#Electron transport chain

[tenth-sentence]

Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondria, which blocks the electron transport chain.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

In summary, plant respiratory rates are allosterically controlled from the "bottom up" by the cellular level of ADP (Figure 12.13).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[illarian-rambling]

Study sesh so bad I had to go on a walk to bask in the glory of nature

[photmath]

ended up getting a 97.5 on that exam, god I love being a woman in stem

[jrueships]

an embiid and his embiidling 🥰🥰

[pharmaguidelines]

Electron transport chain (ETC) Pathway

Electron Transport Chain (ETC): A Powerhouse for Cellular Energy In the bustling world of cells, energy is the lifeblood that drives every process, from building proteins to transporting nutrients. And one of the most crucial players in this energy-generating game is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Imagine the ETC as a miniature power plant within the cell’s powerhouse, the mitochondria.…

[lesbianssasuke]

just spent the past 7 hrs for a total of 10 hrs working on coding for my stats midterm i dont wanna be a cs girly this is terrible

[stuckinapril]

glycolysis gluconeogenesis glycogenesis krebs cycle electron transport chain fermentation pentose phosphate pathway fatty acid synthesis fatty acid oxidation molecular cloning native gels sds-page gel electrophoresis tissue specific metabolism cholesterol metabolism ketone bodies recombinant dna and biotechnology zeroth law of thermodynamics hydrostatics fluid dynamics fluids in physiology nuclear binding energy and mass defect nuclear reactions consciousness-altering drugs drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain the role of emotion in retrieving memories retrieval cues neural plasticity james-lange theory cannon-bard theory schachter-singer theory biological bases of behavior genetically based behavioral variation in natural populations psychoanalytic perspective dissociative disorders trauma and stressor related disorders drive reduction theory incentive theory bystander effect social loafing habituation and dishabituation operant conditioning fixed-ratio reinforcement prejudice and bias individual vs institutional discrimination microsociology vs macrosociology theories of demographic change.......................

[zolanort]

A hypothesis regarding the discolored monster blood in LU

We will be working with the assumption that blood in Hyrule has the same general functions that it does on earth. Our heroes are shown to bleed red and seem to expect blood in general to be not-dark at the very least. Based on earth, red/hemoglobin is the most popular option, though green/chlorocruorin and blue/hemocyanin do seem to be on the table based on my N64 save files.

Bad guys like to have their bases in cool places like volcanos. If Dink is set up near a volcano (+10 points for aesthetic) he and his minions could be suffering from Sulfhemoglobinemia. Sulphur can bind to hemoglobin, causing the affected blood to appear darker in color. If this were the case, however, we would expect the dark blooded monsters to be weaker because their blood would be less efficient at carrying oxygen, and therefore this option is unlikely as the black blooded monsters are shown to be stronger than regular monsters. Also the blood wouldn’t be black exactly, but a darker blue-green, so this probably isn’t the culprit.

Having low oxygen levels in general would cause blood to appear darker (darker red, not blue), but just like above, this would leave the monsters weaker rather than stronger, and therefore this option is highly unlikely.

The dark blooded monsters are referred to as being “infected” and Wind even asks if they’re sick.

Our sailor is a smart pirate lad; infections can and do cause blood discolorations, but this is usually due to the presence of something extra in the mix (which is basically always bad/not going to give you a power boost) and/or the usual problem where the red blood cells are rendered less efficient at their oxygen carrying duties, causing a darker red color. Therefore, a straight forward infection involving a biological agent (bacteria etc.) is not likely.

Blood will oxidize when it is old, which could make it appear dark/black in coloration. This doesn’t really support being extra strong or even alive, but this is the option I think is most likely. Why?

Because magic. This isn’t news, we all knew it was magic already. The Bad Guys are being fueled by an evil dark magical infection of some kind. But why black blood and a power boost specifically?

Assuming that magic is a form of energy, I propose that their cellular respiration may have been magically converted to use the evil dark magic instead of ATP. Why? With a (seemingly?) infinite supply of anger and spite fueled dark energy rather than a limited amount of ATP, and also assuming that dark energy wouldn’t impact the electron transport chain like ATP and the associated energy exchange byproducts would, the muscles of an infected monster would never get tired. This addresses our key issue of explaining the power boost symptom.

While any of the other coloration causes above could work along with this idea, due to the citric acid cycle being eliminated from the picture (and the need for breathing/oxygen along with it), the red blood cells are probably just chilling in the evil darkness infused veins of the baddies, aging and then not really doing anything else until the blood is lost via fighting the heroes. This would explain both the dark coloration and why this symptom is directly tied to the evil dark magic and the associated power boost.

Anyway they probably just have discolored blood for evil dark magic aesthetic purposes, which is also cool, but it was fun to try to create an explanation.

[gray-matter-in-a-teacup]

Cyanide Poison

Let's start by understanding exactly how cyanide kills you. In simple terms, cyanide prevents cells from using oxygen to make energy molecules.

The cyanide ion, CN-, binds to the iron atom in cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria of cells. It acts as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor, preventing cytochrome C oxidase from doing its job, which is to transport electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain of aerobic cellular respiration. Now unable to use oxygen, the mitochondria can't produce the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tissues that require this form of energy, such as heart, muscle cells, and nerve cells, quickly expend all their energy and start to die. When a large enough number of critical cells die, you expire as well. Death usually results from respiratory or heart failure.

Immediate aymptoms include headaches, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, lack of coordination, and rapid heart rate. Long exposure symptoms include unconsciousness, convulsions, respiratory failure, coma and death.

A person exposed to cyanide may have cherry-red skin from high oxygen levels, or dark blue coloring, from Prussian blue (iron-binding to the cyanide ion). In addition to this, skin and body fluids may give off an almond odor.

The antidotes for cyanide include sodium nitrite, hydroxocobalamin, and sodium thiosulfate.

A high dose of inhaled cyanide is lethal too quickly for any treatment to take effect, but ingested cyanide or lower doses of inhaled cyanide may be countered by administering antidotes that detoxify cyanide or bind to it. For example, hydroxocobalamin, natural vitamin B12, reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which leaves the body in urine.

These antidotes are administrated via injection, or IV infusion.

Cyanide is actually a lot more common than you'd think. It's in pesticides, fumigants, plastics, and electroplating, among other things. However, not all cyanide are so poisonous. Sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and cyanogen chloride (CNCl) are lethal, but thousands of compounds called nitriles contain the cyanide group, yet aren't as toxic. They still aren't terribly good for you, so I wouldn't go around ingesting other cyanide compounds, but they're not quite as dangerous as the lethal kind.

Thank you for reading, have a lovely day :)

[tenth-sentence]

The individual electron transport proteins are organized into four transmembrane multiprotein complexes (identified by roman numerals I through IV), all of which are localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

The up-regulation of alternative oxidase is an example of retrograde regulation, in which nuclear gene expression responds to changes in organellar status (Figure 12.11). (...) Taken together, these NADH hydrogenases and the NADPH dehydrogenases are likely to make plant respiration more flexible and allow control of specific redox homeostasis of NADH and NADPH in mitochondria and cytosol (see Figure 12.11). (...) Of special importance is the synthesis of ascorbic acid, a central redox and stress defense molecule in plants, by the electron transport chain (see Figure 12.11).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[science-lover33]

🔬🌀Demystifying the Krebs Cycle: A Deep Dive into Cellular Respiration! 🌀🔬

Prepare for a thrilling journey into the heart of cellular metabolism! 🌟✨ Today, we unravel the intricacies of the Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, a cornerstone of energy production in our cells. 💡🤯

The Krebs Cycle: Named after its discoverer, Sir Hans Krebs, this metabolic pathway occurs within the mitochondria and is a central hub in cellular respiration.

🔍Step 1: Acetyl-CoA Entry

Acetyl-CoA, derived from the breakdown of glucose or fatty acids, enters the cycle.

It combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, a six-carbon compound.

🔍Step 2: Isocitrate Formation

A rearrangement converts citrate into isocitrate.

The enzyme aconitase facilitates this transformation.

🔍Step 3: Alpha-Ketoglutarate Production

Isocitrate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, shedding a CO2 molecule and yielding alpha-ketoglutarate.

NAD+ is reduced to NADH in this step.

🔍Step 4: Succinyl-CoA Synthesis

Alpha-ketoglutarate loses CO2 and acquires a CoA group to form succinyl-CoA.

Another NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

This step is catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

🔍Step 5: Succinate Formation

Succinyl-CoA releases CoA, becoming succinate.

A molecule of GTP (guanosine triphosphate) is generated as a high-energy phosphate bond.

Succinate dehydrogenase is pivotal, transferring electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC).

🔍Step 6: Fumarate Generation

Succinate is oxidized to fumarate with the help of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.

FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide) is formed and transfers electrons to the ETC.

🔍Step 7: Malate Formation

Fumarate undergoes hydration to form malate, catalyzed by fumarase.

🔍Step 8: Regeneration of Oxaloacetate

Malate is oxidized back to oxaloacetate.

NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Oxaloacetate is ready to initiate another round of the Krebs Cycle.

The Krebs Cycle - an intricate dance of chemical transformations fueling the cellular machinery of life. 🕺💃 Dive deeper into cellular respiration, where molecules tango to generate ATP, our cellular energy currency!

📚References for In-Depth Exploration📚

Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. Chapter 17.

Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2008). Fundamentals of Biochemistry (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17.

Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. Chapter 17.

[is-this-a-valid-iterator-name]

is 'the citric acid cycle' a valid iterator name? what about 'density dependent factor' or 'dehydration synthesis' or 'phospholipid bilayer' or 'secondary structure' or 'dna polymerase' or 'deoxyribose-phosphate backbone' or 'hydrogen bonds' or 'endosymbiotic theory' or 'facilitated diffusion' or 'active transport' or 'electron transport chain' or 'concentration gradient' or 'the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell' or 'mitotic spindle'?

sorry i started using your ask box to do active recall

everything except "dna polymerase" and "the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell" works im pretty sure yeah

[hibiscus-misery-pills]

“Time for yourself.”

[Gender] — Female! Reader

[Warning] — Anxiety (Mild), depression (Slight), nothing much the rest is fluff.

[Synopsis] — Reader takes time for their self since the staff refuse to let reader bed rot, and they bring along their feline friend who knows how to cheer reader up.

[Word Count] —

[Author Note] — This idea is based off the outfits I see on Pinterest, also the outfits pics aren’t mines, unfortunately I don’t know the actual person who put the fit together so shout out to them. But I’m doing my face routine and I also like makeup so, I’m throwing these ideas in one plot, also if you want a male version just let me know in the comments, enjoy the story! (Also this is Imposter AU)

[P.S] — This is the outfit that inspired me to write this fic.

♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎

It was another day in Twisted Wonderland, and you had decided to stay in bed, just lounging with Grim snuggled by your side. The ceiling fan spun lazily overhead. However, some of the staff members, particularly Crewel and Trein, disapproved of your plan to do nothing all day. Their disapproval was clear when you heard their familiar footsteps approaching your room.

The door swung open gently with a knock, and Crewel and Trein entered. You weren’t sure how they managed to convince you to get up, but before you knew it, you were on your feet. Trein informed you, "We’ll swing by and pick you up around 5," before they left. Despite being thrust into this unfamiliar world, it wasn’t entirely unkind. Remarkably, your bookbag had arrived with you and functioned as a portal for transporting things from your world. Ramshackle had been revamped by Crowley, and while it felt more homely, it still wasn’t quite comforting. The beige wallpaper with its floral design was calming, though, and the white vanity, along with wardrobes and closets from Crewel, added a touch of familiarity.

Your belongings had made the transition as well, including your electronics. They now had infinite battery life but couldn’t connect to social media or make calls. Sitting at your vanity, you decided to do your makeup, playing your favorite music through your tablet. The window’s semi-circle area was large enough to accommodate both your vanity and desk. From your vanity, you faced the front of Ramshackle, which was visible through the semi-transparent curtains. As you dusted off baking powder with a brush, you noticed someone approaching Ramshackle through the curtains. You leaned in to get a better look and saw Vil. He appeared to be in a daze, looking up at the building.

Panicking, you hid behind the vanity mirror, grateful for its size that concealed you. Vil seemed to be assessing Ramshackle before leaving a letter and gifts in the mailbox. Your heart raced as you watched him leave slowly, taking his time. As soon as he was gone, you released a sigh of relief, tears welling up in your eyes. After finishing your makeup, you dressed in your prepped outfit and matching shoes, then added a scarf for Grim to match your look. With the scarf tied around Grim’s collar, you finished your preparations and spritzed on some perfume. Just as you were about to head out, Crewel pulled up in his sports car.

As you walked out, you noticed Leona standing nearby. You hurried into the car, jumping into the passenger seat, while Leona looked on in surprise through the rearview mirror. The rest of the day passed quickly as you spent time with Crewel and Trein. They treated you warmly and spoiled you and Grim, acknowledging the trouble their students had caused. You decided to explore a small part of town with Grim, sticking close and not straying too far.

With the allowance provided by Crowley and additional funds from Crewel, you were able to buy a few special items. Among your purchases was a limited-edition jewelry set featuring a beautiful silver chain adorned with deep blue sapphires. You also bought a matching silver satin collar with a sapphire for Grim. When you returned to Ramshackle, Crewel commented on how you seemed to enjoy your time to yourself. You couldn’t help but smile, reflecting on how peaceful and content the shopping experience had made you feel.As you lay back on your bed with your new items and purse, you felt a sense of happiness and contentment. Maybe the staffs was right—you needed to take more time for yourself.

♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎♡︎

[Author Note] — Goddamn it, I write too much, why am Im writing like i’m writing for my teachers.😭