#Early Macedonian History

[jeannereames]

What should we make of Alexander I and Perdiccas II both having long 40+ years long reigns, only for all of their successors having substantially shorter ones? And, if you are in the mood, who do you think was the better ruler between the two?

First, I thought I’d mention one of the cool things to come out of the recent ATG conference is a plan to produce an edited collection: Alexander I and the Making of Macedon. It’ll be a while, but if I can get us a publisher, I’ve got the contributors.

Also of note, Sabine Müller and Johannes Heinrichs are producing a monograph on Alexander I in English. She has a great one on Perdikkas but it’s in German, so I was very happy to hear this.

Finally, I've got a number of racked-up Asks. This answer will answer about three of them. I'll link it to the other questions. :-)

To the questions: it’s really hard to compare Alexander I and Perdikkas II simply because they were dealing with very different circumstances. Alexander I had Persian assistance holding the throne, while Perdikkas was tossed off his throne at least once.

The biggest difficulty is a source problem. ALL our info about these guys (outside archaeology) comes from Greeks, who were chiefly interested in them only when they intersected with the southern Greek world. There’s a fair bit about Alex I’s internal politicking that we just don’t know. What we call “Lower Macedon” probably only goes back a couple generations, despite the mythical king list. We find a MARKED change in burial practices c. 570 BCE, which is before Persians were mucking around up there. This suggests a change—or more likely consolidation—in the lowland Macedonian ruling elite, both west and a bit east of the Axios River.

If Alexander I took over c. 500-495 (coin above), and his father Amyntas (about whom we know nothing but a name) ruled for 20/30-ish years before, then Alexander’ grandfather (Alketas) or great-grandfather (Airopos) would have consolidated the area around Aigai. Yet ALL names before Amyntas I are essentially fictional. Certainly the “founder’s” name changed across time. It’s Perdikkas when we first hear of it in Herodotos, but may have shifted to Archelaos later (see Euripides’s play of that name). Later yet (under Philip), it seems to have become Karanos. If Bill Greenwalt’s theories are right. This is not a real person in any historical sense.

The problem with dating Alexander I is that we neither know for sure when he took the throne nor when he died. It was convenient for Alexander to blame his father for any concessions to the Persians, but he—not Amyntas—married his sister Gygaia to a Persian (Bubares, son of Magabazus and distantly royal).* More likely he was already on the throne in the 490s but may have been quite young. He seems to have used the Persian presence to further consolidate the (new) Macedonian kingdom—against Paionians and others—adding territory as far away as Amphipolis, at least temporarily, and thus, getting hold of both silver and gold mines to mint coins. The Echedoros River also held gold. All the gold in pre-Alexander Macedonia was pacer mining (panning), not from the gold mines of Mt. Pangaion. Yet gold, while present in the rivers, only became important in graves in Macedonia c. 570…it’s part of that startling shift in burials that we see.

We also don’t know exactly when Alexander I died and Perdikkas took over. He was still king at the end of the Persian Wars in 479/78, but dead by 450. His death may have been closer to 460, or even earlier. So his reign was probably more like 30-35 years. Perdikkas perhaps reigned longest of all—one reason he’s exceptional. I wonder if the Peloponnesian War itself may have contributed to his success: for all he had his challengers, if Macedon wanted to survive as an independent political entity, they needed to rally around him.

Yet he faced his share of opposition from other Argeads as well as the very powerful Upper Macedonian kingdoms of Lynkestis (Lynkis) and Elimeia, not to mention predatory Illyrians. That’s why Perdikkas sought an alliance with Brasidas of Sparta, but apparently couldn’t even control his own troops enough to keep them from deserting when facing Illyrians. That earned Brasidas’s wrath. As a result, Perdikkas (coin below) had to make nice with Athens.

That’s just one example of Perdikkas’s deal-making during the war. He had quite a job of diplomatic shuffling—no doubt learned from Daddy Alexander. Neither had a kingdom anywhere near strong enough to fend off Persia, or Athens and Sparta later. The fact Perdikkas didn’t end up a client king to either Sparta or Athens is a testament to his diplomatic skill.

Perdikkas’s eldest son Archelaos wasn’t the “illegitimate” son of a slave but of a lesser wife, which is why the younger (unnamed) son initially inherited. Archelaos quickly did away with him (plus an uncle and cousin), then proceeded to continue the modernizing work of his father and grandfather. Until he got run through in a hunting “accident.” After that, the kingdom dissolved into a mess.

The problem of a fast turn-over of rule owed to their inheritance system: any Argead had a claim on the throne. Kings also practiced royal polygamy, although two wives (at most three) seems to have been typical until Philip II. In some ways, it worked well, as it produced multiple heirs from which a strong king could emerge (by surviving).

That was also its problem: no clear method of succession, even if the sons of higher-status mothers apparently had a leg-up. Perdikkas himself was not Alexander’s eldest son. He had two older brothers and two younger ones. Yet either his mother was the most prominent or he showed the most promise (or both). Despite Archelaos’s age and apparent ability, he was initially passed over, although Plato (who tells the story) means to paint Archelaos poorly. That doesn’t mean he didn’t kill competing Argeads to take the throne. So had his father, and probably grandfather too (we just don’t hear about it).

Yet Archelaos’s unexpected death led to a continuing crisis until Amyntas III, Phil’s dad, took and kept the throne. He came from a collateral Argead line descended from Alexander I’s youngest son. The other lines killed each other off. For all Amyntas wasn’t a terribly prepossessing king, he managed not to die. But he, too, was run off his throne at least once, maybe twice. When he did die, it was in his bed of old age—not a common thing for Macedonian kings. His reign was the first tolerably long one after Archelaos, over 20 years.

By the time Philip came to the throne, there weren’t many Argeads left thanks to the catch-as-catch-can method of succession: Philip’s two older brothers were dead and all three of his half-brothers. It was down to just him and his brother Perdikkas III’s infant son: Amyntas.

This is the inevitable problem when lacking a clear succession. Yet a clear succession can create its own problems with incompetent heirs, who don’t always recognize they’re incompetent. The free-for-all gave a better shot at a strong king—ostensibly why it developed—but it also meant the kingdom ran out of “spares” after a couple generations. They went from more Argeads than you could shake a stick at following Alexander I’s death, down to just three at Philip’s death, and two at Alexander’s death** in a matter of 5-6 generations. Within those 5-6 generations, 12-14 kings reigned! And we have no idea how many brothers/cousins/uncles Alexander I had, and perhaps killed, before he became king. We hear only about the one sister.

Stability was not a hallmark of the Argead dynasty.

——

* The story of Alexander killing Persian emissaries is much later fictional propaganda. Didn’t happen.

* Alexander’s son Herakles by Barsine might count as a third, but the army doesn’t seem to have considered him viable for whatever reason.

[seekingtheosis]

Understanding Formal Creed Statements: Its Need in Early Christianity

Explore the need for formal creed statements in early Christianity, addressing false teachings like Gnosticism, Docetism, and Arianism to preserve the true faith of the Church.

In the name of God the Father, Christ Jesus His Son and the Holy Spirit, One True God. Amen. Dear brothers and sisters in Christ Jesus In the previous blog, where we introduced the topic of the Statement of Faith, we learned how the early Christian statement of faith, encapsulated in the Apostles’ Creed and the Nicene Creed, played a pivotal role in defining and uniting Christian belief across…

[justforbooks]

Autumn in Thessaloniki

Known as the “Bride of the Thermaic Gulf” to romantics and the “co-capital” to pragmatist Greeks, Thessaloniki bears the name of Alexander the Great’s wife and sister with pride. This city, founded in 315 BC, defies simple categorization.

How can one capture the unique energy of Greece’s second-largest metropolis, now emerging as one of Europe’s most dynamic urban centers? Or convey the rhythm of a cosmopolitan hub that cherishes its millennia-old heritage while embracing global trends? Thessaloniki is a destination that enchants travelers, whether they come for an experience-packed city break or a longer stay that never seems quite long enough.

A journey to ever-relevant Thessaloniki is never just an escape or a change of scenery. It’s a multifaceted experience in a city that stands proudly among Europe’s most captivating capitals.

Thessaloniki’s love for the arts is evident not only in its domestic and international festivals and various artistic expressions but also in its fascinating museums and no fewer than 15 UNESCO World Heritage monuments. The 11 halls of the Museum of Byzantine Culture will transport you to the glorious era of the Byzantine Empire, revealing all aspects of private and public life of the period through rich collections of archaeological objects, relics, and works of art.

The War Museum presents the modern and contemporary history of our country, while the Archaeological Museum unfolds the entire history of Macedonia through masterful works of art and findings. At the Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art – MOMus, you’ll admire works from the Iolas, Xydis, and Apergis collections among contemporary artistic trends from abroad and Greece. Two related and equally interesting cultural institutions will bring you to the Old Port and Pier A, a wonderful walk in any case. There, at the Museum of Photography, you’ll see unique images of a constantly changing city and get to know older and contemporary trends in the art of photography through a vast collection covering the period 1890-2015, while at the Cinema Museum, the magical world of Greek cinema comes to life.

Thessaloniki’s shopping scene is also a major draw, where you can indulge in retail therapy along the three main parallel streets of Proxenou Koromila, Mitropoleos, and Tsimiski, but don’t miss their perpendicular alleys, which hide shops full of treasures. The famous covered markets are also a unique experience, such as Kapani Market, a true feast of flavors and aromas, where, following the locals’ example, you’ll drink Greek coffee at the corner traditional cafe Modigliani. Nearby, a stroll through the also covered Modiano Market, known to older generations as the “Central Food Market,” is the new must-stop on the list for foodies and non-foodies alike. The 75 stores housed in the fully renovated space, which still retains its historic architectural character, compose a unique kaleidoscope of culinary trends and proposals that has nothing to envy from similar markets abroad. After enjoying the vibrant atmosphere, you’ll stock up on select delicatessen products and indulge in one of the top sweet Thessaloniki temptations, the amazing syrupy sweets from Hatzis pastry shop.

Thessaloniki’s emblematic monuments, scattered throughout the city, will enrich your walks between shopping streets, the waterfront, and up-and-coming entertainment neighborhoods with a historical dimension. Near Saint Demetrios, the city’s most important church worth a visit not only because it celebrates this month but also because it’s a monument of particular importance as the martyrdom site of Thessaloniki’s patron saint, the city’s Roman past comes alive in the ruins of the baths, square, and a gallery of the Roman Agora, dating back to the 2nd century AD. Also impressive is the nearby Kamara or Arch of Galerius, bearing the honorary name of a Roman emperor and detailed decorative reliefs from his victorious campaign against the Persians in the early 4th century AD. A few meters to the north, another recognizable landmark, the massive Rotunda from the same period, is preserved in excellent condition due to its conversion into a Christian church and is famous for its beautiful mosaics.

Daily inspiration. Discover more photos at Just for Books…?

[sleeplesssmoll]

Reference to Alexander the Great, his General, Antigonus, and the Battle of Gabiene.

The "Treasures of the Aegean Sea" tells the saga of a family of Western arcanists whose journey spans thousands of miles and over two millennia. Their ancestors fought alongside a Macedonian God-King (possibly Alexander the Great), shifting their loyalties after his death to the one-eyed general (possibly Antigonus). These war-hardened veterans joined his army after the Battle of Gabiene and formed a powerful but volatile force.

The arcanists within this army were eventually sent east, where they blended into the Sogdian tribes and thrived along the Central Asian trade routes. Over time, they settled near the ancient Hellenistic city of Ai-Khanoum, establishing a small arcanist commune. However, the turbulence of early conflicts eventually scattered them once again, leaving behind only fragments of their story—maps, diaries, epitaphs, and archives that tell the tale of their incredible adventure.

Alexander the Great (356–323 BC), king of Macedon, succeeded his father Philip II at age 20 and embarked on a decade-long military campaign, creating one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to India. Undefeated in battle, he conquered the Achaemenid Persian Empire and expanded Macedonian control across Western and Central Asia, Egypt, and parts of South Asia. After defeating Indian king Porus, Alexander’s army refused to advance further, leading him to turn back. He died in 323 BC in Babylon. His conquests spread Greek culture widely, marking the start of the Hellenistic period. Alexander’s military legacy influenced later leaders and became legendary, inspiring literature across many cultures. source

Antigonus I Monophthalmus aka "Antigonus the One-Eyed"; 382 – 301 BC) was a Macedonian general and a key successor to Alexander the Great. After serving in Alexander's army, he became satrap of Phrygia and later assumed control over large parts of Alexander’s former empire. He declared himself king (basileus) in 306 BC and founded the Antigonid dynasty. Following a series of wars among Alexander’s successors, Antigonus became one of the most powerful Diadochi, ruling over Greece, Asia Minor, and parts of the Near East. However, he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC, leading to the division of his kingdom. His son Demetrius later took control of Macedonia. source

Gabiene: After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his generals immediately began squabbling over his empire. Soon it degenerated into open warfare, with each general attempting to claim a portion of Alexander's vast kingdom. One of the most talented generals among the Diadochi was Antigonus Monophthalmus (Antigonus the One-eyed), so called because of an eye he lost in a siege. During the early years of warfare between the Successors, he faced Eumenes, a capable general who had already crushed Craterus. The two Diadochi fought a series of actions across Asia Minor, and Persia and Media before finally meeting in what was to be a decisive battle at Gabiene (Greek: Γαβιηνή). source

[mybeingthere]

Vangel Naumovski (1924 - 2006, Macedonian) was born in the Macedonian city of Ohrid (formerly part of Yugoslavia). After a short spell in the army, he enrolled in art school in Skopje in 1946 for one year, after which he spent the next thirteen years working as a carpenter. 

During this time, Naumovski's output was initially considered part of the mythic folk tradition, which led to his work being associated with the ‘Naive Art’ movement.In the early 60s he began painting in a biomorphic surrealist style, where he merged figurative elements within undulating floral abstractions. Salvador Dali once remarked that Naumovski's "work is close to my own... he has some items that may be considered scientific. Also interesting is the biological side of his painting."

Although presumably a tongue-in-cheek remark from Dali, he nevertheless touched upon the biotic underpinnings of Naumovski’s forms that could quite easily find themselves aligned with some Futurist thoughts of biology as a software process that identify our bodies as being made up of trillions of cells, each governed by mechanisms which evolved in very different techno-cultural environments. 

Or likewise alongside Archeo-Futurists such as Marshall McLuhan, who described the literary work of James Joyce’s Finnegan’s Wake as “cave drawings of the entire history of the human mind, in terms of its basic gestures and postures during all phases of human culture and technology.”

Continue reading a long article https://visualmelt.com/Vangel-Naumovski

[blueiscoool]

1,500-year-old Byzantine Artifacts Found Under a Peach Orchard in Turkey

In the world-famous historical city of Iznik, which was the capital of four civilizations, a farmer found coins and historical artifacts in his peach orchard. The artifacts are believed to belong to the 1,500-year-old Byzantine period.

Özkan Yılmaz, a farmer, artifacts found in the orchard that resemble a tablet with a cross and figures of children on them.

“Iznik has been the capital city of four civilizations and such historical pieces are proof that our land is full of historical treasures. I was digging for peaches here and came across a shining object with some small coins next to it. I was surprisingly happy and excited when I realized what these objects are,” said Yılmaz.

Yilmaz said that he will deliver the historical artifacts to the museum as they enhance national history, and believes it is a moral duty to preserve treasures.

İznik is a city on the eastern shore of the same-named lake and is 86 kilometers (km) northeast of Bursa. Iznik was built between olive groves, vineyards, and orchards and is encircled by 2,000-year-old walls that are about 5 km long. The Cicekli, Karadin, and Cakırca mounds, which are close to the city, contain the remains of a civilization that existed 2,500 BC. The established settlements was named as ‘Helikore’ before the migration of Thracian tribes in the 7th century BC Khryseapolis (Gold City) name is read on the printed coins.

The city is renovated by Macedonian emperor Alexander’s general Antigonus in BC 316 years and the city is referred as Antigoneia. After the death of Alexander, the battle between Antigonus and the generals Lysimakhos is resulted with Lysimakhos’victory and he named the city after his wife Nicaea – the daughter of Antipatros.

An important city in early Christian history, İznik (known in ancient times as Nicaea) was the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea. These councils established key tenets of Christianity such as the Nicene Creed and sainted how Christians should interact with icons.

By Oguz Kayra.

[monsterkong]

From Conflict to Convergence: The Cultural Relationship Between Rome and Greece 🌟

The relationship between Rome and Greece is a tale of two civilizations that, while distinct, became inextricably linked through centuries of interaction. From early political structures to cultural exchanges, the evolution of this relationship is a fascinating journey through history. Let’s explore how Rome and Greece influenced each other and the lasting impact of their intertwined destinies.

The Birth of Political Parties and Governance 🗺️

When we talk about the origins of political parties, Greece is often recognized as one of the earliest civilizations to experiment with various forms of governance. The Golden Age of Greece, which thrived around the 400s BC, was a time of democratic innovation, particularly in Athens. This period saw the emergence of political factions that debated issues of governance, laying the foundation for modern political systems.

Rome, emerging as a republic in 509 BC, overlapped with the tail end of Greece’s Golden Age. By the time of Julius Caesar, Greece’s political landscape had undergone significant changes. The once-united city-states had splintered into smaller kingdoms following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. This fragmentation made Greece vulnerable, and Rome, ever the opportunist, began to absorb Greek culture and influence, albeit with some initial reluctance.

Cultural Differences and Initial Resistance ⚔️

In the early days of the Roman Republic, Greek culture was often viewed with suspicion and disdain. The Romans, known for their martial discipline and austerity, saw Greek customs as overly indulgent and effeminate. Greek men, with their long hair and beards, and their love for music, theater, and the arts, were a stark contrast to the Roman ideal of the stoic, battle-hardened warrior.

This cultural clash was evident in Roman society’s view of actors, who were placed at the bottom of the social ladder. Unlike in Greece, where actors enjoyed respect, in Rome, associating with actors was seen as a sign of weakness. This disdain for the arts reflected Rome’s early values, where strength and military prowess were paramount.

Yet, despite this initial resistance, Greek culture began to permeate Roman society. As Rome expanded its empire, it encountered Greek customs that, over time, proved too valuable to ignore. By the mid-Republic, the Roman elite had begun to adopt Greek practices, from fashion to language. Speaking Greek became a mark of sophistication, and even the once-ridiculed beards became a symbol of intellectualism among Rome’s upper classes.

The Influence of Greek Culture on Rome 🎨

The shift in Roman attitudes towards Greek culture was gradual but profound. The Romans, always practical, recognized the benefits of incorporating Greek ideas into their own society. This was particularly true in the realms of philosophy, art, and religion, where Greek influence became deeply embedded.

One of the most significant cultural imports from Greece was the concept of ruler worship, a practice the Greeks had adopted from Eastern civilizations like Babylon. Alexander the Great, the Macedonian conqueror, embraced this practice after encountering it in Babylon, where rulers were often deified. His adoption of proskynesis—a ritual in which subjects would prostrate themselves before him as a sign of reverence—was a stark departure from traditional Greek customs but eventually found its way to Rome.

By the time of Emperor Diocletian in 284 AD, proskynesis had become an established practice in the Roman Empire, highlighting the extent of Greek influence on Roman culture. This evolution in religious and cultural practices underscores the deep connection between these two civilizations, despite their initial differences.

The Enduring Legacy of Cultural Exchange 📖

The relationship between Rome and Greece was not a one-sided affair. While Rome absorbed many aspects of Greek culture, it also left a lasting impact on Greece. Roman advancements in architecture, engineering, and law profoundly influenced Greek cities and governance, shaping the course of Western civilization.

Today, the legacies of Rome and Greece are intertwined, with each civilization having left its mark on the other. Their relationship, marked by both conflict and convergence, serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of cultural exchange.

In our increasingly interconnected world, the story of Rome and Greece offers valuable insights into the importance of embracing and adapting to different cultures. As we navigate the complexities of global interactions, we can draw inspiration from these ancient civilizations, learning from their experiences as we shape our own future.

[etymology-of-the-emblem]

Xander / マークス and Ryoma / リョウマ

Xander is the crown prince of the kingdom of Nohr and wielder of the sword Siegfried in Fire Emblem Fates. The name Xander is a short form of Alexander, a Greek-based name. Considering he is a major character and face of the Conquest route, he is likely named after Alexander the Great, the famous Macedonian king and general; he widely expanded his kingdom to one of history's largest empires. Much like Nohr, Greece under Alexander's rule looked eastward, invading through India until halted by the Persian Empire. Considering that Xander's mother Katerina (or Yekaterina in Japanese) is named after Russian Empress Catherine the Great, there may be an intentional throughline of powerful rulers carrying the "Great" epithet. There could also take influence from Catherine's grandson Alexander I of Russia, emperor during the Napoleonic Wars. Ironic in a sense, this would make the prince of the invading nation named after an emperor who was unsuccessfully invaded.

In Japanese, Xander's name is マークス (rōmaji: mākusu), romanized as Marks. The name is most likely a corruption of マルクス (rōmaji: marukusu). While this can be used for the name Marx like early fan translations addressed the character by, it also can be used for the Latin name Marcus (also rendered as マーカス; rōmaji: mākasu). This choice is most associated with Roman political figure Marcus Antonius, better-known thanks to Shakespeare as Mark Antony (マーク・アントニー; rōmaji: māk antonī). Mark Antony was a general serving under Gaius Julius Caesar in the Gallic Wars and, after the conquest and rising tensions among the First Triumvirate, during the Civil War. Before war erupted, he went to the Roman Senate in an attempt to peacefully settle the conflict, but his pleas were largely resisted. After Caesar became dictator of Rome, Antony served as his second in command and, after the formation of his cult, the high priest. Following the assassination of Julius Caesar, Mark Antony agreed to be a member of the Second Triumvirate alongside Caesar's heir Octavian and Marcus Lepidus, and divided the Roman Republic amongst them. However, tensions between him and Octavian were high, especially as after his marriage to the young Caesar's sister he maintained an affair with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. Eventually, this strain birthed the War of Actium between Rome and Egypt, with Antony declared a traitor. When the couple had their backs against the wall as Rome invaded Egypt, they took their own lives, leaving Octavian as the sole ruler of Rome, which he soon converted into the Roman Empire under his new name Caesar Augustus. Xander seems to take influence from Mark Antony more so as they both were respected military leaders with tense relations to the powers they support - Garon and Julius Caesar - but proudly follow them despite such. Additionally, Shakespeare popularized the image of Mark Antony being a tragic figure in Antony and Cleopatra. Especially in Birthright Xander can be interpreted as a tragic figure, like most following the "Camus-archetype" in the Fire Emblem series. It could also be argued based on some of Xander's lines that his death in Birthright was of his own intention, further relating to Mark Antony.

Ryoma (JP: リョウマ; rōmaji: ryouma) is the high prince of the kingdom of Hoshido and wielder of the blade Raijinto. He is named after Sakamoto Ryouma (坂本龍馬), a master swordsman and political activist following the end of Japan's isolationist policy brought about by the forceful arrival of United States Commodore Matthew Perry. Born to a low-ranking samurai family, Sakamoto dropped out of school at an early age to pursue the blade in Edo, becoming a master kenjutsu instructor come his early twenties. Soon after returning to his home domain of Tosa, he was an early member of the Tosa Loyalist Party, one of many organizations that were dissatisfied with the Tokugawa Shogunate (a military dictatorship) and desired power to lie in the hands of the Imperial Court once more. As the Tosa Loyalists, purely focused on their domain, began plotting the assassination of the local governor - a man largely focused on modernization - Sakamoto, whose interests lay more with the army of Satsuma marching on Edo, left Tosa. The act of leaving one's clan was not acceptable and brought about the death penalty and left one denounced as a rōnin. He traveled back to Edo, where he and a colleague planned to assassinate Katsu Kaishu, a member of the Shogunate and a major influence on Japan's westernization. Upon meeting Katsu, however, Sakamoto was convinced of the need for westernization and the development of Japan's naval force. He became an assistant and mentee of Katsu. When Katsu was dismissed by the shogunate and his naval training center done away with, Sakamoto and other students were taken in by the Satsuma domain. Here he established Kameyama Shachū, a trading and shipping company through which he allied the opposing domains of Satsuma and Chōshū. Together, Satsuma and Chōshū were able to best the Tokugawa Shogunate and brought about the Meiji Restoration. Shortly before the start of the Boshin War, however, Sakamoto Ryouma was assassinated by the Mimawarigumi, a police force established by the shogunate. Fire Emblem's Ryoma obviously takes inspiration from the historical figure as a skilled wielder of katanas, but also in his participation in a revolution, seen in his affiliation with the Chevois Rebellion. A comparison can also be made between Ryoma's sudden disappearance from Hoshido to support the western-based revolt and Sakamoto Ryouma's leaving of Tosa to support the movement against the Tokugawa Shogunate, while growing in understanding of the westernization movement from his superior. Additionally, Sakamoto bringing peace between the feuding Satsuma and Chōshū domains to dismantle the shogunate may have some influence upon Corrin being able to bring peace between Nohr and Hoshido to bring war to Valla.

There are notable parallels between the purported namesakes of Xander and Ryoma. Both Mark Antony and Sakamoto Ryouma were major political figures in times of unrest in their countries during the buildup of a shift from militaristic dictatorships to placing power in the hands of an emperor followed by a period of peace. Both instances feature the subject as a major player in the conflicts leading to an imperial system but dies shortly before such a change is adopted. The endings of both of their lives can be reflected in Xander and Ryoma, who in their respective route opposing Corrin die in battle shortly before peace is found between the warring kingdoms.

[just-1-scorpio]

Mythology nerd reacts/talks about Dislyte part 1.- Djoser

So Djoser is the Esper of Atum. So let's start with introdusing Atum. And sorry for the bad English, it's not my first launvige, and I have troubles with writing even in my own launvige.

So Atum is the primordial God in Egyiptian mythology. In some version he created himself, in other versions he was formed from the primordial waters Nu. In early versions he created the first gods Shu, and Tefnot, buy simply siting them out of his mouth, and in other versions he created them buy his hands. The two of them were corious about the primordial waters that surrounded them, and one time they went to explor it, then they disapeard in the dark ess. Atum unable to acept the loss of his children sent a messenger the Eye of Ro to find them. Luckly they were found, and as Atum reunited with his son, and daughter, he let out tears of joy. And from those tears of joy humans were created. Later on Shu, and Tefnot got married, and started making the other gods. Yes there are other versions but for the sake of simplicity I left them out. But

But a queck history lesten first. Believe me it will be importent for later so bear with me. I try to tell ancient Egypt's history as fast as posible. Ancient Egyiptian history can be sepereted into three parts, with a few transitional ages when it comes to art history, so I will use this. So if the time line is has a few holes in it, it's because of this. The first one is the Old Kingdom that started in approxemetly in 2686 BC and ended in approxemetly in 2181 BC. And is often referd to as the "Age of the Pyramids". It started with rule of Egypt's first pharaoh Djoser, and it's last pharaoh eather being Netjerkare Siptah, or Neferirkare depending on the scholar. The second is the Middle Kingdom, which approxemetly started in 2055 BC, and approxemetly ended in 1650 BC. And it's first pharaoh was Mentuhotep II, and it's last pharaoh was eather Merneferre Ay, or the last pharaoh of the Thirteenth Dynasty. And the last one is the New Kingdom. It started in approxemetly 1550 BC, and ended in approxemetly 1069 BC. It's first pharaoh was Ahmose I, and it's last pharaoh was Ramesses XI. And it was later fallowed by the Late Period of ancient Egyip, which was later fallowed by the Macedonian rule, when Egypt was under the rule of the Macedonian Empire, and this was the time when the Philopator dynasty started with Ptolemy I Soter, and this era ended with the death of Cleopatra. And this is where we usually stop talking about ancient Egyiptian history, because here Egypt become Roman theritory.

So why did I meantiond this? Well for many reason, but for now let's back to Atum. In the Old Kingdom it was believed that Atum lifted the dead pharaoh's youl from the Pyramids to the affter life. And besides all this he was also a solar deity, and was associated by Ra, and was linked with the evening sun. In the Book of the Dead one of the primer,that was writen in around 1550 BC, and most well know sources when it comes to Egyiptian mythology, he was said to ascended from chaos-waters with the appearance of a snake, and the Snake renewing itself every morning. And he had two consorts Iusaaset (who was a genderbend version of Atum), and Nebethetepet (who was probably also a genderbend version of Atu) who are both pretty Obscure.

So this was a lot to take in, but it will all make sense. I promis. But now let's talk about Djoser.

So let's start with his name. He was named after the first pharaoh Djoser, who united lower, and upor Egypt. Which first makes sense, because like I said Atum was the first God in Egyiptian mythology, it's actually a quet nood to it, and second it shows that the devs cared about it, even if people will not really notice it. Which is a thing that I can aprove of.

Now let's talk about his back story. Djoser was an orphan, and was alon his entry life until the day he meet his wife. Then they had a daughter together. Djoser finaly had a family, he félt complite, and vowed to protect his family. But sadly he could't protect them for everything. His wife soon daid after giving birth to they daughter. After this he become an Esper. His daughter become the sunshine in his life. But she fall ill with a dreadfull sickness. Djoser tried everything that he could to save her, which included joining the Shadow Decree. In the end he had to say goodbye to her. After this he directed his whrath, and anger at the Esper Union, and he become one of the most wanted person in Grandis. But old habbits never die, he still makes too many food because he used to cook for his family.

So there are many similarities, and defrences between him, and Atum. They both were alone in the start, and they both are father who lost they child, and both of them are older then the others (Djoser is 40 by the way) . But the similarities end here. Djoser only had one child a daughter, and Atum had two children a son, and a daughter, and in Atum's case he got his children back, and his tears were from joy, whaile Djoser had to say a finel goodby to her, and his tears were from sarow.

In aapearenc the devs took some creativ liberties. Which in my eyes is not a problem. Atum was usually depicted as this:

Or this:

And this is Djoser's character design:

And this character design absolutly works. He is suposed to be big, and sceary looking, and he looks the part. He is wearing multiple ankhs. And it's just a pretty good character design over all.

[whereserpentswalk]

That's an interesting take on humanity in the far future

Especially with a lot of sci-fi media portraying humanity as a cohesive, powerful empire

Thanks! I feel like a lot of scifi puts all of future humanity in a place similar to dominant groups (IE: being the space equivalent of Imperial Romans/Hellenistic age Macedonians/Early modern British/Modern Anglo-Americans/etc.) I think because a lot of people tend to view human history only from the perspective of that type of group.

My goal with that short story was to show a world where humanities future was similar to a different type of cultural group.

[theantonian]

Cleopatra's Heritage

Her name means “father’s glory,” in the sense of “glorious lineage” (from the Greek κλέος, kleos, “glory,” and πατρóς, patros, “of the father”). Cleopatra isn’t actually Egyptian, but Greco-Macedonian.

Although we perceive her name as unique in history and belonging to an equally unique queen, she was not the only one to be called that. We know of six others preceding her, which is why, to avoid any confusion, modern historians refer to her as Cleopatra VII. Why were there so many Cleopatras? The reason is that it was customary among the Ptolemies to use recurring dynastic names (like the French kings did with Louis).

Consequently, the princesses invariably had one of these three names: Arsinoe, Berenice, or Cleopatra.

Cleopatra’s Egypt was very different from what we all imagine. There are respectively 1,200, 1,300, and more than 1,400 years between her and other famous Egyptian women such as Nefertari (Pharaoh Ramesses II’s wife), Nefertiti (Pharaoh Akhenaten’s wife), and Hatshepsut. It’s like comparing a modern woman with one who lived at the time of Charlemagne or the early-medieval Lombards.

Cleopatra lived in a completely different Egypt, a kingdom already invaded and ruled by Persians for quite a few centuries before being conquered by Alexander the Great, who then started the Greco-Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty that remained on the throne for another three centuries or so.

Source: Cleopatra - The Queen who Challenged Rome and Conquered Eternity by Alberto Angela

[jeannereames]

Politically, it always made sense that Alexander married the daughters of Darius III and Artaxerxes III. It even seems like a common move. But didn't the Greeks hold themselves to a higher standard than marrying a foreigner? Even if they didn't consider the Persians outright barbarians, they were foreigners and a conquered enemy. It seems also stranger that the marriage to Roxanna happened since she seems to be far from the ideal bride

What I am trying to ask is, didn't the Greeks expect Alexander to marry a Greek woman with a proper Greek wedding? I can grasp what Alexander had in mind with the Suda weddings, but it seems very strange that this “ethnic” “Greek” element is not present

ALEXANDER & MARRIAGE

(and what was Greek “ethnicity”)

First, let me link to 2 other posts that deal with Alexander and marriage, but don’t address the ethnic element except obliquely.

Argead Inheritance and Alexander’s (lack of) heirs

Why did it take so long for Alexander to father an heir?

A couple interpretive levels present here:

Greek ethnicity and marriage pre- and post-Persian wars

Macedonian expectations for (polygamous) royal marriage

Roman attitudes, especially Late Republic (Antony and Cleopatra in particular)

I want to note that Macedonians were regarded by Greeks—and regarded themselves—as a separate people. Today in Greece, The Macedonian Question is a hot-button issue that reflects MODERN politics and nationalism. We can now say (finally have enough epigraphical evidence) that the ancient Macedonians appear to have spoken a form of northern Doric Greek, distinct from Thessalian and Epirote forms, so by modern definitions, we’d consider them Greek.

But our ancient sources often speak of the Greeks and Macedonians as if they were different, if related, peoples. Certainly, while they shared many similarities, Macedonians were distinct, and didn’t especially want to BE Greeks. I tried to reflect that ancient attitude in Dancing with the Lion.

Furthermore, the tendency to glomp all of ancient Greece together reflects Early Modern ideas of nationhood. THERE WAS NO ANCIENT NATION CALLED GREECE. That’s one of the first things I teach in my “Intro to Greek History” class. 😊 “Greece” (Hellas)* was simply a landmass. In fact, the ancient Greeks don’t appear to have referred to themselves as “Greek”—an ethnicity—until the Persian invasion.** Ethnicities were “Athenian,” “Spartan,” “Corinthian,” “Theban,” etc. Independent city-states with their own laws, coinage, magistracies, etc. In addition, they recognized larger dialect groupings: Ionic-Attic, Doric, Aeolic, then subdivisions within that. These larger dialect groupings also shared social customs and dress, as well as distinct religious cult. So, for instance, you won’t find many/any temples to Hephaistus in Doric areas, and the peplos became associated with Doric women while Ionic-Attic wore the chiton. Even the later Roman province was called Achaia and didn’t include a lot of areas they’d have considered “Greek” (Hellene).

It took being invaded by a true “Other” (Persia) before they started to define themselves as Hellenes versus Barbaroi (not-Greeks)—yet they didn’t always agree on the “edges.” It’s not until late that we find Thessaly included at the Olympic games. Epiros was sorta-Greek, as they could claim Achilles, but both Epiros and Thessaly had semi-monarchic political systems not in line with accepted Greek norms (the polis). Macedon was even further afield, being a full-on monarchy. The Macedonian royal family claimed to be Greeks ruling over a non-Greek but cousin people; the (fictional) eponymous founder, Makedon, was a nephew of the equally fictional forefather of the Greeks: Hellen. The “Greekness” of the royal family was also a fiction, invented by Alexander I—in the wake of the Greco-Persians Wars, note.

Now, again, by modern criteria, we’d probably consider the Macedonians blended but largely Greek. Yet it’s important to recognize the difference between now and then—something I get frustrated over in modern arguments. (Which can be quite strident.)

Anyway, it’s during/after the Greco-Persian Wars that barbaros came to acquire a more negative connotation. In the Archaic Age, it was a neutral term. Barbaros simply meant “non-Greek speaker” or “the bar-bar people” (“those whose language sounds like bar-bar-bar-bar to us”). It’s not complimentary, but it’s also not as negative as it came to imply later.

Furthermore, in the Archaic Age, plenty of Greek men, including Athenians, married non-Greek women—often to cement business ties, especially in Asia Minor, Thrace, and Italy. In many city-states, these children were citizens if their father was. It’s only in a few city-states that both parents had to be citizens, such as Sparta and, later, Athens. These developments are either very late Archaic or Classical, in order to restrict citizen privileges.

IOW, even in Greece proper, marrying a Greek woman wasn’t important except in a few places, specifically to limit citizenship for economic reasons. Notions of ethnic purity as we understand it weren’t a thing. Yes, even in Sparta. Full Spartans excluded other Lakonians, who spoke the exact same language and kept the exact same religious cult. In short, all Spartiátēs were Lakedaimonians (the city-state) and Lakonians (ethnicity), but not all Lakonians and Lakedaimonians were Spartiátēs. E.g. Spartiátēs were the aristocratic class. (The alt-right really needs to figure that out … except, yeah, they don’t want to as it would mess with their biases.)

When Herodotos included “blood” in his famous definition of Greekness (to speak the Greek language, worship the Greek gods, keep Greek customs, have Greek blood—and to live in a polis), “blood” meant from DADDY. This relates a bit to ancient views that a mother was just a field to be plowed for male seed. Ergo, children inherited from their fathers. (This belief was not universal, especially later, but it informed early Greek thought, and thus, inheritance laws.)

NOW … Macedonia.

Macedonian kings practiced royal polygamy for political reasons. That means Alexander wasn’t the first to marry non-Macedonians. In fact, of Philip’s 7 wives, only Kleopatra (the last) is *distinguished* as a Macedonian. Even Phila is called Elimeian (Upper Macedonian) by Statyrus. Olympias was Epirote (Greek), Philina and Nikesepolis were Thessalian (Greek), Audata was Illyrian (non-Greek), and Meda was Getai Thracian (non-Greek).

Was there objection to Philip’s marrying the latter two? Our evidence doesn’t say. In the case of Audata, he may not have had a choice; marrying her was probably part of the peace deal with Bardyllis shortly after Philip came to the throne. Later, Meda was just “wife #6” so it’s unlikely anyone cared. Hooplah over Kleopatra as a “pure” Macedonian at their wedding was meant to diss Olympias, and thus, Alexander; it wasn’t a serious objection to Macedonian kings marrying non-Macedonian/Greek women. Especially as Epirote Olympias was Greek.

Things get even MORE complicated when we look at Alexander’s weddings. How much of the supposed objection to them is Macedonian, and how much from later Greek and Roman authors’ horror over “Orientals” generally? I’d submit Curtius’s bitching about Roxana is very ROMAN. Plutarch turns it all into a love affair, but has his own reasons for that. It’s really hard to know what to make of complaints. Was his taking of Persian brides itself offensive, or just as part of his overall adoption of Persian dress and customs? I’m sure there was no collective “Macedonian attitude” so much as various camps into which this or that solder fell—from strict Traditionalists like Kleitos through to Hephaistion, who is portrayed as supporting ATG’s Persianizing.

Last, I’ll also submit another reason we find anxiety about “foreign” wives in our Alexander histories: Octavian whipping up Roman nationalist fear of Cleopatra (VII) and Antony’s marriage to her. Cleopatra became a stand-in for the Wicked Wild Oriental East and corruption of Good Roman Virtues. She’s that “Egyptian woman” (yes, even though she was technically Greco-Macedonian). Caesar may have entertained an affair with her and nursed Alexander comparisons, but between Caesar and Octavian/Antony (in fact partly because of Caesar), Alexander imitatio had fallen out of favor and would stay so for a while in the early Republic.

Curtius would have been writing (we think; dating him is tricky) under the late Julio-Claudians. So yeah, them furrun’ wimmen gotta be watched out for! Marrying Roxane was part of Alexander’s seduction by the East after the death of Darius. That Roxane was not a princess (like Statiera) made it even worse. She was a TRUE barbarian.

Add to that, polygamy wasn’t understood by either Greek or Roman writers. Plutarch tries to explain Philip’s later marriage to Kleopatra as divorcing Olympias first (as does Justin) because Romans (and Greeks) used divorce. Polygamy was, to their minds, an eastern vice. So Alexander taking (unequivocably) three wives was oriental, proof of his corruption.

Hope this helps to contextualize what we’re looking at here, and the problems involved reading the sources.

If some Macedonians objected to Alexander marrying Roxane (and they probably did), it would have been because she wasn’t high-born enough for a (first) wife, and/or she was TOO foreign. But as that marriage got them out of Baktria/Sogdiana, it looked just like things Philip had done.

Later objections involved whether Roxane’s child should be accepted as heir over Arrhidaios. That’s a different kettle of fish. It’s clear that status of the mother was important in Macedonian inheritance squabbles even before Alexander. While some Macedonians preferred the mentally unfit Arrhidaios over the child of any “captive,” others did not. They wanted a son of Alexander.

So who he married mattered rather less than who was put forward to inherit the diadema.

---------------------------

* “Greek” is from the Latin Graecae, a specific Greek tribes, just like the Romans are a specific Latin tribe. The Romans just applied it to everybody on the peninsula. The Greeks called themselves “sons of Hellen”: Hellenes. The official name of the country even today is Hellas, not Greece. Hellen isn’t to be confused with the (feminine) Helen, btw. Hellen was a son of Deukalion, Helen the wife of Menelaus, and later mistress of Paris.

** For an excellent, if rather…er, thick discussion, with lots (and I mean LOTS) of ancient evidence, see Jonathan Hall’s Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity, which addresses the question of when the ancient Greeks became “Greeks.”

[mariacallous]

North Macedonia’s parliament on Friday started ten days of debate over a government-drafted proposal to change the constitution. For the bill to pass, it will need the support of two-thirds of all MPs, or 80 out of the 120 legislators.

The key change is listing Bulgarians among the state’s founding peoples. Bulgaria insists this is a key precondition for the country to resume EU accession talks, or risk being stalled again by a Bulgarian veto.

If the Social Democrat-led majority feels confident in a two-thirds majority, the issue could be put to a vote immediately after the ten days expire.

But since the government seems short of at least eight MPs to pass the change, two more options are at play.

The speaker could put the session on hold after the debate and set the vote for November, when the scheduled continuation of accession talks with the EU would put additional pressure on the opposition, led by the right-wing VMRO DPMNE party, to budge.

Alternatively, the vote might take place when the government and opposition possibly agree on a date for early general elections, which the opposition has been insisting on for the past year.

However, so far, the government has said it is not interested in early elections before regular polls due next year.

The government has told the opposition that a vote for the constitutional change would be a vote for the country’s EU membership, something its citizens have been awaiting for three decades.

“It will be up to you whether, with the acceptance of the constitutional change, we will continue the chapter negotiations for EU membership, or halt them for a longer term,” the Foreign Ministry wrote on Thursday in a letter to all parliamentarians.

But VMRO DPMNE chief Hristijan Mickoski told the media on Thursday night that they will not budge, and would only consider supporting the change under two conditions.

First, he said, the EU must issue guarantees that “unequivocally confirm Macedonian identity, culture, tradition and language”.

This addresses the worry among many Macedonians that, while Bulgaria recognizes North Macedonia as a state, it also claims that the Macedonian identity and language are of Bulgarian origin. This is deeply offensive for many Macedonians.

Second, Mickoski said Bulgaria needs to implement European Court of Human Rights rulings and recognise a Macedonian minority in the country.

The government in Sofia has been blocking Skopje’s EU accession talks over the unresolved history/identity dispute, and over claims there are far more than 3,000 Bulgarians in North Macedonia – this being the number who registered as Bulgarian in North Macedonia’s last 2021 census.

Bulgaria meanwhile does not recognize the existence of a Macedonian minority in its own country.

Over the past two decades, Bulgaria has lost 14 cases in Strasbourg, concerning complaints by Macedonian activists there that they are unable to register any association or a political party in Bulgaria. Sofia insists a Macedonian minority in Bulgaria does not exist.

[classicschronicles]

Hi lovelies,

Okay so I am in Greece at the moment, which is so so so so cool because I’ve wanted to come since I was like five. But it was a last minute trip (literally we booked it 24 hours before the flight) and so I know literally nothing about where I am staying. It’s a very cool city called Thessaloniki and has some pretty dope connections to the ancient world, which I thought we could explore together.

The history of Thessaloniki dates back to ancient Macedonia and was a town founded around 315 BC by King Cassander of Macedon. Cassender named the new city after his wife Thessalonike (the half sister of Alexander the Great). Some cool etymology about her name is that it means Victory of the Thessalians (i.e. Thessaly and also form the Greek goddess of victory ‘Nike’). Her name commemorated her being born on the day her father (Phillip II) won a battle with the hero of horsemen from Thessaly. Thessaloniki developed rapidly and by as early as the 2nd century BC it began to build walls which enclosed the city. The city also become a self governing state in the Macedonian Kingdom.

After the fall of the Kingdom of Macedon, Thessaloniki (as the Latin name for it is) became part of the Roman Empire, and became a very important trade hub which connected Byzantium and Dyrrhachium (basically Constantinople and Albania) and facilitated trade between europe and Asia. The city became the capital one of the four roman districts of Macedonia and although it kept its sovereign privileges it did have a praetor overseeing it.

In the 1st century AD, Thessaloniki had a thriving jewish community. Later on, the apostle Paul was sent to preach in the Jewish synagogue and establish and Christian church and write two letter to the Christian community of the city. These became known as the Epistles and Thessalonians.

Modern day Thessaloniki has a very very cool Archaeological Museum which holds and interprets artefacts from the Prehistoric, Archaic, Classical and roman periods from all over Macedonia. I’m literally here for three days but I already don’t want to leave, and I would recommend coming if you ever get the chance. I hope you all have a lovely weekend :)

~Z

[ainulindaelynn]

Hmm… Amphipolis or Amphipolis alt for the WIP game please - whichever you feel more comfy sharing (or both, if you like!) 😊🤍

Amphipolis 😫

I may expand the wall top scene a little and the battle to reflect history (because WOW), but right now this picks up immediately after the fight with Kleon. Personally, I needed to run back to the battlefield in that moment, and I'm furious with Ubi for denying it. Before anything, I want to capture the feeling of my childhood night terrors, where there was no ground and unless I was clinging to something I might get sucked into space... It's still eluding me, so progress has been minimal... xD

From that point forward, Kassandra stays with Brasidas, taking the role of guardian over his body through the funerary process. She's with him almost continuously, experiencing Amphipolis' initial shock and watching their response unfold as a grim bystander. This has required several OCs and more research than anything else I've done for Odyssey and my knowledge still feels woefully inadequate. I want to blend (what we know of) Spartan & Macedonian rituals and highlight the historical honors from Kassandra's view. The city's response was so beautiful in history - I want to bring life to that as much as possible. It does end early though, as Kassandra leaves the moment she can no longer see him in the cremation flames, slipping away to the mountains for solitude.

I have 10k thrown in a document, but honestly I really hate all of it, so I'm gonna skip a snippet for this one :)

----------

Amphipolis Alt

This one is very underdeveloped. It's a little AU where Kassandra says, "Hey, If Deimos shows up, he's MINE" and because he trusts her, he DOES and LIVES. Bypass death, go to Kleon's attack, and the game resumes as normal, except everyone is happy. The central conflict is around Kassandra's troubled relationship Sparta and learning to support the campaigns in shadow form (I can’t imagine military structure smiles on commanders messing around while their subordinates go without - or that Brasidas would publicly permit that discrepancy), keeping with the traditions of military structure. It would follow Brasidas future campaigns if the treaty of Nicias never happened. AND EVERYONE WOULD LIVE HAPPILY.

Realistically, I'll never write this because there's not enough tension in the story to push me through. But also, knowing myself, I would need context to play at Brasidas' next strategic step and that would be a slippery slope into dedicating my life to understanding every intricate detail of the Peloponnesian War, which I do not have time for xD

This fic is a pretty little pipe dream and a couple scattered thoughts :)

[kittyrinn-aiko]

A documentary on who Cleopatra truly was. Her lineage, accomplishments, and how she died.

I really feel like this is something people need to watch.

Discover the true Cleopatra: A 90-minute documentary With Zahi Hawass, Kathleen Martinez, and more…A Documentary by Curtis Ryan Woodside, Co-Produced by Sofia Aziz. Discover the REAL Cleopatra…A figure whose name and legacy is burned into the minds of billions. Coming from a tenacious Greek Macedonian family, she had to fight and even kill for her place on the throne, a noble attempt to save a failing Egypt. She left her mark during the final days of ancient Egypt. Her story has been warped so much throughout history, from biased opinions to praise, yet who was she really? Everyone thinks they know her; everyone has a different opinion, but most of those are modern, based on films and misinformed playwrights. How much do we really know about the true… Cleopatra.

A Film by Curtis Ryan Woodside Co-Produced by Sofia Aziz

I've no doubt many of you have heard of the Netflix docu-drama on Cleopatra that has caused considerable controversy. A show which has now become the lowest-rated program listed on Rotten Tomatoes. In my mind, to ignore hard data in favor of personal assumptions and political motivation is misguided at best. I love history but I want my history to be reliable and factual. What we know of Cleopatra is that her family wasn't even Egyptian. In regards to black history, there are many dynamic people who are known to have been black that are more than worthy of a documentary. How many people know about Henri Caesar I wonder? I know about him because I love everything to do with the Golden Age of Piracy. He is a man who served along side Edward Teach and has been ignored by Hollywood. And why do they do this? Because they don't want to put in the work it takes.

I have done first-hand research on Early California railroads and discovered history about Hispanics and Native Americans that had been previously ignored. History that was later made available to the Sacramento State Railroad Museum. In my mind, there is no excuse for misleading documentation about history. Do the research. Report what you found. Do not make assumptions. Do not mislead based on those assumptions. Doing so will cost a professional historian their reputation. For a person in Hollywood, it cost them little so long as people are willing to back their projects.