#bronchiectasis

[thechronicpaingame]

It's really cool and fun to find out they saw some unrelated to lymphoma things on my CT but nobody told me 🙃 what they think is mucous plugging in my main right bronchus - is this why I've been so breathless of late? Doesn't feel like my asthma though. Also I already have a diagnosis of mild bronchiectasis so does this infer it's worse? So many questions and zero answers because I just so happened to read about these findings on my cardiologists letter. Also kidney stones, none blocking anything but like, should I not again have been told this?

Maybe I'm reading too much into it but I'm a person that likes to know everything. I don't often worry about health things and definitely don't have health anxiety - I just like knowing the whole picture.

[er-cryptid]

Bronchiectasis

-- chronic dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles

-- caused by inflammation

-- the inflammation process destroys the elasticity of smooth muscle in the airways

-- chronic infections occur in dilated areas

-- these dilated areas retain mucus and obstruct airways

-- can be localized or diffuse

-- sometimes associated with childhood diseases, influenza, or tuberculosis

[agreenroad]

Mercury Poisoning And Toxicity Symptoms - Mercury Is A 2nd Most Toxic Heavy Metal Poison, Behind Plutonium

The Primitive Medical Practice that Refuses to Die… Set to be phased out, it instead just suffered a major setback. It involves a poison linked to vision and hearing problems, paralysis, tremors, emotional instability, and more. Yet these “experts” just labeled it “safe.” Don’t be their next unwitting victim…  Could it be that at least some in the medical profession are trained to parrot or…

[txbanjarahills]

Damaged airways? It could be Bronchiectasis.

[theonlyladyt]

My Auto Immune Journey Reactive Hypoglycemia Hypothyroidism & Hashimotos Disease 2023

My Auto Immune Journey Reactive Hypoglycemia Hypothyroidism & Hashimotos Disease 2023 is the title of my blog post. An update as to what has happened to me since we spoke last. Unbelievably frustrating as you will find out... ❤️

For my dear family and friends who’ve been following my journey. I was diagnosed with Hypothyroidism in 2017. I was put on thyroid medicine, I was initially having regular blood tests to ensure I’m getting the correct dosage for me to be able to function normally. My former GP (an experienced semi-retired part-time GP who also taught other GPs) wasn’t sure what to say when I asked why did I have…

[2helpall]

Andrew Tate: His Manager Sets the Record Straight on Lung Cancer Rumors

Andrew Tate, former kickboxer and reality TV star, has been diagnosed with bronchiectasis, a non-cancerous condition that affects the lungs. His manager refuted rumors of lung cancer and said Tate is receiving treatment.

[radiomogai]

[PT: Obstructive Lung Disease Pride Flag. end PT]

Ooh! Can you do an OLD flag?

Obstructive Lung Disease Pride Flag

Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction. It is generally characterized by inflamed and easily collapsible airways, obstruction to airflow, problems exhaling. Types of obstructive lung disease include; asthma, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Flag meanings:

pink: pride

cyan: obstructive lung diseases

white: difficulty breathing

green: inflammation of the lungs

[chicago-geniza]

Within a 10-minute interval

>me gagging on the Mucinex Man & his entire extended family

>me googling "what makes the body produce too much mucus"

>google: severe asthma, chronic bronchitis, especially alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

>phone alarm: don't forget to text sean back about pulmonary function testing for the severe asthma study & send your blood sample to the lab for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency genetic testing tomorrow,

[businessmarketreports]

An Overview of Bronchiectasis Market: Trends and Insights

Bronchiectasis market, a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormally widened airways, is a significant global health concern.

Buy the Full Report to Know More About the Bronchiectasis Market Forecast Download a Free Sample Report

This market overview explores the key trends, drivers, and challenges shaping the bronchiectasis market.

Market Dynamics

Rising Prevalence: The increasing prevalence of bronchiectasis, driven by factors such as infections, cystic fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases, is a major driver of the market growth.

Improved Diagnosis: Advancements in diagnostic techniques, including high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), are enabling earlier detection and diagnosis of bronchiectasis.

Growing Awareness: Increased awareness of the condition among healthcare professionals and patients is leading to earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Therapeutic Innovations: The development of new therapeutic options, such as inhaled antibiotics and mucolytics, is expanding the treatment landscape for bronchiectasis.

Market Trends

Personalized Medicine: The focus on personalized medicine is driving the development of targeted therapies for bronchiectasis, considering individual patient factors and genetic variations.

Home Care and Telehealth: The increasing adoption of home care and telehealth services is providing convenient and accessible care for patients with bronchiectasis.

Disease Management Programs: Comprehensive disease management programs are being implemented to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

Emerging Therapies: The development of novel therapies, including gene therapy and stem cell therapy, holds promise for addressing the underlying causes of bronchiectasis.

Challenges and Opportunities

Diagnostic Delays: Despite advancements in diagnostic techniques, delays in diagnosis can lead to disease progression and complications.

Treatment Limitations: Current treatments often focus on managing symptoms rather than addressing the underlying causes of bronchiectasis.

Healthcare Costs: The management of bronchiectasis can be costly, placing a burden on healthcare systems.

Emerging Markets: Expanding access to bronchiectasis care in emerging markets presents significant opportunities for market growth.

Conclusion

The bronchiectasis market is characterized by growing awareness, advancements in diagnostic techniques, and the development of new therapeutic options. Addressing challenges such as diagnostic delays and treatment limitations will be crucial for improving patient outcomes and enhancing the market potential.

[lalithacsh]

Bronchiectasis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment Options

Learn the key symptoms of bronchiectasis & explore available treatment options to manage this chronic lung condition effectively. Stay informed for better health.

To Know More: https://lalithachestandskinhospital.com/blog/bronchiectasis-awareness-identifying-symptoms-and-exploring-treatment-options/

lungs specialist in karimnagar,bronchiectasis treatment,lungs hospital near me,breathing specialist doctor near me,best chest physician near me

[thechronicpaingame]

We got a *new sparkly diagnosis* today.

Not me saying for the last 18 months there's something up with my chest after that viral chest thing left me with bad asthma and a hospitalisation for a week. And doctors being like, we think you just have a breathing pattern disorder. And me being like 🙄🙄🙄🙄

Finally, today - bronchiectasis. Mild, so we chill for now I guess. But explains why I'm getting repeated chest infections. Just glad I finally have something to point at like -> it's this, believe me.

You'd think after like a lifetime of illness, and 14/15 years of chronic illness, I'd have found a way to better get doctors to listen. But no, it's not ME that needs to take better note, it's the doctor's. No wonder I have so much medical trauma under my belt huh.

[b2bbusiness]

Comprehensive Analysis of Bronchiectasis Clinical Trials: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions

Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by the irreversible widening of the bronchi, leading to mucus accumulation, recurrent infections, and reduced lung function. While it is not as well-known as other respiratory diseases, bronchiectasis poses a significant burden on patients' quality of life and the healthcare system. In recent years, clinical trials have played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the disease, developing new treatments, and improving patient outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of recent bronchiectasis clinical trials, highlighting key advancements, challenges, and future directions in the field.

Key Advancements in Bronchiectasis Clinical Trials

Innovative Drug TherapiesRecent clinical trials have led to the development of new drug therapies aimed at reducing inflammation, preventing exacerbations, and improving mucus clearance in bronchiectasis patients. One notable example is the use of inhaled antibiotics, such as liposomal amikacin and tobramycin, which have shown promise in reducing bacterial load and exacerbation frequency. Additionally, macrolide antibiotics like azithromycin have been studied for their anti-inflammatory properties, leading to a reduction in exacerbations and improvement in lung function.

Targeted TherapiesThe emergence of targeted therapies has revolutionized the treatment landscape for bronchiectasis. Clinical trials focusing on biologics, such as monoclonal antibodies targeting specific inflammatory pathways, have shown potential in reducing disease progression. For example, studies on interleukin-5 (IL-5) inhibitors, like mepolizumab, have demonstrated significant reductions in sputum eosinophils and exacerbation rates in patients with eosinophilic bronchiectasis.

Non-Pharmacological InterventionsIn addition to drug therapies, clinical trials have explored non-pharmacological interventions to improve the quality of life for bronchiectasis patients. Pulmonary rehabilitation, airway clearance techniques, and exercise programs have been investigated for their effectiveness in enhancing lung function, reducing symptoms, and improving overall well-being. These trials emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to bronchiectasis management.

Challenges in Conducting Bronchiectasis Clinical Trials

Heterogeneity of the DiseaseBronchiectasis is a heterogeneous condition, with varying underlying causes, disease severity, and patient responses to treatment. This heterogeneity poses challenges in designing clinical trials that can accurately capture the effectiveness of new therapies across diverse patient populations. Stratifying patients based on disease phenotype and underlying causes is crucial for improving trial outcomes and developing personalized treatment approaches.

Limited Patient RecruitmentRecruiting sufficient numbers of patients for bronchiectasis clinical trials can be challenging due to the relatively low prevalence of the disease compared to other respiratory conditions. Additionally, the geographic distribution of patients and the need for specialized centers can limit access to trials. Innovative strategies, such as decentralized trials and virtual assessments, may help overcome these recruitment barriers.

Measuring Meaningful OutcomesDetermining the most relevant clinical outcomes for bronchiectasis trials remains a challenge. While traditional outcomes such as exacerbation rates and lung function are important, patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life measures and symptom burden, are increasingly recognized as vital for evaluating the overall impact of new therapies. Developing standardized outcome measures that capture both clinical and patient-centered aspects is essential for future trials.

Future Directions in Bronchiectasis Clinical Trials

Personalized MedicineThe future of bronchiectasis treatment lies in personalized medicine, where therapies are tailored to the individual patient's disease characteristics and genetic profile. Ongoing trials are investigating biomarkers that can predict treatment response and guide therapy selection. Personalized approaches hold the promise of optimizing treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects.

Long-Term StudiesGiven the chronic nature of bronchiectasis, there is a need for long-term clinical trials that assess the sustained benefits and safety of new treatments. These studies will provide valuable insights into the durability of therapeutic effects and the potential for disease modification over time. Long-term data are also crucial for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of new interventions.

Exploring New Therapeutic TargetsAs our understanding of bronchiectasis pathophysiology continues to evolve, new therapeutic targets are being identified. Future trials are likely to explore novel anti-inflammatory agents, immune modulators, and treatments targeting airway remodeling. Collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies will be essential to accelerate the translation of these discoveries into clinical practice.

Buy the Full Report for More Regional Insights into the Bronchiectasis Clinical Trials Download a Free Sample Report

[marketsizereports]

Global Bronchiectasis Market: Regional Growth and Market Dynamics

The global bronchiectasis market exhibits regional variations in terms of prevalence, healthcare infrastructure, and market dynamics.

For more sex segment insights, download a free report sample

Here's an overview of the regional growth and market dynamics in the context of bronchiectasis:

1. North America:

Market Dynamics: North America, particularly the United States, has a well-established healthcare infrastructure and a high prevalence of bronchiectasis. The market is characterized by extensive research and development activities, clinical trials, and collaborations between pharmaceutical companies and research institutions.

Prevalence: The prevalence of bronchiectasis in North America is influenced by factors such as aging populations, respiratory infections, and the presence of underlying conditions like cystic fibrosis.

Treatment Landscape: The region has access to a diverse range of treatment options, including antibiotics, airway clearance techniques, and emerging pharmacological therapies. Clinical trials for new drugs and therapies are frequently conducted in North America.

2. Europe:

Market Dynamics: Europe has a significant burden of bronchiectasis, and the market dynamics are influenced by the presence of well-established healthcare systems, research initiatives, and collaborations. European countries contribute to the development of treatment guidelines and standards.

Prevalence: Bronchiectasis prevalence varies across European countries, with some regions experiencing a higher incidence due to factors like respiratory infections, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors.

Treatment Landscape: European countries have access to a comprehensive range of treatment options, and there is a focus on adopting patient-centric approaches, including patient education and support services.

3. Asia-Pacific:

Market Dynamics: The Asia-Pacific region is witnessing increasing awareness of bronchiectasis, with a growing focus on research and development. The market dynamics are influenced by factors such as demographic changes, urbanization, and healthcare infrastructure development.

Prevalence: The prevalence of bronchiectasis in Asia-Pacific is influenced by factors such as infectious diseases, environmental exposures, and changing lifestyle patterns. Improved diagnostic capabilities contribute to better identification of cases.

Treatment Landscape: The treatment landscape in Asia-Pacific is evolving, with an increasing emphasis on adopting international treatment guidelines. Access to innovative therapies and technologies is expanding in the region.

4. Latin America:

Market Dynamics: Latin America faces challenges in terms of healthcare infrastructure discrepancies and economic constraints. However, there is a growing awareness of respiratory conditions, including bronchiectasis, leading to increased efforts in research and disease management.

Prevalence: The prevalence of bronchiectasis in Latin America is influenced by factors such as infectious diseases, environmental exposures, and socioeconomic factors. Limited access to healthcare services may contribute to underdiagnosis.

Treatment Landscape: Access to advanced treatment options may vary across countries in Latin America. Efforts are being made to enhance the availability of diagnostics and treatment modalities.

5. Middle East and Africa:

Market Dynamics: The Middle East and Africa face challenges related to healthcare infrastructure, but there is a growing recognition of respiratory diseases. Market dynamics are influenced by efforts to improve healthcare access and address the impact of infectious diseases.

Prevalence: The prevalence of bronchiectasis in the Middle East and Africa may be influenced by environmental factors, including air quality and exposure to pollutants. Limited access to healthcare services may contribute to underdiagnosis.

Treatment Landscape: Access to specialized treatments may vary, and efforts are needed to improve diagnostic capabilities and treatment options. Collaboration with international organizations may contribute to advancements in the region.

6. Global Collaborations:

Research Networks: Global collaborations and research networks play a crucial role in advancing bronchiectasis research and treatment. International conferences and collaborations facilitate the exchange of knowledge and expertise.

Clinical Trials: Multinational clinical trials contribute to a better understanding of bronchiectasis and the development of novel therapies. Collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies is essential for global advancements.

In summary, the global bronchiectasis market exhibits regional variations in prevalence, healthcare infrastructure, and market dynamics. Efforts to improve awareness, enhance diagnostic capabilities, and advance treatment options are ongoing across regions, contributing to the overall management of bronchiectasis worldwide.

[murderousink23]

07/01/2023 is Tartan Day 🌏, Canada Day 🍁🇨🇦, Republic Day 🇬🇭, National Doctors' Day 👩‍⚕️👨‍⚕️🇮🇳, World Bronchiectasis Day 🌏, International Reggae Day 🇯🇲, Keti Koti 🇳🇱, National Creative Ice Cream Flavors Day 🍨🇺🇲, National Gingersnap Day 🇺🇲, National Postal Worker Day 🇺🇲, National U.S. Postage Stamp Day 🇺🇲, National Hot Dog Month 🌭🇺🇲, Picnic Month 🇺🇲, Berry Month 🍓🇺🇲, National Ice Cream Month 🍨🇺🇲, Hop-a-Park Day 🇺🇲, International Chicken Wing Day 🐓🇬🇧, International Day of Cooperatives 🇺🇳

[lastwave]

i'm sure someone has done this before but i'm pretty sure i've broken down the medical aspects of operator sickness

- direct exposure to the operator causes encephalitis + bronchiectasis which goes away once you're "out of range" (see coughing up blood, disorientation, headaches, vomiting)

- the operator picks people to expose on the regularity

- the regular exposure leads to some type of encephalopathy that has similar neurological symptoms as CJD but not the quickness of it, and instead of full blown dementia it's short term memory loss (in severe cases like Jay's, long term)

this also puts a point towards the operator as a fungus giving them fungal infections. :]

[sarajcsmicasereports]

Pulmonary Mycoplasma bovis infection in necropsied cattle due to bad-sequel of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) in Sohag Governorate, South Egypt by Ahmed M.A. ZAITOUN in Journal of Clinical Case Reports MedicaI Images and Health Sciences 

SUMMARY

During the period of investigation (Oct. 2015 to Sept. 2022), a total number of 50 cattle in different areas of Sohag Governorate, South Egypt, were necropsied due to the bad-sequel of BRD. They were unvaccinated against respiratory infection and did not respond to the therapeutic trails by fieldveterinarians. Their lungs grossly described and culturally examined for the presence of Mycoplasma infection. Grossly, the affected lungs showed multiple areas of pulmonary sequestration in 41/50 (82.00%) of the tested cases with remarkable thickening and fibrosis of the interlobular septa. Caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia with bronchiectasis and the small airways filled by yellowish caseated purulent exudate was discerned. All culturally examined lungs (50 cases) were Mycoplasma positive. The majority (90 %) of the isolated Mycoplasma strains were biochemically glucose and arginine negative with production of film and spots. The PCR—tested strains were Mycoplasma bovis infection. The obtained results are strongly denotes Mycoplasma bovis is a major persistent pneumonic pathogen of BRD in Sohag Governorate and it is concluded that vaccination program against the most common pneumogens including Mycoplasma bovis should be regularly warranted.

Introduction

BRD is one of the most common problem deterring the productive and reproductive capacities of cattle herds (Decaris et al., 2022). BRD has been reported with variability from 5 to 66% in feedlot cattle and it is the most costly beef cattle disease (Snowder, 2009). BRD is a multifactorial syndrome. Stress factors, bad management in association with various pathogens are the major factors causing BRD in cattle herds (Sayed and Zaitoun, 2009, Taylor et al., 2010, Gaeta et al., 2018, El-Seedy et al., 2020 and Hashem et al., 2022).

Etiologically, several pathogens encountered as BRD’s pathogens. Bacterial pathogens play a pivotal role in BRD (Zecchinon, and Desmecht, 2005). They emphasized that Mannheimia hemolytica and its leukotoxin suppress the defense mechanism of the infected cattle and other ruminants and induces a favorable chance for invasion of other pathogens. On the other side, Yates (1982) and Lopez (2001) corroborated that respiratory viruses particularly bovine herpes viruses and parainfluenza type3 were more prominent pathogens than bacteria in induction of BRD in bad managed herds. They added that the respiratory viruses damage the windpipe allowing bacteria enters the deep respiratory system of the infected cattle. Moreover, Fulton (2009) encountered Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BHV1) was more prevalent pneumogenic agent rather than Bovine Virus diarrhea (BVDV) and Bovine Respiratory syncytial Virus (BRSV).

Concerning Mycoplasma infection, reviewing of the available literature reveals various types of Mycoplasma infection were encountered as a major respiratory pathogen in large and small ruminants (Zaitoun, 2001; Nicholas, 2011; Kanci et al., 2017 and Hashem et al., 2022). However, Mycoplasma bovis is frequently incriminated as an outstanding primary pathogen responsible for BRD in large ruminants (Lysnyansky and Ayling, 2016 and Mahmood et al., 2017 and Hashem et al., 2022). In spite of the bacterial pathogens of calves’ respiratory affections in certain areas of the mid and Upper Egypt were elucidated by El-Seedy et al (2020), role of Mycoplasma in BRD in south Egypt is still scanty. However, Hashem et al (2022) declared that 13.33 % of the examined diseased calves (n = 60) with respiratory manifestations in Sadat City (Menoufiya Governorate, North of Egypt) was harbor Mycoplasma infection in their nasopharyngeal regions. Their results concluded that the rate of Mycoplasma bovis (8.33%) infection was more prominent than bacterial pathogens particularly Pasteurella multocida (5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (5%). The current situation of Mycoplasma infection in cattle with signs of BRD in the southern governorates of Egypt like Sohag Governorate appears to be scanty. Consequently, screened of Mycoplasma infection particularly Mycoplasma bovis in lungs tissues of the necropsied cattle showed severe pneumonias was aimed in the current work.

Material and Methods Ethics approval:

All procedures were carried out according to the experimental standards approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University.

Animal: 

During the period of investigation (Oct. 2015 to Sept. 2022), a total number of 50 cattle in different areas of Sohag Governorate, South Egypt, were necropsied due to the bad-sequel of BRD. Based on history taking all cases were unvaccinated against respiratory infection and showed severe signs of BRD (score 3) according to Wisconsin and California scoring system (Decaris et al., 2022). Fifty cases were necropsied due bad sequel of BRD, and their lungs were grossly described and culturally examined for the presence of Mycoplasma infection.

Samples and laboratory procedures:

Tissues’ specimens of the pneumonic lungs of the necropsied cases were aseptically excised and immediately immersed in screw-capped bottles containing Mycoplasma broth culture supplemented with (growth enhancers for bovine Mycoplasmas, and bacterial inhibitors as prescribed previously by Zaitoun, 1990). The broths were incubated at 37 OC. Two days later, the incubated broths were repeatedly blindly subcultured in new broths and incubated. Three blind passages were carried out. Thereafter, the incubated broths were platted onto Mycoplasma agar medium and incubated in Gas-pack Jar with 10% co2 atmosphere for two days. Post incubation, the plats were regularly examined for one week. The characteristic colonies were picked-up and purified by further subculturing processes.

Biochemically, the purified colonies were subjected to Genus determination and biochemical characterizations (glucose fermentation, arginine deamination and Film and spots production tests) as approved by Stalheim (1990). The biochemically glucose negative and arginine negative strains with production of film and spots were molecularly identified using conventional PCR technique.

PCR technique using species-specific premiers for Mycoplasma bovis.(Table DNA extraction of the tested and control samples were carried out based on manufacturer of QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany, catalog no.: 511304). Forward and reserved sequences of PCR’s primer of both Mycoplasma bovis were illustrated onto Table 2. Protocol of PCR technique of the tested samples was carried out based on Kounour (2022) in The Biotechnology Unit of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt.

Results

Currently, multiple areas of pulmonary sequestration were grossly observed in the

majority of the tested cases with dramatic thickening and fibrosis of the interlobular septa, (Fig. 1: A&B). Moreover, caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia with bronchiectasis and the small airways filled by yellowish caseated purulent exudate was noticed (Fig.2).

Mycoplasma infection of the tested cases (n = 50):

The cultural and biochemical characterizations of the tested samples indicated that all tested lungs’ specimens of severely infected cattle with BRD were Mycoplasma positive and 73 strains of Mycoplasma were recovered. All strains were digitonin positive, and 67 (95.71%) strains were biochemically glucose— (G-ve) and arginine—negative (Ar-ve) with production of film and spots (FS+ve). The remained strains (n = 6) gave variable biochemical results. To minimize the cost of PCR technique, 50 (74.63%) strains of the G-ve, Ar-ve and FS+ve strains were randomly selected and PCR—tested. All PCR—tested strains was Mycoplasma bovis positive 

Table 1: Nucleotide sequences of the used PCR primers for detection of M. bovis:

Discussion

BRD is a field problematic syndrome of cattle herds with negative economic impacts due to morbidity, mortality, treatment and prevention costs, loss of production and reduced carcass value. Environmental and management factors rather than pathogens play significant roles in the prevalence of BRD. Bad hygienic measures, accumulation of fecal matter and urine beneath animals with poor ventilation lead to increase ammonia level, which has, worsen effect on animal respiratory system and considered in a holistic approach to reduce BRD (Griffin, 1997 and Tylor et al., 2010).

The necropsy findings of the currently examined cattle indicated that the all-pulmonary lobes were bluish in color particularly the apical and cranial lobes. The diaphragmatic lobes were consolidated cranioventrally and cyanosed due to hypoxic hypoxia as necrosis to lung alveoli and consequently failure of blood-oxygenation with increased carboxyhemoglobin. Cut sections in the deepest portions of the affected lungs revealed a much amount of pussy and/or caseated material. This may refers to infection with pus-producing bacterial pathogens. Similar pathological characterizations in calves’ lungs experimentally infected by Mycoplasma bovis was carried-out by Prysliak et al. (2011).

Currently, all culturally examined samples were Mycoplasma positive and the majority of isolated Mycoplasma was glucose and arginine negative with production of film and spots. This may denotes to the occurrence of Mycoplasma bovis and/or Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, which are common pathogens of bovine respiratory system (Prysliak et al., 2011and Hashem et al., 2022). Presently, Mycoplasma bovis was molecularly detected in all PCR—tested samples referring to the significant role of this pathogen. Lung clearance mechanism and function of alveolar macrophages may impaired by Mycoplasma bovis, which facilitated the way of pus-producing bacterial pathogens and others to cause multiple pathological alterations including fibrosis, increase in thickness of interlobular septa, odema and fibrosis. Asker et al (2021) concluded that Mycoplasma bovis causes various chronic inflammatory diseases, including mastitis and bronchopneumonia, in dairy and feed cattle and suppresses the host immune response during infection, leading to the development of chronic conditions. This due the capability of Mycoplasma bovis produces proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the infected host that cause pathological alterations including inhibition of phagocytosis with immune damage (Askar et al., 2021). Moreover, Mycoplasma bovis modifies the functions of neutrophils of the infected animal to support its persistence and systemic dissemination  and causes chronic bronchopneumonia with caseous pathological alterations and characterized by persistent infection that seems poorly responsive to many antibiotics (Caswell and Archambault, 2007 and Jimbo et al., 2017). This may interprets the failure of therapeutic trials attempted by field veterinarians and may refers to the chronical persistence of that infection. Consequently, the current work strongly signifies Mycoplasma bovis as a major pneumonic pathogen of BRD in Sohag Governorate and it is suggested that vaccination program against the most common pneumogens including Mycoplasma bovis should be regularly warranted.

Conflict of Interest: 

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.