#AVindicationofTheRightsofWoman

[allgyan]

फेमनिस्म और भारतीय नारीवाद -

नारीवाद एक बौद्धिक, दार्शनिक और राजनीतिक सम्वाद श्रंखला है जिसका केन्द्र में महिलाओं के लिए समान अधिकार और कानूनी संरक्षण का विचार निहित होता है। नारीवाद की संकल्पना में विभिन्न आन्दोलन, सिद्धान्त, दर्शन आदि समाहित होते है । जो लैिगक असमानता, नारी अधिकार और नारी हितों से संबद्ध होते है ।यहां यह तथ्य उल्लेखनीय है कि भारतीय महिलाओं को अपने अधिकारों के कानूनी संरक्षण के लिए वो संघर्ष नहीं करना पड़ा जो पश्चिमी देशों की महिलाओं ने किया। भारतीय नारीवाद भी को इसके सिद्धांत एवं दर्शन मुख्य रूप से पश्चिमी मूल्यों एवं दर्शन पर आधारित रहे हैं। ये कह पाना तो मुश्किल है |हालाँकि ज़मीनी स्तर पर स्त्रीवादी विमर्श हर देश एवं भौगोलिक सीमाओं मे अपने स्तर पर सक्रिय रहती हैं और हर क्षेत्र के स्त्रीवादी विमर्श की अपनी खास समस्याएँ होती हैं।

भारत में नारीवादी आन्दोलन  को पुरषों ने प्रारंभ किया

उपनिवेशी शासन के आगमन के साथ ही प्रजातंत्र, समानता और व्यक्तिगत अधिकारों की अवधारणा को बल प्राप्त हुआ। राष्ट्रवाद और भेदभावपूर्ण परंपराओं के आत्मविश्लेषण ने जाति व्यवस्था और लैंगिक समानता संबंधी सामाजिक सुधारों के आन्दोलन को जन्म दिया । भारत में प्रथम चरण के नारीवादी आन्दोलन को पुरूषो (जैसे की राजाराम मोहन राय ) ने प्रारंभ किया ।इस आन्दोलन के केन्द्र में सती प्रथा, विधवा विवाह, महिला साक्षरता, महिला संपत्ति अधिकार आदि ऐसे मुद्दे थे जिनका कानूनी तौर पर समाधान करने के प्रयास किये गये ।

नारीवाद की नींव-

ऐसा माना जाता है की नारीवाद की एक झलक प्राचीन रोम में 3rd सेंचुरी में देखने को मिला था |जब एक महिलाओं का एक समूह मोर्चाबंदी की थी एक कानून को निरस्त करने के लिए जो उस समय की सीमित महिलाओं को ही को महंगे सामान प्रयोग करने का अधिकार देता था |वैसे तो ये एक अलग ही घटना थी |जिसको पहली बार क्रिस्टीन दे पिसान ने सबकी नज़र में लाया था |वो एक बहुत बड़े थिंकर थी  |लेकिन ये भावनाये उनके लिखे हुए निबंधों में दीखता जरूर था |महिलाओं के शिक्षा के लिए उन्हें कई आंदोलन भी किये है |उसका बाद नारीवाद को बढ़ावा देने के लिए एक और फ्रेंच लेखिका ने इसको आगे बढ़ाया |

ओलेम्प डे गॉज एक फ्रांसीसी नाटककार और राजनीतिक कार्यकर्ता थे जिनके लेखन महिलाओं के अधिकारों और उन्मूलन पर विभिन्न देशों में बड़ी संख्या में दर्शकों तक पहुंचे। उन्होंने एक पुस्तक लिखी -"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the [Female] सिटीजन" ये बात 1791 की है | ऐसा माना जाता है की पहले यूरोपियन कांटिनेंट में ही इसका विकास हुआ था |

मैरी वुलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट नारीवाद का झंडा बुलंद किया -

मैरी वुलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट 18 वीं शताब्दी की ब्रिटिश प्रोटो-फेमिनिस्ट द्वारा लिखित राजनीतिक और नैतिक विषयों पर महिलाओं के अधिकारों का उल्लेख किया था और नारीवादी दर्शन की बात की थी। A Vindication of the Rights of Woman  ये उन्होंने 1792 में लिखा था |उनका मानना था की महिलाओं को भी समानता का अधिकार मिले | अगर वो खुद को पुरषों से कम समझती है तो उनमे शिक्षा की कमी है |ये पहला इंग्लिश भाषा में टेक्स्ट था |उसके बाद अमेरिकन चुनाव में पहली बार खड़ी एक महिला ने सबका अपनी ओर ध्यान खींचा उनका नाम था -विक्टोरिया वुडहल |उन्होंने इक्वल राइड पार्टी के प्रत्याशी के तौर पर 18वें राष्ट्रपति उल्सिस एस ग्रांट के खिलाफ चुनाव लड़ा था। हालांकि, वह बड़े अंतर से चुनाव हार गईं क्योंकि तब अमेरिकी समाज में सभी महिलाओं को न तो मतदान करने का अधिकार था और न ही उन्हें पुरुषों के बराबरी का समझा जाता था।

[ofgraveconcern]

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9th September 1737, birth of Italian doctor, physicist and philosopher Luigi Galvani. Galvani discovered that he could animate the muscles of a dead frog’s legs by applying static electricity to them. Following this he was able to show a connection between electricity and life; he named the discovery ‘animal electricity’. His discovery led to the scientific discoveries of galvanism and bioelectricity. He is recognized as the pioneer of bioelectromagnetics. Galvani’s nephew and defender Giovanni Aldini, later progressed from repeating the experiment to attempting the reanimation of hanged criminals. The reports of Galvani’s experiments were read by Mary Shelley, and influenced her in the writing of Frankenstein. 10th September 1797, death from septicemia of English writer, philosopher, and early pioneer of women’s rights, Mary Wollstonecraft, best known for her 1792 work ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Woman’. After two ill fated love affairs with the artist Henry Fuseli, and the American adventurer Gilbert Imlay, Wollstonecraft met and married the political philosopher and novelist William Godwin, author of ‘Political Justice’, and ‘The Adventures of Caleb Williams’. After only six months of marriage, Mary Wollstonecraft died eleven days days after giving birth to their daughter Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, who later married Percy Bysshe Shelley, becoming Mary Shelley. Scandalized during her lifetime, for her writing and unorthodox lifestyle, Wolstonecraft was marginalized for the majority of the 19th century. Her works and ideas were revived however, during the re-emergence of the feminist movement at the beginning of the 20th century, (Continued in the comments). #galvanism #luigigalvani #electricity #18thcentury #18thcenturystyle #18thcenturyhistory #bioelectricity #maryshelley #maryshelleysfrankenstein #maryshelleyfrankenstein #frankenstein #marywolstonecraft #avindicationoftherightsofwoman #feminismhistory #henryfuseli #percyshelley #feministmovement #tarotcards #tarotcardsdaily #tarotprint #tarotprints #tarotillustration #historicalillustration #gothictales #aceofwands #suitofwands #queenofpentacles #suitofpentacles #wands #pentacles https://www.instagram.com/p/CTpbKxvlFSC/?utm_medium=tumblr

[danafraedrich]

Day 2 of the March Book Challenge, hosted by @grimdark_dad and @the_infinite_book_dragon . Today's prompt is Women's History Month, so I've chosen some of the First Ladies of Literature. ... #grimdragon #bookstagram #bookworms #readersofinstagram #bibliophile #bookish #booknerd #bookworm #booklr #bookstagrammer #books #womenshistorymonth #janeausten #maryshelley #marywollstonecraft #charlottebronte #emilybronte #prideandprejudice #feminist #frankenstein #avindicationoftherightsofwoman #janeeyre #wurtheringheights #firstladies #literature #rolemodel #strong #strongwomen #brave

[casefortheindefinitebullmarket]

I have produced many arguments, which to me were conclusive, to prove that the prevailing notion respecting a sexual character was subversive of morality, and I have contended, that to render the human body and mind more perfect, chastity must more universally prevail, and that chastity will never be respected in the male world till the person of a woman is not, as it were, idolized, when little virtue or sense embellish it with the grand traces of mental beauty, or the interesting simplicity of affection.

A Vindication of The Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft

[triinbooks-blog]

Happy Mother’s Day! 💐 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ I was looking at my library for a long time to find a book to represent motherhood and found nothing. Instead here is a book written by Mary Shelley’s mother. Although Mary Shelley never knew her mother she held her in the deepest veneration. There was probably no better student of Mary Wollstonecraft's writings as she read them again and again. ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ “Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience.” ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ”It is vain to expect virtue from women till they are in some degree independent of men.” #MaryWollstonecraft #AVindicationoftheRightsofWoman

[lollypopliz4]

Word: Feminist (1/13) For the longest time Mary Wollstonecraft was known simply as Mary Shelly's* mother. I was unaware (until my Norton English Literature textbook told me so) that Mary Sr. was an advocate for women's rights. In 1792 she published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman which argued that women were not inferior to men, but that they only lacked education. She (before many) suggested women and men should be treated as equal and rational humans, not defined by gender. There should have been more like her in the 18th century. #feminist #feministmovement #womansrights #justonewordbookphotochallenge #marywollstonecraft #maryshelly #avindicationoftherightsofwoman #BAMF #norton *{Author of Frankenstein - 1818}

[gingersaurusread]

#butalsothis #AVindicationoftheRightsofWoman #MaryWollstonecraft (at Bedminster, Bristol)

[booksforyears]

Day 2 of #harpiesreadaug is Nasty Women Read - here are some books perfect for a #nastywoman 📚❤️💪 #books #read #reading #bookish #booklover #booklife #bibliophile #nastywomen #thewomansbible #elizabethcadystanton #avindicationoftherightsofwoman #marywollstonecraft #thecreationofpatriarchy #gerdalerner #nonfiction #bookstagram #booksofinstagram

[cupofteajones]

100 Books for 2017. Book #9: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft. Wollstonecraft (Mary Shelley's mother) political commentary is full of ballsy determination and inspirational words. A must read, especially in this political climate. Visit my blog to read the full book review! #bookstagram #books #bookreview #bookrecommendation #avindicationoftherightsofwoman #marywollstonecraft #womensrights #100books #books2017

[emmareadsforfun]

One of the many books I got in downtown Richmond! I'm so glad I was able to get a Norton edition 😍 Are you picky about books being a certain edition too or is it just me? 😅 .~*•*~*•*~*•*~*•*~*•*~*•*~*•*•*~. #avindicationoftherightsofwoman #marywollstonecraft #feminism #feminist #rosietheriveter #coffee #aesthetic #cozy #book #bookshopping #bookstore #bookstorefinds #booknerd #bookworm #norton #nortoncriticaledition #bookblogger #bookstagram #fredericksburgva #richmondva #emmareadsforfun (at Fredericksburg, Virginia)

[thebookkatblog]

Happy International Women’s day! Here’s to us - incredible, wonderful, awesome and fabulous! Let us be celebrated, honoured, and loved! Day 8: #Ampersand2018: Women . . . @vintagebooks #iwd2018 #womensday #internationalwomensday #vintageminis #vintageclassics #thesecondsex #freedom #avindicationoftherightsofwoman #simonedebeauvoir #margaretatwood #marywollstonecraft #feminism #equality #bookwormabroad #instabook #lovebooks #igreads #bookstagram #bookworm #bibliophile #bookish #bookgram #reading #booknerd #fullybooked #books #bookgram #diversebooks #booklife

[ofgraveconcern]

22nd October 1797, French balloonist and the inventor of the frameless parachute Andre-Jacques Garnerin makes the first parachute descent from a balloon in Paris, using his silk umbrella-shaped device. Ascending connected to a balloon, at a height of 3,000 feet, Garnerin cut the cord and descended with the parachute swinging wildly, before it hit the ground with Garnerin emerging uninjured. The following year Garnerin created a scandal, when he announced that his next balloon flight would include a female passenger, Citoyenne Henri. Although the announcement created a media sensation, the authorities in Paris initially issued an injunction, citing that reduced air pressure might have a detrimental effect on the organs of a delicate female body, and that the close proximity of the balloons basket would result in impropriety. The injunction was later overturned and the flight took place, on the 8th July 1798 from the Parc Monceau in Paris. Citoyenne Henri was later acclaimed as the first woman "who ever had the courage to trust herself in the regions of air". Despite this credit, other women had already flown in balloons before the French Revolution. The Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas and a Miss de Lagarde, had ascended in a tethered balloon on the 20th May 1784, and the following month on the 4th June, eight months after the first untethered ascent by the Montgolfier brothers; Madame Elizabeth Thible, dressed as the Roman goddess Minerva, became the first female balloonist, after ascending 1,500 meters in a balloon named ‘La Gustave’ in honour of King Gustav III of Sweden's visit to Lyon. Continued in the comments #hotairballoon #hotairballons #parachute #parachutejump #ballonmania #18thcentury #18thcenturyhistory #womenshistory #femalepioneers #montgolfière #montgolfiere #montgolfières #historyofflight #onthisday #onthisdayinhistory #tarotcards #tarotcardsdaily #tarotillustration #tarotillustrator #tarothistory #tarotprints #tarotart #tarotartist #thechariot #thechariottarot #thechariottarotcard #avindicationoftherightsofwoman #queenofpentacles #tenofcups #historicalillustration https://www.instagram.com/p/CVVkCu3lPNk/?utm_medium=tumblr

[danafraedrich]

Don't you hate it when you can't find one of your books? I've turned my house upside down looking for my copy of "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman." I can't find it anywhere! 😫 Thank goodness for Kindle copies. . Today's #grimdragon BPC prompt is #WritingRelatives . Mary Wollstonecraft was mother to Mary Shelley. Funny enough, AVOTROW and Frankenstein are two of my favorite books. Both of them examine human rights, character, worth, and freedom of choice. . I've included some goodies from my #FeministAndFloral Bookish Box. Sing it with me! 🎶 Females are strong as hell! 🎶 That's part of the theme song to "The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt," which is a brilliant show, in case you don't know. And the Alpha Female pin from that same box is pinned to my wallet, which my mum made for me. The women in my family are amazing in so many different ways. 😊. . . . #booknerd #books #booksarelife #booksaremagic #bookstagram #bookstagramcommunity #bookstagrammer #bookworm #read #reader #reading #lovetoread @thebookishbox #feminist #frankenstein #avindicationoftherightsofwoman #maryshelley #marywollstonecraft

[gingersaurusread]

Elegance is inferior to virtue...the first object of laudable ambition is to obtain a character as a human being #AVindicationoftheRightsofWoman #MaryWollstonecraft #itistimetoeffectarevolutioninfemalemanners #timetorestorethemtotheirlostdignity #georgianfeminism (at Bedminster, Bristol)