#Construction Workers Act 1966

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.10 (affter 1950)

1953 – First Indochina War: The French Union withdraws its forces from Operation Camargue against the Viet Minh in central Vietnam. 1954 – At Massena, New York, the groundbreaking ceremony for the Saint Lawrence Seaway is held. 1961 – Vietnam War: The U.S. Army begins Operation Ranch Hand, spraying an estimated 20 million US gallons (76,000 m3) of defoliants and herbicides over rural areas of South Vietnam in an attempt to deprive the Viet Cong of food and vegetation cover. 1966 – The Heron Road Bridge collapses while being built, killing nine workers in the deadliest construction accident in both Ottawa and Ontario. 1969 – A day after murdering Sharon Tate and four others, members of Charles Manson's cult kill Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. 1971 – The Society for American Baseball Research is founded in Cooperstown, New York. 1977 – In Yonkers, New York, 24-year-old postal employee David Berkowitz ("Son of Sam") is arrested for a series of killings in the New York City area over the period of one year. 1978 – Three members of the Ulrich family are killed in an accident. This leads to the Ford Pinto litigation. 1981 – Murder of Adam Walsh: The head of John Walsh's son is found. This inspires the creation of the television series America's Most Wanted and the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. 1988 – Japanese American internment: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, providing $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who were either interned in or relocated by the United States during World War II. 1990 – The Magellan space probe reaches Venus. 1993 – Two earthquakes affect New Zealand. A 7.0 Mw  shock (intensity VI (Strong)) in the South Island was followed nine hours later by a 6.4 Mw  event (intensity VII (Very strong)) in the North Island. 1995 – Oklahoma City bombing: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols are indicted for the bombing. Michael Fortier pleads guilty in a plea-bargain for his testimony. 1997 – Sixteen people are killed when Formosa Airlines Flight 7601 crashes near Beigan Airport in the Matsu Islands of Taiwan. 1998 – HRH Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah is proclaimed the crown prince of Brunei with a Royal Proclamation. 1999 – Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting. 2001 – The 2001 Angola train attack occurred, causing 252 deaths. 2001 – Space Shuttle program: The Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-105 to the International Space Station, carrying the astronauts of Expedition 3 to replace the crew of Expedition 2. 2003 – The Okinawa Urban Monorail is opened in Naha, Okinawa. 2009 – Twenty people are killed in Handlová, Trenčín Region, in the deadliest mining disaster in Slovakia's history. 2012 – The Marikana massacre begins near Rustenburg, South Africa, resulting in the deaths of 47 people. 2014 – Forty people are killed when Sepahan Airlines Flight 5915 crashes at Tehran's Mehrabad International Airport. 2018 – Horizon Air employee Richard Russell hijacks and performs an unauthorized takeoff on a Horizon Air Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 plane at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in Washington, flying it for more than an hour before crashing the plane and killing himself on Ketron Island in Puget Sound. 2018 – An anti-government rally turns into a riot when members of the Romanian Gendarmerie attack the 100,000 people protesting in front of the Victoria Palace, leading to 452 recorded injuries. The authorities alleged that the crowd was infiltrated by hooligans who began attacking law enforcement agents. 2019 – Thirty-two are killed and one million are evacuated as Typhoon Lekima makes landfall in Zhejiang, China. Earlier it had caused flooding in the Philippines. 2019 – Philip Manshaus shoots his stepsister and attacks a mosque in the Bærum mosque shooting. 2020 – Derecho in Iowa becomes the most costly thunderstorm disaster in U.S. history.

[michiganprelawland]

History of Immigration Law in the United States 

By Lucy Clark, University of Michigan Class of 2023

October 26, 2023

Following President Biden's recent decision to continue the construction of the United States (U.S.)-Mexico border wall, it can be helpful to gain an objective view of immigration policies evolution in the U.S. by looking at their history. Since this timeline will discuss both immigration and migration, it will also be helpful to define these terms. Migration refers to a movement across regions[1]. Migration can take place across national borders or within one nation. Immigration, on the other hand, only refers to movement across national borders[2].

1000 AD: Although it is disputed whether he was an immigrant, the first Viking explorer named Leif Erikson landed on the shores of the United States around 1000 AD. chose to include this on the timeline because the Vikings eventually created a settlement in North America following Leif's discovery.

1492: Christopher Columbus accidentally lands in North America

1526-1700s: England and other European countries began sending exploration expeditions to the US to gather resources and establish settlements.

1619: European colonizers began facilitating the forced immigration of African people through the slave trade[3].

1830: Following the establishment of European settlements, colonizers forced nearby Native American populations to migrate to claim more land for themselves. These forced migrations led to massive loss of life within the Native American community[4].

1861-1890: European immigrants continued to settle in the United States in search of resources due to political exile for criminal activity, religious persecution, and personal freedom[5]. Europe underwent a transitional period with crop failures, a change in spiritual tolerance levels, job shortages, and increasing taxes[6]. These changes drove many people from Europe to new lands for better opportunities. Immigrants were primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe[7].

1891: United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1891. This new legislation "expanded the list" of countries whose people were excluded from being able to immigrate to the U.S., shortened how long immigrants had to be in the U.S. not to face deportation if from excludable countries, and established what would become the Bureau of Immigration[8].

 1910-1930: Anti-immigration sentiment grew, especially toward immigrants not from European countries.

1921: The Emergency Quota Act was passed. This act limited the number of immigrants to a certain quota, except for immediate family members. This exclusion was the first immigration legislation that preferenced family ties in immigration policy[9].

1933: The government conducted a mass deportation of immigrants, mainly of Mexican descent, hoping to create jobs for American citizens[10].

1940: The Alien Registration Act was passed, which required non-US citizens to register their fingerprints and addresses with the federal government[11].

1942-1964: About 4.5 million Mexican laborers were allowed to immigrate to the U.S. under the Bracero Program, stipulating their labor in the U.S. When this program temporarily ended in 1947, illegal immigration rose dramatically[12].

1952: The Immigration and Nationality Act was passed. This act raised quotes for immigration, set a minimum number of visas the U.S. granted, aimed to reunite families split up under previous immigration legislation, and repealed anti-Asian immigration policies[13].

1965: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was passed. This act repealed the quota system for immigration, instead replacing immigration policy with a preference system based on holistic factors, including family sizes, type of labor specialization, and conditions of the immigrant's home country[14].

1966-1980: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 did not prioritize the immigration of lower-skilled workers. The inability of these lower-skilled workers to legally immigrate led to higher levels of illegal immigration during this time[15].

1986: The Immigration Reform and Control Act was passed, which aimed at combatting rising levels of illegal immigration by establishing punishments for employers who knowingly hired illegal immigrants. This act was partially successful, but many illegal immigrants found proof of citizenship papers through illegal means[16].

1990: The Immigration Act of 1990 aimed at increasing the number of legal immigrants to the United States by raising quotas and restriction guidelines[17].

1996: The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act were passed, which both aimed to increase penalties for illegal immigration[18].

2001: Following the 9/11 terror attacks, immigration policy was expanded to allow for the deportation of suspected terrorists[19].

2012: President Obama extended protections to some immigrants from deportation (history).

2017: President Trump created restrictions on travel and immigration from several majority-Muslim countries[20].

Overall, by looking at how immigration legislation in the United States has changed over time, we can see that the US has become more open to immigration. However, depending on the state of the world and the sitting president, there have been significant restrictions on immigration at times.

______________________________________________________________

[1] Immigration vs migration. Diffen. (n.d.). https://www.diffen.com/difference/Immigration_vs_Migration

[2] Immigration vs migration. Diffen. (n.d.). https://www.diffen.com/difference/Immigration_vs_Migration

[3] The 1619 Landing - Virginia’s first Africans report & faqs. The 1619 Landing - Virginia’s First Africans Report & FAQs | Hampton, VA - Official Website. (n.d.). https://hampton.gov/3580/The-1619-Landing-Report-FAQs#:~:text=In%20late%20August%2C%201619%2C%2020,Virginia%20with%20additional%20enslaved%20Africans.

[4] Indian removal act. Indian Removal Act. (n.d.). https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/indian-removal-act/

[5] Immigration to the United States, 1851-1900  :  rise of industrial america, 1876-1900  :  U.S. history primary source timeline  :  classroom materials at the Library of Congress  :  library of Congress. The Library of Congress. (n.d.). https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/immigration-to-united-states-1851-1900/

[6] Immigration to the United States, 1851-1900  :  rise of industrial america, 1876-1900  :  U.S. history primary source timeline  :  classroom materials at the Library of Congress  :  library of Congress. The Library of Congress. (n.d.). https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/immigration-to-united-states-1851-1900/

[7] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[8] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[9] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[10] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[11] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[12] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[13] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[14] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[15] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[16] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[17] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[18] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[19] Cato.org. (n.d.). https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/brief-history-us-immigration-policy-colonial-period-present-day#immigration-policy-21st-century-2000-2020

[20] A&E Television Networks. (n.d.). U.S. immigration timeline: Definition & reform - history. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/immigration-united-states-timeline

[vilaspatelvlogs]

योगी सरकार में मजदूरों के 'अच्छे दिन' पर सियासत, विपक्ष ने कानून में बदलाव को बताया मजदूर विरोधी

योगी सरकार में मजदूरों के ‘अच्छे दिन’ पर सियासत, विपक्ष ने कानून में बदलाव को बताया मजदूर विरोधी

[ad_1]

लखनऊ: उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार द्वारा मजदूरों के हित में श्रम कानून में बदलाव पर राजनीति शुरू हो गई है. विपक्ष ने योगी सरकार के इस कदम को मजदूरों का शोषण करने वाले बताया है. बहुजन समाज पार्टी (BSP) सुप्रीमो मायावती ने कहा कि श्रम कानून में बदलाव श्रमिक के हित में होना चाहिए. वहीं नेता प्रतिपक्ष राम गोविंद चौधरी ने इसे दमनकारी कानून बताया और वापस लेने की बात कही है. 

श्रम कानून (Reform Labour…

[lachlanxmcleod]

BASICS

Full Name: Lachlan Douglas McLeod

Nickname(s): Lach

Age: 32

DOB: June 12th, 1966

Zodiac Sign: Gemini

Mutation: Hydrokiensis

Sexuality: Bisexual

Traits: Protective, Jumpy, Compassionate, Understanding, Overbearing, Emotional, Determined, Strong Willed

Occupation: Landscaper

Family: Mother (status unknown), Father (status unknown), Brother (status unknown)

APPEARANCE

Height: 6′0

Eye Color: Brown

Mutation Eye color: Dark Blue

Ethnicity: Nigerian, Scottish

Nationality: American

Aesthetics: Greens, Browns, Pinks, and Yellows, Overgrown verandas, Open button downs with a white shirt underneath, work boots caked in mud

Tattoos: None

Piercings: None

Scars: Electrocution scars on his hands in a lightning bolt pattern

BACKGROUND

TW: drowning, torture, electrocution, hospital mention

Lachlan grew up in Rochester, New York in a loving home. His Mom, a well loved Florist in town, and his Dad a landscaper and construction worker. When Lachlan turned four, the family grew when his Mother gave birth to his baby brother. 

As time went on, Lachlan and his brother got on about as well as you can imagine siblings do. There were plenty of fights, but none of them really meant anything to Lachlan. He just got worked up sometimes, that was all it was. He loved his brother and his family more than words could describe. He’d do anything for him. 

As far as his mutation, Lachlan had his suspicions. It started simply when he was 13. The water in his glass shaking anytime he got stressed over school work, the fact that he never got water in his eyes in the shower anymore. If anything, Lachlan was relieved it was harmless. His parents could accept the fact that he could move water around, what harm could that do?

It was a hot Summer day in 1984 when everything changed. It was another stupid fight with his brother about who was going to use the car for the Back to School bash. Lachlan was going into his senior year, so obviously it should have been him. His brother would get two more years of the bash. But, things heated up between them more than Lachlan had expected. Harsh words being tossed carelessly back and forth between the boys, when his brother said something that struck a nerve. 

“Mom and Dad think you're a freak and so do I. Nobody likes a freak.” Of course, he didn’t mean it. He was sixteen and he wanted something that his older brother wouldn’t give him– careless words were bound to fly. But, something in Lachlan snapped, and he lost complete control. 

Water exploded all around them. From the kiddie pool they had been sticking their feet in, to the spigots on the side of the house. All of it swallowed his Brother whole, and Lachlan watched it happen in a state of shock in horror. He can still hear the sounds of muffled, gurgled screams as he tried desperately to snap out of it the way he was able to before, but it didn’t happen. The only thing that stopped it was his Father tackling Lachlan. 

His brother was rushed to the Hospital, and Lachlan was kept away. For the first time it felt like people feared him, and he didn’t know what to do. He sat in a stiff waiting room chair, desperate for someone to say something to him, but everyone walked by and spoke in hushed whispers. 

Eventually, two men in suits arrived, and invited his parents into a room nearby, still out of earshot. But, Lachlan was determined to hear what they had to say, because somewhere deep down, instinct told him that it was about what he had done. 

Stepping out of the isolated room they had put him in, Lachlan paused just around the corner of the room, the curtain that acted as a door letting the sound travel with ease. 

“It’s for the safety of your Son,” One man said. “Both of them,” Added the second. Essex is what they called it. They wanted to send him away to some place, promising that it would help him and be good for him. His heart skipped a beat hearing all of that, knowing that, if it was what his Parents’ thought was best, he would go without question. After what had happened, and seeing the fear in his brother’s eyes when he looked at him, it felt right. 

To Lachlan’s surprise, his parents didn’t agree. They told those men that it was a family matter, and they would sort it out as a family. Reluctantly, the suited men obliged, leaving their business card, promising the family could reach out any time if they changed their minds. The twist in Lachlan’s stomach made them wish they would. 

Instead, they took him home that night, assuring him that it was an accident, and there were people out there they could find to talk to him. The mutant gene had to come from somewhere, maybe someone else in the family had the same ability, and they just hadn’t shared it. But, each word left him feeling hollow and foolish. He had hurt his brother. He could have killed his brother. There was no fixing this with sit downs and family meetings. He needed the Essex House. 

It was that very same night, that Lachlan packed a bag and left a note explaining everything. He was going to the Essex House. If they could help him, that would be what was best for everyone. He’d be back once he learned how to control it, don’t worry about it. It wasn’t forever, it was just for now. 

Lachlan left behind the car keys with the note ‘P.S. tell him he can have the car for Back to School night.’

Taking all the cash he had saved, Lachlan snagged a bus ticket for the city, and was on his way to Essex. When he showed up at the doorstep the next morning, with a shotty promise that his family had changed their minds, and dropped him off, he was sure they’d see right through him, and send him home. 

Instead, they welcomed him in with open arms (he was eighteen, after all, able to make his own decisions, they had said). What Lachlan couldn’t imagine, is the hell they would put him through for twelve years. 

They did everything from forcing him to drown animals, to electrocuting him while he used his powers to see what would happen. He felt sick to his stomach everyday, and desperate for his family who, he was sure, had written him off by now. Just a while had turned into a whole decade and he had never received one letter or visit. But, most nights, he found himself longing for just one more hug or one more chance to say that he loved them that he would never get. He had learned that there was no walking out the front door of Essex– not without a fight. 

The rumblings of the escape made their way to Lachlan, and he knew that he would do whatever it took to get out. And, somehow, they succeeded. But, Lachlan knew the only way to keep his identity a secret, and to keep his family safe was by staying away. He knew what Essex was capable of now. If his parents or brother knew where he was, knew he had survived the fire, they’d be in as much danger as he and his fellow escapees would be. 

Lachlan took up a job working with a Landscaping company as some way to keep a connection to his parents. He plans to stay in New York as long as it takes for the truth about Essex to come to light, and it be safe enough to go home to his family for the first time in fourteen years.

Intro Task | connections

@c23intros

[germanicseidr]

Mannetje van Willemstad

Last year I wrote a post about the belief in gnomes. Gnomes are an important aspect of Germanic spirituality. They are found all over Europe, in all the Germanic countries and in other cultures like the Celtic and Slavic culture. Gnomes are believed to be tiny beings who like to live close to humans, preferably inside a human's home.

Gnomes in most traditions act like guardian spirits who protect your house or family if you act kindly towards these guardian spirits. They can however also be quite malicious in some traditions. The Scandinavians know them as: the Nisse, Jólasveinar, Húsvaettir. The Dutch know them as: Kobolds, Dwergen, Aardmannetjes, Alvermannen, Aardgeesten and Kabouters, derived from the proto-Germanic words kubô-Walda meaning house/shed ruler/friend.

The English people have many names for different kinds of gnomes like the Hobs. The Hob is the main inspiration of the house elves you find in the Harry Potter books. To get rid of a Hob in your home, you had to present a piece of clothing to it, just like in the Harry Potter books. (I had to mention this as a huge Harry Potter nerd)

The German people know them as Kobolds, Kaukis and the Heinzelmännchen. Like the Dutch counterparts, these beings are helpful and sensitive but will leave you forever if you look for them. The Slavs know them as the: Šotek, Domovoj and Kikimora. The Kikimora can be spotted in the Witcher 3 game.

The Irish people know them as Leprechauns, Greeks as the Kallikantzaros, The Swiss as the Barbegazi, the French as the Nain Rouge and the Spanish/Portuguese know them as the Duende. As you can see, the belief in these little household guardians is widespread. In my previous post I made the suggestion that the belief in gnomes was brought to Europe by the Proto-indo European people but there is possible evidence that gnomes were already known by the ancient European people because of the 'Mannetje van Willemstad'.

Gnomes are especially important creatures in Dutch mythology. The belief in these little guys has been woven strongly into local folklore and every modern day Dutch person knows the Kabouter Spillebeen song. (the age of this song is unknown but it has been passed on by oral tradition so it could very well be a Pre-Christian song) During the construction of the Deltawerken, an important Dutch defense line against the sea, a construction worker found a very special little wooden man on 21st April 1966.

8 meters below sealevel, a little wooden statue was found which was deliberately placed between the roots of an oak tree. The little statue is about 12,5 centimeters tall. Its age was determined to be around 7500 years old with the help of c-14 dating. This makes the statue very unique.

Some historians believe that this little statue could be a portrayal of a gnome. The fact that it was deliberately placed between the roots of an oak tree suggests this was no mere toy but an object most likely used by a shaman or priest in a shamanic ritual. Keep in mind that this statue was buried around the year 5400BC, centuries before polytheistic religions were introduced in western Europe.

We know that hunter-and-gatherer tribes in Western and Northern Europe used rituals to bury their dead and that they had shamans who used objects like this little statue to keep in contact with the spirit world. If this statue is really a portrayal of a gnome, then the belief in gnomes is much older than previously believed. This statue was buried 2500 years before the arrival of the Proto-Indo-Europeans.

If you follow the continental Germanic pagan path, or basically any other European pagan path, don't just worship the Gods and your ancestors. Keep in mind that these little beings still guard your homes after thousands of years and you could try to show them your appreciation by giving them an offering like a small dish of milk.

You can visit the statue of Willemstad in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, the Netherlands.

Here are pictures of: Mannetje van Willemstad,  Kabouter Spillebeen painting, Gnomes in the Efteling, the Netherlands, picture taken by me,

[emerald-studies]

The loving ally, Richard Loving

Early Life

Richard Perry Loving was born on October 29, 1933, in Central Point, Virginia, part of Caroline County. In stark contrast to the segregation found in other Southern communities, the rural Caroline Country was known for its racial mixing, with people of different ethnic backgrounds openly socializing together, a dynamic which informed Richard's personal connections. As a young man, he had a passion for revved up engines and drag car racing, winning prizes, and earned a living as a laborer and construction worker.

Marriage to Mildred Loving

Of Irish and English descent, Richard met Mildred Jeter, who was of African American and Native American descent, when he was 17 and she was 11. He first visited her home to hear the music played by her siblings, with Mildred not initially taking to Richard’s personality. Yet a friendship developed which eventually lead to a romantic relationship. Mildred became pregnant at 18 and the two decided to get married.

Arrest and Sentencing of Mildred and Richard Loving

Virginia’s 1924 Racial Integrity Act, which forbade interracial marriages, barred their union. With Richard knowing that he and his bride would be unable to get a license, the couple traveled to Washington, D.C. on June 2, 1958, to be wed and then returned to Virginia, staying with Mildred’s family. Several weeks later, the local sheriff, who is believed to have received a tip, entered the couple’s bedroom at around 2 a.m. and took both Richard and Mildred to a Bowling Green jail for violating state law which prohibited interracial marriages. Richard was allowed to post bail the next day while Mildred was held for several nights.

In January 1959, the Lovings accepted a plea bargain. Judge Leon Bazile ruled that the prison sentence for the couple would be suspended as long as they didn’t return to Virginia together or at the same time for 25 years. Effectively exiled from their home community, the Lovings lived for a time in Washington, D.C., but found that city life was not for them, especially after an accident involving one of their children. The couple attempted to return to their hometown for a family visit only to be arrested again and would later secretly re-establish residence in Caroline County.

Bobby Kennedy and The ACLU

In 1963, Mildred, who was known for having a quiet dignity and thoughtfulness, wrote to then-attorney general Robert Kennedy for help and guidance. His office then recommended that she get in touch with the American Civil Liberties Union. Two ACLU lawyers, Bernard S. Cohen and Philip J. Hirschkop, took on the Lovings' case later that year. During the proceedings, Richard, a generally silent fellow, was adamant about his devotion to his wife and would hear no talk of divorce. The Lovings story would also be presented in a March 1966 LIFE Magazine feature with photos by Grey Villet.

Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court Case

Upon Bazile’s original ruling being upheld in appeals, the case eventually went to the Supreme Court. In Loving v. Virginia, the highest bench in the land unanimously struck down Virginia's law on June 12, 1967, thus allowing the couple to legally return home while also ending the ban on interracial marriages in other states. The court held that Virginia’s anti-miscegenation statute violated both the Equal Protection Clause and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief justice Earl Warren wrote the opinion for the court, stating marriage is a basic civil right and to deny this right on a basis of race is “directly subversive of the principle of equality at the heart of the Fourteenth Amendment” and deprives all citizens “liberty without due process of law.”

With the Lovings able to openly live in their desired community, Richard built a home down the road from his extended family. He and Mildred continued to raise their three children.

Children

Richard and Mildred raised three children: Sidney, Donald and Peggy, the youngest two being Richard's biological children with Mildred. The oldest child, Sidney Jeter, was from Mildred's previous relationship.

Donald died at the age of 41 in 2000 and Sidney died in 2010. Peggy, who goes by the name Peggy Loving Fortune, is the only living child of the Lovings and is a divorcée with three children.

Death and Legacy

Richard was killed in an automobile accident on June 29, 1975, in the county of his birth when his car was struck by another vehicle operated by a drunk driver who ran a stop sign. Mildred, who was also in the car, lost sight in her right eye.

An unofficial holiday honoring the Lovings’ triumph and multiculturalism, called Loving Day, is celebrated on June 12th, when the prohibition against mixed-race marriages was lifted from every state constitution. After a 1996 TV-movie, another work on the couple's life, the Nancy Buirski documentary The Loving Story, was released in 2011. The big-screen biopic Loving, starring Joel Edgerton and Ruth Negga as Richard and Mildred Loving, was released in 2016. The film received a groundswell of critical acclaim and was nominated for a Golden Globe and two Academy Awards. (source)

[screenspirit]

Maya Deren’s Position and Ability in Avant Garde Cinema

Maya Deren stands as an important figure in the Avant-garde cinema due to her innovative style of filmmaking, presenting her own expression using unique film techniques such as editing and camera angles, predominately her 1943 film ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’. This piece of experimental cinema can be compared to Jean Cocteau’s ‘Blood of a Poet’, released in 1932 and Sergei Eisenstein’s 1925 montage theory film ‘Strike!’, with relation to how they use editing and subject matter to portray the filmmaker’s vision. 

Deren’s ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’ comes under the title of an Experimental film due to its ability to re-evaluate cinematic conventions and innovate use of film techniques; these characteristics combine in the film to create a personal expression of psychology in addition to one of the most important pieces of Experimental film. One crucial re-evaluation of conventions in the Avant-garde is its “rejection of linear narrative” which serves as “a defining feature of the independent cinema” [Sitney, 1978], however, Deren’s ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’ does seem to offer a story which its spectators can follow to an extent; the female protagonist, played by Deren herself, experiences a dream involving her encounters with a mysterious cloaked figure and doubles of herself. Despite this, the film presents the motif of repetition which serves in supressing a linear narrative because the plot is not shown to progress forward based on the events but instead seems to go backwards as if stuck in time. The film’s visual content involves primarily the woman Deren is portraying repeating specific events such as walking to her house and picking up certain items all in continuous dreams, rather than existing in a reality where cause and effect are heavily present. Deren comments on the aspect of repetition in one of her critical essays and outlines its meaning, stating “the continuous act of repetition in which we are involved is like a strip of memory unrolling beneath the images of the film” which results in the creation of “the invisible underlayer of an implicit double exposure” [1960]. Overall, Deren is proposing spectators observe her work and others’ through relying on recalling from what they have seen previously in the film and using their memory to pay attention to detail and generating ideas, for Deren the “reprinting of scenes” ties in with the “prophetic context of deja-vu” [Deren, 1960]. One could argue that Deren has blended the features of mainstream and experimental cinema through ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’ as it is often cited as the first presentation of a narrative in American Avant-garde and thus, is experimenting with ideas of clear storytelling in her art while still straying from mainstream cinematic ideals, impacting her role as a “founding force in the emergence of the avant-garde film movement in New York” [Petrolle and Wexman, 2005].

In addition to stripping the narrative of tight action and reaction, Deren also demonstrates experimenting with her style of editing in order to create the illusion of a fabricated world where logic and structure do not exist. The editing shown in the film allude to the idea of everything shown being a dream since “Cinematic techniques such as superimposition…and slow motion were ideally suited…for representing dreams…and mimicking its procedures of figuration” [Stam,1999] in Avant-garde cinema, one example being the scene where Deren’s character runs up the staircase for the second time when she has transcended deep into her dream. Deren shifts the editing of this shot from that of an ordinary presentation of speed to slow motion, thus, she is deliberately altering the use of temporal editing in order to enhance the surreal and dream environment in which her “narrative” exists in. Deren also plays with the element of space through the unique use of temporal editing as a way of heightening the dream like state of the film, shown in the immediate scene after she runs up the stairs in slow motion where we see the character move through a translucent black curtain which leads her through the window of the bedroom, clearly a non-coherent display of events as the staircase cannot lead to the window showing the outer exterior in reality. This relates to Deren’s statement of “a major portion of the creative action consists of a manipulation of time and space” and this, to her, is the “organic structure of film” [1960], showing her vision on experimental cinema as breaking the traditions of continuity editing and narrative. Deren is further enhancing the theme of dreams in her work by experimenting with the film technique of editing and in turn, defies the very laws of physic as we know them in not only cinema but our own reality in which we exist in. The spectators may possibly relate to sub consciously experiencing an absence of grounded physics when they reflect to their own personal dreams in which time and space did not exist, thus, Deren is fulfilling her goal of constructing cinema which provides an experience in terms of making her audience reflect as well as confusing them. 

As Deren’s ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’ can be interpreted to focus on one or two frameworks which is demonstrated through its editing and camera work, one could compare it to Eisenstein’s 1925 silent film ‘Strike!’ which also uses its editing and figures in order to create its meaning. Both directors use their style of editing as a device to convey meaning to their spectators but do so in diverse ways which allude to their visions as filmmakers. To elaborate, ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’ has been argued to take a more psychological approach and uses techniques to make connections between the conscious and the unconscious as well as objects presented in the film, whereas ‘Strike!’ holds relevance to political ideas on relationships between the bourgeoise and the proletariat. Deren’s character comes across a collection of objects which take on the position of symbols once the previously mentioned repetition of sequences of which they are present in becomes prevalent. Artaud commented on this as “the most insignificant objects take on meaning” once the filmmaker “detaches them from their ordinary sense” [1966], supporting the connection of the inner objects and the outer meaning they represent. One of these objects is a key which is a reoccurring symbol in the film, it first appears when the character drops it trying to unlock a door and is handed between the doubles as the repetition carries out. To pinpoint this physical object to a psychological interpretation, one could consider how it can be a manifestation of the acts of liberating or concealing when journeying into the unconscious depending solely on how the object is used in the film. When the key is used at first to unlock the door into the house where the character falls asleep and the action of the dreams take place, it can represent descending into an exploration into the unconscious; a process of the mind holding our deepest desires which serves as a highlight to the Psychoanalysis theory and thus opening the liberation of the inner workings of the character’s mind. The spectator can perceive both the key and the door in connection to how they would in reality; you need the key to the door to unlock it, in order to generate the connecting symbolism in terms of the key being needed to unlock the door which hides the unconscious. It is due to the psychologist Freud’s belief that “the dream is the liberation of the spirit from the pressures of external nature” [1900] that is connection between the film and this framework can be proposed. However, one must remember that Deren herself rejected Freud’s Psychoanalysis to be the framework of which one interprets her work but did describe the film as being “concerned with the interior experiences of an individual”. Furthermore, Deren’s editing and camerawork allude to the psychological and dream orientated tone the film holds. This is evident in the slow motion of movement and use of disoriented shots and camera movements showing the windows and bedrooms, emphasising the surreal dream mood as nothing seems to be coherent and structured. Eisenstein offers a different interpretation of how cinema should be constructed, arguing that “shot and montage are the basic elements of cinema” [1949] and serving as a pioneer of the Soviet Montage Theory as well as owning visions of Communism. ‘Strike!’ appears to be a successful blend of these ideals as its narrative, which differs from that of ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’ as it is strictly linear, focuses on the working-class rebelling against the oppression of the upper class and showcases these mostly through montage. The most noticeable of this is the climatic sequence which present the violent acts of the strike compared to that of the slaughtering of cows in order to convey a message. The editing style of cross-cut; editing which presents two events taking place in different environments but at the same time, is used in the montage with the shots switching from the working class being beaten by authorial figures to cattle being killed by farmers as Eisenstein is making connections between the worker and the cattle. His message is that the proletariat are nothing more than animals grown to provide one purpose for those who “own them”; the upper class and upholders of law are represented by the farmers, and this connects to his Communist ideology of the working class being oppressed. The editing style of cross cutting montage is vital for his ideals as his message is absorbed as the “realisation is in the repetition of these measures” [1949], meaning Eisenstein believes that only through montage connecting images in shots can a meaning be successfully transferred to audiences. This is known as Associational Form and is frequently used in Avant-garde cinema when attempting to demonstrate similarities or differences which conjoin to a larger meaning. It also ties in with one of Eisenstein’s five modes of montage known as Intellectual montage since the linkage of shots represents a political statement. Deren’s editing and shots are not politically motivated as Eisenstein’s are, nor are they as grounded since Eisenstein’s events in ‘Strike!’ are taking place in a brutal reality whereas events in ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’ are happening in an unearthly fantasy deep in the character’s unconscious. 

Critics have proposed that Deren found inspiration for ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’ in Cocteau’s 1932 experimental film ‘Blood of a Poet’ due to both pictures exploring the interior workings of a subject character’s mind. Cocteau’s work has been praised for how it “bridges the transition from avant-garde cinema centred in Paris to one dominated by America” [Sitney,1978], thus, Cocteau shares with Deren credit for introducing new ideas to the Avant-garde. In addition to this, both films study the unconscious through an oneiric style, elevated using camera work shown. Cocteau focuses on depicting the torment of the artist as he is sent by a statue into a surreal environment through the object of a mirror, one could argue Deren’s use of the door mirrors this as a gateway into the unconscious as it is through this accession the spectators are taken into the dream state alongside the characters. Both filmmakers seem to be altering objects from our reality which have normal uses into tools that are needed to study the unconscious in their cinematic expressions, granting them to have a transcendent purpose. The two convey the process of transferring between conscious states through their choice of camera work which coincides with how the subjects move. Cocteau chooses to have his camera more grounded and bold as with how his character moves between states, for example the shot that shows him falling through the mirror is sudden and sharp with a water effect and followed by shots of his still body floating in darkness with the camera remaining steady. Deren contrasts with this as her character moves through the halls of her unconscious as her body turns multiple times which matches the camera angle turning with her, this emphasises the gradual loss of reality as everything appears to slip into the fantasy. Both sequences depict the conscious altering into the subconscious but differ in the process as Corteau’s techniques appear to be more focused rather than disorientated likewise to Deren’s. 

To conclude, Deren presents influence in both style and content from Coreau and a contrast to Eisenstein under the same aspects, all while solidifying herself as a name in the cinema of Avant-garde. Her vision of film shows her identity and sense of expression using her stylised take on cinematic techniques that outline Experimental film characteristics, showing how she has taken elements from Avant-garde films before her and re-designed them under her own presence as a filmmaker.

Bibliography: The Avant-garde film: a reader of theory and criticism, P.Adams Sitney, New York University Press, 1978 Sorcery and Cinema Essay, Antonin Artaud, 1966, found in The Avant-garde film: a reader of theory and criticism, New York University Press, 1978 Daedauls, Cinematography: The Creative Use of Reality Essay, Maya Deren, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1960 Women and Experimental Filmmaking, Jean Petrolle, Virgina Wexman, University of Illinois Press, 2005 Film Theory: An Introduction, Robert Stam, John Wiley & Sons; First Edition edition, 1999 The Interpretation of Dream, Sigmund Freud, 1900, Basic Books; Later Edition edition, 2010 Film Form: Essays in Film Theory, Sergei Eisenstein, 1949, Mariner Books; First edition, 2014

[papermoonloveslucy]

SID MELTON

May 22, 1917 - November 2, 2011

Sid Melton (born Sidney Meltzer) played the roles of incompetent carpenter Alf Monroe in the CBS sitcom “Green Acres” and Uncle Charlie Halper, proprietor of the Copa Club, on “The Danny Thomas Show” and its spin-offs. He appeared in about 140 film and television projects in a career that spanned nearly 60 years. In addition to his work with Lucille Ball, he appeared in flashback on several episodes of “The Golden Girls” as Salvadore Petrillo, the long-dead husband of Sophia (played by Estelle Getty) and father of Dorothy (played by Beatrice Arthur).  His father was a Yiddish theater comedian. Sid was known for his short stature, 5′3″.  

In 1950, Melton appeared in the feature film remake The Lemon Drop Kid, also featuring “Lucy” actors William Frawley, Bob Hope, Ida Moore, Hazel Boyne, and Ben Weldon.  

In 1954, he made two appearances on the Desilu series “Our Miss Brooks” playing two different characters. He appeared alongside “Lucy” actors Eve Arden, Gale Gordon, Richard Crenna, and Hy Averback. 

Melton’s first encounter with Lucille Ball was in “Lucy Wins a Racehorse”  (LDCH S1;E4) aired on February 3, 1958. His short stature made him ideal to play one of the jockeys at Roosevelt Raceway. Although the show featured second unit footage on location, Melton’s riding sequences with Ball were filmed in Hollywood, without live horses. 

In November 1958, Melton returned to the “Westinghouse-Desilu Playhouse” for Lucille Ball’s only non-Lucy Ricardo performance on the anthology series, “K.O. Kitty.”  Melton played a crooked fight manager who later pulls a gun on Kitty (Lucille Ball)!  His partner in crime is played by Jesse White (above).  

Melton stayed on the Desilu lot to film two episodes of “The Ann Sothern Show” in early 1959. He played different characters in each episode and acted opposite Lucy’s pal Ann Sothern (naturally) and “Lucy” regular Charles Lane. To kick off the show’s second season in October 1959, Lucille Ball played Lucy Ricardo on a cross-over episode. 

In his second appearance on “The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour,” “Lucy Goes To Alaska” (LDCH S2;E3), Melton played a bellboy at an unprepossessing hotel in Nome, Alaska. (Was Bobby Jellison not available?) Despite the location, Melton’s scenes were filmed in Hollywood. Red Skelton guest-starred on the episode, which was timed to coincide with Alaska’s statehood. 

In his final acting appearance with Lucille Ball, Melton was again cast for his diminutive stature as a construction worker named Shorty (although the nickname appeared only in the credits) in “Milton Berle Hides Out at the Ricardos” (LDCH S3;E1). He asks Milton Berle to autograph a photo, giving him a list of names for the inscription, the last being ‘Ruth', which was the first name of Milton Berle’s wife. 

Two months later, Melton played a Cab Driver on Desilu’s helicopter drama, “Whirlybirds.” 

1959 was a busy year for Melton.  That year he also began playing Charlie Halper on “The Danny Thomas Show”.  He did 93 episodes of the series over four years. 

Perhaps most memorably, Sid Melton played Alf Monroe on 30 episodes of CBS’s “Green Acres.” Alf and his sister Ralph (Mary Grace Canfield) were construction workers perennially working on the Douglas’s ramshackle home, particularly their sliding bedroom door. On the series, Melton worked alongside Lucille Ball’s dear old Barbara Pepper, as well as “Lucy” actors Bea Benadaret, Shirley Mitchell, Eleanor Audley, Jerry Hausner, and Parley Baer. The show’s stars, Eddie Arnold and Eva Gabor, both guest-starred on “Here’s Lucy.” 

CROSS-OVER CRAZINESS!

“Green Acres” was one of CBS’s rural sitcoms and existed in the same ‘world’ as “The Beverly Hillbillies” and “Petticoat Junction”.  It was not uncommon for characters to turn up on the other shows. During his stint on “Green Acres,” Melton did one 1968 episode of “Petticoat Junction,” although in this case he did not play Alf Monroe!

Just prior to his joining “The Danny Thomas Show,” The Ricardos and the Williams’ did a cross-over episode titled “Lucy Makes Room for Danny” (LDCH S2;E2) and Lucy and Desi returned the favor with “Lucy Upsets the Williams Household” (S6;E14). In 1970, Melton returned to the role of Charlie Halper for “Make Room for Granddaddy,” a series that Lucille Ball also guest-starred on in January 1971, playing Lucy Carter, her character from “Here’s Lucy.” To add to the meta-madness, from 1966 to 1969 Melton did four episodes of “Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C” as Friendly Freddy. The character of Gomer Pyle (played by Jim Nabors) turned up on “The Lucy Show” in November 1966, a month after Pyle confronted Lucy Carmichael.  

“For years I auditioned for producers and directors who would fall on the floor laughing, but then I'd never hear from them again. Go ask them why I'm not working. Believe me, there's a lot more to working steadily than being a name and delivering the laughs. There's a certain - let's call it kowtowing - that I'm not prepared to do.”

Sid Melton on “The Golden Girls” 

[blackkudos]

Alvin F. Poussaint

Alvin Francis Poussaint, M. D. is an American psychiatrist well known for his research on the effects of racism in the black community. He is a noted author, public speaker, and television consultant, and Dean of Students at Harvard Medical School. His work in psychiatry is influenced greatly by the civil rights movement in the South, which he joined in 1965. While living in the South, Pouissant learned much about the racial dynamics. He soon delved into his first book, Why Blacks Kill Blacks, which looks at the effects of racism on the psychological development of blacks. Most of Poussaint's work focuses on the mental health of African Americans.

Biography

Alvin Francis Poussaint was born on May 15, 1934, in East Harlem, New York, to immigrants from Haiti. He is the seventh child of eight children born to the parents of Harriet and Christopher Poussaint. At the young age of nine, he became ill with rheumatic fever. While being hospitalized, he became very interested in reading and it soon became a passion of his. He carried this passion with him when he attended the science based high school in New York called Stuyvesant. Stuyvesant was a predominately white institution. Pouissant was one of the few blacks and he encountered racism often. In addition to racist acts against him, he had to deal with losing his mother during high school.

After high school, Poussaint attended Columbia University, where he continued to experience racism. At Columbia, the social scene was particularly disappointing for Poussaint, with him saying, “Social situations were awkward, there being a prevalent feeling among whites that blacks shouldn't come to social events.” In 1956, he graduated from Columbia University with a bachelor's degree in pharmacology. He immediately enrolled in medical school at Cornell Medical School, and he was the only African American admitted during that year. Experiences with racism fueled his career areas of work which focused on the mental health of African Americans and their encounters with racial bias. He became chief resident at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute. However, in 1965 he left UCLA to become the Southern Field Director of the Medical Committee for Human Rights in Jackson, Mississippi. Poussaint believed that racism was the major mental health problem of the black community. He believed helping desegregate the South, especially with medical facilities would be more helpful than doing research at the time.

He stayed in Mississippi for 2 years before going to Tufts University Medical program where he was the faculty director of psychiatry. In 1969, he left Tufts and began his long time journey at Harvard Medical School. He was the associate dean of student affairs. At Harvard he felt a great passion for the affirmative action program and through that he helped 16 African- American student succeed at Harvard. All while working at Harvard, Poussaint never let his passion for the Civil Rights Movement fade. He became close friends with Jesse Jackson. He was even the co-chairman for Jesse Jackson's presidential campaign. At this time, in 1973 Poussaint married his first wife, Ann Ashmore. They had one son together. Their marriage lasted until 1988.

In the 1980s, Poussaint became very well known for his work as a media consultant on scripts and storylines for many black sitcoms, such as The Cosby Show and A Different World. He became close friends with Bill Cosby to ensure that the show promoted a positive healthy and realistic image of black families. In this role he had, Poussaint addressed negative racial stereotypes thought the media. The entertainment industrial complex was not the only sector that called for Poussaint and his skills. The FBI, the White House and the Department of Health all summoned him for counsel. He continued his interest in media and founded the Media Center of the Judge Baker's Children's Center in 1994. In addition, he was the co- executive producer of Willoughby's Wonders. The children's show won a New England Emmy Award in 1997 and was praised for showing an urban soccer team that showed skills that children should exhibit like teamwork and inclusion. During this highlight of his career, Poussaint married Tina Young. The two had a daughter in 1999. Poussaint, currently, continues to work at Harvard Medical School and continues his research. On multiple occasions he has been heavily awarded for his contributions to psychology and a multitude of disciplines.

Work interest

Alvin F. Poussaint is well known in psychology regarding race relations. Much of his work deconstructs theories of race models by white psychologist previously in the field. Through his research he addresses blatant and subtle forms of racism. This is why Poussaint insist that blacks instill self-esteem and black pride into children growing up in this society. In his controversial book, Why Blacks Kill Blacks, he turns the theory or racial self-hatred on its head. He developed his "aggression-rage" theory to show the psychological issues that may plague African Americans. In his book he states, " [The theory of racial self-hatred] allows whites to feel that [blacks] are psychologically deranged while [whites are] posing as models of mental health. In fact, it must be whites who are insecure and filled with self-hatred, since they are the ones who need to oppress blacks in order to cope with life." Another interest of Poussaint is media consulting. He wants to use media to construct positive role models for children.

Black Power: A Failure for Integration within the Civil Rights Movement (1968)

In Alvin Poussaint's article, "Black Power: A Failure for Integration within the Civil Rights Movement" he discusses how the concept of BLACK POWER emerged. Poussaint discusses how Blacks had a complicated relationship with Whites regarding Whites trying to integrate themselves in the Civil Rights Movement. He argues that blacks had a distrust in whites and even had jealousy of them. He observed that Blacks believed Whites had a superiority complex even while being involved in the movement. Poussaint questioned whether this was because Blacks felt inadequate. During the civil rights movement sexual relations between Blacks and White began to form, and so he says from 1964 to 1965 many of the projects "disintegrated" because of these feelings each race had towards one another. Eventually, BLACK POWER came to be as a "psycho-socio-political" concept that removed whites from working in the black community.

The Stresses of the White Female Worker in the Civil Rights Movement in the South (1966)

While working as the Southern Field Director of the Medical Committee for Human Rights in Jackson, Mississippi Poussaint was very observant of those around him. In his article, "The Stresses of the White Female Worker in the Civil Rights Movement in the South" he looks at the social and psychological stressors that white women could possibly encounter in their work and social life during the Civil Rights Movement. The stress that white women could encounter come from two fronts - the white community and the blacks whom they work around. Poussaint describes how white women helping in the civil rights movements appears like a rejection that they have of their own communities. So, white communities may label them as "white trash." The black community did not want white female workers to help in the first place because they believed them being there would cause inherent problems. Many white women were not greeted or welcomed by most blacks there because they did not want their help because of the feeling that whites were trying to take over their movement. Some white female workers coped with this, but a majority went back home because they couldn't handle the stress.

Editorial boards

The Black Scholar (1970)

Psychotherapy: Theory and Research and Practice (1972)

Journal of Afro-American Issues (1972-1980)

Harvard Medical School Mental Health Newsletter (1983-1988)

Journal of African American Male Studies (1991)

Nurture: The Magazine for Raising Positive Children of Color (1994)

Awards and honors

Doctor of Humane Letters, Virginia State University, Petersburg, MA (2007)

Doctor of Humane Letters, Alfred University, Alfred, New York (2005)

New England Emmy award for Outstanding Children's Special as co-executive producer of Willoughby's Wonders (1997)

Medgar Evers Medal of Honor, Johnson Publishing Company (1988)

John Jay Award for distinguished professional achievement (1987)

American Black Achievement Award in Business and the Professions (1986)

Honorary degree from Wilberforce University (1972)

Who's Who in America (1969)

Michael Schwerner Award for contribution to Cause of Civil Rights, New York, NY (1968)

[laconservancy]

Protecting 1970s Landmarks

The 1972 Federal Aviation Administration Building (FAA) in Hawthorne is protected by an easement held by the Conservancy. Photo by Adrian Scott Fine/L.A. Conservancy.

The phrase “everything old is new again” is fitting for historic preservation work. Through the passage of time, places that once might have been derided and misunderstood come into their own and are “rediscovered.”

It happened with Victorian homes, for example, which were considered past their prime in the 1950s and ‘60s, and many were demolished in this time period. But those that remained came to be appreciated again by the 1970s and ‘80s. A similar storyline has followed Art Deco, Craftsman, and numerous other architectural styles. We generally lose a lot of these kinds of places as we wait for the public’s appreciation for them to catch up.

Often it is a younger generation that sees value in these “newer” buildings that are just emerging as the historic landmarks of the future. Now that the 1970s-era built environment is crossing the fifty-year threshold, enough time has passed to start understanding, recognizing, and protecting these places too.

Our Newest Conservation Easement

With the launch of our new The ‘70s Turn 50 initiative, this is a perfect time to share the news about our latest conservation easement, which happens to be a significant 1970s building.

The Federal Aviation Administration Building (FAA) in Hawthorne is one of the nation’s most significant examples of 1970s Late Modernism. It is now protected through a conservation easement held by the Conservancy. As an easement-holder, we ensure that any proposed changes to the exterior of the building and landscape conform to the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation (nationally recognized preservation standards).

When the FAA was completed in 1972, the nation was in the middle of a presidential scandal, the first-ever digital watch made its debut, and NASA’s Space Shuttle Program officially launched. The FAA and similar buildings from this time period represented a stark architectural departure, with a rounded, taut glass-and-aluminum-skinned façade. It looked more like a piece of monumental sculpture than a building intended to house federal office workers. From certain angles, the reflective glass building appears to hover above the ground as if an experimental aircraft. This design is fitting given Los Angeles County’s role in the early aerospace industry. 

Despite its eventual construction in the 1970s, the design for the FAA dates to 1966, by architects César Pelli and Anthony J. Lumsden of Daniel Mann Johnson & Mendenhall (DMJM). Considered the first-designed Southern California building to have a mirrored skin, the FAA was not the first built. Pelli and Lumsden collaborated on experimental developments with new types of exterior cladding or “skin.” The idea was to wrap a building’s structural frame in a glass curtain wall façade that appeared as one continuous, uniform surface.

In 1976, Progressive Architecture magazine quoted Lumsden saying the FAA was “the first building in the country, I believe, that tried to do a lightweight sculptural surface, where the building goes over the top…under the bottom, and also around the corner.” The article also describes the FAA as an “anti-gravitational mass, not unlike a dirigible airship.” Its progressive design represented a significant step in the evolution of continuous, flexible membrane facades, leading to numerous examples built throughout the U.S. and world.

Anyone driving past the FAA and its busy intersection at 15000 Aviation Boulevard likely notices how this building stands out from others. It is set back from the corner with a vast open landscape and sited as if a “machine in the garden.”  It is thoroughly futuristic, even today, nearly fifty years later. In 2010, Lumsden noted how important and integral the open landscape was to the design of the building. It frames the FAA with flat open lawn areas and undulating earthen berms intended to extend the sculptural effects of the building, and serve a practical purpose of concealing surface parking. The Conservancy’s conservation easement protects both the FAA building and its landscape setting. 

The FAA building features a rounded, taut glass-and-aluminum-skinned façade. Photo by Adrian Scott Fine/L.A. Conservancy.

In 2015, at age 43, the FAA was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Its contribution to the field of architecture is more than worthy of this level of recognition. Though still relatively young, the FAA was in need of a significant seismic retrofit and reinvestment. After considering its options, the General Services Administration (GSA), who manages the FAA and a massive portfolio of buildings owned by the federal government, ultimately decided to close and sell the building. Due to its status as a historic building, the planned sale prompted a federal historic review process called Section 106, established as part of the National Historic Preservation Act. This affords any significant historic building passing from federal to private ownership adequate, long-term protection. In this case, the best tool to accomplish this goal is a conservation easement. 

The federal government officially closed the building in 2018, relocating its office workers and leaving the building empty. For more than a year, the Conservancy worked closely with the GSA to put in place the necessary provisions before the sale of the FAA could proceed. This included valuable assistance from the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. On May 3, 2019, the GSA issued bids for the purchase of the FAA, with an online auction beginning on June 3 and ending on July 9.

In late November 2019, ownership of the FAA transferred to the winning bidder, Worthe Real Estate Group, based in Santa Monica. They plan to rehabilitate the FAA building and retain its original use as an office building. The conservation easement was officially placed on the building as a condition of the sale. 

The Conservancy is already working closely with Worthe as they begin planning for tenant improvements, restoration of the glass skin of the building, and necessary upgrades. We are very excited to see this building rehabilitated and put back into its original use, demonstrating how old can indeed become new again. This easement also marks the Conservancy’s first postwar historic building, let alone from the 1970s, to join our growing portfolio of conservation easements!

To learn more about the Conservancy’s easement program, visit laconservancy.org/easements.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.15 (after 1950)

1951 – Mexican chemist Luis E. Miramontes completes the synthesis of norethisterone, the basis of an early oral contraceptive. 1954 – Hurricane Hazel devastates the eastern seaboard of North America, killing 95 and causing massive floods as far north as Toronto. 1956 – FORTRAN, the first modern computer language, is first shared with the coding community. 1965 – Vietnam War: A draft card is burned during an anti-war rally by the Catholic Worker Movement, resulting in the first arrest under a new law. 1966 – The Black Panther Party is created by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. 1970 – During the construction of Australia's West Gate Bridge, a span of the bridge falls and kills 35 workers. The incident is the country's worst industrial accident to this day. 1979 – Supporters of the Malta Labour Party ransack and destroy the Times of Malta building and other locations associated with the Nationalist Party. 1979 – A coup d'état in El Salvador overthrows President Carlos Humberto Romero and begins the 12 year-long Salvadoran Civil War. 1987 – Aero Trasporti Italiani Flight 460 crashes near Conca di Crezzo, Italy, killing all 37 people on board. 1987 – A coup d'état in Burkina Faso overthrows and kills then President Thomas Sankara. 1989 – Wayne Gretzky becomes the all-time leading points scorer in the NHL. 1990 – Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and open up his nation. 1991 – The "Oh-My-God particle", an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray measured at 40,000,000 times that of the highest energy protons produced in a particle accelerator, is observed at the University of Utah HiRes observatory in Dugway Proving Ground, Utah. 1991 – The leaders of the Baltic States, Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia and Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania, signed the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland. 1994 – The United States, under the Clinton administration, returns Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, to the island. 1997 – The Cassini probe launches from Cape Canaveral on its way to Saturn. 2001 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within 112 miles (180 km) of Jupiter's moon Io. 2003 – China launches Shenzhou 5, its first crewed space mission. 2006 – The 6.7 Mw Kiholo Bay earthquake rocks Hawaii, causing property damage, injuries, landslides, power outages, and the closure of Honolulu International Airport. 2007 – Seventeen activists in New Zealand are arrested in the country's first post-9/11 anti-terrorism raids. 2008 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes down 733.08 points, or 7.87%, the second worst percentage drop in the Dow's history. 2013 – The 7.2 Mw Bohol earthquake strikes the Philippines. At least 215 were killed. 2016 – One hundred and ninety-seven nations amend the Montreal Protocol to include a phase-out of hydrofluorocarbons. 2018 – 13-year-old American girl, Jayme Closs, is kidnapped from her Barron, Wisconsin home after her parents were both murdered. 2021 – Sir David Amess MP is assassinated during a constituency surgery by radical Islamist Ali Harbi Ali.

[pittarchives]

Pittsburgh Magazine 50 Greatest Pittsburghers of All Time

In celebration of its 50th anniversary, Pittsburgh Magazine recently issued a review of the “50 Greatest Pittsburghers of All Time” (January 2019). The magazine’s editorial team sought to rank those who “best embodied the idea of a ‘greatest’ Pittsburgher…those who contributed to Pittsburgh’s story – while becoming great in their own right.” 

Not only does the list highlight 50 great individual Pittsburghers, it also highlights more than 200 years of Pittsburgh history. Even more interesting? Many of these stories are documented in our stacks, either in the papers of a “Greatest Pittsburgher” or within a related collection. 

We thought it would be fun to highlight some of those collections in the hopes that today’s Pittsburghers continue to explore our rich documentary history. The following list is presented in the order of Pittsburgh Magazine’s ranking:

• Fred Rogers [Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood Collection]

American television personality Fred Rogers moved to Pittsburgh in the 1950s to work as a puppeteer for the public television station (WQED) children’s show The Children’s Corner. He studied theology at the Pittsburgh Theological Seminary and in 1963 was ordained a minister of the United Presbyterian Church. Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood began in Toronto, moved to WQED in Pittsburgh in 1966, and onto PBS in 1970. The popular program ran for 895 episodes, from 1968-2001. The bulk of this collection relates to the production and promotion of the program from 1970 to 1990 and includes publicity photographs, press kits, scripts, and episode summaries and records.

• Jonas Salk [Jonas Salk Polio Collection (UA.90.F89)]

Jonas Salk accepted a research appointment at the University of Pittsburgh medical school in 1947 and began work on what would become his breakthrough polio vaccine the following year. Human trials began in 1954 and the vaccine was declared viable for mass production in April 1955. The Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine Collection consists of materials relating to the history of polio and the polio vaccine research and trials. Digital reproductions of some photographs are available online. 

• Mary E. Schenley [Mary Schenley Land Deed (AIS.2015.07)]

Upon her father’s death (William Croghan Jr.) in 1850, Mary Schenley inherited a substantial amount of valuable Pittsburgh land originally belonging to her mother’s father, James O’Hara, making Schenley the largest property owner in Allegheny County. This document is an indenture, or real estate deed, between Edward and Mary Schenley and the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR). The land described in this indenture became an important part of the construction of Pittsburgh’s passenger train station, Penn Station, built by the Pennsylvania Railroad between 1898-1903

• H.J. Heinz [United Food and Commercial Workers International Union Local 325, Pittsburgh, Pa. Records (AIS.1997.15)]

Formerly known as Canning and Pickle Workers Union Local 325, United Foods and Commercial Workers International Union Local 325 was founded in 1937 to represent employees of the H.J. Heinz Company, chiefly employed at the North Side plant in Pittsburgh. The records include contract books from 1941-1994, union constitutions and by-laws, a job description book, union newsletters, photographs, and oral histories. Also included are various publications of the H.J. Heinz Company written for their employees.

• Dr. Thomas Starzl [Thomas E. Starzl Papers (UA.90.F68)]

Dr. Thomas Starzl joined the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in 1981, where he continued to pioneer groundbreaking procedures for organ transplantation and advances in immunology he had begun earlier in his career. Learn more about his prolific medical career by visiting the Dr. Thomas E. Starzl Website, created in conjunction with our Thomas E. Starzl Papers. 

• George Westinghouse [Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company Contracts Collection (AIS.1963.24)]

Industrialist and inventor of the compressed air brake, George Westinghouse incorporated the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company in 1891. With its giant factory located in East Pittsburgh, Pa., the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company soon became the Edison General Electric Company's main rival in the contest to provide electricity to the United States. Records include blueprints, photographs, carbon copies of telegrams, signed forms, memorandums, and correspondence.

• Andrew Mellon [A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust Records (AIS.1980.29)]

Founded by Andrew W. Mellon in 1930, the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust made over $200,000,000 in contributions during its 50-year life, including funding for the National Gallery of Art,

Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, Pitt’s Graduate School of Public Health, and the Metropolitan Pittsburgh Educational Television Station, forerunner of WQED.  The A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust records document the internal business operations of the Trust and its relation with the organizations, institutions, and programs that it funded.

• Henry Clay Frick [Henry Clay Frick Business Records (AIS.2002.06)]

Industrialist Henry Clay Frick made his millions in the coke, coal, and steel industries of late 19th century western Pennsylvania, ascending to Chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company (the precursor to the United States Steel Corporation) before falling out with Andrew Carnegie and eventually shifting his business and social interests to New York City. Later in life, Frick supported the arts and education philanthropically in both New York and Pittsburgh. The Henry Clay Frick Business Records contain material reflecting the business and financial activities of Frick (1849-1919) with particular relevance to Pittsburgh and the western Pennsylvania region. The bulk of the collection dates from 1881 to 1914, when Frick was most active in the coal and steel industry in Pittsburgh. Digital reproductions of this collection are available online.

• David L. Lawrence [David Leo Lawrence Papers (AIS.1978.15)]

David L. Lawrence – Pitt educated and a former University Trustee – served as Mayor of Pittsburgh for 14 years before serving one term as Governor of Pennsylvania. He stepped down in 1963 to become a special assistant to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson and remained in that capacity until his death in 1966. These papers contain biographical materials, personal correspondence, materials from his trip to Japan in 1962, and materials regarding local and state Democratic Party political activities between 1960-1966.

• Hugh Henry Brackenridge [Hugh Henry Brackenridge and Andrew Watson Papers (DAR.1937.04)]

Scottish immigrant Hugh Henry Brackenridge served in George Washington's army during the Revolutionary War as a chaplain, and is wholly or partly credited with the establishment of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh’s first bookstore and newspaper, and the Pittsburgh Academy (University of Pittsburgh). He served in the Pennsylvania State Assembly and later on the State Supreme Court. The majority of the collection consists of the business papers and correspondence of Hugh Henry Brackenridge and Andrew Watson regarding various properties in Pittsburgh. Digital reproductions of this collection are available online.

• Stephen Foster [Center for American Music Foster Hall Collection]

Stephen Foster grew up in Allegheny City (now Pittsburgh's North Side), where he heard contrasting musical styles in Scots-Irish, German, Italian and American neighborhoods and in public halls. From 1851 until his death, he wrote songs professionally, becoming the first person in the United States to earn his living solely through the sale of compositions to the public including "Lou'siana Belle”, "Susanna" (Oh! Susanna), and "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair". The Foster Hall Collection provides a valuable record of Stephen Foster's composition process, nineteenth century life in the United States, the music business, Pittsburgh history, and Foster's legacy. Digital reproductions of portions of the collection are available online. 

• Father Charles Owen Rice [Charles Owen Rice Papers (AIS.1976.11)]

Msgr. Charles Owen Rice was ordained into the priesthood in 1934 following studies at Duquesne University and St. Vincent Seminary, both in Pittsburgh. After ordination in 1934, he became involved with labor unions, aiding in founding the Association of Catholic Trade Unionists. Rice also founded St. Joseph's House of Hospitality, a long running weekly radio program, and the Catholic Radical Alliance. The collection includes correspondence, subject files, transcripts of radio broadcasts, manuscripts, case files, family papers, audiotapes, photographs and a film.

• Dan Marino [Documenting Pitt]

Hometown hero Dan Marino was born in Pittsburgh’s South Oakland neighborhood, mere blocks from the University where he would star as a student-athlete from 1979 until 1982. As quarterback of the Pitt Panthers football team Marino led the team to a No. 1 ranking and 1982 Sugar Bowl victory over Georgia. Check out Documenting Pitt for digitized versions of Pitt Football publications, the Pitt News student newspaper, and yearbooks documenting the Marino years. 

• Gene Kelly [Gene Kelly Alumni Files (UA.6.3.2)]

Eugene Curran Kelly was born in Pittsburgh, and following a brief stint at Penn State University, returned home and received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Economics from Pitt in 1933. Kelly found success as a multi-talented individual excelling at acting, singing, dancing, choreographing, producing, as well as motion picture directing. This collection contains collected materials including correspondence, news clippings, a scrapbook, and a photo album.

• Myron Cope [Pitt News (Documenting Pitt)]

Myron Kopelman, beloved Pittsburgh Steelers radio personality, was a Pitt Alum who cut his teeth as a sports writer for the Pitt News between 1947 and 1950. The University Archives maintains a complete collection of The Pitt Weekly and Pitt News, which were recently digitized and made available via Documenting Pitt. 

John Forbes [Darlington Digital Library]

General John Forbes, a Scottish-born British general who served in America during the French and Indian war, was responsible for capturing Fort Duquesne and renaming it Fort Pitt. Our Darlington Digital Library, created from the first major collection of books, manuscripts, atlases, and maps donated to the University of Pittsburgh by William M. Darlington, documents early colonial American history in Western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley.

• Elsie Hillman [Elsie H. Hillman Papers (AIS.2013.02)]

Elsie Hilliard Hillman was widely recognized for her political leadership in the Republican Party at the local, state, and national levels, playing a vital role in the elections of politicians such as Governors Dick Thornburgh and Tom Ridge, Senator H. John Heinz III, State Treasurer Barbara Hafer and President George H.W. Bush. Her dedication to her hometown of Pittsburgh resonated through both her civic and philanthropic leadership. The collection contains a variety of materials including correspondence, meeting minutes, memoranda, reports, newspaper clippings, photographs, and audio-video materials. The Elsie H. Hillman Website also provides an overview of her life and accomplishments with some digital reproductions of selected items.

- Alex Toner

[the-penny-dreadfuls]

Adrienne Shelly was a force to be reckoned with. Throughout her life she worked as an American actress, screenwriter, and director. Those who knew her considered Shelly to be a warm and generous woman. She was incredibly witty, a trait that would radiate through her professional work. Originally named Adrienne Levine, she was born on June 24th, 1966 in Queens, New York City, New York. Adrienne first began her acting career at the age of ten when she began performing at the Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Training Center. While in high school, she landed first official role was in a production of “Annie”. Once in college, she attended Boston University where she majored in film production. She dropped out her junior year, and decided to pursue a career in acting. Adrienne took up the stage name of “Shelly” after her deceased father’s first name.

Shelly’s first big acting break came in 1989 when she was casted as the lead role in Hal Hartley’s comedy, drama “The Unbelievable Truth”. She would star in “Trust”, another of Hartley’s movies, the following year. Throughout her career, Shelly guest starred in several television shows, including; OZ, Law and Order, and Homicide: Life on the Street. She also took major roles and Broadway plays, and continued work in a few movies. During the 1990’s Shelly moved on to more behind-the-scenes work. She wrote and directed for several films. Her last project was the 2007 film “Waitress”, where Shelly worked as writer, director, co-set- and costume-designing, and actor. She would not live to see the release of the film.

In 1994 Adrienne married the love of her life, Andy Ostroy. Ostroy was the chairman and CEO of the marketing firm Belardi/Ostroy. Together they had a daughter. Sophie was born in 2003, and Shelly considered her to be the very best part of her life. Little Sophie made a cameo at the end of “Waitress” as LuLu, the main character, Jenna Hunterson, played by Keri Russel.

On November 1st, 2006 Adrienne was found hanging from a shower rod in the Manhattan apartment she used as an office. She was forty years old. The chilling discovery was made by her husband, Andy Ostroy. Although her death was ruled a suicide, Ostroy refused to accept it. Shelly was happy in both her personal and work life, and he could not believe that she would leave their toddler daughter so suddenly and willingly. Money was missing from Shelly’s wallet, and the door to the apartment was unlocked, which pointed to the possibility of an intruder. Upon Ostroy’s relentless protests, investigators took a closer look at the scene in the days following Shelly’s death. The reexamination revealed a sneaker print from gypsum dust had been left on the toilet beside where Adrienne had been hung.

Five days later on November 6th a nineteen year old construction worker, Diego Pillco, was arrested for the murder of Adrienne Shelly after investigators were able to link his work boots to the print found at the scene. When Pillco confessed to police, he gave two version of how Shelly died. Originally, he said that while he working the actress asked him to quiet the noise. He then threw a hammer at her. Pillco became worried that Shelly would report the incident, which could have potentially lead to his deportion. He claimed to have followed Shelly into her apartment, where a fight ensued. During the struggle, Pillco said, she fell and was killed. He staged it as a suicide in hopes of throwing off the police. In his second confession, Pillco admitted that he had noticed Shelly walking past him while he was on break. He followed the woman to her apartment, where he then tried to steal her purse. During the fight, Pillco clamped a hand over Shelly's mouth until she was rendered unconscious. Panicked, he staged a suicide by hanging Shelly from the shower rod by sheets taken from her bed. Adrienne was still alive at the time of the hanging.

Investigators believed that Pillco’s second telling of the events was the truth. The story line matched up with the lack of dust found on Shelly’s shoes. Had she been at the construction site as was said in the first story, her shoes would have the same gypsum dust as the print left on the toilet. However, prosecutors were hesitant to charge Pillco with first degree murder. They were concerned that he would go back to the original confession, and could be found guilty of a lesser charge through a trial. Instead, he was charged with first degree manslaughter. Diego Pillco pled guilty, and on March 13, 2008 was sentenced to 25 years in prison without parole.

After Adrienne’s death, Andy Ostroy set out to keep his beloved wife’s memory alive. He created the Adrienne Shelly Foundation. It is a non-profit that gives scholarships, production grants, finishing funds, and living stipends to women filmmakers. He also established the Adrienne Shelly Memorial Garden in August of 2009. It resides in the southeast section of the Abingdon Square Park in New York City, facing the apartment where building where Shelly died. The Women Film Critics Circle annually gives out the Adrienne Shelly Award to a film that "most passionately opposes violence against women”.

[sounmashnews]

[ad_1] Shanghai residents passing by the town's jap Huangpu district in October may need stumbled upon an uncommon sight: a "walking" constructing.An 85-year-old major faculty has been lifted off the bottom -- in its entirety -- and relocated utilizing new know-how dubbed the "walking machine." In the town's newest effort to protect historic constructions, engineers hooked up almost 200 cell helps below the five-story constructing, in line with Lan Wuji, chief technical supervisor of the undertaking.The helps act like robotic legs. They're break up into two teams which alternately stand up and down, imitating the human stride. Attached sensors assist management how the constructing strikes ahead, stated Lan, whose firm Shanghai Evolution Shift developed the brand new know-how in 2018."It's like giving the building crutches so it can stand up and then walk," he stated.A timelapse shot by the corporate reveals the varsity inching laboriously alongside, one tiny step at a time.According to a press release from the Huangpu district authorities, the Lagena Primary School was constructed in 1935 by the municipal board of Shanghai's former French Concession. It was moved with a purpose to make house for a brand new business and workplace complicated, which will probably be accomplished by 2023. Workers needed to first dig across the constructing to put in the 198 cell helps within the areas beneath, Lan defined. After the pillars of the constructing have been truncated, the robotic "legs" have been then prolonged upward, lifting the constructing earlier than shifting ahead.Over the course of 18 days, the constructing was rotated 21 levels and moved 62 meters (203 toes) away to its new location. The relocation was accomplished on October 15, with the old fashioned constructing set to turn into a middle for heritage safety and cultural training.The undertaking marks the primary time this "walking machine" technique has been utilized in Shanghai to relocate a historic constructing, the federal government assertion stated.Decades of destructionIn latest a long time, China's fast modernization has seen many historic buildings razed to clear land for gleaming skyscrapers and workplace buildings. But there was rising concern in regards to the architectural heritage misplaced because of demolition throughout the nation. Some cities have launched new preservation and conservation campaigns together with, every now and then, using superior applied sciences that permit previous buildings to be relocated somewhat than demolished.Official indifference towards historic structure could be traced again to the rule of Communist Party chief Mao Zedong. During the disastrous Cultural Revolution, from 1966 to 1976, innumerable historic buildings and monuments have been destroyed as a part of his struggle on the "Four Olds" (previous customs, tradition, habits and concepts).Mao's dying in 1976 noticed requires architectural conservation reemerge, with China's authorities granting protected standing to plenty of constructions earlier than passing a heritage preservation legislation within the Eighties. In the years that adopted, buildings, neighborhoods and even complete cities got state assist to keep up their historic appearances.Nonetheless, relentless urbanization has continued to pose a big menace to architectural heritage. The sale of land can also be a key income for native governments, that means that buildings with architectural worth are sometimes bought off to property builders for whom conservation is just not a precedence. In the capital Beijing, as an example, greater than 1,000 acres of its historic alleys and conventional courtyard houses have been destroyed between 1990 and 2010, according to state-run newspaper China Daily.In the early 2000s, cities together with Nanjing and Beijing -- prompted by critics protesting the lack of previous neighborhoods -- drew up long-term plans to protect what was left of their historic websites, with protections launched to safeguard buildings and prohibit builders.

These conservation efforts have taken totally different kinds. In Beijing, a near-ruined temple was reworked right into a restaurant and gallery, whereas in Nanjing, a cinema from the Thirties was restored to resemble its unique type, with some additions outfitting it for contemporary use. In 2019, Shanghai welcomed Tank Shanghai, an arts middle in-built renovated oil tanks."Relocation is not the first choice, but better than demolition," stated Lan, the Shanghai major faculty's undertaking supervisor. "I'd rather not touch the historical buildings at all."He added that to relocate a monument, firms and builders need to undergo strict laws, equivalent to getting approval from authorities at varied ranges. Building relocations he stated nonetheless, are "a viable option." "The central government is putting more emphasis on the protection of historical buildings. I'm happy to see that progress in recent years." Moving monumentsShanghai has arguably been China's most progressive metropolis relating to heritage preservation. The survival of plenty of Thirties buildings within the well-known Bund district and Nineteenth-century "shikumen" (or "stone gate") homes within the renovated Xintiandi neighborhood have supplied examples of find out how to give previous buildings new life, regardless of some criticism about how the redevelopments have been carried out. The metropolis additionally has a track record of relocating previous buildings. In 2003, the Shanghai Concert Hall, in-built 1930, was moved over 66 metes (217 toes) to make means for an elevated freeway. The Zhengguanghe Building -- a six-story warehouse, additionally from the Thirties -- was then shifted 125 toes (38 meters) as a part of an area redevelopment in 2013.More lately, in 2018, the town relocated a 90-year-old building in Hongkou district, in what was then thought-about to be Shanghai's most complicated relocation undertaking up to now, in line with state-run news agency Xinhua.There are a number of methods to go about shifting a constructing: It can slide down a set of rails, or be pulled alongside by autos, as an example. But the Lagena Primary School, which weighs 7,600 tons, posed a brand new problem -- it is T-shaped, whereas beforehand relocated constructions have been sq. or rectangular, according to Xinhua. The irregular form meant that conventional strategies of pulling or sliding might not have labored as a result of it might not have withstood the lateral forces positioned on it, stated Lan. An aerial shot of the Shanghai Lagena Primary School constructing. Credit: Shanghai Evolution Shift ProjectThe constructing additionally wanted to be rotated and comply with a curved path to its relocation as an alternative of simply shifting in a straight line -- one other problem that required a brand new technique. "During my 23 years of working in this area, I haven't seen any other company that can move structures in a curve," he added.Experts and technicians met to debate potentialities and take a look at plenty of totally different applied sciences earlier than deciding on the "walking machine," Xinhua stated. Lan advised CNN he could not share the precise value of the undertaking, and that relocation prices will differ case by case."It can't be used as a reference, because we have to preserve the historical building no matter what," he stated. "But in general, it's cheaper than demolishing and then rebuilding something in a new location." [ad_2] Source link

[culture-capsule]

“Native Peter Angaiak, Trans-Alaska Pipeline employee."

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was built between 1974 and 1977 after the 1973 oil crisis caused a rise in oil prices. This rise made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968, and the pipeline was built only after the oil crisis provoked the passage of legislation designed to remove legal challenges to the project. (wikipedia)

From The Alaska Natives Studies Blog:

“Around 30 percent of Natives seeking work enrolled in government funded programs as well as took advantage of on-the-job training the company provided to workers... In fact, a quarter of all Native employees worked for two weeks or less. Over 46 percent of job termination consisted of "involuntary discharge." However, company counselors suggested that the reason Natives discontinued working these jobs was due to the social environment. Many Native workers felt isolated and felt varying degrees of prejudice against them from other workers. Males represented 57 percent of the Native workforce and the statistics show that "men were more likely to quit" their jobs earlier than women. Around 7 percent of all pipeline workers were women.”

“Across the board, pay range averaged 1,000-1,500 dollars a week, but for Natives who supplied the labor for positions with short training periods their average income was about 800 dollars a week.”

"Sarah Jensen, Native oiler, age 21, working on Pipeline."

Property Battle:

In 1902, the United States Department of Agriculture set aside 16,000,000 acres of Southeast Alaska as the Tongass National Forest. Tlingit natives who lived in the area protested that the land was theirs and had been unfairly taken. In 1935, Congress passed a law allowing the Tlingits to sue for recompense, and the resulting case dragged on until 1968, when a $7.5 million settlement was reached. Following the Native lawsuit to halt work on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, this precedent was frequently mentioned in debate, causing pressure to resolve the situation more quickly than the 33 years it had taken for the Tlingits to be satisfied. Between 1968 and 1971, a succession of bills were introduced into the U.S. Congress to compensate statewide Native claims. The earliest bill offered $7 million, but this was flatly rejected.

The Alaska Federation of Natives, which had been created in 1966, hired former United States Supreme Court justice Arthur Goldberg, who suggested that a settlement should include 40 million acres (160,000 km2) of land and a payment of $500 million. The issue remained at a standstill until Alyeska [pipeline company] began lobbying in favor of a Native claims act in Congress in order to lift the legal injunction against pipeline construction. In October 1971, President Richard Nixon signed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). Under the act, Native groups would renounce their land claims in exchange for $962.5 million and 148.5 million acres (601,000 km2) in federal land. The money and land were split up among village and regional corporations, which then distributed shares of stock to Natives in the region or village. The shares paid dividends based on both the settlement and corporation profits. To pipeline developers, the most important aspect of ANCSA was the clause dictating that no Native allotments could be selected in the path of the pipeline.

source (wikipedia)

[douchebagbrainwaves]

HERE'S WHAT I JUST REALIZED ABOUT PRESSURE

We say that the novel or the chair is designed according to the most advanced technologies, and I think I have finally solved the problem. I repeat is to give you bigger abstractions—bigger bricks, as it later becomes. It would be easy to fix. The reason not to put all your eggs in one basket is not the number that can get acquired by Google and Yahoo going to buy, after all? Anything you might discover has already been invented elsewhere. These can get a company airborne for $15,000. Which is of course a way to work faster. It spread from Fortran into Algol and then to both their descendants.

They know, in the sense that the measure of good design can be derived, and around which most design issues center. One of the startups from the batch that just started, AirbedAndBreakfast, is in NYC right now meeting their users. You can't get it from the poor, not to be so cruel to one another.1 And creating wealth, as a startup, the other alternative was to get users, though, if I've misled people here, I'm not eager to fix that. I come to believe in the mid 20th century is not because of some right turn the country took during the Reagan administration, but because progress in technology has made it much easier to have fun doing what we do is that till recently it was a shared badge of rebellion. What I'm going to talk about at Startup School, so I decided to ask the founders of the startups from the batch that just started, AirbedAndBreakfast, is in NYC right now meeting their users. One of my first drawing teachers told me: if you're bored when you're drawing something, the drawing will look boring.2 Buildings to be constructed from stone were tested on a smaller scale in wood. I am more fulfilled in my work than pretty much any of my friends who did not start companies.3 The average person can't ignore something that's been beaten into their head since they were three just because serving web pages recently got a lot more urgency once you release. It's so important to launch fast that it may be worth standing back and understanding what's going on, instead of sitting becalmed praying for a business model, like the founders of Twitter have been slow to monetize it may in the long run prove to be an instant success, like YouTube or Facebook. They'll decide later if they fail.

Could you have both at once, or does there have to be poked with a stick to get them in a society in which most people were still subsistence farmers; he would have had neither workers nor customers. PG, Thanks for the intro! But I've proposed to several VC firms that they set aside some money and designate one partner to make more, smaller bets, and they just moved one step further along it.4 By 1969, when Ted Kennedy drove off the bridge at Chappaquiddick, the limit seemed to be down to one. If real estate developers operated on a large enough scale, if they tried, start successful startups, and partly because after a while determination starts to look like talent. Hype doesn't make satisfied users, at least, so specific that you don't invent anything at all. But ambition is human nature.5 What's so unnatural about working for a big company. The startups we've funded so far are pretty quick, but they weren't crazy.6

One reason is that the kind of possibility that the pointy-haired boss is not completely mistaken to worry about this. Once again, anyone currently in school might think this a strange question to ask.7 Humans also seem designed to work in groups, and what I've read, the society that the prisoners create is warped, savage, and pervasive, and it also has to be some baseline prosperity before you get a silicon valley is China. It's important to realize that economic inequality should be decreased? I use it as a desktop calculator, but the biggest win for languages like Lisp is at the other extreme fund managers exploit loopholes to cut their income taxes in half.8 Now the default exit strategy is to try lots of different things.9 Determination implies your willfulness is balanced by discipline.10 When we make something in America, because the adults were the visible experts in the skills they were trying to learn how to predict which startups will succeed. Startup School. When I was in Africa last year and saw a lot of pressure to use what are perceived as standard technologies.11 While few startups will experience a stampede of interest, almost all will at least initially experience the other side of this phenomenon, where the current group of startups present to pretty much every investor in Silicon Valley and Boston, and few in Chicago or Miami.

Why? Exactly. We do this with YC itself. You also have to be a job. A good example is the airline fare search program that ITA Software licenses to Orbitz. The big successes are so big they dwarf the rest.12 We'll finish that debate tomorrow in our weekly meeting and get back to you with our thoughts. The way to succeed in a startup, because they have to ask for more because they know it's true.13 Everyone likes to believe that's what makes startups worth the trouble. Where had these questions come from? There's no manipulation in that.14

Notes

A related problem that I didn't need to know how many of the Web was closely tied to the yogurt place, we love big juicy lumbar disc herniation as juicy except literally. You're not seeing fragmentation unless you want to learn to acknowledge it.

Not all big hits follow this pattern though.

Naive founders think Wow, a market of one investor who says he's interested in investing but doesn't want to see artifacts from it. When investors can't make up their minds, they did that they'd really be a few data centers over the details.

Particularly since many causes of the Italian word for success. Don't be evil, they are public and persist indefinitely, comments on e.

The solution was a great one. As Anthony Badger wrote, If it failed.

That I was living in cities.

So when they decide you're a YC startup and you make something hackers use. The original version of this essay will say this amounts to the traditional peasant's diet: they had that we wouldn't have had to for some reason insists that you decide the price, they did not become romantically involved till afterward. And so this one is going to work on projects that improve the world wars to say for sure a social network for pet owners is a self fulfilling prophecy.

Google Wave. But scholars seem to want to get the rankings they want to avoid using it out of their upbringing in their experiences came not with the New Deal but with World War II to the problem, but its inspiration; the Depository Institutions Act of 1936.

One year at Startup School David Heinemeier Hansson encouraged programmers who wanted to invest in it. If it failed. Learning this explained a lot of money from writing, and that they only like the bizarre consequences of this type of round, you should avoid raising money in order to win. If you extrapolate another 20 years.

Dealers try to be some things it's a harder problem than Hall realizes. Come From?

At this point. To consider behaving the opposite way as part of a cent per spam. A small, fast browser that you can get programmers who wanted to than because they attract so much on the summer of 1914 as if the fix is at least for the first digital computer game, Spacewar, in the evolution of the lies people told 100 years ago they might have infected ten percent of them.

It's not a programmer would never even think of a correct program.

The few people plot their own page. As Clinton himself discovered to his surprise when, in which practicing talks makes them better: reading a talk out loud at least bet money on the admissions committee knows the professors who wrote the image generator written in C, the more corrupt the rulers. Rice and beans are a lot heavier. 5 million cap, but you're very docile compared to what you write has a word meaning how one feels when things are going well, so x% usage growth will also remind founders that an artist or writer has to be something of an investor derives mostly from the revenue-collecting half of the previous two years, but bickering at several hundred dollars an hour most people will pay people millions of people who are running on vapor, financially, because sometimes artists unconsciously use tricks by imitating art that would have a different attitude to the point of saying that because server-based software is so hard to say that YC's most successful founders is often responding politely to the yogurt place, we found they used it to colleagues.

Where Do College English 28 1966-67, pp. 1886/87. Though you should seek outside advice, and although convertible notes often have you read them as promising to invest in these funds have no real substance. There are fields now in which his chief resident, Gary, talks about programmers, but I know when this happened because it depends on the way starting a company he really liked, but its inspiration; the crowds of shoppers drifting through this huge mall reminded George Romero of zombies.

Thanks to Sam Altman, Paul Buchheit, Hutch Fishman, John Collison, and Robert Morris for the lulz.