#tertiary education

[hasellia]

ARGHR Why does ecology have to be so FUN and Interesting while university has to be so stressful and neurodivergent unfriendly!aaaahhhhhhhhgghghghhghgggguggg

[tenth-sentence]

Women were 35 per cent more likely to go to university than men, and in 2017, for the first time in its history, Oxford University gave more places to women than men.

"Normal Women: 900 Years of Making History" - Philippa Gregory

[slacktivist]

Cut your divisions. Slice your faculties. Now bleed out.

[xtrablak674]

Animal Behavior

Trevor Brown J.H.S. 135x

7E1 4/27/86

Behavior is anything that'a living things does. Psychologist have had great success in changing the the behavior of animals and human animals by a process of training.

If the mother of a small child trains her child to go to the potty instead of in his pants: When he has to go to the bathroom he'll go to the potty and recieve praise or a reward.

When I visited Sea World in Florida, I seen every time the animals did a trick they gave the animals praise or a fish as a reward. I read that Ivan Pavlov a Russian scientists, tried the experiment of ringing a bell every time food was given to the dog. After that was done a couple of times he tried ringing the bell without giving the dog food. Suddenly the dog started to salivate as if she just a meal. It was nailed into the dogs head that every time he heard the bell get food even when the food was'nt given to him he started to salavate as if he had a meal.

For every behavior there is something that causes an animal to react This something is called a stimulus. Animals reaction can be changed by these stimuli temperature, The aroma of food cooking, darkness or brightness. A reaction to stimulus is called response.. animals recieve stimuli through their senses. His senses alert him to what 1s going on around him. Senses enable animals to respond to light, odor, touch, sound, and the flavor of food. Behavior that does not have to be learned is inborn behavior. The simplest inborn behaviors that happen automatically, like sneezing and yawning, breathing is also a reflex. You don't think about each breath you take.

Inborn behavior that is complex and involves many steps l's called an instinct. One way a four legged animal learn new behavior is by conditioning. In conditioning an animal learns to connect a stimulus

Another way an animal learns new behavior by trial and error. Do you remember when you first learned how to ride a bike if you had one. You probably wore out thousands of pants every time you fell. After a while riding a bike became automatic and you did'nt have to concentrate as much.

In an experiment with a chimpanzee, some scientist put the chimp in a room with two crates and some food hanging from the celling. It took a while but the chimp came to a reasonable way to get to the food with the two crates by staking them on top of each other.

Communication Is especially important when animals talk and live together in a social group. A social group is made of animals of one species living and laboring together.

The interactions among the animals in a social group are referred to as social behavior. The behavior of the animals within a social group varies from group to group.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"THE BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA

Bierer, Lorreta M. "Heath Life Science" D.C. Heath and Company Grosvenor Gilbert M. "National Geographic" Wilbur E. Garret 1985 (ADT.MAG

"Your sources are not clear to me!"

[Afterwords: There is one word I can use to explain my father's mother, thorough. This is a paper from just about forty years ago that I did in junior high school. Curiously I got a ninety, not sure if I deserved that because I think other than one sentence about Sea World everything else was parroted from my three sources.

Curiously no one ever taught me how to do citations MLA or APA whatever those initials stand for. I mean it says bibliography which may not be totally wrong, I am not sure what wasn't clear to her, I used three sources the Encyclopedia Brittanica, Heath Life Science text book and an issue of National Geographic.

Since I didn't know how to properly cite my source and my typing was appalling I can see her confusion, but it wasn't illegible to my grown self now, and the teacher was supposed to be fully college educated, unlike my drop-out ass.

Actually I don't think I was ever directly taught how to do an essay. I could just be mis-remembering. But so much of school especially secondary and tertiary is about writing essays and papers, you would think there was a part of your English class or maybe a special class just dedicated to how to approach an essay, how to utilize sources and how to properly cite those sources while still using your own voice in the paper. This would have been immensely helpful to me and better success in school.

The content of the paper wasn't horrible, it did sort of make a point in the five hundred words of the assignment. I just wish I didn't feel like I was just stumbling through at this early teen-age. Navigating a typewriter was difficult especially the one my grandmother must have gotten from some old Negro museum, with its big keys and unwieldy weight.

Generally speaking my approach to all of school was doing the least bit possible. I am not proud of this necessarily, but I was smart enough to be put in the advance classes and somehow muddle my way through. I am not sure if we had advanced classes in high school. If you think I was checked out in primary, I was totally checked out in secondary and by the time I got to my tertiary education I was oblivious.

The only time I embraced schooling was when I wasn't actually in school. I remember these preparatory courses I took at Rye Country Day School where I had to take the Metro North on the days that my grandmother didn't drive me. The courses were much more engaging than regular school. I remember us reading the newspaper and picking stocks and seeing how those stocks performed over the course of the summer. Even now I can recall how much more exciting and engaged I was, this wasn't my experience in parochial or the public schools I attended.

You know what I really wish happened in school more, an explanation of why you were doing what you were doing, and how it could either assist you in your future life, or how it may apply to your further education. I think the biggest disconnect for me in school was being told to do things with no real context about why I was doing them, I think this is the major reason I did the absolute minimal because there was never any big overall goal for what I was doing, and "to get an education" wasn't enough of an impetuous for growing curious mind.

If it wasn't for my natural intelligence I would have probably done abysmal in school. The continued note all throughout my educational journey was, Trevor is bright he just doesn't apply himself. I didn't really see a reason I needed to if I could get middling grades with little to no effort. It sounds horrible, but I didn't see the point of school, and more importantly I didn't see myself in what I was learning, this would come to a head in college, where I was tired of learning about everyone else except someone who looked like me.

Between being a campus pariah for being Black, gay and poor then the added turmoil of being unhoused I ultimately dropped out to pursue the career I was attending university for, stage management. I just wish someone could have truly seen me and put me where I belonged, Rye Country Day School would have been perfect if their year-round curriculum mirrored their summer program.

I think what I really needed was more direction, this wasn't the Reconstruction era, where just learning how to read was a boon for the Negro. We weren't Negros anymore, we were African-Americans and the things that drove our ancestors particularly the messaging needed to change.

We needed our children to see themselves as fully functional adults contributing to society, and we needed to assist them in figuring out what they could contribute and how we could help them get there. I was totally missing all of that, and excuse me if my goals for myself were more lofty than what a public school education was providing, I am who I am, and I am built the way I am. And even though I didn't get it I wanted more for myself.

As an adult I understand the value of a good education and when I did have contact with my younger nieces, niblings and nephews I would make sure to challenge them in the ways I was at RCDS, I would also make sure most importantly that they saw themselves in the lessons I was trying to teach. A mind may be a terrible thing to waste, but we also need to understand that Black minds need special nurturing and an acknowledgment and acceptance of the special journey and contributions that Blacks have not only made to America but the entire world.

[Photos by Brown Estate]

[thisisgraeme]

Say hello to ALEC, your AI-powered teaching sidekick designed to make literacy and numeracy training easier, smarter, and more engaging. Whether you're embedding LN into lesson plans, tackling TEC compliance, or just looking for a way to make learning fun—ALEC has your back. No coffee breaks. No marking. Just smart AI support for educators who want to teach better and stress less. Ready to see what ALEC can do? Let’s make learning awesome! 😏🔥

[hotzimbabwejobs]

Midlands State University Seeks Library Technical Assistants - February 2025

Midlands State University (MSU) is looking for three qualified and experienced Library Technical Assistants to join their team. If you’re passionate about libraries and have the necessary skills, this could be your chance to contribute to a vibrant academic environment. What you’ll need: A National Certificate in Library and Information Science is essential. You must have at least five…

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Two years into my uni degree I was feeling half-hearted about my undergraduate studies.

"In/Out: A Scandalous Story of Falling Into Love and Out of the Church" - Steph Lentz

[educationcompanion]

Higher Education Institutions in Zambia 2023

Welcome to this article on the higher education institutions in Zambia. Over the years, the sector has witnessed significant growth and transformation, with new institutions and programs emerging to meet the evolving needs of students. Traditional Universities: The Pillars of Education Zambia is home to several esteemed traditional universities, such as the University of Zambia and Copperbelt…

[scholarsdreamcom]

Post-Secondary Education

Post-secondary education is the sure path to building a successful career.

[tenth-sentence]

I was beginning an Arts degree, majoring in Philosophy, hoping to discover during my tertiary studies a way of rationally defending the faith I held so dear.

"In/Out: A Scandalous Story of Falling Into Love and Out of the Church" - Steph Lentz

[religion-is-a-mental-illness]

By: Ryan Hills and Zach Kessel

Published: Dec 21, 2023

Harvard and its president Claudine Gay are doing damage control amid an ongoing plagiarism scandal, with the embattled leader requesting even more corrections to her past work, this time her 1997 Ph.D. dissertation — the foundation of her academic career.

But the total of seven corrections requested so far still leave dozens of other instances of potential plagiarism unresolved. And scholars who believe their work was plagiarized have told National Review that they were never contacted by Harvard as part of its investigation into Gay’s academic work.

For instance, it does not appear that any of the corrections will address portions of Gay’s doctoral dissertation drawing heavily from the work of Vanderbilt University professor Carol Swain, in some cases reproducing her writing word-for-word without citation.

Swain — who has been outspoken about her feelings on the plagiarism scandal — told National Review that she is concerned with Harvard’s response to the revelations of its president’s academic-integrity issues.

“I have a problem with the way Harvard has reacted to the entire situation, because it seems like — with the assistance of some of their professors and other elites — they’re trying to redefine what is plagiarism,” Swain said, “and they’re making the argument that there are different levels and, by extension, that some of it is acceptable. That is a problem for higher education in America.”

A number of experts and academics contacted by National Review said that the examples of potential plagiarism that have been flagged are serious, and the large number of instances suggest a pattern.

Lee Jussim, a social psychologist and distinguished professor at Rutgers University, said he’s “never seen anything like” the plagiarism scandal involving Gay.

“I can tell you, I expelled a student from my lab when I first got to Rutgers who I caught doing something not all that different — probably less — than what she has done,” he said.

On Wednesday night, the Harvard Corporation announced that Gay is requesting three corrections to her dissertation. The requests come after news outlets published several examples that appear to show Gay failing to cite other researchers and in some cases using their language word-for-word in her dissertation without attribution.

The three corrections to her dissertation come after Gay previously requested four corrections in two of her academic articles.

The Harvard Corporation has not referred to any of Gay’s mistakes as plagiarism, but rather as instances of “inadequate citation” and “duplicative language without appropriate attribution.”

This week, National Review analyzed 30 of the disputed passages, which include many that remain unaddressed in the corrections that Gay has requested to date.

The 30 disputed passages arise from four publications: a 1993 history magazine, her 1997 Harvard dissertation, and two Urban Affairs Review journal articles from 2012 and 2017. In some of the cases, Gay appears to have put her citations in the wrong place or to have failed to put quotation marks around language she took verbatim from other academics. In other cases, she appears to have lifted large swaths of language from other researchers — including some of her Harvard colleagues — without any attribution at all.

Gay is even accused of lifting language from a Harvard colleague for the acknowledgement section of her dissertation.

Prominent academics, plagiarism experts, Harvard students, and the Boston Globe editorial board are now calling for Harvard to take an even closer look at Gay’s academic record, and to be clear about what, exactly, they find.

Harvard’s citation policies are clear that quotations be placed in quotation marks and cited, and that paraphrased material “be acknowledged completely.” The policies prohibit both “verbatim plagiarism”— failing to properly quote and cite specific language — and “mosaic plagiarism,” which involves copying bits and pieces from sources and changing some words “without adequately paraphrasing or quoting directly.”

“Taking credit for anyone else’s work is stealing, and it is unacceptable in all academic situations, whether you do it intentionally or by accident,” a Harvard policy states. The policy was much the same in 1997, when Gay wrote her doctoral dissertation.

The policy appears to be rigorously enforced against the students Gay presides over: During the 2020-2021 academic year, while Gay was serving as dean of Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 27 students were forced to withdraw from the university after being found in violation of the school’s academic-integrity policies, the Harvard Crimson reported.

The university first learned of the plagiarism allegations in late October from the New York Post, according to a summary of the Harvard Corporation’s review, portions of which were posted on X on Wednesday night by a reporter with The Chronicle of Higher Education. National Review has requested a copy of the summary from Harvard.

In a statement supporting Gay earlier this month, the fellows of Harvard College wrote that after they became aware of some of the allegations, they initiated “an independent review” of Gay’s published work by “distinguished political scientists.” The review revealed “a few instances of inadequate citation” but “no violation of Harvard’s standards for research misconduct.”

The statement was vague, and did not specify any specific problems with Gay’s work. Gay “proactively” requested four corrections to two articles from 2001 and 2017 “to insert citations and quotation marks that were omitted from the original publications,” according to the statement.

The review of the initial allegations was conducted by a three-member panel of experts who “have no ties to Harvard and are among the nation’s most respected political scientists,” according to a summary released on Wednesday..

A subcommittee of the Harvard Corporation, the university’s governing body, reviewed the rest of Gay’s published work, but didn’t initially review her dissertation, according to the summary. The subcommittee reviewed her dissertation only after media reports flagged potential issues.

The Harvard Corporation said in its summary of its review that Gay’s errors, including the citation errors in her dissertation, were “regrettable.”

“Neither the independent panel nor the subcommittee of the Corporation found evidence of intentional deception or recklessness in Gay’s work, which is a required element for a determination of research misconduct,” under the school’s governing policy, the summary states.

Harvard’s delay in identifying errors in Gay’s doctoral thesis “means that they, almost certainly, did not do a thorough review of her past work,” according to Jonathan Bailey, a plagiarism expert and consultant who publishes the website Plagiarism Today.

“It’s frustrating that Harvard (or even Gay herself) didn’t thoroughly investigate her prior works and, seemingly, just checked and responded to the initial allegations. They had an opportunity to get ahead of this and missed it,” Bailey said.

For Swain, the Vanderbilt University professor whose work Gay’s doctoral dissertation drew heavily from, Gay’s failure to adhere to ethical standards in something as foundational as her doctoral dissertation presents a significant problem for Harvard.

“To earn a doctorate, you have to have a dissertation that’s supposed to be original in some sort of way. You defend it and they hand you a doctorate, but they cannot hand you a doctorate for work that’s plagiarized,” Swain said in an interview with NR. “So that’s the bigger issue that they’re avoiding. And what they are hoping is that people who understand academia won’t raise those questions.”

The 30 plagiarism allegations provided to National Review appear to be the same ones that were previously provided to the Washington Free Beacon. On Tuesday, the Free Beacon reported on a handful of additional allegations against Gay, including alleged plagiarism in two more of her publications.

Attempts by National Review to reach Gay and a Harvard spokesperson on the phone and via email were unsuccessful this week.

‘Between Black and White’

The earliest allegations of plagiarism against Gay stem from a November 1993 article she wrote for a history magazine called Origins. Originally published by a Canadian firm, Origins is now a joint online publication of the Ohio State University and Miami University of Ohio history departments. Origins is not an academic journal.

Gay’s article, Between Black and White: The Complexity of Brazilian Race Relations, is six-pages long and focuses on the lack of collective political action by Afro-Brazilians. At the time, Gay was a recent graduate of Stanford University and a graduate student at Harvard.

Gay’s article doesn’t have any citations, but the piece includes a “Suggestions for Further Reading” section at the end, which mentions five works.

Of the 30 allegations of plagiarism against Gay reviewed by National Review, eleven of them came from her Origins article. In several cases, the language Gay uses in the article is similar to the language used by three other academics, two of whom she included in her suggested readings and one of whom was not mentioned at all.

For example, this paragraph from Gay reproduces language first used in an article by historian George Reid Andrews published a year earlier, but doesn’t attribute it to him. Gay included a book by Andrews in her suggested reading list.

Gay: It was a younger generation of Afro-Brazilians, many with one or more years of university education, that were among the first and most eager respondents to the MNU ‘s organizational call. Their eagerness was in large part a measure of the economic and political exclusion they had suffered under the military dictatorship. As their numbers grew, it was their aspirations and rhetoric which came to define the organization. The movement became an expression of frustration among upwardly mobile Afro-Brazilians denied admission to the middle-class status to which their education and qualifications entitled them. To that extent, the aspirations of these activists were too removed from the lives of the poor to facilitate cross-class linkages.

Compare that to the language used by Andrews in his journal article.

Andrews: a younger generation of Afro-Brazilians, many with one or more years of university study, were starting to organise a new black movement in response to the economic and political exclusion which they were experiencing under the dictatorship. This movement, most vividly symbolised by the Movimento Negro Unificado, created in Sao Paulo in 1978 … This new movement of the 1970s and 1980s was to a large degree the expression of frustration among upwardly mobile Afro-Brazilians denied admission to the middle-class status to which their education and qualifications entitled them. Its activists worked hard at recruiting support in the slums and favelas of the urban periferia, but their rhetoric and aspirations often seemed somewhat removed from the lives of poor and working-class blacks facing the immediate, grinding problems of poverty, crime and hunger.

In at least two cases, the language Gay used in her article is similar to the language that David Covin, an academic and activist, used in a 1990 journal article. Here is one example:

Gay: On June 18, 1978, representatives from a number of Afro-Brazilian organizations, outraged by a series of racially-motivated incidents, joined forces in Sao Paulo to form the Unified Movement Against Racial Discrimination (MUCDR). As their first project, MUCDR organized a July 7, 1978 demonstration to protest two acts: (a) the April 28 beating death of black worker Robson Silveira da Luz, by a Sao Paulo policeman; and (b) the May expulsion of four young black athletes from the volleyball team of the Tiete Yacht Club because of their color. Two thousand people participated in the protest on the steps of the Municipal Theater. The organizers read an open letter to the population in which they outlined their campaign against “racial discrimination, police oppression, unemployment, underemployment and marginalization.”

Compare that to language used by Covin in his journal article from just a few years earlier:

Covin: The earliest manifestation of the MNU was the Unified Movement Against Racial Discrimination (MUCDR). Representatives from a number of Black organizations, entidades, met at the Center of Black Art and Culture in São Paulo on June 18, 1978. They resolved to create a movement to defend the Afro-Brazilian community against racial exploitation and human disrespect. They designated as their first activity a demonstration to be held at 6:30 p.m. on July 7, 1978, at the Chá viaduct in São Paulo. The demonstration was to protest two acts: (a) the torture and assassination of a Black worker, Robson Silveira da Luz, by policemen in São Paulo on April 28, 1978; and (b) the dismissal of four Black male children from the volleyball team of the Tiete Yacht Club in May, 1978, because of their color (Gonzalez, 1982, p. 43). The demonstration was held on the designated date on the steps of the Municipal Theater of Sao Paulo. Two thousand people were present (Gonzalez, 1982, p. 48). An open letter to the population was read.

Gay did not cite Covin or include his work in her suggested reading list.

Harvard looked into Gay’s Origins article as part of its initial investigation but determined that it did not merit correction since the article is 30 years old and the journal generally did not require citations or quotations, according to the summary of its investigation.

Bailey, the plagiarism expert and consultant, called the lack of citations but the inclusion of a suggested reading list in the Origins article “weird.”

Steven McGuire, an advocate for free expression and a fellow with the American Council of Trustees and Alumni, said that not understanding the magazine’s citation standards makes it harder to judge, but it’s notable because similar issues continue to pop up in Gay’s later work, including in her dissertation.

“There seems to be a consistent or ongoing pattern there of at least sloppiness that meets the definition of plagiarism that just doesn’t seem to be acceptable for a professional scholar, let alone someone who is president of one of our most elite academic institutions in this country,” he said.

Benjamin Johnson, a Ohio State University spokesman, said the university has not heard from anyone at Harvard about amending the article, which remains online.

‘Taking Charge’

The 30 allegations of plagiarism reviewed by National Review include three from Gay’s 1997 dissertation, “Taking Charge: Black Electoral Success and the Redefinition of American Politics.”

In at least two cases, Gay is accused of cribbing language without attribution from Bradley Palmquist, an assistant professor of government at Harvard at the time, and from Stephen Voss, who was a colleague in her Ph.D program. One  example includes language that is almost identical to language used by Palmquist and Voss in a paper presented just a year earlier.

Gay: The idea behind the “method of bounds” is that the beginning point for any ecological inference should be the knowledge a researcher has for certain. This knowledge includes the fact that any proportion is by definition bound by 0 and 1. Furthermore, the marginals of a table, Xi (black population density) and Ti (total turnout) dictate the minimum and maximum possible values of the cells in the table. King’s method makes direct use of this information to establish absolute bounds on the values of the quantities of interest.

Compare that to a similar paragraph from Palmquist and Voss.

Palmquist and Voss: The beginning point for any ecological inference should be with the knowledge we have for certain. Almost from the beginning of methodological work in this area, researchers have used the fact that proportions must by definition be between 0 and 1 (Duncan, Cuzzort, and Duncan 1961; Achen and Shively 1995). Recently, Gary King (n.d.) has emphasized the particular advantages of using the precinct-by-precinct constraints. Making direct use of this information to establish absolute (i.e. not probabilistic) bounds on the percentages of the internal cells is entirely straightforward. For any single table (either of a precinct or of a the [sic] state as a whole), the marginals dictate a minimum and maximum possible value for each of the cells.

Gay has requested to add “quotations and/or citations” to portions of her dissertation drawn from Palmquist and Voss, according to Harvard.

In an interview with National Review before Gay requested the corrections to her dissertation, Voss said he did not believe all the allegations of plagiarism against Gay were clear cut and added that he did not take personal offense. He did not publish his paper but presented it at a conference, he said, and the content in question often involved technical language. But, he said, his examples are “considered the smoking gun.”

“We’re not even cited, so a lot of the justifications people have been giving for what Claudine did don’t apply to my paper,” Voss said. “Things like, ‘well, she cited it but just not near where she was using their words,’ or, ‘she quoted them but didn’t point out that these other things were quotes too,’ all these sorts of excuses that were given don’t apply to mine.”

Voss said no one at Harvard gave him a heads up about the allegations of plagiarism or their review of those allegations.

“I’ve not heard from Claudine Gay, and in fact not heard from anyone at Harvard, either when they conducted their investigation or, you know, someone in their public-relations office to try to coach me on how to answer,” Voss said. “I have literally not heard from a single person at Harvard University since this story emerged.”

Gay also is accused of lifting language from a Harvard colleague in her dissertation’s acknowledgment section. In her acknowledgement, Gay wrote that she is grateful to her advisor, professor Gary King, who “reminded me of the importance of getting the data right and following where they lead without fear or favor.” She also thanked her family, “who drove me harder than I sometimes wanted to be driven.”

Jennifer Hochschild, who was a professor at Princeton at the time and who is now at Harvard, used those same phrases in the acknowledgements of a paper she published a year earlier.

Hochschild downplayed the importance of what she said were minor errors on Gay’s part, telling National Review that Gay simply recycled “standard phrases that we all use in acknowledgements.”

“There’s obvious political and ideological — as well as substantive — reasons behind this whole thing, and I wish to hell she’d been more careful,” Hochschild said. “But I think we have more interesting issues to worry about, and I wish you guys were worried about more interesting issues. It’s not quite making a mountain out of a molehill, but a different person in a different context and different political temperature would be treated differently.”

Like Voss, Hochschild told National Review that no one from Harvard reached out as part of their investigation into Gay’s record; she only learned of the allegation when a reporter reached out.

Redefining Plagiarism?

Earlier this month, journalists Christopher Rufo and Christopher Brunet published additional allegations of plagiarism in Gay’s dissertation. They found at least three problematic patterns of usage and citation in Gay’s dissertation, they said.

According to Rufo’s and Brunet’s reporting, Gay appears to have taken language and ideas from Swain, the former Vanderbilt professor. Gay’s dissertation contains nearly word-for-word reproduction of passages from her 1995 book, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress.

A feature in the September-October 2023 issue of Harvard Magazine titled A Scholar’s Scholar tracks Gay’s career in celebration of her July 2023 ascendancy to the university’s highest leadership position. Her dissertation is described in the piece as having included “significant findings,” but Swain believes the work simply drew from her own research, for which she was never credited.

“That article specifically mentions the areas where her research was so significant, and those were the areas that my research sort of pioneered,” Swain said. “I looked at some of her articles [after the initial allegations] and there was one in particular — in the American Political Science Review — on descriptive representation. I would have expected her to engage my work, to put a citation in the article, because she was building on ideas that came directly from my research.”

Swain said she learned that Gay appeared to have copied her language and ideas after Rufo’s initial thread on X bringing the allegations to light. The university did not contact her over the course of its clandestine investigation into Gay’s writings, which was only brought to light as a result of reporting on the similarities between the Harvard president’s published work and that of academics like Swain.

‘Moving to Opportunity’ & ‘A Room for One’s Own’

There are at least 16 allegations of plagiarism in two of Gay’s Urban Affairs Review journal articles, Moving to Opportunity: The Political Effects of a Housing Mobility Experiment from 2012, and A Room for One’s Own? The Partisan Allocation of Affordable Housing from 2017.

In both cases, Gay is accused of not putting quotation marks around direct quotes and of putting citations in the wrong place – in some cases, she appears to have cited a source on one page, but then fails to cite them when she uses their information again pages later.

In A Room for One’s Own? for example, she cites the work of her Harvard Colleagues, Stephen Ansolabehere and James Snyder Jr., on one page of her 30-page paper, but doesn’t cite them again, even when she seems to use their language and work later in her paper.

For example, Gay’s paper reads:

Gay: Theory predicts an interaction between county partisanship and party control, such that the more Democratic a county, the more LIHTC allocations it should receive when the state is under Democratic control; if the relationship is symmetrical, as Hypothesis 1 predicts, a more Republican county should benefit when the state is under Republican control

Compare that to language in Ansolabehere and Snyder’s paper from 2006:

Ansolabehere and Snyder: Theoretical arguments predict an interaction between partisanship of voters and party control of state government. Democratic counties are expected to receive more transfers when the state is under Democratic control than when the state is under Republican control; and Republican counties should receive more transfers when the state is under Republican control.

In A Room for One’s Own, Gay also uses language that appears to be drawn from a previous paper by Miami University professor Anne Williamson, who told the Post she was “angry” when she first learned that Gay had relied on her work without citation.

Contacted after Harvard announced the initial corrections, Williamson told National Review she was “satisfied that Dr. Gay has pledged to add appropriate quotation marks and citations to articles where she may have inadvertently drawn on my work (and the works of others) without attribution.”

Several academics who have reviewed the allegations and spoke to National Review said they believe that at least some of the allegations clearly constitute plagiarism.

“If you take the material altogether, it seems to me likely that a student who would have been subjected to disciplinary action for failing properly to quote and credit,” Robert George, a Princeton professor, said in an email.

Bailey, the plagiarism expert, agreed that at least some of the allegations “are serious and I would want investigated. The cribbing of Palmquist and Voss’s language stood out, he said. However, he doesn’t believe that several others rise to that level.

“A lot of these didn’t show anything to me other than two writers talking about the same topic in somewhat similar ways,” he said.

Harvard, he said, should be more transparent, including releasing the results of the review its panel already conducted.

“That sounds like a minimal thing to expect,” Jussim, the Rutgers professor, said. “At this point, someone probably should go through everything she’s written, because who knows if all of it has even been uncovered.”

Ultimately, he said, he suspects Gay will be protected. Most high-level university administrators are “not really there for their scholarship,” he said, and that likely includes Gay.

If advancing ideology is Gay’s primary mission as Harvard president, he said, “who cares about any of this?”

A Double Standard?

Harvard has a track record of punishing students for plagiarism in accordance with its official policy, but the prospect of selective treatment for high-profile faculty members and administrators has been raised before.

A 2005 Harvard Crimson editorial complains of a “woeful double standard” between the expectations for students and for faculty, pointing to professor Laurence H. Tribe’s failure “to credit text lifted verbatim from Henry J. Abraham’s book ‘Justices and Presidents’” in his own 1985 “God Save This Honorable Court.”

“For the public face of Harvard and for internal relations as well,” the editors wrote at the time, “it is crucial that the university maintain more consistent disciplinary rules for instances of academic dishonesty.”

In fall 2022, the Harvard Crimson reported that, during the 2020-2021 academic year, 27 students were forced to withdraw from the university after being found in violation of the school’s academic-integrity policies. Ninety-nine of the 138 cases the university’s “Honor Council” reviewed during that period were found to be legitimate instances of academic dishonesty. The academic year on which the Crimson reported coincides with Gay’s time overseeing graduate and undergraduate studies as dean of Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

“I don’t know how Harvard thinks that this situation is currently tenable,” McGuire said. “What Claudine Gay has done appears to violate the standards that they hold their own students to. And Harvard has not even come out and said it’s plagiarism.”

[ Via: https://archive.md/sFCA0 ]

==

The fact that Harvard invented the Newspeak term "duplicative language" specifically to mask their presidents plagiarism is a good indicator of how compromised the school is.

[twirlingspaghetti]

I hate that I want good education and to be challenged academically. But we are short of schools that provide good education, and it's either your soul is the payment or their tuition are up our ceilings.

[dialogue-queered]

Australian Issues Primer

Comment: This is an astonishingly good article on the state of tertiary education funding in Australia.

Beginning with a long-term decline of public funding per head along side the dramatic increase in domestic access to tertiary study, the solution to 'square the circle' has been to corporatise the public universities around international student markets. Because of the uncertainties surrounding the latter, staff contracts are excessively casualised to preserve budgetary flexibility - a trend dramatically illustrated by the mass lay-offs in the sector in response to covid processes with estimates ranging up to 36,000 staff let go. Few of those jobs have returned.

In 2022, most Australian universities ran very large deficits only highlighting the issues, and a key cause was the non-return of full-time domestic students post-pandemic restrictions. Learning challenges around online or hybrid delivery have compounded the issues.

The entire sector faces a maelstrom of change.

John Ross 6 July 2023

Extract 1: Why had the [tertiary education] sector...found it necessary to retrench so many staff in year one of the Covid-19 pandemic, only to report record surpluses in year two?

Extract 2: Nobody knows just how many Australian university workers lost their jobs in 2020, but a UA survey produced an estimate of 17,300. This figure – a combination of permanent employees, casuals and fixed-term staff who were not rehired because of Covid impacts – was about six times as high as the retrenchment tally in the UK, according to an early calculation. And it was likely an underestimate, with a University of Melbourne analysis finding that up to 36,000 casual jobs had disappeared across Australia.

Extract 3: While the Go8 [Group of 8 'elite' universities] had monopolised an extra billion dollars of research funding granted as a Covid relief measure, the stock market was the main contributor to the surpluses, with most institutions reaping seven- or eight-digit windfalls from investments and the sale of a holding company for their shares in education business IDP.

Extract 4: Of the 32 Australian universities that published their 2022 financial accounts by this article’s publication deadline, 26 reported deficits. Their collective A$4.8 billion surplus in 2021 collapsed into a A$1.2 billion shortfall in 2022. But that reversal was mainly because of a A$3.4 billion drop in investment earnings. Earnings from overseas students declined by just 1.2 per cent, or A$100 million, compared with 2021. And of the 32 universities, 12 even managed to increase their revenue from this source, some by tens of millions of dollars.

Extract 5: The pain of 2020 prompted much introspection about a higher education business model so heavily reliant on a revenue stream as potentially uncertain as international education. But [academic expert, Andrew]Norton says there is little sign of universities weaning themselves off this income source – partly because they have no obvious alternative.

Extract 6: Adding to the disincentives to walk away is the fact that domestic students’ appetite for study appears to be more brittle than that of their international classmates. Across the 32 institutions that have published their 2022 accounts to date, receipts from the three major income streams for domestic study – Hecs-Help (student loans for government-supported undergraduates), Fee-Help (student loans for non-supported students, typically postgraduates) and the Commonwealth Grant Scheme (teaching subsidies for government-supported students) – fell last year by 4 per cent, or A$465 million, almost five times the loss from international education.

Extract 7: [Universities Australia (UA) chair, John] Dewar says local students are “under-loading” on higher education as opportunities for paid employment soar. “They just enrol in fewer subjects. They’ve effectively turned themselves into part-time students because there are lots of job opportunities out there,” he says. “If there’s a rise in unemployment, I’m sure they’ll start coming back to fuller loads. These things can change quite quickly. But I know that last year, and to some extent this year, a lot of universities are experiencing quite a soft domestic demand – which is why the return of international students is important.”

Extract 8: Monash’s [VC Margaret] Gardner adds that government funding for domestic student education has not been indexed to match inflation during the past decade, while the proportion of “secure” research funding of three to five years’ duration has also been decreasing.

Extract 9: Universities’ reaction to precarious revenue streams has been to casualise their labour force, Norton says. “The employment model that universities have defaulted into served them very well over the last few years,” he explains. “It stopped any of them from going broke because they could reduce their costs reasonably quickly” by shedding staff.

While the National Tertiary Education Union rails against casualisation – and universities increasingly accept that it is not “sustainable” – Norton does not see it changing while the cost of retrenching permanent academics remains high. “A few hundred” casual staff are being offered permanent contracts under newly negotiated enterprise agreements, he concedes, but this is “a drop in the ocean”.

But is it acceptable for the risks to the sector’s revenue model to be borne primarily by the staff with the least secure employment and, usually, the worst progression opportunities?

Extract 10: But how can universities accept the risk of funding secure employment for all their staff when the demand for their courses from domestic and, particularly, foreign students is so brittle? One answer, [consultant, John] Bagshaw says, is to use some of the proceeds of international education to “self-insure” against possible future downturns in that revenue stream – effectively, by setting money aside in a “rainy day fund” to cover retrenchments should they be financially imperative.

That may not be as difficult as it sounds, he says, because it only requires a one-off investment that might be a fraction of total international earnings. “Once you have the next year’s enrolments, the liability window has passed, so you only have to keep a year’s cash aside," he says. "It might be a lot of money. It might be A$100 million. But next year, it’s still A$100 million. This way, while there’s still risk, it doesn’t all fall on the casual employee. It would enable more casuals to have ongoing employment.”

Extract 11: Other contingency mechanisms might include a mutual savings club, into which all Australian universities paid according to their share of international enrolments. Or universities could seek commercial insurance.

Extract 12: Some universities are actively recruiting in “new international education channels”, says Zac Ashkanasy, head of higher education with the Nous Group management consultancy. But prospective students in those markets are “more price-sensitive”, he warns. “There are online opportunities that didn’t previously exist. Whether it’s direct offshore online delivery or more novel online pathways to an Australian institution, those represent new models to create a more resilient international student pipeline.” The problem is that “the margins for those new channels are lower. You might still be able to get the volume of students. But you may not be able to get the level of financial margin, which just adds to the pressure on universities.”

Extract 13: University of Queensland vice-chancellor Deborah Terry said full funding of research would be “nirvana”. As a first step, money to pay for overheads needed to be raised towards 50 cents for every dollar granted by the main funding agencies: “It’s 19 cents in the dollar now, and that is not sufficient. Increasing that…would be a very significant step forward.”

Griffith University vice-chancellor Carolyn Evans described research funding as the “existential crisis” facing Australian higher education.

Extract 14: [Education academic, Andrew Norton strikes a contrarian note]: “My view is that whatever extra money the commonwealth gives [universities] for research will not change the international student market at all. No matter how much you give them, they’ll spend it all and they will be back asking for more.”

Extract 15: Many in the sector regard more research as a good thing, of course. The Go8 hails the role of research in strengthening civil society, underpinning national well-being and generating solutions to global challenges – not least, Covid-19 itself. Go8 chief executive Vicki Thomson says the pandemic has helped shine a spotlight on the scale of cross-subsidisation of research [i.e. from international student revenue].

[bemtele]

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[thisisgraeme]

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[toiletpotato]

school supplies should be free. you agree. reblog.