#Blacksea

[kocalls]

rize | temmuz 2024 🌿

[whencyclopedia]

Religion in the Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire (1206-1368 CE) covered Asia from the Black Sea to the Korean peninsula and so naturally included all manner of religions within its borders, but the Mongols themselves had their own particular religious beliefs and rituals, even if there were no priesthoods, no sacred texts, and no public services, except funerals. Mongol religion included a strong element of shamanism mixed with ancestor worship and a belief in natural spirits such as might be found in the elements of fire, earth, and water. Following the conquest of China and conversion of Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1294 CE) many Mongols there adopted Tibetan Buddhism which became the official religion of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 CE).

Gods & Spirits

The Mongols believed in the spiritual powers of divine beings and sacred locations. Supreme amongst the gods, although they were likely not envisaged as having any human-like form, were the powers of Heaven and Earth. The Earth or Mother Earth goddess, known as Etugen (aka Itugen), represented fertility. The main cult, though, was to Tengri (aka Gok Monggke Tenggeri), the 'Blue Sky' or 'Eternal Heaven.' This protector god was thought to have given the Mongols their right to rule the entire world, and he was often referenced in the opening lines of Mongol edits and other official documents with the phrase Mongke Tenggiri-yin Kucun-dur or 'By the Power of Eternal Heaven.' Prayers were offered to these gods, but in a simple way, without the buildings and ceremonies seen in other religions. Although mountaintops, hill peaks, or simple stone cairns (ovoo) were regarded as an especially favourable spot, simply standing in the open air and removing one's hat and belt before prayer were sufficient acts to demonstrate one's submission to the all-powerful.

Directions, places, and natural features were held important by the Mongols because they were considered as contact points with spirits. For example, the doorway of a yurt tent was traditionally made to face the south. Natural phenomena, especially thunder and lightning which is particularly impressive on the wide plains of the Asian steppe, were held in awe as the work of the gods. Earth and waters spirits, in particular, acted as protectors; for example, it was thought that moving water such as rivers were capable of blocking and even nullifying evil.

In order to ensure the gods and spirits had a favourable influence on human affairs, certain rituals and taboos were observed. Taboos, designed not to offend any spirits, included not shedding royal blood (considered along with a person's bones to contain the soul), not urinating or washing objects or one's person in rivers, not stepping on the threshold of a yurt tent, and not putting a knife anywhere near a fire. The conventions were taken seriously, and anyone caught breaking them risked severe punishments, even death in some cases. Offenders had to be purified, usually, by walking between two fires, a strategy also used with visiting ambassadors to the Mongol court to ensure that their intentions were honourable and they harboured no evil to the khan rulers.

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город Сочи издалека [2024]

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At night on the Black Sea

NSFW under the cut - mdni - character is aged up

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Ne kadar cılız, titreksen de Şükrü Erbaş’ ın dediği gibi “Üç gün akıllıysan beş gün deli kal.”

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Fomapan 100

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Nature lovers, come together! 🍀🌲🌳

Giresun in the Black Sea Region is packed full of natural greenery. Explore the city and its surroundings with little old houses and animal friends as guides on your path. 🏡🐂

Source: https://www.instagram.com/p/CgG_jbQqpM8/

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#UCRANIA Mapa Situación Militar 30.SEP.23 Rusia avanza al Norte de #Bakhmut /#AFU al Sur de #Orikhiv

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🇬🇪☀ Project ''Dar Tower'' Batumi➖Georgia / Проект ''Дар Тауер'' Батуми➖Грузия

👇 (EN, RU, DE, GE)

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[blksea]

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стена в Сочи [2024]

стена старого кинотеатра в Томске [2024]

стена дома культуры в Томске [2024]

[irmakbicakcioglu]

to the nothingness

Avlabari Metro, Tbilisi, Georgia 11.10.2022 taken by Irmak Bıçakcıoğlu