#deciduous forest invertebrates

[uncharismatic-fauna]

Life in the Slow Lane: The Brown Garden Snail

Perhaps the most widely known member of the mollusk group, the brown garden snail (Cornu aspersum), also known as the European garden snail, is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe and northern Africa, and his since spread to every continent except Antarctica. It thrives in temperate zones, particularly in open forests, coastal dunes, and urban parks and agricultural spaces. This spread has largely been facilitated by humans, and may have started as early as the Neolithic era nearly 8500 years ago.

The brown garden snail's name is an excellent descriptor of the species; both the body and the shell are mainly shades of brown. Generally the body is lighter than the shell, and secretes a thin layer of mucus to keep itself moist. The shell is about 2.5 to 4 cm (0.98-1.57 in) wide, while the body itself is roughly 5-9 cm (1.97-3.54 in) long. Body and shell combined, C. aspersum only weighs 15g (0.53 oz) at maximum. The body is made of two parts; the head, which carries the eye stalks, mouth, and sensory tentacles; and the foot, essentially a large muscle which the snail uses to move from place to place. The rest of its organs, including the heart, lungs, stomach, and anus are contained within the shell itself. Only the genital pore, located on the side of the foot, is exposed.

C. aspersum is primarily an herbivore, feeding on leaves, flowers, and fruits, as well as rotting plant and animal matter. In order to obtain the calcium it needs to build and maintain its shell, the European garden snail also occasionally consumes soil. Because of its slow nature, reaching a maximum of only 2.4 mm/s (0.09 in/s), this species is a common food item for other predatory snails, centipedes, glow worms, small mammals, lizards, frogs, and birds. However, the brown garden snail is able to retreat into its shell and produce a thick, frothy mucus membrane when threatened.

Like other terrestrial mollusks, the European garden snail is a hermaphroditic species, possessing both male and female gametes. Individuals may reproduce year round, provided with plentiful resources and good environmental conditions. When two snails encounter each other and wish to mate, each one spears the other with a hard calcite spine, known as a love dart. These darts allow the two to exchange sperm, and the process may take several hours. Afterwards, an individual may store viable sperm for up to 4 years. About ten days after a snail fertilizes its sperm, it lays about 50 eggs in a sheltered area; a single snail may do this up to 6 times a year. Eggs take between 2-4 weeks to hatch, and emerge with a soft shell. It takes about 10 months for juveniles to reach full maturity, and they may live up to 3 years in the wild.

Conservation status: C. aspersum has been rated as Least Concern by the IUCN. In both its introduced and native range, it is considered a pest species due to its consumption of crops. However, this species has also been adopted in some areas as a pet or as an edible delicacy.

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Photos

Bill Frank

Alan Henderson

Kostas Zontanos

Rand Workman via iNaturalist

[pixelarthropods]

Hello! I saw you have an inbox for arthropod suggestions so here's mine: Typhochlaena seladonia.

Top left: "Brazilian jewel tarantula (Typhochlaena seladonia) is a species of aviculariine tarantula. They are found in Bahia and Sergipe, Brazil in rainforest parts. It is unique as an arboreal spider that constructs trapdoors in the bark of trees. Doesn't really like human contact much. They are generally more docile, although some individuals are particularly defensive."

Top middle: "Purple pink toe or purple tree tarantula (Avicularia purpurea) are mainly present in Ecuador in the Amazon Region. This species can be found in very different habitats, but frequently it is present in agricultural areas, especially in the field of grazing cattle. Sometimes it can be found in holes of walls of buildings or in the spaces below the roofs. They builds their nests primarily in hollows in the trees, sometimes in the vicinity of epiphytic plants. They eat mostly crickets, cockroaches, meal worms, waxworms and darkling beetles, but they also can catch small rodents."

Top right: "Trinidad dwarf tiger (Cyriocosmus elegans) is a New World Terrestrial Tarantula that comes from the tropical climates of Trinidad, Tobago and Venezuela. They are venomous. Also, due to being a such a small tarantula, females have an average lifespan of around 7 years while males tend to only live about 2 years."

Down left: Golden Brown Baboon Spider "Augacephalus breyeri is a species of harpactirine theraphosid spider, found in South Africa, Mozambique and Eswatini. They live in a hole that takes it between five to seven years to construct. They feed on a variety of small invertebrates such as beetles, grasshoppers, millipedes, cockroaches, crickets, and other spiders!"

Down right: "Gooty Sapphire Ornamental Tarantula (Poecilotheria metallica) also known as the peacock tarantula, is an Old World species of tarantula. This is the only blue species of the genus Poecilotheria. Like others in its genus it exhibits an intricate fractal-like pattern on the abdomen. The species' natural habitat is deciduous forest in Andhra Pradesh, in central southern India. They live in holes of tall trees where it makes asymmetric funnel webs. The primary prey consists of various flying insects."

Here's some more tarantula for you guys! Also from now on every species I make will have short description about em. Thank you for suggestion!

[todaysbug]

October 15th, 2023

Winter Firefly (Ellychnia corrusca)

Class: Insecta

Distribution: North America; the United States, Mexico and Canada East of the Rockies.

Habitat: Variety of habitats; coniferous and deciduous forests, along bodies of water and salt marshes, in meadows, orchards and agricultural fields, yards and open parks.

Diet: Larvae are carnivorous, hunting soft-bodied invertebrates (like snails, slugs and earthworms) within decaying wood and leaf litter; adults have been observed feeding on the sap of maple trees, as well as on the nectar of maple, aster and goldenrod flowers.

Description: Unlike most other fireflies, the winter firefly is diurnal. For this reason, it does not have a lantern and doesn't glow at night. The eggs, larvae and pupae are all bioluminescent, but adults lose their glowing capabilities within hours of emerging.

The winter firefly gets its name from its amazing capacity to survive sub-zero temperatures as they overwinter as adults. As temperatures begin to fall, fireflies gather in the gaps and grooves of trees (and sometimes buildings, too!) where they can receive sunlight, remaining warm and protected from the elements. Because they remain semi-active during the winter instead of being dormant, winter fireflies can be spotted resuming their activities as early as February, if the weather is mild.

(First and second images by me, third by Katja Schulz)

[willtheweaver]

A writer’s guide to forests: From the poles to tropics, part 2

Dearest writers, and all who find this guide, big shout out to you. Now let’s get back into things and move ever closer to the equator.

Temperate rainforest

While most people think of rainforests as being a purely tropical environment, several exist in more seasonal areas of the planet.

Location- Coastal regions. The North American temperate rainforest is a thin belt stretching from California, through British Columbia and up into southern Alaska. In the southern hemisphere, the largest forest is found along the southern stretches of the Andes.

Climate- Temperate to subpolar. Conditions are wet, with moisture coming in the form of rain and sea mist. Seasons are variable, with summers being warm and winters cold and snowy.

Plant life- Conifers dominate these forests, with deciduous trees restricted to lower altitudes. In the north, the primary species are Sitka spruce, Douglas fir, red cedar, western hemlock, and giant redwoods. Southern forests are dominated by Podocarps, Monkey puzzle, and southern beech. High humidity means that moss, lichens and ferns grow amongst tree trunks and the forest floor.

Animal life- Whilst more densely populated than the boreal forests, the amount of wildlife is limited by resinous conifer needles, and the lack of plants on the forest floor in denser areas. Most species are arboreal, with weasels, squirrels, and various birds along up the majority of life. Moist conditions mean that there are many types of amphibians and invertebrates that live on the forest floor. Southern hemisphere forests have become host to many invasive species, such as deer, beavers, rats, and ferrets.

How the forest affects the story- The most obvious challenge for characters will be the changing of the seasons. What do your characters do as the days grow shorter and colder? And let’s not forget that rain and mist are common. Damp conditions are a breeding ground for mold and rot, so people will have to come up with ways of keeping them and their possessions dry.Then comes the vegetation. What kind of culture would develop among the tallest trees in the world? Do they live on the forest floor or up in the trees? The density of the canopy can make farming impractical, unless done in clearings or tree top platforms. If your characters and their society are arboreal, then how do they travel between trees? Bridges? Zip-lines? Or do they take inspiration from nature and glide between trees? Imagine if people on the ground meet those from up above. How would these two cultures be different? Would interactions be peaceful, antagonistic, or do they have no contact (at least until the plot requires it)? Being close to the coast, does the sea have an influence on characters and their culture? How would you explain this to someone not familiar with this environment? And you are not limited to the Earth. Remember, the California forests were the stand-in for the forest moon of Endor from Star Wars.

[rebeccathenaturalist]

Climate Change Fuels Northwest Tree Die-back

I’ve been living in the Pacific Northwest since 2006. I moved here in part because of the overall milder weather compared to the Midwest where I grew up. And yet since then I’ve watched the average temperatures get hotter, the hot periods get longer, and the rainy season shorten at both ends like the edges of a dried leaf curling up in drought. This has led to an increase in tree die-back.

There’s no more iconic natural symbol of this region than a forest. Images of vast conifer woods are used to attract tourists here, and tree iconography graces company logos, license plates, and the flag of our bioregion. The timber industry still holds immense amounts of power and land here, but conservation groups are hard at work preserving as much non-plantation forest as possible, especially the last few scraps of old growth.

It is alarming, then, to see that some of the first widely visible casualties of climate change are trees.

Last year Oregon saw the biggest die-off of fir trees–true firs in the genus Abies, not the Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii. My favorite species of tree, the western red cedar (Thuja plicata) is also declining at a frightening rate. And for the last few years, I’ve watched numerous Sitka spruce trees (Picea sitchensis) struggle and ultimately die; mature trees are surprisingly susceptible. It’s not just the conifers that are in trouble, though; one of the region’s largest deciduous trees, the bigleaf maple (Acer macrophylla) has also been hit hard by hotter, drier summers.

It’s a one-two punch, because drought-stressed trees are more susceptible to diseases and parasites. The Sitka spruce are plagued by spruce aphids, for example, but the other species also have trouble fighting off their attackers. Couple that with warmer winters that may not kill off as many invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria as usual, and infestations often roar back even bigger once spring returns. If the trees were healthy and well-hydrated their immune systems might have a better chance of fending off pathogens, but drought weakens them too much.

Other denizens of the forest are struggling, too. Amphibians here and elsewhere aren’t just going to be seeing more of their habitat dry up, but they’re also feeling more pressure from fungal infections and other pathogens. And last year the mycelium of many fungi dried out so badly in the heat that we had a terrible fall mushroom season; fungi need a certain level of hydration to be able to move the nutrients required to build the mushrooms.

I wish I could tell you there were sure fixes for tree die-back and other environmental ills. Unfortunately, even a basic understanding of climate change makes it clear that this is a massive, multi-faceted problem compounded by other environmental destruction. There are plenty of people trying to pick this massive Gordian knot apart, but it’s going to take time, and for those of us alive right now climate change mitigation is more likely than total reversal.

But–sometimes the best thing one single person can do is tug at an individual thread. And sometimes that can make a difference on a local, personal level. For example, arborists suggest that if you have a small number of vulnerable trees in your yard, you may be able to help them get through the drought with supplemental watering. Planting more native trees is still a valid way to help, too! Your young seedlings and saplings may also need some extra water each summer, but even if only some of them survive further tree die-back that’s still more trees than there were before. Just make sure you’re planting them in appropriate ecosystems!

Since I mentioned them earlier, amphibians and other wildlife can benefit from the preservation and restoration of their habitat, even small patches of wetlands and other cool, damp places. If you’re feeling ambitious and have the opportunity, building a small pond and surrounding it with native plants may offer frogs and salamanders a safe place to spawn and rest.

Even if you don’t have a yard or can’t take on a project at home, see if any local municipal, county, or nonprofit organizations need volunteers for habitat restoration projects in your area. Biodiversity centered on native species is one of the best ways to help an ecosystem weather harsh changes; even if one species is struggling, another native species in the ecosystem may be able to take up some of the slack and still support the overall web of interrelationships. Removing invasive species is quite possibly one of the best ways to prepare an ecosystem for the onslaught of climate change. And not every member of a given species is going to drop dead instantly; a healthy population of a species can handle some mortality and still reproduce enough to keep going. Habitat restoration is key to both bolstering biodiversity and increasing population numbers of the species themselves. That’s going to help the trees, the fungi, the amphibians, and everyone else, too.

Finally, it’s important to keep taking care of yourself. You can’t be a good steward to the nature around you if you’re so tired and depressed that you can barely get out of bed. The stress of climate change, sociopolitical turmoil, and interpersonal issues, among other things, is enough to have knocked a lot of people down; even I have days where my optimism gets tarnished and worn. So please don’t feel bad if you just can’t muster the time, energy, or other resources to “go save the world.” Do your best to get that self-care going, even if it’s just the bare bones, and no need to feel guilty, either.

One thing I find helps a lot when I’m feeling down about, well, everything is to take Mr. Rogers’ advice and look for the helpers. The news is full of negativity because that’s what gets clicks. But I try to focus on ways people are trying to improve things. Sometimes amid the scary headlines I do find stories of scientific breakthroughs that can help curb climate change symptoms, or other environmental success stories. I consider that in spite of the unwieldiness of large, governmental bodies, there are people within federal, state, and other public entities who are doing their best to use the resources available to them to do some good in the world. I also reconnect with individual people I know who are trying to make the world a better place, even in very small ways, and I remember that quite often the changes that are helping are too quiet and unobtrusive to make it into the media. Or, as Tolkien said via Gandalf the Grey: “I have found that it is the small everyday deed of ordinary folks that keep the darkness at bay. Small acts of kindness and love.”

And I walk outside, where there are still many Sitka spruce in view. A few of them still show damaged branches from previous heat waves, but they persist in spite of that. In the weeks to come, the tips of their branches will start growing bright green new growth for the year. I can’t promise them that I can save every single one in the next tree die-back, but it reaffirms for me that I still have many reasons to keep fighting.

Did you enjoy this post? Consider taking one of my online foraging and natural history classes or hiring me for a guided nature tour, checking out my other articles, or picking up a paperback or ebook I’ve written! You can even buy me a coffee here!

[columbidaecontest]

[ID: a nilgiri wood pigeon sits in a tree, various shades of grey and red-grey, with a sort of checkerboard pattern on it's neck and a red and yellow beak. in the next photo, a sri lanka wood pigeon, similar looking to the nilgiri wood pigeon, but with a red and green iridescent neck and a black and yellow beak. it is sitting in a tree]

Two more Wood pigeons join the fray, and these 2 are both wonderful models they both have appeared on stamps!

The Nilgiri wood pigeon likes deciduous forests in southwestern India. they are a large pigeon with a distinctive checkerboard pattern on their necks! They eat fruit but they have also been seen been seen eating small snails and other invertebrates. they are also been seen eating soil possibly possibly to help with digestion or to gain extra nutrients. they make movements within the forest according to the fruiting seasons.

The Sri Lanka wood pigeon lives In damp evergreen woodlands. outside of the breeding season it is silent! It is considered vulnerable but it is legally protected in Sri Lanka, which is also the only country where it is found.

[ID: two postal stamps, one of a nilgiri wood pigeon, the other of a sri lanka wood pigeon, both sitting in trees.]

[barry-kent-mackay]

The Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) is Canada’s largest woodpecker, approximately crow-sized. They occur in woodlands and boreal forests across Canada, and in appropriate habitat down the west coast of North America, and south through the predominately deciduous forests of the eastern U.S., deep into Florida.

I have shown the female, above, a male below, and young nearly ready to leave the nest, which the birds carve out of the trunks of trees, giving it a distinctive shape, narrower at the top than at the bottom. When they are searching for food, their strength allows them to dig deeply, even into live trees, leaving holes that are characteristically more or less in the shape of perpendicular rectangles.

Decades ago, an adult Pileated Woodpecker found in a weakened condition, unable to fly, was brought to my mother, a pioneer in wildlife rehabilitation. We called her Priscilla, and never did determine what was wrong with her – but she responded to our help, growing stronger each day. She eventually developed enough strength to draw blood with her blows on our hands as we hand-fed her (she was otherwise a reluctant feeder). We lived in a century old, mostly wooden heritage house famous because Group of Seven artist Fred Varley, had lived there at the end of his life. (Footnote, I knew him, discussed art with him and he had once been on an arctic voyage with one of my mentors, bird artist T.M. Shortt; Varley’s basement studio became my own for many years.)

Anyway, as she strengthened Priscilla figured out how to open the dog crate we had kept her in. Having a Pileated Woodpecker loose in a valued, rented wooden house was nerve-wracking, especially when she hid in the space between the hardwood main floor and the basement ceiling, and began hammering. She would only come out when we were absent. Eventually I was able to noose her and pull her out, protesting loudly. Happily, she was soon completely healthy and we released her into the forest, it being a joy to do so.

They eat mostly invertebrates, including carpenter ants and various wood-boring beetles plus various fruits, nuts and berries (Audubon painted them amid wild grape). They sometimes will come to the ground, and can be attracted to bird feeders (including, one winter, my own) with suet or shortening. Pairs remain together year-round, are very territorial when breeding, and normally lay three to five eggs which both parents incubate on woodchips at the bottom of the cavity, which is then abandoned, often to be used later by other species such as Wood Ducks or owls. The painting is in oils and is 24 by 18 inches, the birds approximately life size. I’ve included a few studies done years ago.

[fursona-resources]

Species: Foxes (Vulpes)

This series focuses on helping people choose interesting species for their fursona through informing them of the many, often overlooked, species out there! This post is about foxes.

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Bengal Fox (Vulpes bengalensis)

Size: 46cm (18in) lenght, 25cm (10in) tail lenght, 2.3-4.1kg (5-9lbs) weight

Diet: omnivorous, preys on invertebrates, small mammals, birds, reptiles; eats fruit

Habitat: scrublands, deciduous forests, grasslands

Range:

Status: least concern

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Blansford's Fox (Vulpes cana)

Size: 38-80cm (15-31in) lenght, 33-41cm (13-16in) tail lenght, 0.8kg (1.7lbs) weight

Diet: omnivorous, preys on invertebrates; eats capers, fruit

Habitat: mountainous deserts

Range:

Status: least concern

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Cape Fox (Vulpes chama)

Size: 30-35cm (12-14in) height (at shoulder), 45-60cm (17.5-24.5in) lenght, 30-40cm (12-15.5in) tail lenght, 2.5-4.5kg (5.5-9.9lbs) weight

Diet: omnivorous, preys on small mammals, invertebrates, birds, reptiles; eats carrion, fruit, tubers

Habitat: savannahs, dry grasslands

Range:

Status: least concern

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Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac)

Size: 45-65cm (18-26in) lenght, 19-35cm (7.5-13.8in) tail lenght, 1.6-3.2kg (3.5-7.1lbs) weight

Diet: mostly carnivorous, eats small mammals, invertebrates; eats carrion

Habitat: steppes, semideserts

Range:

Status: least concern

Please note! The corsac fox has 3 subspecies!

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Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilata)

Size: 60-70cm (24-28in) lenght, 29-40cm (11-16in) tail lenght, 4-5.5kg (8.8-12.1lbs) weight

Diet: carnivorous, preys on small mammals, reptiles; eats carrion

Habitat: semi-arid and arid grasslands

Range:

Status: least concern

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Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus)

Winter coat

Summer coat

Size: 25-30cm (9.8-11.8in) height (at shoulder), 41-68cm (16-27in) lenght, 30cm (12in) tail lenght, 1.4-9.4kg (3.1-20.7lbs) weight

Diet: omnivorous, preys on small mammals, fish, birds, invertebrates; eats carrion, berries, seaweed

Habitat: tundra, drift ice, boreal forests

Range:

Status: least concern

Please note! The arctic fox has 5 subspecies!

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Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)

The kit fox has 2 subspecies:

Vulpes macrotis macrotis

San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica)

Size: 45-53cm (17.9-21.1in) lenght, 26-32cm (10.2-12.7in) tail lenght, 1.6-2.7kg (3.5-6lbs) weight

Diet: mostly carnivorous, preys on small mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, fish; eats carrion

Habitat: desert scrubs, shrublands, grasslands

Range:

Status: least concern (V. m. macrotis), endangered (V. m. mutica)

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Pale Fox (Vulpes pallida)

Size: 38-55cm (14.9-21.6in) lenght, 23-29cm (9-11.4in) tail lenght, 2-3.6kg (4.4-7.9lbs) weight

Diet: omnivorous, preys on rodents, reptiles, invertebrates; eats berries, other plants

Habitat: semideserts, savannahs

Range:

Status: least concern

Please note! The pale fox has 5 subspecies!

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Rüppell's Fox (Vulpes rueppellii)

Size: 66-74cm (26-29in) lenght including 27-30cm (11-12in) tail lenght, 1.7kg (3.7lbs) weight

Diet: omnivorous, preys on small mammals, invertebrates, reptiles, birds; eats fruit, succulents

Habitat: sandy and rocky deserts, semiarid steppes, scrublands

Range:

Status: least concern

Please note! The rüppell's fox may have 5 subspecies (it is debated)!

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Swift Fox (Vulpes velox)

Size: 30cm (12in) height (at shoulder), 79cm (31in) lenght including tail

Diet: omnivorous, preys on small mammals, invertebrates; eats carrion, fruit, grasses

Habitat: prairies, deserts, grasslands

Range:

Status: least concern

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Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)

Size: 35-50cm (14-20in) height (at shoulder), 45-90cm (18-35in) lenght, 30-55.5cm (11.8-21.9in) tail lenght, 2.2-14kg (5-31lbs) weight

Diet: omnivorous, varied; preys on small mammals, birds, reptiles, invertebrates; eats carrion, berries, fruit, other plant material

Habitat: Literally Everywhere My God™

Range (green native, blue introduced, orange uncertain):

Status: least concern

Please note! The red fox has 45 subspecies!

Of which I would like to highlight:

Labrador Fox (Vulpes vulpes bangsi)

Arabian Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes arabica)

Kodiak Fox (Vulpes vulpes harrimani)

American Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes fulva)

Please also note, there is color variation among red foxes regardless of subspecies

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Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda)

Size: 34.5-39.5cm (13.6-15.6in) lenght, 23-25cm (9.1-9.8in) tail lenght, 1-1.9kg (2.2-4.2lbs) weight

Diet: omnivorous, preys on small rodents, reptiles, invertebrates; eats fruit, tubers

Habitat: deserts

Range:

Status: least concern

──── ◉ ────

[thegrandimago]

Taken 2022 31st August, this was a European alder spittle bug (Aphrophora alni) I found on the bus. In Sweden, they occur wherever forest edges, hedgerows, meadows, gardens, and parks are present. Contrary to their name, these spittle bugs don't only feed from alder trees as bushes and trees of different species are also taken, with adults prefer deciduous trees while larvae prefer herbaceous plants. They can be seen from May-October, with their life-cycle beginning in spring hatching from eggs laid close to winter. The nymphs live on the stems and leaves of herbaceous plants protected from exposure by a foam made from plant sap until they've reached their imago stage. Eventually, females will mate and will deposit her eggs on herbaceous plants close to winter, where they overwinter until the following spring starting the cycle over. #animal #animals #djur #natur #naturliv #wildlife #insect #insects #insekt #insekter #nature #spittlebug #spittlebugs #bugs #bug #arthropod #arthropods #invertebrate #invertebrates #truebug #truebugs #insectagram #animalia #arthropoda #insecta #hemiptera #aphrophoridae #aphrophora #aphrophoraalni #europeanalderspittlebug https://www.instagram.com/p/CnSQ_p7Kw_T/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[todaysbird]

the wood thrush is a common passerine bird throughout much of north america. they are primarily known for the male’s distinctive, often regarded as beautiful, song. they primarily feed on invertebrates, with a preference for earthworms. they are often solitary birds dwelling in deciduous forests, but may forage and feed in mixed-species flocks.

[tribbetherium]

The Early Temperocene: 145 million years post-establishment

These Nuts: Flora and Fauna of the Disnut Forests

The northern, temperate regions of Mesoterra are flourishing with life in the early Temperocene. These lush regions are covered in temperate, deciduous forest, ones that experience varying, but moderate weather, with warm summers and mild winters, enough to experience seasons but stable enough for life to thrive all-year round.

The trees that comprise this forest are, like many of the trees on HP-02017, are descendants of drupes: the stonefruit family. Like their relatives, the pebblefruit and the beachpeach, they too have evolved their own unique adaptations over the many millennia of co-habiting with its fauna. Yet unlike the pebblefruit, which evolved clusters of multiple small hard seeds inside each fruit, these drupes have taken an opposite route. Rather than make their seeds smaller and harder, they made each seed very large -- roughly mango-sized-- and invested more on fewer seeds, with the fruit itself, rather than being soft and juicy, instead forms a tough shell around the seed as a protective layer. These are the disnuts, or the Pseudamygdalidae: seeds that evolved into a false nut of sorts, due to significant evolutionary pressures that have changed over time.

Early in the Rodentocene and in the Therocene, fauna consisted exclusively of small, gnawing rodents that would inevitably damage the seed. Now, in the Temperocene, far bigger browsers have evolved, ones that could more easily swallow large seeds whole and disperse them. As such, while their pebblefruit relatives catered to smaller rodents, by having small, hard, swallow-able seeds, the disnuts evolved to deter them with hard shells and large seeds: instead catering to the giant browsers that call Mesoterra home.

Of these browsers, among the most common are the thompers: giant hamtelopes of the rabbeast family that in the Temperocene have evolved into enormous knuckle-walkers whose digits evolved into claws rather than hooves, and are among the primary dispersers of disnut seeds. As browsers, they use their powerful front claws to hook branches down and gobble up their contents, leaves, stalks and fruit alike. The bearded thomper (Titanolagus griseus) is one such disperser, with the powerful digestive enzymes helping break off the seed's tough outer coating to germinate in its droppings: many disnut species will only germinate if stimulated by their passage through the herbivore's digestive system and will not sprout otherwise.

By passing out seeds in their dung, the thompers inadvertently cultivate a forest wherever they migrate in search of food, and other herbivores soon follow. Hoofed bambunnies like the varicolored stabruck (Smilungulus splendens), another more gracile lineage of rabbeasts, browse on the tender low-level shoots, as well as use their tusks to scrape lichen and bark off the trunks. Dwarf piggalo also take refuge here, some becoming omnivorous foragers rummaging on the leaf litter of the forest floor. They eat leaves, stems and even sometimes invertebrates if they can find them, but the fallen fruit of the disnuts are consumed with a special relish. Unfortunately for the seeds, however, piggalo are so efficient at processing vegetation that seeds seldom survive their pulverizing molars and powerful digestive juices, which is why they are a much less favorable vector of the seeds. With the relatively colder weather of the forests, these smaller northern piggalo are quite hairier than their bigger southern cousins, such as the hirsute nuthog (Hirsutosuimys minimus), however they still are not very well-suited for cold and migrate south in winter in herds: many disnut tree species have taken advantage of their seasonal absence by producing fruit in late autumn, where their seeds are less likely to be destroyed by the ravenous foragers and instead find their way into more preferred hosts, the thompers. Thompers stay in the forest all year round, and have adapted to the fickle weather, with insulating coats, and large ears that act as heat sinks in hot weather, but be folded down in cold teperatures to conserve heat, allowing them to tolerate the different climes of the region and thus exploit the seasonal bounties of food.

These herbivores, in turn, are prey to Mesoterra's local apex predator, one that arose in the Temperocene after the extinction of the ripperroos and their harmster kin: the fangaroos, with the disnut forests being home to one of the larger species, the forest fangaroo (Lycasmilotherium sylvus). These, like their predescessors, are carnivorous podotheres from the loupgaroo lineage, but instead of slashing and slicing teeth and claws, they possess a pair of long, piercing fangs, derived from the pseudo-canine first molars of their ancestors, for dealing deep wounds into large prey. These fangs are kept concealed in specialized oral pouches when the mouth is closed to protect them from damage, as they are vital for its survival. Preferred prey items include thompers and piggalo, though great care must be taken, as the former's powerful claws, and the latter's formidable tusks, make them very dangerous game, especially for a solitary predator, but if a kill is successful, it will yield plentiful food for days.

Smaller predators on Mesoterra skulk in the shadows of the fangaroos: the scabbers, a clade of long-tailed hunters hailing from Isla Centralis that had convergently evolved with the zingos of the mainland into cursorial canid-like runners. Still, here, in the disnut forests, they have adopted a smaller an humbler role, such as the fuzz-tailed groundhound (Cynorattus pelagocauda), a small fox-like omnivore that targets smaller game, particularly furbils, duskmice, small rattiles and ratbats, as well as invertebrates in the leaf litter and at times even berries and fruit it finds in shrubs and bushes in the undergrowth. Unlike other species of scabbers living further south, with long naked tails used for thermoregulation, the groundhound's tail is shorter and covered in hair, as to reduce heat loss in the relatively cooler climate.

But the most distinctive life of the Mesoterran disnut forests are the ones that dwell high up in the treetops. Here, like on Gestaltia and South Ecatoria, the lemunkies rule the trees --a niche instead filled in Gestaltia and Austro-Easaterra by the arboreal rhinocheirids known as treebumms-- yet here on Mesoterra, they are trending toward the small and agile. Pygmy chitterpitters (Chitta pitta) are abundant in the forests canopy, traveling in tight social bonds numbering in the dozens. They too feed eagerly on the abundant disnuts, and spend their days foraging for the disnut fruit while sentries look out for danger. Much like the piggalo, they not only eat the hard outer fruit, but the seed as well: but, while they may sound destructive, their seed hoarding behaviors can actually prove beneficial-- as many of their cached meals are inadvertently forgotten and misplaced, effectively being planted and allowed to grow. With the great numbers of seeds they bury, their forgetfulness in a way has unintentionally made them one of the forest's most important gardeners.

The chitterpitters social foraging and sentry duty helps them to keep watch out for arboreal hunters, as being small has the downside of being on the menu for many other creatures. And the disnut forest's canopy has one such unusual predator dwelling in the branches: the woodspringer (Parapterodens tigris). This podothere's unique anatomy, with opposable grasping toes on its feet and skin flaps under its arms to allow it limited gliding, mark it as one of the cragspringers, a clade of mountain-dwellers native to the Mesoterran Alps that gave rise to the now-successful pterodents. Some basal cragspringers, however, descended from the mountains and found new environments to put their climbing and leaping skills to good use. Woodspringers are omnivores, but lean more heavily toward carnivore, and one favored prey species are small lemunkies like the chitterpitter. They tend to strike from above by dropping down from branches and parachuting downward to their quarry to pin them with their feet, a strategy evolved in parallel to their flighted cousins the pterodents. Aside from lemunkies, woodspringers will take anything they can get, even disnut fruits on occasion, and it is this degree of behavioral flexibility that has allowed basal cragspringers to persist, in a world where their flying cousins the pterodents have since diversified, bearing all the cragspringer's advantageous traits, and more.

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[uncharismatic-fauna]

Shine a Light on the Cave Salamander

The cave salamander, also known as the spotted salamander (Eurycea lucifuga) is a species of salamander found throughout the eastern United States, particularly in the Appalachian mountains. As the name implies, they are most common in caves with exposed limestone or other calcifying rocks. However, they may also occur under rocks or logs, or in streams in deciduous forests; anywhere that's dark and moist.

The spotted salamander spends almost its entire life in these 'twilight zones'. Mating is believed to occur in summer or early fall, when male salamanders begin to seek out females by tracking their pheromones. Once a male finds a potential mate, he nudges her and rubs his chin on her head until she indicates she's receptive. At that point she straddles his tail while the two walk in tandem. The male then drops a spermatophore-- a sack full of sperm-- on the ground, and the female picks it up with her cloaca. The female lays a clutch of 5 to 120 eggs, but not until several months after fertilization between September and February.

The eggs take about 20 days to hatch, and larvae entirely aquatic, complete with gills and webbed fingers. Individuals can take anywhere from 6 to 18 months to fully develop, at which point they leave the water and become fully nocturnal. However, most individuals don't stray far from their original spawning territory, and adults do not maintain or defend set territories.

Despite their reclusive lifestyle, cave salamanders are quite striking. Adults are bright orange or red with black spots, and can be anywhere from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) in length. Over half of that length is taken up by the tail, and males have a longer tail than females. As lungless salamanders, E. lucifuga breathes through its skin and the tissues around its mouth-- while useful for an aquatic animal, this type of respiration makes it essential that the cave salamander remains in a wet environment.

Both larvae and adults are insectivorous, consuming a number of invertebrates including spiders, snails, beetles, earthworms, and ticks. Potential predators of the spotted salamander include bats, shrews, racoons, and snakes, though few specifics are known about the species' ecology. To deter these predators, E. lucifuga adopts a defensive posture in which they coil their body and wave their tail over their head. In addition, they secrete a foul-tasting substance from their skin, and their bright coloration likely warns potential predators that they won't make a good meal.

Conservation status: The IUCN has classified the cave salamander as Least Concern, although they are listed as Endangered in several of the American states in which they occur. The greatest threat to the species is thought to be human disturbance or habitat degredation from pollution of the water systems which flow through the caves where E. lucifuga resides.

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Photos

Todd Pierson

Michael Graziano

[birdstudies]

October 31, 2021 - Scarlet-backed Woodpecker (Dryobates callonotus)

These woodpeckers are found in dry deciduous forests and scrub in Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia. Foraging in pairs and small family groups on branches and twigs, they probably feed on small invertebrates, though the specifics of their diet are not known. Breeding between May and October, they likely nest in tree cavities.

[todaysbug]

December 16th, 2023

Six-spotted Tiger Beetle (Cicindela sexguttata)

Distribution: Found in the northeastern USA and southern Canada; north to Ontario, west to Minnesota and as far south as Kentucky.

Habitat: Mainly found in deciduous forests, but also in sunny areas like dirt paths, sidewalks and roads, fields, grassy areas and on decaying logs (but rarely far from wooded areas).

Diet: Adults and larvae are both carnivorous, feeding on insects and other invertebrates, such as caterpillars, ants and spiders.

Description: Despite being called the six-spotted tiger beetle, the spots on thus tiger's elytra may vary between zero to eight spots. They also have remarkably long legs, allowing them to run at high speeds—they're so fast, in fact, that their eyes have trouble processing fast enough to keep up, meaning they can't run more than short spurts without being blinded. As expected by their speed, adults are active predators—the grub-like larvae, however, are ambush predators, burrowing into patches of sandy substrate and lunging out at their prey when it comes near. In order to avoid being dragged out of their burrow, larvae also have hooks on their abdomen, allowing them to hang onto the substrate.

These beetles are rather long-lived, usually living around three or four years. In order to survive the cold winters, adults overwinter in the same burrows they used as larvae. They're also mostly harmless—though the adult has large, threatening mandibles and is an aggressive predator, it will not bite unless handled.

(Images by TheAlphaWolf and Mathew L. Brust)

[dougdimmadodo]

Animals of the Photo Ark - Blue-Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale)

Family: Mole Salamander Family (Ambystomatidae)

IUCN Conservation Status: Least Concern

Named for the pale blue spots that stand out on its glossy black body and warn predators of its mild toxicity, the Blue-Spotted Salamander can be found in damp deciduous forests and swampy habitats in southeastern Canada and the northeastern USA. It typically lives away from water, but like most amphibians it must keep its skin damp in order to breath and as such it typically spends the day buried among leaf litter or hidden under rocks to prevent the sun from drying it out. At night it emerges to feed on small invertebrates, and while its exact diet is poorly known it likely consists of earthworms, slugs, snails and isopods. During the spring, large numbers of Blue-Spotted Salamanders travel to temporary pools created by seasonal rain in order to reproduce - after a brief courtship that involves the male nuzzling a female with his snout and using his jaws to cling to her back, he deposits a spermatophore (a “package” of sperm cells) which she takes into her body through her cloaca to fertilize her up to 500 eggs, which she will later attach to submerged rocks or vegetation. Around 1 month later the eggs hatch into fully-aquatic, limbless larvae with external gills - these young salamanders feed on aquatic invertebrates and gradually develop their legs before loosing their gills and transitioning to life on land in the summer of the year they were born. Blue-Spotted Salamanders are capable of hybridizing with the closely-related Jefferson’s Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) to create a unique “hybrid species”, the Tremblay’s Salamander, which are always born as females and must mate with a male Blue-Spotted Salamander or Jefferson’s Salamander in order to reproduce.

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The photo above is from the National Geographic Photo Ark, and was taken by Joel Sartore. To see more of Sartore’s amazing work and support the Photo Ark, follow the link below:

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/photo-ark/?locale=en

[outofangband]

Flora and Fauna of Talath Dirnen, the guarded plain and the River Narog

Flora and fauna of Arda masterlist 

Disclaimer: I used both what we can extrapolate is likely indigenous to the region based on descriptions of the landscape and climate as well as my own headcanons and inspirations and reference books on similar habitats as well as books like The Atlas of Middle Earth and The Flora of Middle Earth

I really love working on and researching these! and as always feel free to ask more, even if I've already done a place I'd always enjoy going into more detail of tacking a more specific kind of life there

Given that Tolkien was inspired in his plains and grasslands of a wide variety of places, everywhere from China to Britain to Northern Africa and the US, I’m imagining a wide range of biodiversity here in this plateau especially given the proximity to these two rivers. I don’t think that all of his grasslands have life from all these places necessarily but I do think there is the potential for more biodiversity. 

The Talath Dirnen was a plateau between two great rivers, the river Narog and the river Sirion and located Northeast of Nargothrond. It is described in the book as a mostly open plateau but with hills that were utilized for watch stations and some small forested areas. 

The hills and open plain are made up of a variety of species including apera, Coleanthus,  reed sweet grass, melica, veldtgrass, sages,  weeping alkaligrass, and many species in the daisy family. Wild strawberry and musk strawberry, hawthorn, thistles, and meadowsweet are more possibilities for the more shrub like areas around the hills. 

We don’t know a lot about the climate so it’s difficult to speculate on the forested areas but if I had to guess I’d say they were mostly deciduous ,broad leaved trees. Rain tree and wild berry (the common name for a species) are possibilities. 

River birds like loons, egrets, osprey, herons, cranes, teals and bobwhites nest closer to the banks of the two rivers.  As parts of the river Narog is underground, there are many unique species found there including salamanders like olms, cave amphipods, species of subterranean  Nemacheilidae, Viviparous brotula, and Ictaluridae, and roosting bats as well as a variety of more invertebrates. 

(I’m planning on going into the River and Mouths of Sirion in another post if there’s interest.)

(And I am so tempted to put something like a Paleoparadoxia in one of the rivers but alas I don’t think that quite fits the climate.)

And birds that nest in the flatter grasslands and hills like pheasants, killdeer, meadowlark, grasshopper sparrow, sedge wrens, bobwhites and plover. 

As I said before there are many different places Tolkien took inspiration from in his grassy plateaus so there’s a wide variety of possible wildlife especially as we don’t know much about the climate.  

Anything from different species of Hedgehogs, badgers or foxes (all three have representing species Europe, Northern Africa and Southern Asia where Tolkien was primarily inspired in his grasslands) deer or gazelle, giant ground sloths, at least one species of large wild cat, perhaps creatures like wildebeests occasionally pass through on migration routs.