#turkish words with ipa

[w4what]

[dedalvs]

Zhyler anon here again... I... I think you got the plural morpheme wrong. It fills me with apprehension and terror to correct you, someone I admire greatly, on your own language... but I have evidence (the Zhyler page on your website, on the "Relay Texts" page, links to the "Cursèd Relay", which links to a Zhyler text you translated in 2005(?!), which includes some grammar explanations, which includes the plural morpheme) 😭😭😭

So help me....

First you insult me by asking me to translate something into Zhyler, then you follow it up by pointing out a mistake, which leads me to discover two other mistakes, and to top it all off, you're using the word morpheme?! Who even are you?!

All right, now you have homework. First, watch this:

David's LCC1 presentation from literally 2006 that should have put an end to this whole morpheme nonsense

Then read this:

A kind of write up of the same presentation written eight years later because people were paradoxically still on about this morpheme nonsense

Then these three posts in this order on Tumblr.com, an obscure microblogging website you probably haven't heard of:

First post

Second post

Third post

Now for your question.

Yes, I got the frickin'-frackin' plural wrong! The stupid language is a stupid homage to not-stupid Turkish, and plurals in Turkish are associated with -lar/-ler. I turned that into the stupid past tense in stupid Zhyler and I STUPID FORGOT THAT in the first stupid post so I stupid got it wrong. Okay?!

But that's not all. Apparently in my own documentation I exclusively used IPA; I didn't have any kind of romanization. The romanization was invented for my website. I forgot this and so misread [j] as <j> (i.e. [dʒ]). I thought it was odd there was so much [dʒ] in this translation, so I feel better about that, but it means that every place you say <j> (and its associated orthographic letter) it should've been <y>. So that was wrong, too.

Anyway, after all that, I did correct the stupid translations, so here they are. First, enemies:

Then friends:

There! Art thou happy?! I'm not even going to get into how the plural is supposed to produce an even number of syllables but I don't remember what happened with case/possessive suffixes, so I don't know if it's literally supposed to be vedgayayum and širkÿyayum which seems ridiculous, but what isn't with this ridiculous language?

Now I banish thee once more!

[yeli-renrong]

The letters and their values: A-E

<a>: Almost always a low vowel, with the exception of certain English-derived alphabets: in Saanich, <A> writes the [ɛ] allophone of /e/ <Á> that occurs adjacent to postvelars, and in the orthographic tradition initiated by the North American missionary Jotham Meeker (1804-1855), designed around the constraints of standard type for newspapers and bearing substantial influence from English (perhaps owing to Meeker's lack of formal education), <a> writes either /a/ or /e/ depending on language - consider, for example, the Shawnee form Sieiwinoweakwa /sajaːwanoːwije��kwe/, with <a e i> /e i a/. (Vowel length was unwritten.) Meeker's alphabets are no longer used.

Some derivatives of <a> exist, most notably <æ>, an a-e ligature that came to be used in Germanic languages for /æ/, and in Ossetian for schwa, which the Swedish linguist Anders Sjögren heard as a type of e and compared to Finnish ä. This ligature developed in parallel into 'e caudata', an e with a bottom curl as a remnant of <a>, which later developed into <ę>; this usage is now extinct. A reversed <a>, <ɐ>, has common use in phonetic alphabets, presumably owing to ease of printing; in addition to IPA and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (where rotation has systematic meaning), William Price used it in his Cornish alphabet for 'A in all, small, &c.', and the Fraser script - a descendant of Latin, but not a form of it - uses <ꓯ> for /ɛ/.

<b>: Almost always a lenis labial plosive; an exception is one of the three competing alphabets for Mapudungun, where it writes /l̪/. Occasionally a tone letter, as in the Romanized Popular Alphabet for Hmong - pob /pó/. Frequently repurposed in the Meeker orthographies: /ju/ or /joː/ in Unami (note that Deseret and Shavian, de novo orthographies for English, both define a character for English /juː/), and /θ/ in Shawnee, as in the name of Meeker's newspaper, Siwinowe Kesibwi /saːwanoːwi kiːsaʔθwa/.

<c>: In Latin, /k/, which was palatalized before front vowels in the Romance languages, producing alternations like <ca ce> /ka tʃe/. Adopted for /ts/ in most of the languages of Central and Eastern Europe, in a usage codified at least by De orthographia bohemica, a work standardizing Czech orthography, traditionally attributed to Jan Hus. /tʃ/ in Sanskrit romanization as a compromise between English <ch> and Sanskrit's four-way stop contrast, and in Malay as a compromise between English-influenced <ch> and Dutch-influenced <tj>; similarly, /ʃ/ in some North African languages, probably as a simplification of French <ch> /ʃ/. /k/ in Vietnamese (before nonfront vowels; otherwise /k/ <k>) and Saanich (in all positions, but /k/ is rare) by the influence of Portuguese and English respectively. /e/ and /ə/ in Meeker's orthography for Unami; it was left over because Meeker used <h> for /tʃ/. (This is paralleled, but certainly not inspired, by Benjamin Franklin's earlier use of derivatives of <h> for all of /ʌ ð θ ʃ/.)

Etruscan and Old Latin had three letters for the velar plosives, <c k q>, depending on the following vowel; these usages are preserved in the names of the letters, originally /ke ka ku/. In Latin, <c> displaced <k> (which came to be primarily used in, and even as an abbreviation for, the word kalendae and derivatives; English ought to spell it kalendar), but with the common use of <k> in modern non-Romance orthographies other than English (which preserves a general preference for <c> over <k> where permissible) <c> came to be seen as a repurposable 'free letter' with no particular attachment to any sound value, hence its use for /ð/ in Fijian, /|/ (a dental click) in Sandawe, Hadza, and the Nguni languages.

Sometimes <c> derives its value from its resemblance to another character, as with /ʕ/ in Somali from <ʕ>, /dʒ/ in Turkish from <ج>, and /ɔ/ in Natqgu from <ɔ>.

<ç> originated as a form of <z> - z -> ʒ -> Ꝣ -> ç - but is now treated as <;c> with a diacritic, the cedilla, which was extracted and attached to <s> to form the Turkish letter <ş>.

<d>: Generally a lenis coronal plosive; sometimes used for /θ/ or /ð/, esp. in languages without a voicing contrast in plosives. Alexandre de Rhodes used <d>, by analogy to Portuguese, for the Middle Vietnamese dental approximant /ð̞/ that developed from *t by lenition after a preinitial (e.g. dái 'scrotum' ~ Thavung ktaal3) and from Proto-Vietic *j; this sound later shifted to /z/ in the north and /j/ in the south.

<e>: Generally /e/, /ə/, or (as in many Western European languages and Malay) both. /ɣ/ in Aklanon, as in the tongue-twister /ro kaɣamaj nagakuɣuɣaput sa kaɣahaʔ/ Ro kaeamay nagakueoeaput sa kaeaha. (from p. 22 of the Peace Corps manual). /i/ in the Meeker orthographies by influence from English; Saanich, however, has <E> /ə/.

From <e> the letter <ɛ> was derived. I'm not sure what its history is; the first occurrence I'm aware of is in Isaac Pitman's English Phonotypic Alphabet, where it was used for a long vowel /iː/ as in <ɛl> 'eel', replacing an earlier barred I.

(The original phonotypic alphabet was unicameral, with six basic vowels, e a ah au o oo written I ⵎ Λ O U and a letter like a capital ꭐ without the middle dot, and an 'obscure vowel' written with a reversed ⵎ. To this was added vowel length, written with a middle line, and the three diphthong letters Ɯ (e-oo), ⚻ (ah-e), and ȣ (au-oo); CHOICE, or au-e, was written with the digraph <ƟƗ>. This scheme was quickly abandoned, and the 1847 version was bicameral and contained <ɛ>.)

This phonotypic <ɛ> is probably the source of the Deseret letter <𐐩> /ej/ - which, however, was originally written backwards: the 1854 handout presented to the Board of Regents of the Deseret University has <3𐐣> 'aim', but it was reversed a year later. (The Mormon hierarchy almost adopted Pitman's phonotype as the basis for their planned orthographic reform, but decided against it at the last minute.)

An 1879 proposal for an Albanian alphabet used <ɛ e> for /e ə/, presumably from Greek and French respectively (also <r p> /ɾ r/), and Otto Jespersen used <ɛ> for the mid front vowel [e̞] in his 1890 phonetic alphabet. It was later adopted for its current use in IPA and many African alphabets. Due to its resemblance to Arabic <ع>, it's also used in some Berber Latin alphabets for the voiced pharyngeal fricative /ʕ/.

[ultimate-word-tournament]

Ultimate Word Tournament!

gambiarra (Brazilian Portuguese) couldn't find the IPA for this one :( an improvised method/solution to solve a problem, using the available materials; a workaround; an improvisation

silgi (Turkish) [sil.ɟi] an object used to erase/wipe/clean something

[words-for-cat-bracket]

and with that, round two is OVER!

thank you all so much for participating so far, welcome to all of the people who followed this account in the middle of round two, and a hearty congratulations to all the winners! here's some fun stats:

we're down to 64 words now in 38 languages! for context, we started with 156 words in 78 languages!

the biggest sweep this round was kisu (finnish) vs micio (italian), ending 79-21 in kisu's favor!!

the closest round was チャペ (ainu) vs michi (spanish), which ended in a perfect 50-50! i removed my vote for michi, so チャペ moved on.

a good amount of them still need IPA or propawganda for future rounds. for the sake of convenience, i'm going to list them all here, and to submit either, you can reblog this post or send it to me through the ask box or my messages! please be sure to say "this is the IPA/propawganda for (word)" so i know :)

also, if you want to submit propawganda for a word that already has some, use the same methods that i listed up there and be my guest! i'd be happy to add it to future rounds :3

the following words need IPA:

chonker (english)

kaķis (latvian)

katsi (shona)

kisumisu (finnish)

kitku (polish)

kocik (polish)

michito (spanish)

micifuz (spanish)

mincis (latvian)

miu (ancient egyptian)

popoki (hawaiian)

the following words have no propawganda:

pisi (turkish)

popoki (hawaiian)

แมว (thai)

[ranahan]

I didn’t see this in time to vote. 😔 But anyways, since we were talking about this, I guess I should say something.

There are basically two kinds of demonstratives: pronominal and adnominal.

Pronominal demonstratives act like pronouns: “I like this.” “I don’t think that.”

Adnominal demonstratives occur with a noun: this ship, that sword.

In the majority of the world’s languages, pronominal and adnominal demonstratives are identical, but they can also be different, or inflected differently.¹

So when I felt like “bic’e mando’ade” brushed my grain in the wrong direction, it was really the adnominal usage that felt off for me. So you could say my knee jerk reaction was to use an invariant ibic/ibac as adnominal demonstratives, but inflect the pronominal demonstratives with the plural marker. I don’t know if this makes sense; knee jerk reactions don’t always do. I haven’t thought through Mando’a demonstratives/deixis/plurals etc. and am probably not going to form a firm opinion before I have.

But I will say that we have one example of the demonstratives acting like a particle instead of a full word: “Ib'tuur jatne tuur ash'ad kyr'amur.” Which could lead to a similar situation as in Turkish:

In Turkish, pronominal and adnominal demonstratives have the same stems. However, pronominal and adnominal demonstratives differ in their inflectional behavior: pronominal demonstratives are inflected for case (and number), whereas the adnominal demonstratives are uninflected particles that precede an inflected noun.¹

I’ve also idly considered bice, pronounced /bɪ.sɛ/. Last time when I mentioned it as a throwaway comment, it got some strongly worded feedback, so this time I’m including the explanation why it could make sense below the cut.

So the theory goes that individual speakers of a language don’t store all of the different forms of a word separately in their memory. That would be inefficient. So rather than store, let’s say, acquit, acquits, acquitted, acquittal, acquittals all as separate forms, it’s much more efficient to store just acquit and apply e.g. the rule for adding -s to get the plural form ad hoc every time one needs it. Or that’s what goes for words that are used less often. For very common words like this and these, it’s more efficient to just store both of the forms rather than form the plural anew every time you need it.

But as language changes over time, what happens is that the the sound changes might be applied a bit differently. Basically things that get stored as chunks get changed as chunks; but things that get a rule applied to them, the rule itself might change. For example, the Old English demonstrative this was þēs. The nominative/accusative singular neuter form was þis, which became Modern English this. And the nominative/accusative plural form þās underwent a sound change and became these. Although it was the plural form, it did not get the modern plural -(e)s and become *thises. Sometimes people apply the wrong rule, for example using a strong verb scheme for weak one or vice versa. And if enough people make that same mistake, the verb might become strong or weak instead.

So anyway, it’s really a question of which order certain developments happened in Mando’a:

A. the sound change c > /s/ before high front vowel, /k/ otherwise

B. Pluralisation of bic > bice to form the plural demonstrative “these” (assuming that it did happen)

Two options:

If A happened first, then

1. /bic/ > /bik/

2. /bik/ + -(s)e > /bike/

But if B happened first

1. we would first develop both forms:

/bic/

/bice/

2. And the sound change would then apply to both:

/bic/ > /bik/

/bice/ > /bise/

Not sure what the original value of c was; I’m representing it here with c for simplicity, no actual correlation with IPA /c/ necessarily implied.

I don’t necessarily have a strong opinion which order is more likely. Harlin’s Repcomm soundtrack already has the c > s/k sound change. So if the sound change had already happened in Ancient Mando’a, then Modern Mando’a ought to have /bise/ if the plural demonstrative was an ancient development, or /bike/ if it’s a modern one. The other option is that the Repcomm lyrics represent modern spelling and not really authentic Ancient Mando’a, in which case it gives us no clue.

On one hand, I like to headcanon most of the grammar is modern, because could explain the changes from Harlin’s Mando’a to Traviss’s Mando’a, in which case I ought to support /bike/. On the other, I like /bise/ because having that little bit of irregularity in demonstratives feels authentic to me. I haven’t made up my mind either. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

1. Holger Diessel. 2013. Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/42, Accessed on 2025-01-21.)

Mando'a: Pluralisation of demonstrative pronouns

Karen Traviss' dictionary nor her uses of mando'a offer no examples of "these" or "those". (As far as I know. Please correct me if you know better!) "This" is ibic and "that" is ibac, with -(')(s)e forming a plural, so if we were to pluralise ibic and ibac, ibic'e and ibac'e would make the most sense. However, one could ask if ibic'e and ibac'e wouldn't specifically mean "these ones" and "those ones", rather than working as "these" and "those". In that case ibic'e mando'ade would be "these ones Mandalorians", which would be strange. But perhaps that's not the case, perhaps it is just "these Mandalorians". What do you think?

ETA: shab. pretend it says "ibic'e mando'ade".

[loveletter2you]

general language learning resources

dictionaries:

wordreference - has spanish, french, italian, portuguese, catalan, german, swedish, dutch, russian, polish, romanian, czech, greek, turkish, chinese, japanese, korean, & arabic

reverso translation - has arabic, chinese, dutch, french, german, hebrew, italian, japanese, polish, portuguese, romanian, russian, spanish & turkish

bab.la - has spanish, arabic, chinese, czech, danish, dutch, finnish, french, german, greek, hindi, hungarian, indonesian, italian, japanese, korean, norwegian, polish, portuguese, romanian, russian, swedish, swahili, thai, turkish, vietnamese, & esperanto

digital dictionaries of south asia - has dictionaries for assamese, baluchi, bengali, divehi, hindi, kashmiri, khowar, lushai, malayalam, marathi, nepali, oriya, pali, panjabi, pashto, persian, prakrit, rajasthani, sanskrit, sindhi, sinhala, tamil, telugu & urdu

resources for learning words in context:

reverso context  - has arabic, chinese (in beta), dutch, french, german, hebrew, italian, japanese, polish, portuguese, romanian, russian, spanish & turkish (in beta)

linguee - has german, spanish, portuguese, french, italian, russian, japanese, chinese, polish, dutch, swedish, danish, finnish, greek, czech, romanian, hungarian, slovak, bulgarian, slovene, lithuanian, latvian, maltese, & estonian

for learning different writing systems

omniglot - an encyclopedia with literally any language you could think of including ancient languages

scripts - an app for learning other writing systems with a limited amount for free (you can do 5 minutes a day for free) - has the ASL alphabet, Russian cyrillic, devanagari, Japanese kana, Chinese hanzi, & Korean hangul

Wikipedia is also helpful for learning different writing systems honestly!

pronunciation

forvo - a pronunciation dictionary with MANY languages (literally an underrated resource i use it all the time)

a really helpful video by luca lampariello with tips on how to get better pronunciation in any language

ipachart.com - an interactive chart with almost every sound!! literally such an amazing resource for learning the IPA (however does not include tones)

another interactive IPA chart (this one does have tones) 

language tutoring

italki - there’s many websites for language tutoring but i think italki has the most languages (i have a referral link & if you use it we can both get $10 toward tutoring lol) - they say they support 130 languages!

there’s also preply and verbling which are also good but there aren’t as many options for languages - preply has 27 and verbling has 43

(obviously these are not free but if you have the money i think tutoring is a great way to learn a language!)

getting corrections/input from native speakers

hellotalk - an app for language exchanges with native speakers & they also have functions where you can put up a piece of writing and ask for corrections - honestly this app is great

tandem - language exchange app but unlike hellotalk you can choose multiple languages (although i think hellotalk is a little bit better)

LangCorrect - supports 170 languages!

HiNative - supports 113 languages!

Lang-8 - supports 90 languages!

verb conjugation

verbix - supports a ton of languages

Reverso conjugation - only has english, french, spanish, german, italian, portuguese, hebrew russian, arabic, & japanese

apps

duolingo - obviously everybody knows about duolingo but i’m still going to put it here - i will say i think duolingo is a lot more useful for languages that use the latin alphabet than languages with another writing system however they do have a lot of languages and add more all the time - currently they have 19 languages but you can see what languages they’re going to add on the incubator

memrise - great for vocab! personally i prefer the app to the desktop website

drops - you can only do 5 minutes a day for free but i still recommend it because it’s fun and has 42 languages! 

LingoDeer - specifically geared towards asian languages - includes korean, japanese, chinese & vietnamese (as well as spanish, french, german, portuguese and russian), however only a limited amount is available for free

busuu - has arabic, chinese, french, german, italian, japanese, polish, portuguese, spanish, russian, spanish, & turkish, 

Mondly - has 33 languages including spanish, french, german, italian, russian, japanese, korean, chinese, turkish, arabic, persian, hebrew, portuguese (both brazilian & european), catalan, latin, dutch, swedish, norwegian, danish, finnish, latvian, lithuanian, greek, romanian, afrikaans, croatian, polish, bulgarian, czech, slovak, hungarian, ukrainian, vietnamese, hindi, bengali, urdu, indonesian, tagalog & thai

misc

a video by the polyglot Lýdia Machová about how different polyglots learn languages - this video is great especially if you don’t know where to start in terms of self study

LangFocus - a youtube channel of this guy who talks about different languages which is always a good place to start to understand how a specific language works also his videos are fun

Polyglot: How I Learn Languages by Kató Lomb - this book is great and available online completely for free! 

Fluent Forever by Gabriel Wyner (on pdfdrive) - another great book about language learning

Anki - a flashcard app (free on desktop for any system & free on android mobile - not free on ios mobile) that specifically uses spaced repetition to help you learn vocabulary, it’s got a slightly ugly design but it’s beloved by many language learners & is honestly so helpful

YouTube - literally utilize youtube it is so good.

Easy Languages - a youtube channel with several languages (basically they go around asking people on the street stuff so the language in the videos is really natural) & they also have breakaway channels for german, french, spanish, polish, italian, greek, turkish, russian, catalan & english

there’s also the LanguagePod101 youtube channels (e.g. FrenchPod101, JapanesePod101, HebrewPod101) which are super great for listening practice & language lessons as well as learning writing systems!

[swordsswordsswords]

When I was learning Finnish on the ‘lingo, I noticed something:

minä becomes minulla

sinä becomes sinulla

Okay, I thought. Makes sense. And then I saw:

hän becomes hänellä

(if anyone has a chart that lists all of these pls send I cannot find any) Why is it -ellä instead of -ulla? Or why couldn’t it be hänella, even? Why the “ä”? It’s because of:

~ Finnish vowel harmony ~ 🎵

Vowel Harmony

is a linguistic phenomenon that occurs in many languages, including Korean, Mongolian, and Turkish. And, of course, Uralic languages! Generally, vowel harmony is when the vowels in a word have to be “in harmony” with one another. What does that mean? First, picture the cross section of a human vocal tract: 

Look at the tongue. Are you looking at it? With that image in your mind, now look at the chart of vowels in Finnish: 

I added the Finnish transcription for some of the less familiar IPA symbols. This chart is a representation of where your tongue is in your mouth when you speak these vowels. “i” is pronounced at the front of your mouth in a high position, and “a” has a low, back position, and so on. 

The way Finnish vowel harmony works is that vowels are split into two groups, front and back. For any word, all the vowels assimilate to one group or the other. Here are the groups:

The blue circle represents the front group with “ä”, “ö”, and “y”, and the yellow has the back group with “a”, “o”, and “u”. The middle green area, containing “e” and “i” can belong to either group. 

So the reason it’s hänellä and not *hänulla is because if the first vowel is in the front group, the rest have to come from that group. Therefore, we cannot have *hänulla or *hänella because the vowels would not be in harmony. The general rules:

If the first vowel in a word is from the front group (ä, ö, and y), the rest will be front or neutral.

If the first vowel is from the back group (a, o, and u) the rest will be back or neutral.

If the first vowel is neutral (e and i), the word could be either front or back, but they will still all fit into one group.

Some exceptions:

Compound words are treated as two separate words. For example, “syyskuu”, meaning “September” is the words “syys” (autumn) and “kuu” (month/moon) put together. 

Foreign / loan words don’t have to harmonize, but Finnish speakers might pronounce them with vowel harmony anyway :)

If any Finnish speakers want to add anything, feel free! (i see you @nocticola​ ) I’m by no means a linguistics or Finnish language expert, just thought it was interesting.

[allthingslinguistic]

Mutual Intelligibility Resource Guides for teaching or self-teaching the International Phonetic Alphabet

We’ve made two guides to the teaching resources available for the International Phonetic Alphabet as part of the Mutual Intelligibility project. 

IPA Charts

Interactive IPA Chart A free, web-based IPA chart. Each symbol is clickable and plays the corresponding phoneme. Good for an introduction to IPA or phonology in general.

IPA Lab Audio Illustrations A far more detailed and complete IPA chart showing more phonemes and diacritics with detailed descriptions at the bottom of the screen for each symbol you click on. This would be good for a more complete and technical look at phonology and the IPA.

OSU Interactive IPA Chart 6 separate interactive IPA charts for specific phonemes found in these major world languages: Chinese, English, Indian, Korean, Spanish, Turkish.

rtMRI IPA charts Each clickable phoneme or word corresponds to an MRI of someone’s oral and nasal cavities while they say that phoneme/word.

Introduction to IPA Consonants

The Art of Language Invention, Episode 21: Ejectives and Implosives A short explanation and demonstration of implosive consonants. May be of interest to English-speaking students who have rarely, if ever, heard these before. Length: 7m32s total; timestamped at implosive section - section 4m40s. Captions: auto.

Vox: Why some Asian accents swap Ls and Rs in English A less technical but professional, detailed look at a common question about speakers of Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, and Korean who learn English as a second language. Includes an interview with Eleanor Lawson about using ultrasound to study phonology. Length: 8m56s. Captions: human-edited.

NativLang: Weird Phonemes - pronouncing the world's rarest sounds A short animated crash course in phonemes (almost all consonants) that English speakers are likely unfamiliar with. Length: 5m54s. Captions: human-edited.

Podcast: Lingthusiasm Episode 6: All the sounds in all the languages - The International Phonetic Alphabet Section: Origin of the IPA symbols (9:16-11:50) Section: Format of the IPA consonant table and mouth position (16:18-19:45)

Making Flaps Vibrate In Your Throat: Voicing This Tom Scott video is an explanation of voicing only, but it's short and very engaging. Length: 3m18s. Captions: human-edited.

The Language Sounds That Could Exist, But Don't This Tom Scott video is a nice introduction to the IPA chart as a whole and the grey "articulations judged impossible" area. Length: 6m30s. Captions: human-edited.

Introduction to IPA Vowels

ArticulatoryIPA YouTube Playlist A collection of animations and ultrasounds that depict people pronouncing various phonemes. Captions: we're not exactly sure how one would caption this.

Essential of Linguistics: 2.8 Diphthongs A short technical video about diphthongs with mini-quiz below; dry but informative. Length: 3m00s. Captions: human-edited.

Aaron Alon: What If English Were Phonetically Consistent? A fun look at the relationship of English spelling to its phonology, mostly focused on the (in)consistency of our vowels. Breaks each vowel grapheme down into the different IPA symbols it’s likely to represent in English. Length: 4m05s. Captions: auto.

NativLang: Intro to Phonology: Consonants & Vowels A short animated explanation of phonology in general. Length: 3m30s. Captions: human-edited.

Tech Tips

TypeIt: IPA Phonetic Symbols An easy-to-use website that lets you easily type IPA symbols (either full IPA or language-specific subsets) into a text box, which you can then copy-paste elsewhere as needed.

How to Type the IPA on your phone (iOS or Android) Several good free IPA phone keyboard options, reviewed.

Read the full consonants guide or vowels guide, or subscribe to the newsletter for all teaching resource compilations. 

[rabbitcruiser]

Food and Drinks, Leipzig

Shish kebab is a popular meal of skewered and grilled cubes of meat. It is similar to or synonymous with a dish called shashlik, which is found in the Caucasus region.

It is one of the many types of kebab, a range of meat dishes originating in the Middle East. In English, the word kebab alone often refers to shish kebab, though outside of North America, kebab may also mean doner kebab.

It is traditionally made of lamb but there are also versions with various kinds of meat, poultry, or fish. In Turkey, shish kebab and the vegetables served with it are grilled separately, normally not on the same skewer.

Shish kebab is an English rendering of Turkish: şiş (sword or skewer) and kebap (roasted meat dish), that dates from around the beginning of the 20th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its earliest known publication in English is in the 1914 novel Our Mr. Wrenn by Sinclair Lewis.

The word kebab alone was already present in English by the late 17th century, from the Arabic: كَبَاب‎ (kabāb), partly through Urdu, Persian and Turkish. Etymologist Sevan Nişanyan states that the word has the equivalent meaning of "frying/burning" with "kabābu" in the old Akkadian language, and "kbabā/כבבא" in Aramaic. The oldest known example of şiş, probably originally meaning a pointed stick, comes from the 11th-century Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, attributed to Mahmud of Kashgar.

Source: Wikipedia

Ouzo (Greek: ούζο, IPA: [ˈuzo]) is a dry anise-flavoured aperitif that is widely consumed in Greece and Cyprus. It is made from rectified spirits that have undergone a process of distillation and flavoring. Its taste is similar to other anise liquors like rakı, arak, pastis and sambuca.

In modern Greece, ouzeries (the suffix -erie is imported from French, like in Boulangerie or Pâtisserie) can be found in nearly all cities, towns, and villages. These café-like establishments serve ouzo with mezedes—appetizers such as octopus, salad, sardines, calamari, fried zucchini, and clams, among others. It is traditionally slowly sipped (usually mixed with water or ice) together with mezedes shared with others over a period of several hours in the early evening.

In other countries it is tradition to have ouzo in authentic Greek restaurants as an aperitif, served in a shot glass and deeply chilled before the meal is started. No water or ice is added but the drink is served very cold, enough to make some crystals form in the drink as it is served.

Ouzo can colloquially be referred to as a particularly strong drink, the cause of this being its sugar content. Sugar delays ethanol absorption in the stomach, and may thus mislead drinkers into thinking that they can drink more as they do not feel tipsy early on. Then the cumulative effect of ethanol appears and the drinker becomes inebriated rather quickly. This is why it is generally considered poor form to drink ouzo "dry hammer" ("ξεροσφύρι", xerosfýri, an idiomatic expression that means "drinking alcohol without eating anything") in Greece. The presence of food, especially fats or oils, in the upper digestive system prolongs the absorption of ethanol and ameliorates alcohol intoxication.

Source: Wikipedia

[w4what]

[nwbeerguide]

Bellingham's Aslan Brewing has two new beers for your Autumn drinking playlist.

With the prospect of overcast skies and weathered backs and hands from yard labors, the folks at Aslan Brewing have a few beers you might enjoy. An escape from the realities that holidays like Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas will never be the same, consider an Oud Bruin or B Heard Cold IPA. 

image source Aslan Brewing Company

A beer, 2 years in the making, Oud Bruin.

What started as a simple beer, aging away in stainless steel tanks, has rested in hibernation slowly burning fermentable sugars. to be reborn as this sour ale. Named after the Flemish words for Old Brown, Oud Bruin or Flemish Brown is a traditional ale sometimes used as part of provisions during long periods of rest. Chances are you’ve enjoyed other commercial examples including Petrus Oud Bruin, Liefmans Goudenband, or Brouwers Verzet Oud Bruin. 

Reviewing the notes from the brewers at Aslan, their take on this classical style has notes of milk chocolate and dried fruit. Best enjoyed in front of a warm bonfire outside or in front of the hearth. 

image source Aslan Brewing Company

Cold IPA?

Interpretatively described as a tropical trail mix, consumed during an early morning hike in the nearby evergreens, B Heard is an enigma for the Autumn season. 

Brewed with a copious amount of Sabro and Mosaic hops, the result is a beer that exudes notes of evergreen needles, bitter orange citrus, pineapple and coconut. Fermented cold at 60 degrees (F), the result is a beer that showcases the hops while minimizing the amount of esters normally found in a traditional India Pale Ale. Overall, a defined bitterness remains throughout its journey from lips to stomach, accompanied by a mild malt foundation, before finishing dry and ready for the next sip. 

At 7.0% Oud Brin and Aslan’s 5.8% ABV (and 70 IBU) B Heard are available today at both of Aslan Brewing’s taprooms in Bellingham, at  1330 N Forest Street, or Seattle, at 401 N 36th Street Suite 102. For more information, visit http://www.aslanbrewing.com.

About Aslan Brewing Company

IT ALL STARTED IN THE SUMMER OF 2012, as a conversation over a pint of beer at a local Bellingham pub. We shared our dreams and soon realized that the elements of our future were sitting amongst us: a businessman, a craft beer believer and, most importantly, a brewer. Together, Frank Trosset, Pat Haynes, and Jack Lamb would go on to build and operate a pilot brewery in Downtown Bellingham, where, for the next twelve months of our lives, we would research and develop the knowledge and skills needed to start our own commercial microbrewery and restaurant.

We called it ASLAN BREWING COMPANY, and quickly realized its identity through our personal commonalities. With a commitment to organic ingredients, locally sourced goods, and low-impact practices, we aimed to offer the community something new and refreshing, the sustainable way. As for “ASLAN”: a lion is the King of the Jungle, a regal figure rooted in nature, and aslan is the Turkish word for lion. This aligned our desire to operate a world-class brewery all while preserving the raw and exotic elements of the world. Through hard work and perseverance, we brewed over 130 original pilot batches, connected with local brewers and beer lovers alike, and designed a business plan catered to craft quality and creativity.

In the final days of Summer 2013, we were given the keys to what would become Aslan’s Brewpub. Plans and permits in hand, we began our nine-month journey into construction that was done primarily by us, Boe and Don Trosset. After months of unconditional commitment, Boe Trosset was added as an invaluable member of the ownership team. Fast forward to today and we are four great friends who have together manifested our dream of owning and operating an organic brewery. We are proud and fortunate to be working with many of our close friends and to be part of the amazing community that is Bellingham.

CHEERS TO LOCAL BEERS!

from Northwest Beer Guide - News - The Northwest Beer Guide https://bit.ly/2GVQEEP

[sb-conlang-blog]

Update #1: Phonology!

Hey all!

We have been making a lot of progress with our language these past couple weeks, but would never forget to update this. That being said, here is the chart for our language’s phonology! 

Notes:

Allophone of /l/ before /y/ and /o/ in lower class dialects

May be realized with aspiration

Allophone of /e/ (see phonotactics) in most dialects

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now, those of you outside of the language-nerd community may be wondering: what the Heck is a Phonology?? 

No fear, amateurs are here! A phonology is essentially the inventory of different sounds in a language, so all of the distinct consonants and vowels are represented. In our tables, we have the IPA symbols for the sounds outside of brackets, and the way we write them in our conlang’s orthography within the brackets. But how do all these crazy sound boys work? 

How Our Phonology Works (Phonotactics):

Our syllable structure is (C C C C) V (C C C C). This means that the max number of consonants before and after a vowel is four. So a theoretical word pronounced “tsvart’vts” is possible. Yikes, if your native language isn’t very prone to having complex clusters of consonants. 

Doubling of consonants between syllables is allowed.

We distinguish a vowel harmony between “earth”, “sky”, and “neutral” vowels. Essentially this means that all root words (no prefixes, conjugations, or suffixes) only contain vowels in the same category. If any add-ons are tacked onto a root word, then their vowels must be changed if they don’t fit. However, neutral vowels are just that. They don’t need to be changed if added on, and don’t change added vowels if the root word is entirely neutral. The table of vowels is listed below this list of rules.

Before <r  z m n>, /e/ becomes /æ/.So a theoretical word “bemit” is pronounced /bæmit/ or “BAM-eet”, and not /bemit/ or “BEHM-eet”.

Here’s that thicc vowel table! 

Of course everyone needs inspiration. We’ve taken some degree of influence from Georgian, Armenian, German, Turkish, and of course English, since the both of us speak English and influence will occur naturally.

More updates with verb conjugations, a lexicon, and basic sentence structure to come!!!  

-S and B

[alternianphilologist]

Troll Linguistics 2: Alternian Typology

I made this earlier, dry, sprawling post about what Alternian would sound like (over here: https://alternianphilologist.tumblr.com/post/178959421578/troll-linguistics-1-phonology) and a shorter post that requires knowing IPA to read (over here: https://alternianphilologist.tumblr.com/post/178959936493/troll-phonology-chart). 

So now there’s the question of what kind of language Alternian is. Roughly, in linguistic typology, there are three kinds of grammar a language can have: a language can be analytic, and mostly convey grammatical meaning with helper words such as prepositions and word order (such as English or Mandarin). A language can be agglutinative, and convey grammatical meaning by stringing many suffixes or prefixes together, where each of the affixes has a single, clear grammatical meaning such as plurality, case, time, or person (examples include Finnish and Turkish). Finally, there are fusional languages, that convey a lot of meaning in a single affix: if you studied a classical language in high school or had to memorize Spanish verb forms, that is where those huge tables with a different affix for every combination of person, plurality, tense, aspect and mood came from (typical examples are Latin and Russian). Of course, this is only a very rough sketch and many languages combine aspects of the different categories: for instance, English has a few suffixes, and some Latin verb forms have identifiable separate suffixes.

So how do we know which category Alternian falls into? There are a few major pieces of evidence we can use that give us some hints. The first of these is the syllable structure of Troll names. Namely, all names consist of two or three syllables. This is evidence that points in favour of either agglutinative or fusional. This is because in analytic languages, word structure is less important than in either of those categories and therefore those languages tend to smush together their words into a single syllable. This is not a hard rule, but more of a rule of thumb that goes for both English and Mandarin, two of the most widely-spoken analytic languages (given, most words in Mandarin are bisyllabic, but that is (again, long story short, the real deal is more complex) because they are composed of two words put together to disambiguate words that sound alike). However, this trend is still visible in names, for instance, compare English John with related Italian Giovanni and Russian Ivan. 

A second hint is that even though Alternian allows a whole lot of sounds at the end of words, there is quite a disbalance in the ones it gravitates towards. This seems to indicate that the language might prefer suffixes over prefixes (again, might. Speculative linguistics isn’t the most well-developed branch.). There is still too much variation to say that the endings of Troll names have any grammatical meaning. Rather, it’s more likely that the names we know are the base stems and suffixes are added to them in grammatical context, similar to Classical Arabic.

A third hint is the way translated words from Alternia are built up: like “Moobeast”, “Breeze blender” “Arena Stickball”. Alternian likes to smush words together for derivation rather than adding affixes to it. If it had an elaborate system of affixes, translations would be more along the lines of “Mooer”/”thing that moos” or “thing that brings forth a breeze”. This is evidence that points away from agglutinative, because agglutinative languages tend to use their elaborate system of affixes to create words instead of mushing them together (admittedly, Finnish likes to mush words together but also has quite a few derivational affixes so arguably it does both). 

So it looks like it’s probable that Alternian is fusional and suffixing, which isn’t the most interesting, alien type of grammar out there (it’s the grammar type of, more or less, Every Fantasy Language Ever). In a future post, I will go into my more personal, speculative interpretation of Alternian and the nature of its grammar.

[venti3dieci]

Thanks to all these new shows that I'm watching I'm slowly learning new Turkish words everyday and learning about pronunciation rules as I go along (when I manage to find videos with both English or Spanish and Turkish subtitles). Surely it helps that I've been studying languages for the last 8 years of my life and I had to take uni courses about IPA.

Now the next step is to go and visit the country cause that place is so beautiful!

[thelanguagecommunity]

this post is meant to be a directory of every resource I come across for Turkish. It will be a continuous work in progress so thank you for your patience! also, please let me know if any of the links suddenly stop working. 

info

about world languages

fun facts

glottolog

indiana university - informational brochure [pdf]

intro to turkish by @the-caravan-languages

introduction by @ayearinlanguage​

“in turkish, we don’t say...”

language breakdown by @linguisticsbunker

language learning faq

language learning profile

omniglot

playlist of samples

the turkish language [video]

wikipedia

world atlas of language structures

alphabet

alphabet - turkishlanguage.co.uk

a look at turkish orthography & phonology

circumflex accent

keyboard - branah

keyboard - typeit

overview of the turkish alphabet

repertoire of letters [pdf]

apps

beelingual

drops

flewent [chrome]

courses

babbel

bliubliu

book2

busuu

deep approach to turkish teaching and learning

dliflc - basic guide

duolingo

elon.io

fsi - basic course 

fsi - basic course: units 31-50 [pdf]

handsonturkish

hugo’s simplified system: turkish in three months [pdf]

i kinda like languages - introduction to turkish

language transfer - introduction to turkish [audio course]

learnturkishonline

mangolanguages

memrise 

simplang

teach yourself: turkish [pdf]

turkish - jaklin kornfilt [pdf]

turkish2learn

turkishclass101

turkish tutor

unilang - turkish for beginners

cultural & historical info

acultura’s culture tag

overview of turkish names

dictionaries

bab.la

dictionarist

ectaco

freelang

ingilizceturkce

langtolang

sesli sözlük

sözlük(te)

tureng

türk dil kurumu

turkishdictionary

turkish language institution

turktrans

zargan

flashcards

anki

cram

quizlet

tinycards

forums

quora

/r/turkish

/r/turkishlearning

unilang

grammar books & guides

basics of turkish grammar

overview of turkish grammar

grammar points

adjectives

adverbial clauses

articles

buffer letters

cases

comparison of adjectives 

conjunctions

demonstratives

expressing “too much”

grammatical cases

intensified adjectives

“ki”

noun recognition

noun states

personal pronouns / personal pronouns

personal suffixes

prepositions

possession adjectives

possessive forms

possessive relationships

subject participles

suffixes

var and yok / var and yok / var and yok

word order

listening practice

librivox [audiobook library]

lyricstraining [learn through music videos]

lyrikline [poetry library with audio]

Quran

literature

a letter from germany - faruk geç [interactive graphic novel]

Baha’i prayers

Bible with parallel english translation

children’s songs & rhymes

list of contemporary turkish poets

overview of turkish folk literature

Quran [pdf] / Quran

readings and glossaries - turkishlanguage.co.uk

rosary prayers

universal declaration of human rights

media

khan academy

pocoyo

trt

movie & tv recommendations

letterboxd

music recommendations

band recommendations by @some-velvet-morning

disney songs [youtube playlist]

news

bbc

cumhuriyet

euronews

milliyet

newspaper links

newspaper map

sozcu

phrasebooks & travel guides

basic phrases [playlist]

bbc - a guide to turkish

linguanaut

loecsen [audio phrasebook]

omniglot - useful phrases

wikitravel

wikivoyage

podcasts

laterna [documentary show]

one minute turkish

pronunciation

a look at turkish orthography & phonology

a report of the standford phonology archive [scans]

forvo [pronunciation dictionary]

ipa key

overview of turkish phonology

sounds unfamiliar to english speakers

quizzes & exercises

clozemaster

pick the correct noun case

linguistic problem sets [pdf]

quizzes - goethe-verlag

quizzes - surfacelanguages

tongue twisters - omniglot

tongue twisters - uebersetzung

user-submitted games - quia

vocabulary games - babadum

vocabulary games - digital dialects

vocabulary games - internet polyglot

vocabulary quizzes - iteslj

radio

euronews

olay fm905

radio in ankara

radio in istanbul

radyodinle.fm

radyoodtu

trt radio

tunein

university radio

social media

türkçe ögrenelim! [discord]

turkish for everyone [discord]

wikipedia

sound change

consonant alternation

consonant harmony

consonant mutation

major vowel harmony

minor vowel harmony

vowels / vowel rules

vowel harmony / vowel harmony

vowel harmony in noun sentences

vowel loss

speaking tips

idioms

proverbs - wikiquote

slang dictionary - coolslang

tumblrs

@azade-ruh

@turkishlearning​

verbs

aorist tense

auxiliary verbs

conjugator - verbix

copulas

future tense / future tense

infinitive

infinitives and plurals

list of almost all suffixes

passive mood

past tense

past tense in noun sentences

present tense / present tense

single syllable verbs

“to be” / “to be” / negative being / positive being / “to be”

verb conjugations

verb list with conjugations

vocabulary => [POST HERE]

youtube

learnturkishchannel

the travel linguist [playlist]

turkishpod101

in greek

the turkish grammar on the internet

in japanese

tokyo university of foreign language studies