」「ヴェルナー・ハイゼンベルグ」「エルヴィン・シュレーディンガー」たちは
とても奇妙なことに気がつきました。
素粒子の物理学を究極まで追求していくと、驚いたことに、はるか昔の東洋の賢者たちが説いた哲学に
どんどん接近してしまうのです。
これは何を意味するのでしょうか?
次に
老子の道教の徳(テー)とアリストテレスのニコマコス倫理学の徳(アリテー)が似ていることから・・・
どちらの起源が先か?調べるととても面白い仮説が出てきた。
中国の道教は紀元前750年位。古代ギリシャ末期のアリストテレスは紀元前350年位。
共に多神教。この時代の情報の伝達速度を考えるとシルクロードで相互的に交流して伝わった可能性も高い。
プラスサムな概念だから。道(タオ)が先で、アリストテレスのニコマコス倫理学の徳(アリテー)が変化して
老子の道教の徳(テー)となり、神仏習合みたいな道徳になった?アリストテレスのニコマコス倫理学の徳(アリテー)は具体的だが、道徳経ではあいまい。
当時は、西洋と東洋の最先端を統合?古代中国では、老子は仙人とも言われていたし、始皇帝もこの頃の激動の時代。
どうなのか?
バラモン教に対して創始した仏教もブッダにより誕生し、アリストテレスの時代に近い年代であることは偶然の一致だろうか?
ニコマコス倫理学に似ている仏教最高レベルの奥義が「中道」ということ。チベット経由で中国にも伝わります。そして、日本にも。
その後、古代ギリシャは300年後、多神教の古代エジプト文明を滅ぼしてローマ帝国になっています。キリスト教も誕生。
その後、国教へ。一神教が広まり紀元後が始まります。
現在のEUは、NATOがウクライナ侵攻でクローズアップされたこと。さらに、13の暦がひと回りして2000年前位の状況も含めて考えると
トルコまで領土にしたローマ帝国の民主主義版をフランス、ドイツは構築しようとしてる?
イギリスがブレグジット(Brexit)で離脱したのは、かつてのローマ帝国の過ちを回避した可能性も?
もし、以前、機運が高まった時にロシアがEUに加盟していれば、古代ローマ帝国2.0(民主主義版)が建国していたかもしれない。
大西洋を超えてアメリカ大陸からロシアを含めて、北半球に巨大なモンゴル帝国を超えた人類史上最大の領域が誕生するので・・・
今からでもロシアは遅くないので加盟したほうがいいような気がします。
真実はわからないが、そんな仮説がインスピレーションとして出てきた。
仏教最高レベルの奥義が「中道」と言葉で言うのは簡単だけど、体得して実践するのは至難の業。
ピータードラッカーも言っている。
それを可能にする方法を段階を踏んで導いた最初の人が釈迦です。
初心者向けとして、アビダンマや八正道がそれに当たります。具体的な方法を体系化しています。
極端な見解にとらわれない(顚倒夢想:てんとうむそう)よう人が心の苦しみから逃れるには、八つの道を守れば良い。
正しい見かた、正しい思い、正しいことば、正しい行い、正しい生活、正しい努力、正しい判断。そして、正しい考えかたである。
ところで「正しい」とは、何をもってそう言うのだろうか?
ここでは、アリストテレス(サンデルの正義)の定義ではありません。
この場合の定義は、ブッダの説いている「中道」が「正しい」という意味です。両極端にとらわれない正しい立場(中道)が悟りへと導く唯一の道なのです。
悟りから始まり、この世は、様々な概念が重なり合うため、概念の機微や均衡点を決断できるのは、人間の倫理観が最も重要!
最初は大変だが、ドラゴンボールに登場するスーパーサイヤ人みたいに、これを大変なレベルじゃなくなるくらいに習慣化することがコツです。
参考として、フランスの哲学者であり啓蒙思想家のモンテスキュー。
法の原理として、三権分立論を提唱。フランス革命(立憲君主制とは異なり王様は処刑されました)の理念やアメリカ独立の思想に大きな影響を与え、現代においても、言葉の定義を決めつつも、再解釈されながら議論されています。
また、ジョン・ロックの「統治二論」を基礎において修正を加え、権力分立、法の規範、奴隷制度の廃止や市民的自由の保持などの提案もしています。現代では権力分立のアイデアは「トリレンマ」「ゲーム理論の均衡状態」に似ています。概念を数値化できるかもしれません。
続きは、後ほど。倫理は強制ではなく一定のプロトコルに基づく自由権なので
アリストテレスのニコマコス倫理学には、快楽的生活、社会的生活、真理を追求する生活がある。
思考の知的な徳は、形式知の根本?
もう一つ、性格の徳は、暗黙知の根本?
アリストテレスのいう定義である悪徳の反対は、有徳。有徳に転換する努力が必要。
悪徳に似た概念��して、仏教でも、具体的に邪道四つと定義されている。
テーラワーダ仏教に似ている。顚倒夢想(てんとうむそう)になるため悪行為を段階的に最小限する努力が善行為。
こうすることで「パワーか?フォースか?」の書籍でいうパワーが人類全体で平等に底上げされる。
ここで言われる「Powerパワー」は(スターウォーズでのライトサイドのForceフォース)そして、「Forceフォース」は(ダークサイドの方)という前提です
そして、ブッダの説いている「中道」は、「パワーか?フォースか?」の書籍でいう「意識のマップ」内の「中立」レベルに当たるかもしれない。
アビダンマとは異なる領域なので、うつ病、ADHD、自律神経失調症、発達障害などは、精神科医や心療内科へどうぞ。
もう少し、テーラワーダ仏教で教え伝えられている経験則を初心者向けから二、三歩、歩みを進めると「預流道心」と言われる悟りの最初の心が生まれる瞬間があります。
自力で到達するのは危険なので、お寺のお坊さんに詳しくは聞いてください。
自分の解釈では、ここに到達する感覚としては、量子力学の本質である「場の量子論」を本当に理解した瞬間が一番近い感覚です。しかし、検証できないので本当に到達したかわかりません。
テーラワーダ仏教のアビダンマでは、「預流道心」に到達すると自然と悟りの道に自動的に回帰できるようになるそうです。次に、七回生まれ変わるまでに完全に悟りの流れに乗れる。
前世で「預流道心」に到達してると子供の頃から、桁の違う天才になりやすい傾向が発現してくるそうです。
そして、六道輪廻するのは、人間界か天界のみだそうです(一神教では、天国に近い領域に似ている)他にいくつか特徴があります。
「預流道心」に到達すると「第一禅定(ぜんじょう)」状態に自動的になります。
一神教では「天国」に相当することですが、テーラワーダ仏教には、この先がありますが、ここまでにします。
厳密には違うけど、わかりやすく言うと精神領域がスーパーサイヤ人に到達するようなイメージ。しかし、すぐ心の状態は普通になります。
漫画のイメージのように身体は強くなりません。
言葉の定義として「禅(Zen)」は、ブッダが伝授された「第一禅定(ぜんじょう)」が起源。
言葉の定義として、ここでの「定」は、サマーディとも「梵天」の「梵」とも呼ばれます。
日本語ではわかりずらいけどサンスクリット語などにすると全て関連してることがわかります。
サマーディ瞑想とも深く関連していて、瞑想しすぎると「あの世」の人になってしまうので、ほどほどの八正道で「この世」の状態を維持しないと危険です。
戻ってこれなくなります。
再起不能になる可能性が高いため、本当に詳しくは、歴史あるお寺でお坊さ���に聞いて下さい。
再起不能になる可能性が高いため、本当に詳しくは、歴史あるお寺でお坊さんに聞いて下さい。
再起不能になる可能性が高いため、本当に詳しくは、歴史あるお寺でお坊さんに聞いて下さい。
歴史に耐え抜いた哲学の基盤がない権力者が最も危険な存在です。
(個人的なアイデア)
2019年に日本では、元号も「令和」に変わっていくため、ここで記しておくことは、今後の人類の発展に貢献できるかもしれないためでもあります。
マインドフルネスという瞑想法が流行していますが、個人的には危険性が高いと思っています。まだ科学的とはいえ「魔境」の克服が解明されていません。
仏教は、長い年月で練られた瞑想法が確立されているので、克服法も適切な指導者にて行わないと日常生活に支��が生じる恐れがあります。
瞑想法は気軽にするものではなく、自己責任でどうぞ。警告として、記入しておきます。
続いて
2020年後半くらいから様々な占いで出てきてた時代の変わり目。それが、西洋占星術で具体的に「風」の時代という形で出てきました。
私が、感じとってたインスピレーションは、たぶんこれかな?
兆しは、世界的な金融ビックバンの1970年代、IT革命のミレニアムの前から出ていたけど。
これは、これまでの約200年間。物質やリアリティの影響力優位「土」の属性の時代から、量子コンピューター、ビットやインターネットなどといった物質ではないものに影響力が増していく「風」の属性の時代に。
そして、本格的に軌道にのっていく属性は、今後200年程続くことになるのです(2020年12月22日から、2100年当たりをピークに少しずつ衰退していく2220年まで)
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Have you ever wondered what it’s like to participate in a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI study? I participated in a few when I was completing my undergrad degree (all those years ago!) and they were among the most interesting studies I participated in.
#fMRI
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Description of a fMRI performed on a possessed patient during exorcism
Well this is a fascinating document...
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A lot of research labs will promote these via posters and social media to invite participants into the lab to participate. In my case, as a research assistant in various labs, I was actually invited to fill in last-minute no-show slots by other graduate students in the lab.
#fmri
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Analysis of: "From Brain to AI and Back" (academic lecture by Ambuj Singh)
youtube
The term "document" in the following text refers to the video's subtitles.
Here is a summary of the key discussions:
The document describes advances in using brain signal recordings (fMRI) and machine learning to reconstruct images viewed by subjects.
Challenges include sparseness of data due to difficulties and costs of collecting extensive neural recordings from many subjects.
Researchers are working to develop robust models that can generalize reconstruction capabilities to new subjects with less extensive training data.
Applications in medical diagnosis and lie detection are possibilities, but risks of misuse and overpromising on capabilities must be carefully considered.
The genre of the document is an academic lecture presenting cutting-edge neuroscience and AI research progress to an informed audience.
Technical content is clearly explained at an advanced level with representative examples and discussion of challenges.
Ethical implications around informed consent, privacy, and dual-use concerns are acknowledged without overstating current capabilities.
While more information is needed, the presentation style and framing of topics skews towards empirical science over opinion or fiction.
A wide range of stakeholders stand to be impacted, so responsible development and governance of emerging neural technologies should involve multidisciplinary input.
Advancing both basic scientific understanding and more human-like machine learning is a long-term motivation driving continued innovation in this important field.
Here is a summary of the key points from the document:
The speaker discusses advances in using brain signal recordings (fMRI) to reconstruct images that a person is viewing by training AI/machine learning models.
An example is shown where the top row is the actual image viewed and the bottom row is the image reconstructed from the person's brain signals.
Larger datasets with brain recordings from multiple subjects are allowing better models to be developed that may generalize to new subjects.
Challenges include the sparseness of brain signal data due to the difficulty and costs of collecting it from many subjects.
A model is presented that maps brain signals to a joint embedding space of images and text, allowing reconstruction of novel images from new brain signals.
Examples are shown where the reconstructed images match fairly well or not as well depending on image details and semantics.
Issues around ethics, risks of misuse, and questions of explaining and improving the models are discussed.
Ongoing work aims to address challenges around transferring models between subjects and measuring reconstruction performance.
Based on the content and style of the document, it appears to be an academic lecture or presentation.
Key evidence points include:
The document consists primarily of a speaker talking and presenting slides/examples to an audience, as indicated by phrases like "Let me just start with this" and an applause at the end.
Technical topics from neuroscience and machine learning/AI are discussed in detail, such as fMRI brain recordings, reconstructing images from brain signals, modeling approaches, dataset descriptions, and challenges/questions in the field.
Academic concepts like human subjects studies, building models, transferring learning, and measuring performance are referred to.
The presentation of information is intended to educate the audience on the state of the field and cuttting edge research, not just entertain.
There are no narratives, characters or creative storytelling elements - it adheres strictly to explaining complex technical content.
Therefore, based on the instructive/educational style and focus on explaining advanced technical research, I would classify the genre of this document as an academic lecture/presentation intended to inform an audience about progress in the domain of neuroscience and artificial intelligence.
Here are some of the key stakeholders that could be affected by the content and topics discussed in this document:
Neuroscience researchers - Directly interested and impacted by advances reported from their field of study. Progress informs future research directions.
AI/machine learning researchers - Models and challenges discussed could inspire new research at the intersection of AI and neuroscience. Transfer of model techniques.
Medical/clinical communities - Potential applications to diagnosis, personalized medicine if models can accurately reconstruct brain states. Raises ethical issues.
Government research agencies - Fund future related research based on understanding of opportunities and challenges conveyed. Evaluates societal impacts.
General public - Increased understanding of science helps engagement but topics like brain reading raise public concerns around privacy, consent if translated beyond research.
Research participants - Summary does not disclose identities but motivates others to contribute data for progress. Well-being depends on responsible use of data.
Technology companies - Commercial opportunities from real-world applications but also reputational risks if misused. Data ownership questions.
Academic institutions - Collaborations, education of next generations of researchers on cutting-edge topics is enabled through open dissemination of knowledge.
Overall the document provides value to a wide range of stakeholders by communicating the state and potential implications of this multidisciplinary area of neuroscience and AI research. Responsible stewardship is important given several ethical considerations.
Here is a summary of the key points about advances in using brain signal recordings from the document:
Researchers are using fMRI to record brain signals as people view images, in order to reconstruct the viewed images from the brain activity patterns alone.
Machine learning models, especially neural networks, are allowing researchers to train mappings from brain signals to representations of semantic content like images and text.
Examples show the capability of reconstructing fairly accurate images that a person viewed, based solely on their brain activity recordings during viewing.
Larger datasets with multiple subjects are important to develop models that may generalize beyond individual subjects. However, fMRI data is very difficult and expensive to collect at scale.
Advances now allow reconstruction of more complex stimuli like full stories a person reads, not just static images.
Ongoing work aims to better understand brain learning processes and apply those principles to more human-like machine learning architectures.
Analyzing brain recordings also has potential applications for medical diagnosis, lie detection, personalized medicine as models improve.
Ethics must be carefully considered to ensure technologies for reading neural signals are developed and applied responsibly and avoid misuse or privacy violations.
So in summary, the document outlines significant progress using machine learning on brain recordings to reconstruct sensory experiences, with applications and open questions that can further both neuroscience and AI.
Here is a summary of the key points about the sparseness of brain signal data:
Collecting fMRI brain signal recordings from large numbers of subjects is extremely challenging and costly due to the resources and time required.
Each recording session with a single subject takes considerable time, as the number of images/stimuli that can be presented is limited within a session.
Collecting data from a single subject sufficient for training complex models may require recording sessions over multiple days or weeks.
As a result, publicly available datasets typically contain recordings from only a small number of subjects, often under 10.
The sparseness of data makes it difficult to develop robust models that will generalize well to new subjects that lack extensive recordings.
Researchers aim to better leverage smaller datasets by training models that can reconstruct novel stimuli from just a subset of training data per subject.
If successful, this could enable more efficient data collection, such as obtaining usable models from a subject after a single shorter session rather than many long sessions.
However, overcoming the sparseness of brain signal data remains a major challenge holding back progress in the field. Larger collaborative datasets are needed.
So in summary, sparse data severely limits progress but also motivates techniques to optimize learning from limited samples per subject.
Here is a summary of key points regarding risks of misuse from the document:
Advances in reconstructing cognitive states like images viewed from brain recordings raise potential dual-use concerns if technologies are not regulated.
Applications in medical diagnosis and lie detection could help many, but lead to issues if used without consent or for non-medical surveillance.
Overly ambitious claims about capabilities need to be avoided to prevent misleading expectations that could fuel inappropriate usage assumptions.
Privacy and security of sensitive neural data must be prioritized to prevent potential misuse for profiling, identification or manipulation without oversight.
Commercial pressures may incentivize premature deployment before understanding implications, so continued research is important.
Public education about limitations and complexities involved can help curb fears that fuel misuse if capabilities are overestimated.
Multidisciplinary cooperation ensures societal and ethical issues are considered proactively rather than reactively addressed later.
Governance frameworks may be needed to steer applications toward public benefit rather individual or state abuse of personal mental information.
The speaker acknowledges misuse risks to inform discussion and underscore the importance of ongoing examination of new neural technologies through multidisciplinary lens including ethics.
Based on the content and style of presentation, my evaluation of the document status is:
Science vs Fiction: Clearly grounded in science as it discusses ongoing empirical research studies using neuroimaging and machine learning techniques. No fictional or hypothetical elements.
Empirical vs Anecdotal: Empirical in nature, rooted in dataset collection from human subjects and quantitative modeling/evaluation, not personal experience. While data quantities are limited, research follows scientific method.
Fact vs Opinion: Primarily presents technical details and research findings as established facts from the literature. Does not advance strong personal opinions beyond realistic discussion of challenges. Maintains an objective tone.
Objective vs Subjective: Remains objective in explaining research accomplishments and questions objectively without emotive language or bias. Any subjective experience like dataset limitations are clearly labeled as such. Presentation aims for factual information transfer.
In summary, while farther research is still ongoing, the document presents the current state of a scientific research domain factually based on empirical evidence and quantitative analysis published in the field. It does not intermingle non-factual elements or stray from an objective reporting of the topic at hand. The status therefore skews heavily toward science, empiricism, fact and objectivity.
I did not identify any logical fallacies in the content or arguments presented in this document.
The speaker objectively summarizes established research results and proposals, without making assertions that require logical scrutiny.
Some key reasons why logical fallacies are not present include:
No causal claims are made without proper evidence or empirical support from published studies. Progress is tied to concrete research efforts.
No arguments are constructed through flawed reasoning or non sequiturs. Concepts are explained clearly and build upon each other logically.
Comparisons to other approaches are fair without strawman misrepresentations of opposing ideas. Related work is acknowledged.
Limitations and open challenges are candidly outlined rather than ignored or obscured through fallacious defense.
No emotional, exaggerated or politically motivated language is used that could constitute emotional appeals. Tone remains factual.
No false dilemmas or false attributions of complexity are presented. Discussions appropriately scope multi-factor research questions.
No hasty generalizations are made from limited evidence. Data constraints are clearly communicated.
Overall, through objectively summarizing established neuroscience and AI research domains and techniques, without engaging in argument or debate, I did not find any logical fallacies employed in this academic information-sharing document. The focus appears to be factual reporting of progress and issues, avoiding fallacious reasoning.
Here is an evaluation of the ethics addressed and considered in the document:
Informed consent is implied but not explicitly discussed for research participants. Given the sensitivity of brain data, proper protocols were likely followed.
Privacy and anonymity of participants is a concern, but cannot be fully assessed without more details on the dataset and review process.
Potential dual-use issues around brain reading/reconstruction technologies are identifed by discussing applications but also worries about misuse or lack of oversight. This shows awareness of ethical implications.
Limitations and challenges and openly discussed, avoiding overpromising on capabilities. This establishes credibility and sets appropriate expectations.
Societal impacts and usage beyond research (e.g. diagnostics) are flagged as requiring careful consideration of risks like surveillance, discrimination if not regulated properly.
No claims are made without empirical evidence, showing results are driven by facts rather than desires which can bias judgment. Objectivity helps ethical analysis.
Multidisciplinary collaboration is emphasized , suggesting diverse viewpoints were incorporated into the research process.
Overall, while full review details are not provided, the document demonstrates an awareness of important ethical considerations around privacy, consent and responsible development for these sensitive types of neural data and technologies. A balanced assessment of opportunities and risks is conveyed.
Here are the usual evaluation criteria for an academic lecture/presentation genre and my evaluation of this document based on each criteria:
Clarity of explanation: The concepts and technical details are explained clearly without jargon. Examples enhance understanding. Overall the content is presented in a clear, logical manner.
Depth of technical knowledge: The speaker demonstrates thorough expertise and up-to-date knowledge of the neuroscience and AI topics discussed, including datasets, modeling approaches, challenges and future directions.
Organization of information: The presentation flows in a logical sequence, with intro/overview, detailed examples, related work, challenges/future work. Concepts build upon each other well.
Engagement of audience: While an oral delivery is missing, the document seeks to engage the audience through rhetorical questions, previews/reviews of upcoming points. Visuals would enhance engagement if available.
Persuasiveness of argument: A compelling case is made for the value and progress of this important multidisciplinary research area. Challenges are realistically discussed alongside accomplishments.
Timeliness and relevance: This is a cutting-edge topic at the forefront of neuroscience and AI. Advances have clear implications for the fields and wider society.
Overall, based on the evaluation criteria for an academic lecture, this document demonstrates strong technical expertise, clear explanations, logical organization and timely relevance to communicate progress in the domain effectively to an informed audience. Some engagement could be further enhanced with accompanying visual/oral presentation.
mjsMlb20fS2YW1b9lqnN
#Neuroscience#Brainimaging#Neurotechnology#FMRI#Neuroethics#BrainComputerInterfaces#AIethics#MachineLearning#NeuralNetworks#DeepLearning#DataPrivacy#InformationSecurity#DigitalHealth#MentalHealth#Diagnostics#PersonalizedMedicine#DualUseTech#ResearchEthics#ScienceCommunication#Interdisciplinary#Policymaking#Regulation#ResponsibleInnovation#Healthcare#Education#InformedConsent#Youtube
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Okay so I see a lot of tags referencing the dead salmon study and the problem isn't with the fMRI. What that paper did was highlight the importance of how fMRI data is analyzed.
Bennet et al. deliberately failed to adjust the statistical thresholds in their activation mapping analyses. Usually the probability for a false positive at any single voxel is acceptably low, but the brain is large and has many voxels, so the probability of a false positive increases.
When they used multiple comparisons correction in their analyses, the activation in the dead salmon brain disappeared.
Bad statistics = bad science
I was trying to figure out from Wikipedia how the brain processes erogenous zones vs non-erogenous zones and I just read that apparently it's been shown on fMRIs which part of the brain corresponds to love.
So apparently it is within the realm of possibility that you could use an fMRI to determine if someone is in love with someone?
That's a weird idea, and one that begs some creative exploration. You've got a box you can use to tell if two people are in love. How does that change how relationships and society's relationship to them? How would famous stories of romance change if this technology was available?
#neuroscience#fMRI#sorry to hijack your post OP#i've linked a paper you might find interesting under the break!#Love-related changes in the brain: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
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SciTech Chronicles. . . . . . . . .Mar 10th, 2025
#cancer#cardiovascular#saturated#unsaturated#fMRI#prefrontal#frontoparietal#ganglia#dopamine#iPSCs#dopaminergic#immunosuppressive#theoretical#voltage#Hydrogen#Oxygen
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Understanding Anxious Attachment Style Through a Neuroscience Lens
Key Takeaways
Anxious attachment often stems from inconsistent caregiving during early childhood, leading to a heightened need for reassurance in relationships.
Neuroscience reveals that brain structures like the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus play crucial roles in the development of anxious attachment.
People with anxious attachment may struggle with trust and communication, affecting relationship stability.
Cognitive behavioral strategies and mindfulness can help manage anxious attachment tendencies.
Understanding and addressing anxious attachment can lead to healthier, more secure relationships.
The Neuroscience of Anxious Attachment
Anxious attachment is a fascinating area of study within both psychology and neuroscience. It describes a pattern of attachment behavior characterized by a deep-seated fear of abandonment and a constant need for reassurance from partners. To truly grasp why this happens, we need to delve into the neuroscience behind it.
Attachment styles are shaped by our early interactions with caregivers. When these interactions are inconsistent or unpredictable, they can lead to an anxious attachment style. This inconsistency triggers a heightened sensitivity to potential rejection or abandonment, which is deeply embedded in our brain's functioning.
Our brain plays a pivotal role in how attachment styles manifest. Various brain structures influence our emotions and how we react to attachment-related stimuli. Understanding these structures provides a clearer picture of why some people develop anxious attachment styles and how they can affect adult relationships.
Anxious Attachment Explained
At its core, anxious attachment is all about insecurity. People with this attachment style often worry excessively about their partner's love and commitment. They may constantly seek validation and fear that their partner will leave them. This can lead to behaviors such as clinging, jealousy, or even controlling tendencies.
These behaviors are not just random; they stem from a deep-seated need to feel secure and loved. The irony is that the very actions taken to seek reassurance often push partners away, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy of rejection and abandonment.
The Role of Early Childhood Experiences
Early childhood experiences are fundamental in shaping our attachment styles. When a child receives inconsistent care—sometimes attentive, other times neglectful—they may develop an anxious attachment style. This inconsistency creates uncertainty in the child's mind about whether their needs will be met.
For example, if a caregiver responds to a child's cries with comfort one day but ignores them the next, the child learns that their needs are not reliably met. This unpredictability fosters anxiety about whether they are worthy of love and care, leading to a constant search for reassurance as they grow older.
How Anxious Attachment Develops in the Brain
The development of anxious attachment in the brain is a complex process involving various neural circuits. The brain's fear and reward systems play significant roles in this development. When a child experiences inconsistent caregiving, their brain's fear circuitry becomes more active, heightening their sensitivity to potential threats, such as rejection or abandonment.
Moreover, the brain's reward system is also affected. When a caregiver provides comfort, the brain releases feel-good chemicals like dopamine, reinforcing the child's need for reassurance. However, the unpredictability of this comfort creates a cycle of anxiety and reward-seeking behavior.
As these neural pathways become ingrained, they influence how individuals perceive and react to attachment-related situations throughout their lives. This is why anxious attachment can persist into adulthood, affecting relationships and emotional well-being.
Brain Structures Influencing Anxious Attachment
Understanding the specific brain structures involved in anxious attachment can provide valuable insights into how this attachment style develops and manifests.
The Amygdala's Role in Anxiety
The amygdala is a key player in the brain's emotional processing, particularly in fear and anxiety responses. In individuals with anxious attachment, the amygdala is often more active, making them more sensitive to perceived threats in relationships. This heightened activity can lead to overreactions to minor conflicts or misunderstandings, as the brain interprets these situations as potential signs of abandonment.
Impact of the Prefrontal Cortex
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-order thinking, such as decision-making and impulse control. In people with anxious attachment, the prefrontal cortex may struggle to regulate the emotional responses triggered by the amygdala. This can result in difficulty managing emotions and impulsive behaviors in relationships, as the logical part of the brain is overpowered by emotional reactions.
Hippocampus and Memory of Attachment
The hippocampus is crucial for memory formation and recall. In the context of anxious attachment, it helps store and retrieve memories of past attachment experiences. When a person with anxious attachment encounters a situation reminiscent of past rejection or inconsistency, the hippocampus retrieves these memories, reinforcing their fear and anxiety. This cycle perpetuates the anxious attachment style, as the brain continuously revisits past experiences to inform current behavior.
Effects of Anxious Attachment on Relationships
Anxious attachment can significantly impact the dynamics of a relationship. Those with this attachment style often experience heightened emotional responses, which can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. Because of their constant need for reassurance, partners may feel overwhelmed or suffocated, leading to further tension and dissatisfaction.
Moreover, the fear of abandonment can result in a partner's actions being misinterpreted as signs of impending rejection. This can create a cycle where the anxious partner's behaviors inadvertently push their partner away, reinforcing their fears and insecurities.
Communication Challenges
Effective communication is the cornerstone of healthy relationships. However, for those with anxious attachment, communication can become a significant challenge. Their fear of rejection may lead to indirect communication or reluctance to express needs and desires openly.
For instance, an anxious partner might not express their feelings directly but instead drop hints or become passive-aggressive when their needs are unmet. This indirect communication style can confuse their partner, leading to misunderstandings and unresolved issues.
Trust and Relationship Stability
Trust is another area where anxious attachment can cause difficulties. The constant fear of abandonment can make it hard for individuals to fully trust their partners, even when there is no reason to doubt them. This lack of trust can manifest as jealousy, possessiveness, or constant questioning of the partner's actions and intentions.
Emotional Dependency and Conflict
High emotional dependency on partners for self-worth and validation.
Frequent conflicts due to perceived lack of attention or affection.
Difficulty in managing emotions, leading to outbursts or withdrawal.
Emotional dependency is a hallmark of anxious attachment. Individuals may rely heavily on their partners for validation and self-worth, placing undue pressure on the relationship. This dependency can lead to frequent conflicts, especially if the partner cannot meet these high emotional demands.
Moreover, the inability to manage emotions effectively can lead to either emotional outbursts or withdrawal. These extreme reactions can strain the relationship, making it challenging to maintain stability and harmony.
Addressing these issues requires both partners to work together to create a supportive and understanding environment. Open communication, patience, and empathy are essential in managing the challenges posed by anxious attachment.
Managing Anxious Attachment
While anxious attachment can pose challenges, it is not insurmountable. With the right strategies and support, individuals can learn to manage their attachment style and foster healthier relationships.
Understanding the underlying causes of anxious attachment is the first step. Recognizing that these behaviors stem from early experiences and brain wiring can help individuals approach the issue with compassion and a willingness to change.
Cognitive Behavioral Strategies
Cognitive behavioral strategies can be highly effective in managing anxious attachment. These strategies focus on identifying and challenging negative thought patterns that contribute to anxiety and insecurity. By reframing these thoughts, individuals can develop healthier beliefs about themselves and their relationships.
Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation
Mindfulness practices can also play a crucial role in managing anxious attachment. By cultivating present-moment awareness, individuals can learn to observe their thoughts and emotions without judgment. This awareness can help them respond to situations more calmly and rationally, reducing the likelihood of emotional outbursts.
Emotion regulation techniques, such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation, can also help individuals manage their anxiety and emotional responses. These techniques provide tools to calm the nervous system and regain control over intense emotions.
Seeking Professional Help
For many, seeking professional help is a valuable step in managing anxious attachment. Therapists trained in attachment theory can provide insights and strategies tailored to an individual's needs. Therapy offers a safe space to explore past experiences, understand current behaviors, and develop new ways of relating to others.
"Therapy helped me understand my anxious attachment and gave me tools to communicate more effectively with my partner. It's been a game-changer for our relationship." – A real testimonial from a client who worked through their attachment issues in therapy.
In therapy, individuals can also work on building self-esteem and developing a more secure attachment style. This process takes time and effort, but with commitment and support, it is possible to move towards healthier, more fulfilling relationships.
Conclusion: Moving Towards Secure Attachment
Ultimately, the goal is to move towards a secure attachment style, where individuals feel confident in their relationships and are able to express their needs openly and directly. Building healthy relationship patterns requires self-reflection, patience, and a willingness to grow.
It's important to remember that change is possible, and with the right support and strategies, individuals can overcome the challenges of anxious attachment and build lasting, meaningful connections. For more insights, consider exploring this free presentation on relationship dynamics.
Building Healthy Relationship Patterns
Creating healthy relationship patterns starts with self-awareness and a commitment to change. It's essential to recognize how anxious attachment influences your interactions and be willing to adopt new strategies. Begin by fostering open and honest communication with your partner. Express your needs clearly and listen actively to theirs. This mutual understanding can lay the foundation for a more secure attachment.
Additionally, work on building trust by setting realistic expectations and being consistent in your actions. Consistency helps reassure both partners and builds a sense of reliability and safety within the relationship. Over time, these practices can transform the dynamics of your relationship, moving it towards greater security and fulfillment.
Importance of Self-Reflection and Growth
Self-reflection is a powerful tool in the journey towards overcoming anxious attachment. By taking the time to examine your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, you can gain insights into the root causes of your attachment style. Consider journaling your experiences and emotions to track patterns and progress over time.
Growth requires patience and self-compassion. Recognize that change doesn't happen overnight and that setbacks are a natural part of the process. Celebrate small victories and learn from challenges. Remember, the goal is not perfection but progress. By embracing a growth mindset, you can cultivate a healthier relationship with yourself and others.
Frequently Asked Questions
Understanding anxious attachment can be complex, but it's an essential step towards healthier relationships. Here are some common questions to help clarify this topic.
What is anxious attachment?
Anxious attachment is a type of attachment style characterized by a fear of abandonment and a strong need for reassurance from partners. It often develops from inconsistent caregiving during childhood, leading individuals to seek constant validation and fear rejection in relationships.
How does anxious attachment affect brain activity?
Anxious attachment affects brain activity by engaging the amygdala, which heightens sensitivity to perceived threats like rejection. The prefrontal cortex may struggle to regulate these emotional responses, leading to difficulty managing emotions. The hippocampus stores memories of past attachment experiences, reinforcing anxious behaviors.
Can anxious attachment be changed?
Yes, anxious attachment can be changed with effort and the right strategies. Cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness practices, and professional support can help individuals develop healthier attachment patterns. It's a gradual process that involves understanding past influences and actively working towards more secure relationships.
What are common signs of anxious attachment in adults?
Common signs of anxious attachment in adults include a constant need for reassurance, fear of abandonment, difficulty trusting partners, and emotional dependency. These individuals may also exhibit jealousy, possessiveness, and have challenges with communication and conflict resolution.
Why is understanding anxious attachment important for relationships?
Understanding anxious attachment is crucial because it helps individuals recognize how their attachment style affects their relationships. By identifying these patterns, they can work towards healthier interactions, improving communication, trust, and emotional connection. This awareness can lead to more stable and fulfilling relationships.
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#neuroscience of attraction#emotional bonding#relationship therapy#guided imagery#oxytocin#dopamine#neurotransmitters#conflict resolution#deep breathing exercises#attachment styles#neuroplasticity#emotional triggers#branding strategies#limbic system#customer engagement#neuromarketing#emotional storytelling#facial coding software#eye-tracking technology#amygdala#prefrontal cortex#brain behavior link#fMRI#ethical considerations#social neuroscience#mirror neurons#empathy#emotional resonance#interpersonal neurobiology#emotional transparency
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Cerebral MRI: a valuable ally in the study of abnormal movements
Cerebral MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is an invaluable tool for studying the brains of patients with abnormal movements, particularly in cerebral palsy (CP). It can reveal several types of information:
1. Cerebral lesions
- MRI can identify and locate the brain lesions responsible for motor disorders. These lesions may be of various kinds: malformations, strokes, haemorrhages, etc.
- The size, location and extent of lesions can give an indication of the type and severity of motor disorders.

2. Structural abnormalities
- MRI can show abnormalities in brain structure, particularly in the basal ganglia, cerebellum or motor pathways. These abnormalities can disrupt the transmission of nerve signals, leading to abnormal movements.
3. Connectivity disorders
- Functional MRI (fMRI) is used to study brain activity and connections between different brain regions. In patients with abnormal movements, fMRI can reveal connectivity disorders between motor regions, sensory regions and regions involved in movement planning and coordination.
4. Dynamic changes
- MRI can also be used to study dynamic changes in brain activity during movement. This can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying abnormal movements, and to the identification of targets for therapeutic interventions.
5. Absence of visible lesions
- In some cases, MRI may not reveal any visible lesions, particularly in children with mild CMI. This does not mean that there are no neurological disorders, but rather that the abnormalities are more subtle and not detectable by conventional MRI techniques.
Important points to remember
- MRI results must be interpreted by a specialist, taking into account clinical information and other complementary examinations.
- MRI is not always necessary to diagnose CMI or other motor disorders. Diagnosis is based primarily on clinical examination and assessment of the person's motor skills.
- MRI is a valuable research tool for better understanding the mechanisms behind abnormal movements and developing new therapeutic strategies.
Conclusion
Brain MRI can provide important information on lesions, structural abnormalities, connectivity disorders and dynamic changes in the brain of patients with abnormal movements. This information can be useful for the diagnosis, prognosis and management of these disorders.
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#MRI#fMRI#BrainImaging#AbnormalMovements#CerebralMotorInfirmity#CerebralInjury#StructuralAnomalies#ConnectivityDisorders#DynamicChanges#Diagnosis#Pronosis#Management#Neurology#Health#Wellbeing#MedicalResearch
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The salmon study was from 2009, and it resulted from an accident. The salmon was put in there to give the researchers a baseline by comparing them to something that they expected to be completely inert. But when the researchers saw the signal they realized something was very wrong. Turn out it was the form of statistical analysis they were using, it was generating false positives. Oopsie. Between 25%-40% of all prior fMRI studies were compromised because they made the same analytical error.
Never mind, we clean up and begin again, right? No. In 2015 a new systematic error was found, this time in the analysis software that invalidated at least 40,000 earlier fMRI studies. That glitch wasn't as widely publicized because the dead salmon was a funnier story. What is worse, it was discovered that fMRI studies will have a different false positive rate depending on how the parameters have been set for the software.
Nor was it as widely publicized in 2020, when Dr. Ahmad Hariri of Duke University, one of the pioneers of fMRI research, found that the test/retest reliability of fMRI is terrible. In other words, two tests using the same subjects and the same research protocols very often give different results, meaning that fMRI studies are junk science. He concluded that there are so many problems with the methodology that he gave up on it.
P.S. I've had several MRIs, and 30-45 minutes in one of those things is pretty uncomfortable. I can't even imagine being trapped in that cramped, noisy, HOT tube for 3-4 hours.
one of the best academic paper titles
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Unlocking Creativity: Thinking Beyond Boundaries and Embracing Innovation
One question I am often asked is how to challenge oneself to think outside the box and embrace new and creative ideas. Photo by Tim Mossholder on Pexels.com I continuously work on this question, reflecting not only on my experiences but also on my understanding of creativity, its origins, and how it can be nurtured. What Is Creativity? Creativity is often seen as the ability to generate novel…

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#attention#cognitive flexibility#cognitive process#commitment#convergent thinking#creativity#critical thinking#curiosity#decision-making#default mode network#discipline#divergent thinking#DMN#ECN#executive control network#experience#experiment#fMRI#functional magnetic resonance imaging#ideas#Imagination#innovation#intrinsic motivation#knowledge#Neuroplasticity#Neuroscience#new perspectives#open mind#patterns#perseverance
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For those who have never worn those weird hospital gowns before, it’s a colossal mess and I’m not sure how anyone ever puts one on themselves. It’s a flat piece of fabric that you wrap around the front of your body. There are strings that you tie around the back of your neck and the back of your waist.
#stories
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