#Electromagnetic field properties

[supreme99sblog]

Electromagnet and concept of Electromagnetism

Electromagnet and concept of Electromagnetism is a fascinating topic in Physics that combines electricity and magnetism, leading to the creation of electromagnets, which are essential in various applications. Let’s delve into the key aspects related to electromagnets: supremetutorials Electromagnet and concept of Electromagnetism Historical background of Electromagnet & Electromagnetism –…

[mpcomagnetics]

Magnetic Domains: Understanding the Foundation of Magnetism

Magnetic Domains: Understanding the Foundation of Magnetism Magnetic domains are the foundation of magnetism. In this post we’ll dive into the world of magnetic domains, and explore how they form, behave and the processes that determine their impact on magnetic materials. Understanding these will give you a deeper appreciation of how magnetism works in everyday applications. What are Magnetic…

[tanadrin]

And God said, "Behold! I have created the fourth primordial force: the weak interaction!"

And the angels all clapped and nodded politely, and there was a long silence; and finally Verchiel, the Angel of Grace, spoke up and asked, "Er, what exactly does it do, O Fashioner?"

And God said, "What do you mean, 'what does it do?' It's the fourth fundamental force of the universe."

And Verchiel said, "You mentioned that. Um. But it's just that the other three sort of have a brand, you know? Gravity helps build large-scale structures, acts over vast cosmic distances, shapes time and space. The strong force is secret, hidden, binding together quarks and all that. Electromagnetism, very cool stuff, somewhere in between. We're all big fans of the whole magnetic monopole double bluff, very clever. But, er. What does this 'weak interaction' do?"

And God said, "It mediates radioactive decay. Sort of."

And Verchiel said, "Radioactive decay? All radioactive decay?"

And God said, "No. Just some kinds."

And Zephaniel, the Chief of the Ishim spoke, and he said, "A whole independent force just to mediate some kinds of radioactive decay?"

And God said, "Well. Not totally independent. Technically it's related to electromagnetism."

And Zephaniel said, "Wait, it's not even a real force?"

And God said, "It's totally a real force. It's just that it's one aspect of a combined electromagnetic and weak force. An electro-weak force, if you will."

And Metatron, the Celestial Scribe, scratched his head at this, but said nothing.

And Cambiel, the Angel of Transformation, said, "Maybe you can walk us through it from the top."

And God Sighed an immense Sigh, and said, "All right, fine.

"So the way it works is that all of space and time is permeated by a field that has imaginary mass."

And Cambiel said, "Imaginary mass, O Generous Provider?"

And God said, "Yes, imaginary mass. It's tachyonic, d'you see?"

And Sarathiel, the Angel of Discipline, said, "Wait a minute, I thought we agreed nothing was going to travel faster than light? All that 'c' business and the whole Lorentz transformation thing. What's happening with that?"

And God said, "Let me finish. The field is tachyonic. The particles in the field all move slower than light."

And Sarathiel had to think about this for a second.

And God said, "The point is, a field with imaginary mass has a non-zero vacuum expectation value."

And this really gave Sarathiel trouble, since he had never been very good at math.

And God, seeing this, went back to explain. "Most fields, like the electromagnetic field, have no effect when they are at their lowest energy state. It's like they're not there at all. If you give a field imaginary mass, then it vanishes only when it's at a very high energy state, and at a low energy state, it has a nonzero value everywhere."

And Sarathiel nodded, but he was confused, because he didn't understand why God would create such a thing.

But Verchiel thought he saw where God was going with this, and he was amazed.

"Truly, you are cunning beyond measure, O Only One Certainly Sound and Genuine in Truth! Only now do I understand your design! For in order to make the universe homogenous and isotropic, it is necessary that all large-scale fluctuations in temperature and mass must be evened out early in the history of the cosmos; and therefore, you have designed a field which will rapidly expand space after the Big Bang, many orders of magnitude in brief moments, and then swiftly and spontaneously decay as it gives up the energy it began with, giving rise to radiation and particles of all kinds as it does, which will condense into the material universe! It is a wonder to behold."

And God said, "What? No. I mean I did, but this isn't the inflaton field I'm talking about. This is something else."

And Verchiel said, "Wait, it's not?"

And God said, "No, I'm going to use a different field to drive cosmic inflation. The properties of this field are totally different."

And now Verchiel was also confused, and lapsed into silence.

And God said, "Like I was saying, this field is a scalar field with imaginary mass, and it does spontaneously decay to a ground state with a non-zero value. But it's not the inflaton field. Instead it combines with the W1, W2, W3, and B bosons."

And Metatron began to flip back through the pages of the Heavenly Record trying to figure out where he'd lost the thread.

And Zephaniel said, "The what bosons?"

And God said, "The W1, W2, W3, and B bosons. I'm sure I mentioned them. You know, the massless bosons?"

And Zephaniel said, "I'm pretty sure we only talked about the W+, W-, and Z0 bosons. All of which you said were going to have mass, O Owner of All Sovereignty."

And God said, "Yes, but this is how they get them, you see. Once this field acquires a nonzero value everywhere, the massless bosons interact with it and get mass. Well, some of them do. They turn into the W+, W-, and Z0 boson. And the photon."

And Zephaniel said, "…and the photon, O Accepter of Invocation?"

And God said, "Well, I did say I was going to unify the electromagnetic force and the weak interaction, didn't I? This is how. Above the critical temperature--right now I'm thinking 10^15 K, but I'm open to feedback on that one--electromagnetism and the weak force act as a single unifying force. Below that temperature, the field gets a nonzero value, you get three massive bosons to mediate the weak interaction, and the photon pops out seperately."

And Zephaniel said, "That seems… a bit overly complicated, doesn't it, O Reinstater Who Brings Back All?"

And God said, "No, it's exactly what we need. Look, that way the W and Z bosons have something to do, but the weak interaction still only travels short distances. Gravity is still the star of the show on cosmic scales, as it were. But now quarks and leptons can swap their flavor!"

And Zephaniel said, rather weakly, "Their… flavor, O Source of Good?"

And God said, "It's this new quantum number I'm trying out, to give the three generations of matter more unique identities."

And Cambiel said, "Three generations of matter? Now I'm really confused."

And God said, "I'm sure I mentioned this. You've got the lightest quarks and leptons, and then two heavier versions of each that can decay into the lighter versions."

And Cambiel said, "What do they do? New kinds of chemistry, is it?"

And God said, "Well, no. Mostly they just decay in a couple microseconds. Or even faster."

And Zephaniel began to rub his temples, and Cambiel sniffed.

And Cambiel said, "This all seems a bit ad hoc to me. Not really the stuff of an elegant and obviously ordered Creation. Why not have four generations of matter? Why not a trillion?"

And God began to grow irritable, and said, "Well, that's not really up to you, now is it? We're going to have three generations of matter, and the electroweak force, and that's that!"

And Zephaniel said, "As long as we are unifying fundamental forces, perhaps we could somehow also unify the electroweak interaction with the strong interaction, or even gravity."

And God hesitated saying, "Well, I haven't decided about that yet. I'm not sure I want gravity to be quantized, you know? Seems to take some of the geometric elegance out of general relativity."

And now it was Zephaniel's turn to sigh, and he bowed his head. "As you wish, O Possessor of Authority of Decisions and Judgement."

[mysticstronomy]

WHAT IS "NOTHING" IN SPACE??

Blog#433

Wednesday, September 4th, 2024.

Welcome back,

We can define physical reality pragmatically as all that which exists in the cosmos, and there is no such thing as complete emptiness in it. Quite the opposite, it seems that the more we learn about nature, the busier space becomes. We can contemplate the idea of a metaphysical emptiness, a complete void where there is nothing. But these are concepts we make up, not necessarily things that exist. Even calling nothingness a “thing” makes it into something.

Leucippus and Democritus, the Greek philosophers credited with the invention of atomism — that everything is made of tiny bits of matter that cannot be divided — suggested the joint existence of atoms and the void. Atoms make up everything that exists, but they move in a complete emptiness, the void.

As an exercise in the always evolving way we figure things out about the world, we can make a list of the things we know fill up empty space. (The list does change. For example, 120 years ago, it would have included the ether, the medium in which light was supposed to propagate.)

Starting with classical physics, the key concept is that of a field. A field is a spatial manifestation of a source. If an object sensitive to the field is placed within its range, it will respond in some way, usually by being attracted to or repelled by the source that creates the field.

In classical physics we know of only two forces, gravitational and electromagnetic. Every object with mass attracts every other object. You attract and are attracted by everything that exists — by butterflies and whales, by the Sun and all the planets of this Solar System and across the Universe.

The intensity of an object’s gravitational field grows in proportion to its mass and decays with the square of the distance to it. In that sense, space is filled with interconnected fields that link us to the rest of the Universe.

Gravitational fields extend their threads to all corners of space. Since fields carry energy, we can say that space is filled with the energy of these gravitational fields. Electromagnetic fields also have energy, of course. But since electric and magnetic forces can be attractive and repulsive, they usually are neutralized and rarely manifest themselves at great distances.

At the quantum level, space gets even busier. Indeed, quantum physics tells us there is no such thing as zero energy. In the world of atoms and subatomic particles, movement is constant, and there is an energy associated with a particle’s residual motion called zero point energy, or vacuum energy.

If we now connect this fact to the famous E=mc2 formula, which states that energy and matter may be interconvertible, it is possible for particles of matter to spring out from the energy of the vacuum — the energy of empty space.

The Universe itself could emerge in this way, as we have discussed. The fact that matter may come out of what we would call “nothing” shows that the “nothing” of quantum physics is far from a complete void. Virtual particles appear and disappear like bubbles in a boiling soup. In the current view of quantum physics, the void bubbles continuously with the creation and destruction of matter particles.

We met the concept of fields in classical physics, but it carries over to quantum physics with even more dramatic effects. We no longer refer to particles, in fact, but to the fields that create them. An electron or a proton is an excitation of the electron or the proton fields, respectively, like small waves drifting on the surface of a lake.

Particles are pictured as knots of energy moving in their fields, with physical properties like mass.

The physical picture that emerges is that of space filled with quantum fields that boil up with real and virtual particles. As the Fox said to the Little Prince in Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s fable, “What is essential is invisible to the eyes.” This is as true for love and friendship as it is for the “nothingness” of space.

Originally published on https://bigthink.com

COMING UP!!

(Saturday, September 7th, 2024)

"WHY IS EVERYTHING IN SPACE ALWAYS MOVING??"

[unfortunately-obsessed]

In honor to the eighth episode, let's have an overview of all things Magneto could do if the writers allowed him to

First of, Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electromagnetic field, different sides of the same coin. Electromagnetism acts over all existent materials in different forms. Here are three of them:

Ferromagnetism

Paramagnetism

Diamagnetism

Ferromagnetism is the basic and most know form of magnetism, affecting materials like iron, cobalt and adamantium. It doesn't affect materials like lead, so Magneto shouldn't be allowed to stop bullets

However, he should be allowed to stop the planet's rotation, affecting Earth's nickel magnetized iron core, making the whole planet his hostage.

Paramagnetism refers to materials whose magnetism disappears once the magnetic field is removed while ferromagnetism refers to materials that can retain their magnetic properties when the magnetic field is removed. Both are attracted towards magnetic field.

Y'know what material is paramagnetic? Carbon. Won't even say what this would entail.

On the opposite side, diamagnetism involves an extremely weak force of repelling. All materials are diamagnetic to an extent, but the interesting thing is that water is diamagnetic

So if we consider that Magneto's powers are limitless, he should be able to suspend his enemies not by the iron on their blood (iron in the blood isn't in its ferromagnetic form), but by the water. He could be able part the ocean by only a mere wish. He would have the Force

If he can generate magnetic fields, he can generate electricity. Yes, he would be able to create enough lightning it would scare Thor. But this also means that, by emitting electricity at the right frequency, Magneto would be able to produce ultraviolet, infrared, and by forcing a nuclear reaction through parting atoms, produce up all kinds of radiation including microwave rays

[cornyonmains]

I'm really out of pocket today with the meta-analysis. Given this is a BL dealing in temporal manipulation that heavily features the colors black and white, I couldn't help but hearken back to the many late night conversations I've had about black holes on Reddit while smoking what is, quite frankly, very good weed.

Black holes are the kind of cosmic phenomenon that a scientist once told me pretty much everyone who studies them throws up their hands at some point and just goes, "Here be dragons."

You see, black holes don't simply dilate time. And gravity is only half the reason you can't escape one once you cross the event horizon. The specific reason it would be impossible, even with the most powerful vessel, is because once inside a black hole, time and space switch places. There is no in or out, all directions only lead to one place, the end of time. I don't think it's a coincidence Tyme's color coding is black, he's on an inescapable path to his own end.

Which is why Great's color is so important. Great's color is white.

There's a lot of theories out there supporting the existence of a black hole's opposite, that being a white hole. What's interesting about the white hole, is it's thought to be reciprocal to black holes. Necessary to their achieving a state of thermal-equilibrium, which is time reversal invariant. And why is that important to this show?

Because time reversal invariance means it has t-symmetry, and the important thing to note about t-symmetry is it allows time to move asymmetrically. It allows time to be experienced at different rates. It allows for two timelines to move alongside each other. It allows for red thread gays to get a do-over when they fuck around and get shot by the mafia, because the narrative is implying that Great and Tyme are essential to each other. The universe is giving them the one law it has at its disposal to fix their fuck-up, t-symmetry.

Anyways, I'm going to tap out before I get into the Einstein field equations and electromagnetics. Time travel properties bring out the worst in me. I'm insufferable.

[mindblowingscience]

The second- and fourth-most distant galaxies ever observed have been discovered in a region of space known as Pandora's Cluster, or Abell 2744, using data from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Following up on a deep field image of the area, an international team led by Penn State researchers confirmed the distance of these ancient galaxies and inferred their properties using new spectroscopic data—information about light emitted across the electromagnetic spectrum—from JWST. At nearly 33 billion light years away, these incredibly distant galaxies offer insights into how the earliest galaxies might have formed. Unlike other galaxies confirmed at this distance that appear in images as red dots, the new galaxies are larger and appear like a peanut and a fluffy ball, according to the researchers. A paper describing the galaxies appears in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters. "Very little is known about the early universe, and the only way to learn about that time and to test our theories of early galaxy formation and growth is with these very distant galaxies," said first author Bingjie Wang, postdoctoral scholar in the Penn State Eberly College of Science and a member of the JWST UNCOVER (Ultradeep NIRSpec and NIRCam ObserVations before the Epoch of Reionization) team that conducted the research.

Continue Reading.

[thejournallo]

Explain the method: Energy Exchange

As always, I will love to hear your thoughts! and if you have any questions, I will be more than happy to answer them! If you liked it, leave a comment or reblog (that is always appreciated!). if you are intrested in more method check the masterlist!

WE MANIPULATE "THE ENERGY" IN A COSTANT UNCONSCIOUS WAY!

This method is really based on the karmic energy that the universe is filled with! Before we go in on how to do the method in question (which is really simple), I will explain to you some basics about what energy is!

what is "the energy"? (talking about science too)

In some simple words, energy is what we feel, what we are made of, and what everything is made of. We have energy that is constantly changing, especially when we move forward. All living organisms constantly take in and release energy.

Energy, in a more scientific way, can be described as: In physics, it is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted into form but not created or destroyed. Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance, due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, the chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, and the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system.

(I will explain energy manipulation on Tuesday with "explain the basics" because it gets deeper; if you want to be tagged, let me know!)

what is energy exchange?

It is the easiest method in the world because it is based on a karmatic exchange of energy. This is simple AF. I explained all the different kinds of energies before because we can spread our energies in many different ways. For example, if we want love, we can release our "love" energies with kinetic movement. Just visualizing our love going out of us and beginning to spread as we run or simply walk is a great way to attract love to us. You can still give love by giving a hug, because that is still giving energy; it is still spreading love, you know!

my thoughts:

I always believed in karmic energy, so I always spread as much love and kindness as I can but I'm happy to realize I can release my energy in other ways! 8/10

If you are interested in more manifestation methods, don't forget to check out the masterlists at the top of this post, where you can find manifestation,shifting, witchcraft, and much more!

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Advances in optical micronanofiber-enabled tactile sensors and soft actuators

A perfect combination of fiber optics and micro/nanotechnology, optical micro/nanofiber (MNF) is a new type of micro/nano-waveguide structure developed in recent years. Compared with standard fiber, MNF has a smaller diameter and larger core cladding refractive index contrast, so it offers unique optical properties, including low transmission loss, strong light-field constraint, large evanescent field, small bending radius, small mass, and compatibility with standard fiber. MNF-enabled flexible optoelectronic devices with high sensitivity, small size, and low power consumption have been widely used in the fields of tactile sensors and soft actuators. To date, flexible MNF sensors, also known as "optical skin," have been used to monitor pressure, temperature, hardness, pulse and breathing with high sensitivity, fast response, and anti-electromagnetic interference.

Read more.

[archferret]

Alright I've got time before work and people did express interest so here's my headcanon on how Formie "Powers" and by extension Sparks Hat work.

So to start we know that the art book isn't true canon as Lake said if it's not in the games it doesn't count but given the minimal information given in the games it's really our only source of any kind of info. We also know Romalo functions off of Holographic Nanites and likely is the same for other "Nano Mage" units like the Qiqi's in 3. So let's start there. How I think (in an incredibly pesduo-scientific way as I'm not a real scientist and Spark isn't a hard sci-fi series) these robots (and by extension other Formie Powers) function is by the nanites they control emitting an electromagnetic field. The field simulates the properties of whatever is being made causing it to act as if it's really whatever is being simulated but the effect disappears if the nanites stop receiving power/a signal. So for example if Romalo makes a pie and throws it at you it feels like a real pie, but disappears as soon as he uses those nanites for another task. If you were to try and eat it the connection may become disrupted by your bodies own interference and it would vanish anyway, or if Romalo was damaged he might run out of power/disrupt the signal ect. Some effects might linger, for example nanties that cause fire aren't actually just fire they heat up already existing particles to cause real flames. Thus if you were to use a power to light something on fire it would remain on fire even when power/signal is cut.

Now onto Formie "Powers". The tools Spark picks up during Spark 1 are quite litterally just that, they're tools and toys used by other Formies in everyday life. And how I think they work is when you wear or hold the item it forms some kind of connection with a Formies nervous system through its electrical signaling. This allows a Formie to control the Power as if it was an extension of their own body. This would also mean overusing a Power too much can even cause physical exhaustion. They all come with an electromagnetic barrier (like Sparks Hat) which acts as "safety equipment" protecting the Formie from levels of physical harm to an extent. In this case I'm drawing more from pure theory than basis in examples but I'd wager normal commercial Powers tend to be fairly weak to allow them to be compatible with a wide range of people (since not every nervous system is identical) while modded/homemade gear like Sparks Hat tend to be more potent but more specialized to an individual. Not that it *couldnt* be used by others but the chance of "feedback" and damage from the connection would be much higher.

Now for Sparks Hat... in 1 he usually wears it in addition to the regular equipment provided by the Powers. For example the wind Scarf doesn't come with a hat yet Wind Spark still has hit hat on. What I'm thinking is Sparks hat while decently strong on its own is acting as an amplifier to the other equipment Sparks wearing. The stuff he's picking up are normal Powers and aren't as strong in the hands of someone else because Spark isn't using 1 Power he's using 2! So the regular Wind Scarf isn't anywhere near capable of what Spark can pull off with it.

And for the sake of just making things make sense in my head beyond gameplay mechanics being gameplay mechanics I like to headcanon the reason he doesn't use Powers in 3 the same way he does in 1 is that his Hat is actually too strong at this point and would overload any equipment he tries to use it with!

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Digital illustration of a star shedding stellar debris as it orbits a supermassive black hole. This artist’s impression represents the center of a galaxy about 860 million light-years from Earth. Credit NASA/CXC/M.Weiss

X-ray and optical image of AT2018fyk. Credit X-ray: NASA/SAO/Kavli Inst. at MIT/D.R. Pasham; Optical: NSF/Legacy Survey/SDSS

Right on schedule: Physicists use modeling to forecast a black hole's feeding patterns with precision

The dramatic dimming of a light source ~ 860 million light-years away from Earth confirms the accuracy of a detailed model developed by a team of astrophysicists from Syracuse University, MIT and the Space Telescope Science Institute.

Powerful telescopes like NASA’s Hubble, James Webb, and Chandra X-ray Observatory provide scientists a window into deep space to probe the physics of black holes. While one might wonder how you can “see” a black hole, which famously absorbs all light, this is made possible by tidal disruption events (TDEs) - where a star is destroyed by a supermassive black hole and can fuel a “luminous accretion flare.” With luminosities thousands of billions of times brighter than the Sun, accretion events enable astrophysicists to study supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at cosmological distances.

TDEs occur when a star is violently ripped apart by a black hole’s immense gravitational field. As the star is shredded, its remnants are transformed into a stream of debris that rains back down onto the black hole to form a very hot, very bright disk of material swirling around the black hole, called an accretion disc. Scientists can study these to make direct observations of TDEs, and compare those to theoretical models to relate observations to physical properties of disrupted stars and their disrupting black holes.

A team of physicists from Syracuse University, MIT and the Space Telescope Science Institute used detailed modeling to predict the brightening and dimming of AT2018fyk, which is a repeating partial TDE, meaning the high-density core of the star survived the gravitational interaction with the SMBH, allowing it to orbit the black hole and be shredded more than once. The model predicted that AT2018fyk would “dim” in August 2023, a forecast which was confirmed when the source went dark last summer, providing evidence that their model delivers a new way to probe the physics of black holes. Their results were published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.  

A High Energy Source

Thanks to incredibly detailed extragalactic surveys, scientists are monitoring more coming and going light sources than ever before. Surveys pan entire hemispheres in search of sudden brightening or dimming of sources, which tells researchers that something has changed. Unlike the telescope in your living room that can only focus visible light, telescopes such as Chandra can detect light sources in what’s referred to as the X-ray spectrum emitted from material that is millions of degrees in temperature.

Visible light and X-rays are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, but X-rays have shorter wavelengths and more energy. Similar to the way in which your stove becomes “red hot” after you turn it on, the gas comprising a disc “glows” at different temperatures, with the hottest material closest to the black hole. However, instead of radiating its energy at optical wavelengths visible to the eye, the hottest gas in an accretion disc emits in the X-ray spectrum. These are the same X-rays used by doctors to image your bones and that can pass through soft tissue, and because of this relative transparency, the detectors used by NASA X-ray telescopes are specifically designed to detect this high-energy radiation.'

A Repeat Performance

In January 2023, a team of physicists, including Eric Coughlin, a professor at Syracuse University’s Department of Physics, Dheeraj R. “DJ” Pasham, a research scientist at MIT, and Thomas Wevers, a Fellow at the Space Telescope Science Institute, published a paper in The Astrophysical Journal Letters that proposed a detailed model for a repeating partial TDE. Their results were the first to map a star’s surprising return orbit about a supermassive black hole – revealing new information about one of the cosmos’ most extreme environments.

The team based their study on a TDE known as AT2018fyk (AT stands for “Astrophysical Transient”), where a star was proposed to be captured by a SMBH through an exchange process known as “Hills capture.” Originally part of a binary system (two stars that orbit one another under their mutual gravitational attraction), one of the stars was hypothesized to have been captured by the gravitational field of the black hole and the other (non-captured) star was ejected from the center of the galaxy at speeds comparable to ~ 1000 km/s.

Once bound to the SMBH, the star powering the emission from AT2018fyk has been repeatedly stripped of its outer envelope each time it passes through its point of closest approach with the black hole. The stripped outer layers of the star form the bright accretion disk, which researchers can study using X-Ray and Ultraviolet /Optical telescopes that observe light from distant galaxies.

While TDEs are usually “once-and-done” because the extreme gravitational field of the SMBH destroys the star, meaning that the SMBH fades back into darkness following the accretion flare, AT2018fyk offered the unique opportunity to probe a repeating partial TDE.

The research team has used a trio of telescopes to make the initial and follow-up detections: Swift and Chandra, both operated by NASA, and XMM-Newton, which is a European mission. First observed in 2018, AT2018fyk is ~ 870 million light years away, meaning that because of the time it takes light to travel, it happened in “real time” ~ 870 million years ago.

The team used detailed modeling to forecast that the light source would abruptly disappear around August 2023 and brighten again when the freshly stripped material accretes onto the black hole in 2025.

Model Validation

Confirming the accuracy of their model, the team reported an X-ray drop in flux over a span of two months, starting on August 14, 2023. This sudden change can be interpreted as the second emission shutoff.

“The observed emission shutoff shows that our model and assumptions are viable, and suggests that we are really seeing a star being slowly devoured by a distant and very massive black hole,” says Coughlin. “In our paper last year, we used constraints from the initial outburst, dimming and rebrightening to predict that AT2018fyk should display a sudden and rapid dimming in August of 2023, if the star survived the second encounter that fueled the second brightening.”

The fact that the system displayed this predicted shutoff therefore implies several distinctions about the star and the black hole:

the star survived its second encounter with the black hole;

the rate of return of stripped debris to the black hole is tightly coupled to the brightness of AT2018fyk;

and the orbital period of the star about the black hole is ~ 1300 days, or about 3.5 years.

The second cutoff implies that another rebrightening should happen between May and August of 2025, and if the star survived the second encounter, a third shutoff is predicted to occur between January and July of 2027.

As for whether we can count on seeing a rebrightening in 2025, Coughlin says the detection of a second cutoff implies that the star has had more mass freshly stripped, which should return to the black hole to produce a third brightening.

“The only uncertainty is in the peak of the emission,” he says. “The second re-brightened peak was considerably dimmer than the first, and it is, unfortunately, possible that the third outburst will be dimmer still. This is the only thing that would limit the detectability of this third outburst.”

Coughlin notes that this model signifies an exciting new way to study the incredibly rare occurrences of repeating partial TDEs, which are believed to take place once every million years in a given galaxy. To date, he says scientists have encountered only four to five systems that display this behavior.

“With the advent of improved detection technology uncovering more repeating partial TDEs, we anticipate that this model will be an essential tool for scientists in identifying these discoveries,” he says.

[thelostchaoswitch]

Black Tourmaline: Your Shield Against Negative Thoughts 🖤✨

Hey, crystal lovers! 🌿✨ Let’s dive into the incredible world of Black Tourmaline, a stone that's been revered for centuries for its powerful protective and grounding properties. If you're looking for a natural way to ward off negative thoughts and energies, this crystal might just become your new best friend.

The Power of Black Tourmaline

Black Tourmaline, also known as Schorl, is a striking black stone that's more than just eye candy. Its deep, inky hue is a visual representation of its ability to absorb and transmute negative energy. Here’s how this amazing crystal works:

1. Energy Protection: Think of Black Tourmaline as your energetic bodyguard. It creates a protective shield around your aura, repelling negativity and harmful influences from your surroundings.

2. Grounding: Feeling scattered or anxious? Black Tourmaline is renowned for its grounding properties. It helps you stay connected to the Earth's energies, promoting a sense of stability and security.

3. EMF Shield: In our tech-saturated world, we’re constantly exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Black Tourmaline can help neutralize these EMFs, reducing their potential negative impact on your mind and body.

4. Mental Clarity: By absorbing negative energy, this crystal aids in clearing the mind, making way for positive thoughts and mental clarity. It's like a detox for your mind!

How to Use Black Tourmaline

Incorporating Black Tourmaline into your daily routine is simple and effective. Here are some tips to make the most out of this powerful crystal:

- Wear It: Jewelry like necklaces, bracelets, or rings keeps Black Tourmaline close to your body, providing continuous protection throughout the day.

- Carry It: Keep a small piece of Black Tourmaline in your pocket or purse. This way, you’ll have it handy whenever you need a quick energy cleanse.

- Place It: Position Black Tourmaline in areas where you spend a lot of time—near your computer, in your living room, or by your bed. It helps to keep the environment energetically clean.

- Meditate With It: Hold Black Tourmaline during meditation. Visualize it drawing out negative thoughts and filling you with grounding, positive energy.

Other Crystals to Consider

While Black Tourmaline is a powerhouse, there are other crystals that can also help banish negative thoughts:

- Amethyst: Known for its calming and spiritual properties, Amethyst can soothe the mind and promote tranquility.

- Smoky Quartz: This crystal is excellent for grounding and removing negative energy, similar to Black Tourmaline.

- Hematite: Perfect for grounding and protection, Hematite can also help to absorb and transform negativity.

Incorporating these crystals into your life can create a harmonious balance of protection and positivity, helping you navigate through life's challenges with a clear and focused mind.

So, if you’re feeling overwhelmed by negative thoughts or just need a little extra protection, give Black Tourmaline a try. Its powerful energy might be exactly what you need to reclaim your peace and positivity!

Stay strong, stay well, stay safe ❤️

[justforbooks]

In 1964 the theoretical physicist Peter Higgs, who has died aged 94, suggested that the universe contains an all-pervading essence that can be manifested in the form of particles. This idea inspired governments to spend billions to find what became known as Higgs bosons.

The so-called “Higgs mechanism” controls the rate of thermonuclear fusion that powers the sun, but for which this engine of the solar system would have expired long before evolution had time to work its miracles on earth. The structure of atoms and matter and, arguably, existence itself are all suspected to arise as a result of the mechanism, whose veracity was proved with the experimental discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012.

The Nobel laureate physicist Leon Lederman infamously described the boson as “the God particle”. Higgs, an atheist, found this inappropriate and misleading, but the name stuck and helped bring fame to the idea, and to Higgs. He in turn became a Nobel prizewinner in 2013.

It was at Edinburgh University, as a young lecturer in mathematical physics in the early 1960s, that Higgs became interested in the profound and tantalising ways in which properties – mathematical symmetries – in the equations describing fundamental laws can be hidden in the structures that arise.

For example, in space, unaffected by the earth’s gravity, a droplet of water looks the same in all directions: it is spherically symmetric, in agreement with the symmetry implied by the underlying mathematical equations describing the behaviour of water molecules. Yet when water freezes, the resulting snowflake takes up a different symmetry – its shape only appearing the same when rotated through multiples of 60 degrees – even though the underlying equations remain the same.

The Japanese-American physicist Yoichiro Nambu first inspired interest in this phenomenon, known as spontaneous symmetry breaking, in 1960.

Inspired by Nambu’s work, in 1964 Higgs’s own theory emerged with its explanation of how equations that call for massless particles (such as the quantum theory of the electromagnetic field, which leads to the massless photon) can, via the so-called Higgs mechanism, give rise to particles with a mass.

This idea would later be at the root of Gerardus ’t Hooft’s proof in 1971 that unification of the electromagnetic force and the weak force, responsible for radioactivity, where a massive “W” particle plays the analogous role to the massless photon, is viable. The subsequent discovery of the W in 1983 gained Nobel prizes, both for the experiment and for theorists who had foreseen this. Underlying this success was the so-called Higgs mechanism, which controlled the mathematics in this explanation of the weak force.

When Nambu won the Nobel prize in 2008, it began to seem likely that the way was being prepared for Higgs’s eventual recognition.

A problem though, as Higgs was always the first to stress, was that he had not been alone in discovering the possibility of mass “spontaneously” appearing. Similar ideas had already been articulated: by the condensed matter physicist Philip Anderson, though in a more restricted way, and by Robert Brout and François Englert in Belgium, who beat Higgs into print by a few weeks. A former colleague of Higgs at Imperial College, Tom Kibble, and two colleagues were to write a paper along similar lines weeks later.

Where Higgs had justifiable claims to uniqueness was in the boson. He drew attention to the fact that in certain circumstances spontaneously broken symmetry implied that a massive particle should appear, whose affinity for interacting with other particles would be in proportion to their masses.

It would be discovery of this particle that could give experimental verification that the theory is indeed a description of nature. Although even this boson was arguably implicit in other work, it was Higgs who articulated most sharply its implications in particle physics.

The eponymous “Higgs boson” became the standard-bearer for the Large Hadron Collider. In the early 1990s the science minister William Waldegrave issued his challenge: explain the Higgs boson on a sheet of paper and help me to convince the government to fund this.

Among the winners, the most famous was the analogy, by David Miller of University College London, of Margaret Thatcher – a massive particle – wandering through a cocktail party at the Tory conference and gathering hangers-on as she moved. Higgs, whose politics were diametrically opposite to hers, expressed himself as being “very comfortable” with the description.

He was always uncomfortable as a celebrity. When Cern – the European Organisation for Nuclear Research – prepared to switch on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2008, the media promoted it as a quest for the Higgs boson.

Higgs felt that Cern was misguided to talk up “the” boson – he was always the first to stress that others had had much the same idea and that naming it after him was unfair. He once modestly described the detection of the boson as “tying up loose ends” and regarded the main excitement of the LHC as its potential to reveal the secrets of dark matter and other kinds of new physics.

Nonetheless, in July 2012, Cern announced the discovery of a particle “with Higgs-like properties”. Media frenzy grew, and Higgs bravely accepted his fate as a centre of attention.

Although most physicists were sure that the eponymous boson had been discovered, several months’ more study would be needed before complete confirmation could be assured: the Nobel prize for 2012 went elsewhere. By 2013 the evidence was compelling; there was a general expectation that 2013 would be the year.

By this stage, 49 years had elapsed since Higgs had written his first paper on the subject. In a final, nailbiting twist, the announcement of his long-awaited success was delayed by an hour as the Nobel committee struggled to reach the famously reclusive scientist. Aware of the media attention he was likely to get, Higgs had decided to be “somewhere else” when the announcement was made, and told colleagues that he planned to take a holiday in the north-west highlands of Scotland.

As the date approached, however, he realised that this was not a good plan for that time of the year, so he decided to stay at home and be somewhere else at the right time. At around 11am on 8 October, he left home and by noon, when the announcement should have been made, he was in Leith, by the shore, in a bar called the Vintage, which Higgs famously attested sold both food and “rather good beers”.

Thus with Higgs incommunicado (he largely avoided using mobile phones or the internet), after more than an hour of unsuccessful attempts to reach him, the Swedish Academy decided to make the public announcement anyway. The ironic result was that by 2pm, the news that Peter Higgs and Englert, of the Université Libre de Bruxelles, were the winners of the Nobel prize for physics was known to the world, but not to Higgs himself. (Englert’s colleague Brout had died in 2011, and was unable to be included as Nobel prizes are not awarded posthumously.)

Higgs later recalled how, “after a suitable interval”, but still ignorant of the news, he had made his way home from lunch. However, he delayed further by visiting an art exhibition, as “it seemed too early to get home, where reporters would probably be gathered”.

At about three o’clock he was walking along Heriot Row, heading for his flat in the next street, when a car pulled up near Queen Street Gardens. A lady got out “in a very excited state” and told Higgs: “My daughter’s just phoned from London and told me about the award.” To which Higgs replied: “What award?” As he explained, he was joking, but that is when his expectations were confirmed.

His plan had been a success, as, “I managed to get in my front door with no more damage than one photographer lying in wait.” A little more than a decade later, the main focus of the LHC has been to produce large numbers of Higgs bosons in order to understand the nature of the omnipresent essence that they form.

During the coronavirus lockdown I talked with him for hours on the phone at weekends in the course of researching the biography Elusive: How Peter Higgs Solved the Mystery of Mass (2022). When asked to summarise his perspective on public reaction to the boson he said: “It ruined my life.” To know nature through mathematics, to see your theory confirmed, to win the plaudits of peers and win a Nobel prize, how could this equate with ruin? He explained: “My relatively peaceful existence was ending. I dont enjoy this sort of publicity. My style is to work in isolation, and occasionally have a bright idea.”

Higgs spent more than half a century as a theoretical physicist at Edinburgh University. Perhaps because of this, he was described in many media reports as a “Scottish physicist”, whereas in fact he was born in Newcastle, of English parents, Thomas Ware Higgs and Gertrude Maud (nee Coghill).

His father was a sound engineer with the BBC, and the family moved almost immediately to Birmingham, where Peter spent his first 11 years. In 1941, with the second world war intensifying, the BBC decided that Birmingham was too dangerous, and its operations were transferred to Bristol. The Higgs family duly moved there, with the intention of avoiding aerial bombardment, but the following weekend the centre of Bristol was heavily bombed.

In Bristol, Higgs attended Cotham grammar school, where a famous former pupil had been the Nobel physicist Paul Dirac. Dirac’s name was prominent on the honours board. Higgs followed him, but initially in mathematics rather than physics. Higgs’s father had a collection of maths books, which inspired Peter and enabled him to be become far ahead of the class. His interest in physics was sparked in 1946, upon hearing the Bristol physicists, later Nobel laureates, Cecil Powell and Nevill Mott describing the background to the atomic bomb programme. Although this helped determine his career, Higgs himself later became a member of CND.

At King’s College London he studied theoretical physics, going on to gain his PhD in 1954. He was working on molecular physics, applying ideas of symmetry to molecular structure. His interests moved towards particle physics, although his office was on the same corridor as those of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, two of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA, though his own work had no immediate link to their programme.

He won research fellowships, first at the University of Edinburgh (1954-56), then in London at University College (1956–57), and at Imperial College(1957–58). He was appointed lecturer in mathematics at University College London in 1958, and then moved to the University of Edinburgh in 1960, where he spent the rest of his research career. Initially lecturer in mathematical physics, in 1970 he was appointed reader and, in 1980, professor of theoretical physics. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1974, and FRS in 1983.

He met his future wife, the linguist Jody Williamson, at a CND meeting in 1960. They married in 1963, and had two sons, Christopher and Jonathan. Although they separated, they remained friends until her death in 2008.

Higgs won several awards in addition to the 2013 Nobel prize. In addition to numerous honorary degrees, these included the 1997 Dirac medal and prize from the Institute of Physics, the 2004 Wolf prize in physics, the Sakurai prize of the American Physical Society in 2010, and the Edinburgh medal in 2013. That year he was also appointed Companion of Honour, and two years later he won the Copley medal of the Royal Society, the world’s oldest scientific prize.

His sons survive him.

🔔 Peter Ware Higgs, theoretical physicist, born 29 May 1929; died 8 April 2024

Daily inspiration. Discover more photos at Just for Books…?

[kussm1ch]

Ferra Gore's Character Profile

𓆝 𓆟 𓆞 𓆝 𓆟,✧˖°𓆝 𓆟 𓆞 𓆝

**backstory**

Ferra Gore was born in Munich, Germany, on December 13th, 1984, and lived there for 5 years until her parents passed and had to move to live with her aunt in Laguna Beach, California.

Ferra had always had a special relationship with the ocean ever since she moved to California. She expressed that love through surfing, but when ferra was 8, she experienced a horrifying surf accident, but little did she know that not only did the awakening of her stand save her, but that would be the start of her journey of being a stand user.

Ferra doesn't recall most of her childhood due to her brain's trauma response to the loss of her parents, but she does remember life in Germany and dreams of moving back when she's older. Her aunt was wealthy and an amazing guardian, but she was morally corrupt. Despite her aunt's "flaws," Ferra and her aunt had a bond that would put the Gilmore Girls to shame🖕.

Ferra was spoiled rotten and lived her best life in California. But due to some complications regarding her aunt's dual life, ferra and her aunt had and flee to Italy when she was 14. She sticks out like a sore thumb in the mafia due to her California girl accent and unserious personality but I honestly think she doesn't realize it, but if she did I don't think she'd care either way.

𓆝 𓆟 𓆞 𓆝 𓆟,✧˖°𓆝 𓆟 𓆞 𓆝

**personality**

Ferra is a free-spirited and spunky girl. She's a fun-loving social butterfly and a lover of all that is risky. Ferra is resilient, resourceful, and strong-willed. Ever since she was young, she's been a natural leader, although she's never really been able to lead much of anything in the mafia, which peeves her to high heaven.

She has enough energy to power a small country and has a knowledge for fashion that would make Elle Woods break down and cry. She's sort of like if you took an employee from Brandy Melville and threw her into the mafia.

Despite all of these great traits, she's a huge diva and a sassy little prick due to her privileged upbringing and social status growing up. it can sometimes be annoying.. she has a certain level of narcissism about her and a constant need to keep up her reputation of being a little popular girl. She has stubborn hatred for being controlled and told what to do when it isn't needed, which is funny because she's a little control freak.

𓆝 𓆟 𓆞 𓆝 𓆟,✧˖°𓆝 𓆟 𓆞 𓆝

**Stand**

Badfish can manipulate and control water in various ways, including creating waves, whirlpools, and even creating illusions.

Badfish can also manipulate moisture in the air, moisture of someone's breathing, and even blood due to its water content. Badfish can also manipulate her scales to help with close-range combat.

However, Badfish has some limitations. Her powers are ineffective in arid environments, struggles against elemental manipulation stand, face resistance from certain objects or surfaces, vulnerable to electromagnetic fields, and vulnerable to substances that nullify water's properties.

[mysticstronomy]

WHY IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT CONSTANT??

Blog#303

Wednesday, June 7th, 2023

Welcome back,

The speed of light in a vacuum is 299,792,458 metres per second, a figure scientists finally agreed on in 1975 – but why settle on that figure? And why does it matter?

Answering those questions takes us on an amazing journey through space, time, physics and measurement, and the tale hasn't quite been told yet. Modern-day studies are calling into question the speed of light for the first time in centuries.

To start at the start though, some history: at the beginning of the 17th century, the general consensus was that light didn't have a speed, that it just appeared instantaneously, either present or not.

During the 1600s this idea was seriously challenged. First, by Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman in 1629, who set up a series of mirrors around a gunpowder explosions to see if observers noticed any difference in the when the flashes of light appeared.

Unfortunately for Beeckman and the progress of science, the results were inconclusive, but then in 1676 Danish astronomer Ole Rømer noticed strange variations in the eclipse times of one of Jupiter's moons over the course of a year.

Could this be because light took a longer time to travel from Jupiter when Earth was further away? Rømer thought so, and his rough calculations put the speed of light at about 220,000 kilometres per second – not a bad estimate at all, especially considering the data he would have had on planet sizes wasn't all that accurate.

Further experiments with beams of light on our own planet edged scientists closer to the right number, and then in the mid-1800s physicist James Clerk Maxwell introduced his Maxwell's equations – ways of measuring electric and magnetic fields in a vacuum.

Maxwell's equations fixed the electric and magnetic properties of empty space, and after noting that the speed of a massless electromagnetic radiation wave was very close to the supposed speed of light, Maxwell suggested they might match exactly.

It turns out Maxwell was right, and for the first time we could measure the speed of light based on other constants in the Universe.

At the same time, Maxwell's work strongly suggested that light was itself an electromagnetic wave, and after this idea was confirmed, it got picked up by Albert Einstein in 1905 as part of his theory of special relativity.

Today the speed of light, or c as it's commonly known, is considered the cornerstone of special relativity – unlike space and time, the speed of light is constant, independent of the observer.

What's more, this constant underpins much of what we understand about the Universe. It matches the speed of a gravitational wave, and yes, it's the same c that's in the famous equation E=mc2.

We don't just have the word of Maxwell and Einstein for what the speed of light is, though. Scientists have measured it by bouncing lasers back from objects and watching the way gravity acts on planets, and all these experiments come up with the same figure.

However, the story doesn't quite end there, thanks to quantum theory, that branch of physics hinting that the Universe might not be quite as constant as we think.

Quantum field theory says that a vacuum is never really empty: it's filled with elementary particles, rapidly popping in and out of existence. These particles create electromagnetic ripples along the way, the hypothesis goes, and could potentially cause variations in the speed of light.

Studies into these ideas are ongoing, and we don't know for sure one way or the other yet. For now, the speed of light remains the same as it has for centuries, constant and fixed.

Originally published on sciencealert-com

COMING UP!!

(Saturday, June 10th, 2023)

"WHAT WAS BEFORE THE BIG BANG??"

[oliviabutsmart]

Physics Friday #8: E = mc^2; the most famous equation in history

Well I didn't really have anything else that I could write up in an hour, so I might as well use the topic idea I had already announced as a proper idea.

Preamble: The Equation Itself

Education level: High School (Y9/10)

Topic: Relativity, Particle Physics (Physics)

E = mc² - what does it mean? Well of course you may have heard the phrase "Energy is equivalent or can be converted into mass" but like ... how exactly?

People who've done a bit of reading into this know that this equation also isn't the full picture. Because this equation describes only the resting energy of an object i.e. the energy of something that is not moving at all.

This equation actually has the capacity to encapsulate the TOTAL energy of something, not just the "mass energy" of the particle.

We also need to ask what we mean by energy or mass. That's what we'll cover first.

What is Energy?

Energy, just like a lot of things, gets very abstract. Energy is here, energy is there, energy is everywhere!

This vapid and confusing description of energy often gets taken advantage of by those people, y'know the quacks and the sort.

Energy is actually a much more grounded thing that we can understand.

Work - The Electron Gets a Job

Energy is founded in the concept of work. Work comes in many forms, but is usually introduced under the definition of mechanical work:

The capacity to move an object with mass a particular distance; Work = Force × Distance

With this, work is rather simple, it's just about the ability to move heavy objects around.

What we do next is we need a definition of energy. We can almost intrinsically link work to energy using mechanical kinetic energy:

Mechanical kinetic energy is the capacity to do work and is created by an application of work.

This form of energy is intrinsically tied to both work and momentum. It is quite literally circularly related to work itself. Work is the capacity to change an object's kinetic energy.

The difference is that work is an act while kinetic energy is a property. They exist by their very nature.

Now, mechanical kinetic energy isn't the only type of energy. There's thermal energy, potential energy, and non-mechanical kinetic energy. these types are defined as follows:

Energy is the capacity to do work.

This may seem the same as the previous definition, but note that it is different. Not all forms of energy can be directly be the result of work. But instead there consists of a chain of several reactions and actions that eventually leads to the energy we want.

This very core definition of energy is what we say is 'everywhere'. The air itself contains thermal energy. You can pull energy out of the heat of the atmosphere - that's how things like melting or water evaporation works.

Electromagnetic radiation also contains energy, in the sense that light can interact with objects and push them i.e. doing work.

What and Why is Mass?

Mass is a bit different, primarily because we don't actually have a singular definition of mass. It changes based on the fact that it has multiple properties and sources.

Inertial Mass

This type of mass appears to be the most fundamental. It comes from the equation F = ma, or p = mv.

Inertial mass is the capacity to resist changes in momentum.

When you try to apply work to an object's 'inertia', or your momentum, its mass will make it harder to move it. You can see it in the formula. More force is required in order to accelerate an object when more mass is present.

An object with infinite mass is 'unmovable', as an infinite amount of force is always needed.

This form of mass is fundamental as it is affected by all forces.

Gravitational Mass

Gravity is one force of many, which is very strange, as both momentum and gravitational attraction are described by one component.

Gravitational Mass is the capacity to produce a gravitational field.

This type of mass acts like a charge, that causes objects to become attracted to each other.

The Discrepancy

The difficulty in aligning GR with QFT is partly because of the fact that we cannot seperate the universal concept of inertial mass with gravitational mass.

Let's say we have two electrons, and look at the first electron: The electron will be influenced by the other due to electricity:

F ~ q² (q is the charge of the electron) But this electron will also be affected by gravity: F ~ m² (m is the mass of the electron) Now let's find the acceleration of the electron: a ~ m - q²/m Now look at this equation and notice something. The electron is affected by electricity via a ratio between charge and mass, whereas gravity appears as just the mass term alone.

The discrepancy is why is gravity the only force where we can end up 'getting rid' of terms instead of having a messy division? Why is gravitational charge equal to inertial mass?

Relativistic Mass

When developing special relativity, Einstein noticed how he could combine the principles of time dilation and length contraction to prove his famous equation E = mc².

In his proof, he used inertial mass and mechanical kinetic energy to draw the equivalence. However, this picture is incomplete.

The actual equation is this: E = γmc², where γ is the lorentz factor, something intrinsically tied to the object's speed.

This gives us a notion of relativistic inertial mass, mass that both resists changes in motion but

When we end up expanding this, we get:

E² = (mc²)² + (pc)² + (terms that are too small for us to care about)

This gives us the actual energy of the particle, combining the rest mass and the momentum of the particle to get the total energy.

Still, you might not get the equivalence. And really, we have two different ways to explain this equivalence ...

The Higgs Mechanism

Now I'm not crazy enough to explain the Higgs mechanism in this post yet but what I will say is how particles get their mass.

You see, at the quantum level, particles are actually just wave excitations in the field. The notions of where a particle is or not is kind of meaningless.

And whaddya know? Waves are much easier to understand as to why they have energy, the constant movement and flow demonstrates an intrinsic energy.

Certain particle waves end up interacting with what's known as the Higgs field, a consequence of the many symmetries in QFT.

This interaction turns these particles' loose and vapid energy, into something meaningful - a mass that can be used to inertially interact with other particles.

QFT of course cannot account for gravitational mass, as QFT has no way to demonstrate gravity or warped spacetime. General Relativity works much better ... specifically because it is a theory about gravity.

General Relativity

GR, as stated, is a theory about gravity. GR treats inertial and gravitational mass the same without an issue. And in-fact really emphasises the equivalence between energy and mass.

Mass and energy determines the Stress-Energy tensor, which is a tensor focused entirely on the movement and position of energy and matter, which are treated as identical here:

Image credit: Wikipedia

Here, we don't even care what it's made of, just where it's going and how much of it is there. Because all that matters is that it curves spacetime and can be affected by this spacetime.

Conclusion

Well, while this is a short (and rather rushed) post. For some reason I got IP blocked on discord so I gotta solve that issue now. It doesn't help when you have to deal with a late-semester university schedule.

Like said, feedback and follows are welcome. I'll see you later!