#fMRI
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What's the dead salmon study, and what does it tell us about fMRIs?
fMRIs generate roughly 130,000 voxels in every set of scans.
A voxel is a very small cube. Remember the ones you played with in school?
Like that.
Put together, they form a 3-D picture.
In the background of fMRIs is static and interference.
Through completely random chance, with over 160,000 voxels of data to comb through, the area around a dead fish's brain showed "activity".
The activity was natural interference, which coincidentally "lit up" in a way that set off sensors. It's not actual activity, but what does this tell us? What can we learn from this?
What was the point?
According to the lead researcher, "In fMRI, you have 160,000 darts, and so just by random chance, by the noise that's inherent in the fMRI data, you're going to have some of those darts hit a bull's-eye by accident."
Like adjusting the contrast on a photo, researchers can filter data to see through the noise, but in doing so, you have to ADD additional checks to maintain data integrity.
You can set the filter too high and eliminate false positives, but you'll miss things under the threshold. Set the filter too low, and you get active voxels in a dead fish's brain.
The point of the study isn't to prove that fMRI shouldn't be used or are worthless. It's to show that there's a fine line in that filter level, and that additional verifications MUST be made.
The answer is multiple comparison corrections.
Data collection and interpretation can seem very simple at first glance. Orange around a fish's brain? Clearly it's examining the photos and trying to determine the emotion of the people in the photos, as requested.
No, seriously, they put a fish in a machine and asked it to do the same tests as any other person in the scanner. They talked to it.
I think that's neat :)
But the point of the study was that it's not that simple. That orange could be nothing or it could be something. You HAVE to take the additional steps.
According to Oxford academic,
'The dead salmon study was not bashing functional MRI, it was about people who refuse to use multiple comparisons correction in functional MRI analysis ⊠the salmon is important because it drew attention to the problem, but itâs not a problem with functional MRI as suchâ.
Yes, the problem is with the researchers.
So what about current fMRI research into DID?
Well, any paper that's been published has had its methods scrutinized. Considering:
1) the number of papers from THE MANY different organizations all showing the same things
2) the repeatability of the findings, over all these studies
3) the decades upon decades of repeated findings, and the additional scans and research in other areas of interest connected to it
4) the mentioned and approved comparisons within the studies
6) the rigorous data sorting involved in ALL of the studies combined, and the noted methods of sorting and interpretation, and the acceptance of sorting methods by MANY various journals
5) and what we are actually seeing on scans, AFTER multiple comparisons...
I think the DID studies are just fine when we're talking about the dead fish study and fMRIs.
#debunk#someone doesn't know what the dead salmon study is#research#fmri#at last check the dead fish study was not accepted or published fyi#syscourse#pro syscourse conversation#sysconversation#did#osdd#cdd system
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Is dancing synesthesia?
You're aware of the neurological phenomenon called synesthesia, right? It's a blending of different senses, hearing colors or tasting textures, etc. You might be turning a piece of clay on a wheel and hear specific frequencies when you create certain shapes or textures. You might hear specific notes on a piano as specific colors. And different individuals will very likely hear different colors for the same note: one person's bright yellow B-flat might be dark blue for someone else. It seems to vary quite a bit from person to person, even for individuals with similar types of synesthetic overlap.
We're not entirely sure what causes it, but psychedelic drugs and certain brain injuries can sometimes induce these experiences. It also just happens naturally in about 2-4% of humans (which is roughly in line with the percentage for a lot of other neurodivergences btw). If there's a specific genetic marker for synesthetic experience, we haven't found it yet. As far as I can tell from a cursory internet browse, we don't really know the root cause of synesthetic experience, but it offers an interesting avenue of research because it can help us map out a lot of the edge cases of human consciousness: What exactly is happening in our brains when our senses are pushing against their usual boundaries?
What I'm proposing here is that (maybe) a rather large subset of the human population experiences a form of synesthesia when they hear music and then feel the impulse to dance. This kind of synesthesia takes rhythmic auditory inputs and processes them through proprioception (the sensation of the position of your body and limbs, the amount of force you're using when you open a jar, the weirdly intuitive feeling of squeezing through a tight space just barely wide enough to accommodate your body, etc.)
It happens on such a widespread scale that we typically just call this synesthetic experience "having rhythm". Some people can feel the music and naturally move along to the beat, but a big chunk of humanity just doesn't seem to be able to do it. Like, if you can dance or play the drums, then you probably have the mutation that causes the rhythm synesthesia experience. Or maybe the actual mutation is the people who can't feel rhythm?
I'm assuming that it's pretty difficult to get fMRI scans of somebody's brain while they're dancing, but there's probably a ton of research using fMRI scans while people listen to music. Hopefully there are some brilliant neuroscientists out there who can explain to me why my synesthesia theory is completely wrong or point me to some cool research about human perception of rhythm or somesuch. Anyway, thanks for reading, and please be peaceful.
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Have you ever wondered what itâs like to participate in a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI study? I participated in a few when I was completing my undergrad degree (all those years ago!) and they were among the most interesting studies I participated in.
#fMRI
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Description of a fMRI performed on a possessed patient during exorcism
Well this is a fascinating document...
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A lot of research labs will promote these via posters and social media to invite participants into the lab to participate. In my case, as a research assistant in various labs, I was actually invited to fill in last-minute no-show slots by other graduate students in the lab.
#fmri
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She responded to her trauma script by going numb: Her mind went blank, and nearly every area of her brain showed markedly decreased activity.
"The Body Keeps the Score: Mind, brain and body in the transformation of trauma" - Bessel van der Kolk
#book quotes#the body keeps the score#bessel van der kolk#nonfiction#trauma response#depersonalization#derealization#dissociation#flashbacks#trauma#ptsd#fmri#brain imaging
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Analysis of: "From Brain to AI and Back" (academic lecture by Ambuj Singh)
youtube
The term "document" in the following text refers to the video's subtitles.
Here is a summary of the key discussions:
The document describes advances in using brain signal recordings (fMRI) and machine learning to reconstruct images viewed by subjects.
Challenges include sparseness of data due to difficulties and costs of collecting extensive neural recordings from many subjects.
Researchers are working to develop robust models that can generalize reconstruction capabilities to new subjects with less extensive training data.
Applications in medical diagnosis and lie detection are possibilities, but risks of misuse and overpromising on capabilities must be carefully considered.
The genre of the document is an academic lecture presenting cutting-edge neuroscience and AI research progress to an informed audience.
Technical content is clearly explained at an advanced level with representative examples and discussion of challenges.
Ethical implications around informed consent, privacy, and dual-use concerns are acknowledged without overstating current capabilities.
While more information is needed, the presentation style and framing of topics skews towards empirical science over opinion or fiction.
A wide range of stakeholders stand to be impacted, so responsible development and governance of emerging neural technologies should involve multidisciplinary input.
Advancing both basic scientific understanding and more human-like machine learning is a long-term motivation driving continued innovation in this important field.
Here is a summary of the key points from the document:
The speaker discusses advances in using brain signal recordings (fMRI) to reconstruct images that a person is viewing by training AI/machine learning models.
An example is shown where the top row is the actual image viewed and the bottom row is the image reconstructed from the person's brain signals.
Larger datasets with brain recordings from multiple subjects are allowing better models to be developed that may generalize to new subjects.
Challenges include the sparseness of brain signal data due to the difficulty and costs of collecting it from many subjects.
A model is presented that maps brain signals to a joint embedding space of images and text, allowing reconstruction of novel images from new brain signals.
Examples are shown where the reconstructed images match fairly well or not as well depending on image details and semantics.
Issues around ethics, risks of misuse, and questions of explaining and improving the models are discussed.
Ongoing work aims to address challenges around transferring models between subjects and measuring reconstruction performance.
Based on the content and style of the document, it appears to be an academic lecture or presentation.
Key evidence points include:
The document consists primarily of a speaker talking and presenting slides/examples to an audience, as indicated by phrases like "Let me just start with this" and an applause at the end.
Technical topics from neuroscience and machine learning/AI are discussed in detail, such as fMRI brain recordings, reconstructing images from brain signals, modeling approaches, dataset descriptions, and challenges/questions in the field.
Academic concepts like human subjects studies, building models, transferring learning, and measuring performance are referred to.
The presentation of information is intended to educate the audience on the state of the field and cuttting edge research, not just entertain.
There are no narratives, characters or creative storytelling elements - it adheres strictly to explaining complex technical content.
Therefore, based on the instructive/educational style and focus on explaining advanced technical research, I would classify the genre of this document as an academic lecture/presentation intended to inform an audience about progress in the domain of neuroscience and artificial intelligence.
Here are some of the key stakeholders that could be affected by the content and topics discussed in this document:
Neuroscience researchers - Directly interested and impacted by advances reported from their field of study. Progress informs future research directions.
AI/machine learning researchers - Models and challenges discussed could inspire new research at the intersection of AI and neuroscience. Transfer of model techniques.
Medical/clinical communities - Potential applications to diagnosis, personalized medicine if models can accurately reconstruct brain states. Raises ethical issues.
Government research agencies - Fund future related research based on understanding of opportunities and challenges conveyed. Evaluates societal impacts.
General public - Increased understanding of science helps engagement but topics like brain reading raise public concerns around privacy, consent if translated beyond research.
Research participants - Summary does not disclose identities but motivates others to contribute data for progress. Well-being depends on responsible use of data.
Technology companies - Commercial opportunities from real-world applications but also reputational risks if misused. Data ownership questions.
Academic institutions - Collaborations, education of next generations of researchers on cutting-edge topics is enabled through open dissemination of knowledge.
Overall the document provides value to a wide range of stakeholders by communicating the state and potential implications of this multidisciplinary area of neuroscience and AI research. Responsible stewardship is important given several ethical considerations.
Here is a summary of the key points about advances in using brain signal recordings from the document:
Researchers are using fMRI to record brain signals as people view images, in order to reconstruct the viewed images from the brain activity patterns alone.
Machine learning models, especially neural networks, are allowing researchers to train mappings from brain signals to representations of semantic content like images and text.
Examples show the capability of reconstructing fairly accurate images that a person viewed, based solely on their brain activity recordings during viewing.
Larger datasets with multiple subjects are important to develop models that may generalize beyond individual subjects. However, fMRI data is very difficult and expensive to collect at scale.
Advances now allow reconstruction of more complex stimuli like full stories a person reads, not just static images.
Ongoing work aims to better understand brain learning processes and apply those principles to more human-like machine learning architectures.
Analyzing brain recordings also has potential applications for medical diagnosis, lie detection, personalized medicine as models improve.
Ethics must be carefully considered to ensure technologies for reading neural signals are developed and applied responsibly and avoid misuse or privacy violations.
So in summary, the document outlines significant progress using machine learning on brain recordings to reconstruct sensory experiences, with applications and open questions that can further both neuroscience and AI.
Here is a summary of the key points about the sparseness of brain signal data:
Collecting fMRI brain signal recordings from large numbers of subjects is extremely challenging and costly due to the resources and time required.
Each recording session with a single subject takes considerable time, as the number of images/stimuli that can be presented is limited within a session.
Collecting data from a single subject sufficient for training complex models may require recording sessions over multiple days or weeks.
As a result, publicly available datasets typically contain recordings from only a small number of subjects, often under 10.
The sparseness of data makes it difficult to develop robust models that will generalize well to new subjects that lack extensive recordings.
Researchers aim to better leverage smaller datasets by training models that can reconstruct novel stimuli from just a subset of training data per subject.
If successful, this could enable more efficient data collection, such as obtaining usable models from a subject after a single shorter session rather than many long sessions.
However, overcoming the sparseness of brain signal data remains a major challenge holding back progress in the field. Larger collaborative datasets are needed.
So in summary, sparse data severely limits progress but also motivates techniques to optimize learning from limited samples per subject.
Here is a summary of key points regarding risks of misuse from the document:
Advances in reconstructing cognitive states like images viewed from brain recordings raise potential dual-use concerns if technologies are not regulated.
Applications in medical diagnosis and lie detection could help many, but lead to issues if used without consent or for non-medical surveillance.
Overly ambitious claims about capabilities need to be avoided to prevent misleading expectations that could fuel inappropriate usage assumptions.
Privacy and security of sensitive neural data must be prioritized to prevent potential misuse for profiling, identification or manipulation without oversight.
Commercial pressures may incentivize premature deployment before understanding implications, so continued research is important.
Public education about limitations and complexities involved can help curb fears that fuel misuse if capabilities are overestimated.
Multidisciplinary cooperation ensures societal and ethical issues are considered proactively rather than reactively addressed later.
Governance frameworks may be needed to steer applications toward public benefit rather individual or state abuse of personal mental information.
The speaker acknowledges misuse risks to inform discussion and underscore the importance of ongoing examination of new neural technologies through multidisciplinary lens including ethics.
Based on the content and style of presentation, my evaluation of the document status is:
Science vs Fiction: Clearly grounded in science as it discusses ongoing empirical research studies using neuroimaging and machine learning techniques. No fictional or hypothetical elements.
Empirical vs Anecdotal: Empirical in nature, rooted in dataset collection from human subjects and quantitative modeling/evaluation, not personal experience. While data quantities are limited, research follows scientific method.
Fact vs Opinion: Primarily presents technical details and research findings as established facts from the literature. Does not advance strong personal opinions beyond realistic discussion of challenges. Maintains an objective tone.
Objective vs Subjective: Remains objective in explaining research accomplishments and questions objectively without emotive language or bias. Any subjective experience like dataset limitations are clearly labeled as such. Presentation aims for factual information transfer.
In summary, while farther research is still ongoing, the document presents the current state of a scientific research domain factually based on empirical evidence and quantitative analysis published in the field. It does not intermingle non-factual elements or stray from an objective reporting of the topic at hand. The status therefore skews heavily toward science, empiricism, fact and objectivity.
I did not identify any logical fallacies in the content or arguments presented in this document.
The speaker objectively summarizes established research results and proposals, without making assertions that require logical scrutiny.
Some key reasons why logical fallacies are not present include:
No causal claims are made without proper evidence or empirical support from published studies. Progress is tied to concrete research efforts.
No arguments are constructed through flawed reasoning or non sequiturs. Concepts are explained clearly and build upon each other logically.
Comparisons to other approaches are fair without strawman misrepresentations of opposing ideas. Related work is acknowledged.
Limitations and open challenges are candidly outlined rather than ignored or obscured through fallacious defense.
No emotional, exaggerated or politically motivated language is used that could constitute emotional appeals. Tone remains factual.
No false dilemmas or false attributions of complexity are presented. Discussions appropriately scope multi-factor research questions.
No hasty generalizations are made from limited evidence. Data constraints are clearly communicated.
Overall, through objectively summarizing established neuroscience and AI research domains and techniques, without engaging in argument or debate, I did not find any logical fallacies employed in this academic information-sharing document. The focus appears to be factual reporting of progress and issues, avoiding fallacious reasoning.
Here is an evaluation of the ethics addressed and considered in the document:
Informed consent is implied but not explicitly discussed for research participants. Given the sensitivity of brain data, proper protocols were likely followed.
Privacy and anonymity of participants is a concern, but cannot be fully assessed without more details on the dataset and review process.
Potential dual-use issues around brain reading/reconstruction technologies are identifed by discussing applications but also worries about misuse or lack of oversight. This shows awareness of ethical implications.
Limitations and challenges and openly discussed, avoiding overpromising on capabilities. This establishes credibility and sets appropriate expectations.
Societal impacts and usage beyond research (e.g. diagnostics) are flagged as requiring careful consideration of risks like surveillance, discrimination if not regulated properly.
No claims are made without empirical evidence, showing results are driven by facts rather than desires which can bias judgment. Objectivity helps ethical analysis.
Multidisciplinary collaboration is emphasized , suggesting diverse viewpoints were incorporated into the research process.
Overall, while full review details are not provided, the document demonstrates an awareness of important ethical considerations around privacy, consent and responsible development for these sensitive types of neural data and technologies. A balanced assessment of opportunities and risks is conveyed.
Here are the usual evaluation criteria for an academic lecture/presentation genre and my evaluation of this document based on each criteria:
Clarity of explanation: The concepts and technical details are explained clearly without jargon. Examples enhance understanding. Overall the content is presented in a clear, logical manner.
Depth of technical knowledge: The speaker demonstrates thorough expertise and up-to-date knowledge of the neuroscience and AI topics discussed, including datasets, modeling approaches, challenges and future directions.
Organization of information: The presentation flows in a logical sequence, with intro/overview, detailed examples, related work, challenges/future work. Concepts build upon each other well.
Engagement of audience: While an oral delivery is missing, the document seeks to engage the audience through rhetorical questions, previews/reviews of upcoming points. Visuals would enhance engagement if available.
Persuasiveness of argument: A compelling case is made for the value and progress of this important multidisciplinary research area. Challenges are realistically discussed alongside accomplishments.
Timeliness and relevance: This is a cutting-edge topic at the forefront of neuroscience and AI. Advances have clear implications for the fields and wider society.
Overall, based on the evaluation criteria for an academic lecture, this document demonstrates strong technical expertise, clear explanations, logical organization and timely relevance to communicate progress in the domain effectively to an informed audience. Some engagement could be further enhanced with accompanying visual/oral presentation.
mjsMlb20fS2YW1b9lqnN
#Neuroscience#Brainimaging#Neurotechnology#FMRI#Neuroethics#BrainComputerInterfaces#AIethics#MachineLearning#NeuralNetworks#DeepLearning#DataPrivacy#InformationSecurity#DigitalHealth#MentalHealth#Diagnostics#PersonalizedMedicine#DualUseTech#ResearchEthics#ScienceCommunication#Interdisciplinary#Policymaking#Regulation#ResponsibleInnovation#Healthcare#Education#InformedConsent#Youtube
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High-resolution image reconstruction with latent diffusion models from human brain activity
Machines/AI can now read images from our brains. The top row of images is what we see, the bottom row are those images as deciphered by a machine using fMRI data.
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Okay so I see a lot of tags referencing the dead salmon study and the problem isn't with the fMRI. What that paper did was highlight the importance of how fMRI data is analyzed.
Bennet et al. deliberately failed to adjust the statistical thresholds in their activation mapping analyses. Usually the probability for a false positive at any single voxel is acceptably low, but the brain is large and has many voxels, so the probability of a false positive increases.
When they used multiple comparisons correction in their analyses, the activation in the dead salmon brain disappeared.
Bad statistics = bad science
I was trying to figure out from Wikipedia how the brain processes erogenous zones vs non-erogenous zones and I just read that apparently it's been shown on fMRIs which part of the brain corresponds to love.
So apparently it is within the realm of possibility that you could use an fMRI to determine if someone is in love with someone?
That's a weird idea, and one that begs some creative exploration. You've got a box you can use to tell if two people are in love. How does that change how relationships and society's relationship to them? How would famous stories of romance change if this technology was available?
#neuroscience#fMRI#sorry to hijack your post OP#i've linked a paper you might find interesting under the break!#Love-related changes in the brain: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
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Luckily, this is a dilemma I no longer encounter. The pandemic has fully swapped me from wired bras to wireless bras/ bralettes.
#stories
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Researchers discover novel methods to detect mental disorder signatures with fMRI scans
- By InnoNurse Staff -
Researchers at Georgia State University have developed a novel approach to identifying brain network patterns that could serve as biomarkers for schizophrenia.
Published in Nature Mental Health, the study moves beyond traditional functional MRI (fMRI) studies, which focus on linear brain connectivity, by analyzing nonlinear patterns that reveal hidden dimensions of brain organization. These patterns show distinct disruptions in individuals with schizophrenia, even when conventional analyses detect no abnormalities.
The team, led by experts from the TReNDS Center, used advanced mathematical techniques to map large-scale brain networks, uncovering unique spatial variations and enhanced sensitivity in patients with schizophrenia. This innovative method offers a powerful new tool for early diagnosis and intervention, with potential applications in understanding other mental and neurodegenerative disorders. The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health and Georgia Stateâs RISE initiative.
Image: TReNDS Center researchers identified previously hidden brain network patterns with heightened sensitivity to schizophrenia.
Read more at Georgia State University
#fmri#mri#mental health#psychiatry#schizophrenia#medtech#biomarkers#health tech#health informatics#neuroscience#brain#radiology#imaging
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Here's an article about it, too!
one of the best academic paper titles
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For those who have never worn those weird hospital gowns before, itâs a colossal mess and Iâm not sure how anyone ever puts one on themselves. Itâs a flat piece of fabric that you wrap around the front of your body. There are strings that you tie around the back of your neck and the back of your waist.
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Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal adaptation, âpotentially improving energy economy, was absent in ME/CFS, which may provide an underlying neurophysiological process in ME/CFS.â ð€¯
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