#repeat sequences in DNA

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

TSRNOSS, p389.

[lanawrx]

Tutoring Sessions with Johnny Joestar: Macromolecules

a/n: the fall semester just started and this is my first time taking biology so I'm writing fanfiction to help me study LMAOOO

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It was a late afternoon, and the sun streamed through the library windows, casting a warm glow across the tables. The campus was quieting down as students finished their classes for the day, but you were still hard at work, sitting in a cozy corner with your biology textbook open in front of you.

Next to you sat Johnny Joestar, your lab partner and a cute guy you’d gotten to know over the semester. He had offered to help you study for the upcoming biology exam, and you were grateful for his help—especially since you were struggling to wrap your head around macromolecules.

Johnny leaned back in his chair, casually flipping through his notes. “Alright,” he began, glancing at you with a small smile. “Let’s start with the basics. Do you know what a macromolecule is?”

You nodded slowly. “I think so. It’s a large molecule made up of smaller units, right?”

“Exactly,” Johnny replied, leaning forward, his blue eyes focused on you. “Macromolecules are big, complex molecules that are essential for life. There are four main types: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Each of these has a unique structure and function, but they’re all made up of smaller building blocks.”

“Got it,” you said, feeling a bit more confident. “And polymers?”

“Right. A polymer is a type of macromolecule. It’s basically a long chain made up of repeating units called monomers,” Johnny explained, tapping his fingers on the table as if to emphasize each point. “Think of it like a necklace, where each bead is a monomer, and the whole necklace is the polymer.”

You nodded, picturing the beads in your mind. “Okay, that makes sense. So, how are these polymers formed and broken down?”

Johnny grinned, clearly pleased with your progress. “Good question. Polymers are formed through a process called dehydration synthesis, or condensation. That’s when two monomers join together, and in the process, they release a molecule of water. On the other hand, breaking down polymers is called hydrolysis. That’s when water is added, breaking the bonds between monomers.”

You scribbled down notes, grateful that Johnny was making these concepts easier to understand. “Dehydration synthesis to build, hydrolysis to break down,” you repeated.

“Exactly,” Johnny said, giving you an approving nod. “Now, let’s go over the structures and functions of the four main types of macromolecules.”

He pulled out his own notes and started with proteins. “Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are their monomers. The sequence of these amino acids determines the protein’s shape and function. Proteins do a lot—they’re involved in everything from catalyzing chemical reactions to providing structural support to cells.”

He paused to let you catch up, then moved on. “Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides. These nucleotides have three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.”

“Carbohydrates,” he continued, “are made up of sugar monomers called monosaccharides. They’re the main source of energy for living organisms. Simple sugars like glucose give us quick energy, while complex carbs like starch provide a slower, more sustained release.”

Finally, Johnny turned to lipids. “Lipids are a bit different—they’re not true polymers because they’re not made up of repeating monomers. But they’re still considered macromolecules. Lipids include fats, oils, and phospholipids. They store energy, make up cell membranes, and play a role in signaling within the body.”

You finished writing and looked up at Johnny, who was watching you with a small smile. “That was really helpful,” you said, feeling a sense of accomplishment. “I think I understand this stuff a lot better now.”

Johnny chuckled softly. “I’m glad I could help. You’re doing great—just keep going over your notes, and you’ll nail that exam.”

You smiled back, feeling a warm glow that had nothing to do with the setting sun. “Thanks, Johnny. I couldn’t have done this without you.”

He shrugged, but there was a hint of shyness in his expression. “No problem. I guess being lab partners has its perks.”

You both shared a quiet laugh, the atmosphere between you light and comfortable. As you packed up your things, you couldn’t help but feel a little closer to Johnny—not just as a lab partner, but as a friend who was genuinely invested in helping you succeed.

“Maybe we can study together again sometime?” you suggested, hoping you didn’t sound too eager.

Johnny’s smile widened, and he gave you a small nod. “Yeah, I’d like that.”

With that, you both headed out of the library, the evening air cool against your skin as you walked together across the campus, discussing plans for the next study session.

⋆ ˚｡⋆୨୧˚⋆ ˚｡⋆୨୧˚⋆ ˚｡⋆୨୧˚⋆ ˚｡ Thanks for Reading! ˚⋆ ˚｡⋆୨୧˚⋆ ˚｡⋆୨୧˚⋆ ˚｡⋆୨୧˚⋆

[xyymath]

Math Myths Busted! 🚨 Debunking Common Misconceptions

1. "Trigonometry is pointless in real life."

Want to design a bridge, map the stars, or even create 3D models? Welcome to the world of trigonometry. Engineers use sine and cosine to calculate forces, angles, and stress on structures. Naval navigation? That’s spherical trigonometry. And let’s not forget medical imaging (MRI and CT scans)—trigonometric algorithms are essential for reconstructing images from cross-sectional slices of the body.

2. "Pi is just 3.14."

Pi is irrational, meaning it goes on forever without repeating. It’s used in everything from signal processing to quantum physics. In general relativity, gravitational waves are calculated using Pi to map the curvature of spacetime. Even fractals, the infinitely complex geometric shapes that mirror nature’s patterns, rely on Pi for accurate dimension calculations. Simplifying Pi to 3.14 is like calling a complex painting “just a bunch of colors.” It’s a universe in itself.

3. "Math is for nerds, not for normal people."

Mathematics is fundamental to the universe. The Fibonacci sequence is embedded in everything from flower petals to galaxies. Whether it’s understanding the Golden Ratio in art or applying optimization techniques to improve energy use in smart cities, math is the tool that drives technology, medicine, and economics. Cryptography keeps your bank account safe and ensures secure communication online—it’s all built on abstract algebra and number theory. So, is math for “nerds”? It’s for civilization.

4. "I’ll never be good at math."

Growth mindset matters. The very concept of calculus—which studies the rate of change—starts from understanding infinitesimally small changes. Once you grasp limits, derivatives, and integration, you unlock the power to model everything from population growth to financial markets. Complex equations that once seemed impenetrable are just tools for breaking down the world. Perseverance is the key, not an innate ability. You learn, you grow, you become a mathematical thinker.

5. "Math is boring."

If math’s boring, then understanding gravity and black holes is boring. Einstein’s general theory of relativity wasn’t just an academic concept—it was formulated using highly sophisticated tensor calculus. Fractals, which appear in clouds, mountains, and even coastlines, are beautiful examples of math in nature. When you solve differential equations, you’re predicting everything from weather patterns to market crashes. Math is not static, it’s the language of everything, from the universe’s creation to your daily commute.

6. "I don’t need math in my everyday life."

You calculate interest rates, optimize your workout routine, and even estimate cooking times using math without realizing it. Statistics helps you make informed decisions in the stock market, and probability theory is the reason you can accurately predict outcomes in games, risk-taking, and even weather forecasting. Linear algebra is involved in everything from computational biology to machine learning. And when was the last time you built a website without using algorithms? Exactly.

7. "Calculators do all the work, so why learn math?"

Calculators are tools. Algorithms—the underlying mathematical processes that make your calculator or smartphone function—are the result of years of mathematical study. Machine learning algorithms, the backbone of AI, rely heavily on linear algebra and calculus. Building a calculator that can compute anything from simple arithmetic to complex number operations requires advanced math, often involving abstract algebra and number theory. It’s not the tool; it’s the thinking behind it that counts.

Math is the DNA of the universe.

[mindblowingscience]

Investigators from the laboratory of Ali Shilatifard, Ph.D., the Robert Francis Furchgott Professor and chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, have discovered a new repeat gene cluster sequence that is exclusively expressed in humans and non-human primates. The discovery, detailed in a study published in Science Advances, is a breakthrough for human genome biology and has wide-ranging implications for future research in transcriptional regulation, human evolution, and the study of repetitive DNA sequences, according to the authors. "This is an unbelievable discovery of the first elongation factor that is repeated within the human genome and is very primate-specific," said Shilatifard, who is also director of the Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics and a professor of Pediatrics. Over the last two decades, rapid advancements in genome sequencing technologies have accelerated research exploring the genetic structure of various regions throughout the human genome. Larger regions of the human genome are composed of repetitive DNA sequences, dubbed genetic "dark matter" by experts, which until recently was unidentifiable using traditional short-read DNA sequencing technology.

Continue Reading.

[cephei-ea]

Arlo - Pattern

Genre: angst, hurt/little comfort

Warnings: blood, profanity, I changed the sequence of events just slightly for a plot insert, female reader

Synopsis: With Joker on the move and climbing brutally up the ranks, its only natural he would pursue Remi and her title next, right?

A/N: I don’t remember the exact events leading to Remi’s fight so imma wing it, if it’s wrong, just know I have no idea what I’m doing

ALSO

I didn’t give a detailed fight scene because i suck ass at writing action so apologies for that as well

___

3rd POV

“Arlo, you wanted to see me?” You offer a slight bow upon entering the classroom where Remi and a clearly upset Arlo were speaking. They both turn to you, Arlo waving Remi out of the room and watching as the girl exits promptly. The air in the room was heavy with tension the moment Remi shut the door behind her and the little hairs on the back of your arms stood on end. Arlo was mad. And in total honesty, the frown etched on his face could entirely be either frustration or fear— you wouldn’t know considering he never showed any emotion other than arrogance and anger. “What’s wrong? You look a bit-“

“Drop out of the hierarchy.” He commanded as if his word was law. And the corners of your brows nearly met in a knit. He didn’t speak further, likely thinking you would merely understand and listen to him. That you would comply without question. Unfortunately, his order didn’t register immediately and you opened your mouth to finally speak.

“Arlo…” your spun around the room to ensure the two of you were alone. Once your isolation was confirmed, you stepped closer to your lover placing your hands gently against the teachers desk he was standing behind. His fists balled against the stained wood. “Babe are you… what are you talking about?” He doesn’t respond, only looking on at you silently. When it came to you and Arlo’s undeniable thirst for control, things often ended this way. With his response hanging in his throat long enough for you to snap. How you waited. Waited and waited for his response. Just one. Just a single reason for his request (demand), but it would never come. At most, you would receive a, “You heard me.” Arlo was a strong man with goals and a clear view of what he wanted, he was a proud man. All too proud to offer a reiteration and all too frustrated in this moment to have opened his mouth without shouting.

After a moment just a bit too long in silence, your patience had run thin. “Why would I do that???” Your temper was quick to shorten further when he refused to acknowledge you. It tended to go this way. You loved Arlo. So maybe it was for that reason, or maybe another, that he managed to bring out the ugly side of you. The impatient, the angry, the tired, the bitter. He didn’t look at you anymore and didn’t even move his stance to address your presence, sure of what he said and as usual, unwilling to repeat himself. Even his expression was a constant. “Babe what brought this on? I mean are you serious?”

“Didn’t you hear me?” His voice was low. It takes you a moment to remember that this is Arlo. And that Arlo doesn’t make jokes. He wasn’t born with the DNA to do anything other than demean others and overuse his power. Oh, and to love you. But he certainly was not born with the DNA to wait for the love of his life to understand him when he asked a favor. A demand.

“Have you heard me, Arlo?” He nearly winced when you used his first name, not backing down despite his expectations that you would. Or rather, his hopes that just this once, you would have listened to him.

“Listen just-!” He paused suddenly, his small outburst quick to make him realize he was disapproving his own argument. “Please just listen, okay? Just this once. I can’t have you caught up in this mess. Anyone but you.” He swallows his nerves, meeting your concerned gaze set on his pupils that dilated with every thought of you.

“Babe is this about Joker? Do you think I can’t fight him?” Your hands fall into his and he savors the moment with every fiber of his being. His fears of the loss of your life have done nothing to stop him from panicking and less to change his mind. His thoughts in total chaos, he grinds his teeth. “Do you refuse to let me do my part? Do you think me that weak-“ your voice is soft, but he cuts you off anyways.

“That’s not it. You know that’s not it.” He couldn’t have you misunderstanding. As long as he didn’t put any ideas in your head other than his true intentions, it would be okay. He was sure you would understand. “I don’t want to risk it. You don’t know how strong he is. Have you the slightest idea of how this guy could crush you if he wanted to?” You only listen to him, eyes alert, questioning; and your eyebrows raised in concern. “You think you’re an exception? You think you can negotiate? He wants to crush anyone who gets in his way, and that includes you.” He almost angers, but you know it’s only fear. You, above anyone else, know that it’s only his concern on display. “And he will the moment he finishes doing the same to Remi as he has to every other person who thought they stood a chance. I’m not calling you weak I’m telling you you’re ignorant if you think you stand a chance.” He couldn’t help but let go of your hands. “Not with this one, okay? Not this time.” He finished his outburst finally and it was your turn to speak. You paused a long moment, facing the ground in an attempt to gather your scrambled thoughts. You squinted. Maybe it was your shot at angering yourself to convince yourself that he was wrong. That things will be fine. But despite what you attempt to tell yourself, your mind is made up. Arlo was probably right. And even if he wasn’t, his precaution was, in your mind, admirable and just enough to finally make up your mind

“Ok.” You nod and for some reason, Arlo almost seems surprised. “I won’t fight him.” You said defeated, reluctant to just give up without trying. “I won’t fight him.” Arlo squeezed your fingers in his hands, bringing one hand up to kiss your knuckles.

“I want you to promise me.” He said quietly, closing his eyes and pressing your hand to his mouth still.

“I promise you I won’t fight Joker.” It came out somewhat repressed, as if it pained you to speak it aloud. “I won’t. But Arlo.” You tilt your head to get his attention. “You need to let me fend for myself from now on.” You take him in your embrace, his wide back slouching into you as his arms wrapped around your figure. “I’m not a porcelain doll to just sit here and look pretty, and I certainly will not break if I get in a fight.” Arlo shook his head, holding taut against his chest.

“I don’t care.” He said tough, as if he weren’t leaning all of his 200 pounds into you. As if it wasn’t obvious how scared he was. “That bastard better stay away from you. Especially when I publish around school that you’ve dropped out, he should move on since you won’t be the next in succession.” And really, what more could you do except smile? So you did just that, gently rubbing his back.

“I hope you’re right, Arlo.”

>>>

And so time passed, the news article your boyfriend posted around the school blew up, sending shock waves of panic, confusion and worry through the students. Was the situation escalating to the point where royals would begin abandoning their positions for a chance at safety? Was joker really so dangerous? Were not even the royals, that the students so revered, Powerful enough to stop joker from insistently terrorizing the alumni? How could anyone win if not their queen and king?

Though what Arlo had failed to realize about joker, despite having been around him so consistently, was that the two of them were nothing alike. What Arlo had forgotten was that John was meticulous. A man of precision and never one for short cuts. Unlike Arlo, who looked for the bright side to everything, a loophole, a different answer, a negotiation.

Arlo and joker had never been alike.

So it should not have come to a surprise when you felt a certain chill run down your spine. A kind of chill you’d never felt before. One that urged you to turn around. One that whispered to you in the lowest of voices that this was inescapable. One that ran its fingertips down the tiny bumps forming on your arms and legs.

It really should not have come to a surprise when suddenly, in some isolated corner of the school, John showed up in his edgy cosplay and that body language that simply made every hair on your body stand on end, as if trying to escape your body. Every instinct in your frame told you to run as fast as you could, to take direct note of the students around you that tried, but failed, to be discreet as they fled the scene. The same students who you would later find staring down at you from the second or third floor as you lay in a pool of your own blood, John having a fistful of your hair as he picked you back up for what you hoped to be the last time. He onced you over, only to throw you lazily to the side, not so much as flinching when your body produced a dull thud against the brick wall your back landed against.

You weren’t sure how long it’d been, weren’t sure how much blood you lost, but in the moment, you really didn’t think it mattered. Students swarmed you the moment joker disappeared, each one either pulling their phones out or when Arlo was suddenly falling to your side, lifting you effortlessly with those arms you’d so fallen in love with. Striding through the halls with those legs you loved. Sure, Arlo looked a little bit distraught, but did it really matter? All that was soothing your bleeding wounds was the feeling of his attention.

“Wake up.” He said harshly. “Fuck. Please, wake up.” He changed his tone, suddenly whispering against your cheek, unsure of whether he had been hurting your ears. But instead, he felt a deep breath release from the confines of his lungs, his eyes almost— almost— watering when he felt you shift. “Oh my god,” he wrapped his arms around your frame and crushed you against himself. “Oh my god.” Was all that he could manage upon watching your eyes crack open for the first time in hours. It was impossible for the blonde to refrain from pushing your head further into his embrace, his chest becoming flush with yours and his face buried deep in the crevice of your neck. He offered you a kiss or two, though they bloodied his lips. Arlo held your hand, despite how hard it was to stop himself from squeezing yours with all his might. He whispered nothing but words of reassurance and sweetness, despite the tear that ran down his cheek. Arlo did everything he could for you despite the pounding of his chest and the way his skin warmed with relief.

However, all of it was more of a daze for you. What Arlo thought would be romantic gestures of reassurance ultimately ended making the pounding beneath your temples strengthen. All you could think of was how loud he was speaking, how tight his bruising grip was, how sweaty his skin was, how painful the injuries still were.

“Arlo stop. Please stop.” But he wasn’t hearing you. He wasn’t hearing you over the sound of his own whispering of how badly he was going to kill joker. He brought a hand of yours to his mouth, cupped between his lithe fingers. Gently kissing down your arm, he sighed gently and finally met your eyes. This deep blue irises that always calmed you seemed to finally be registering your discomfort.

“I’m sorry.” He shook, breath shaky and hands twitching with the need to release their anger. “I’m sorry. I don’t know how this happened, we took you out. I dropped you out. There should have been no...” And now to top it all off, he was rambling. He stood suddenly and released you entirely, passing a hand through his hair and pacing the room a few times. “I fucking told him.” He murmured. “I told him to keep his hands to himself. I told that stupid fuck that if he touched you I would-“

“For gods sake Arlo, will you shut up?” You raised your voice. “Your fucking voice is making my ears bleed right now.” Your boyfriend looked taken aback but his gaze softened and his feet were quick in arriving at your side. His eyes never left yours as he yanked some chair off to the side, in front of himself and took a seat. And so Arlo didn’t say anything. “Arlo, I need you to listen okay?” you paused a moment as he nodded eyebrows still furrowed. “I need to ask you a favor and youre not going to like it.” You raised a hand to wipe a drop of blood from his lips, which had likely come from yours, as thought as you wiped it on the bedsheets.

“Anything.” He whispered. “Are you hurting anywhere?” He said somewhat hurried, as if noting the doubt in your pupils. But you shook your head and run a hand down his cheek, feeling the weight of his head as he leaned into your touch. You shook your head, silent a moment as you admired his sharp jaw and the way it ticked whenever someone he didn’t trust spoke your name, his complex blue eyes that always managed to make your cheeks heat up and his lips that kissed your skin so lovingly.

“I want you to let this go.” You said quietly and watched as Arlo’s expression actively fell with disbelief. Panic. “Just listen to me.” You said quickly, grabbing his hand. “Arlo just listen-“

“You can’t fucking ask me that.” He said, his tone cold. “He knew what he was doing!!-“ his face scrunched with anger.

“Arlo!!” You shouted for once. “Sit. Down.” You ordered, snapping your fingers and watching as he immediately took a seat, though hesitantly. “John isn’t doing this just to get at you. He’s not a fucking child, he’s a psycho. The point is he’s thorough and detail oriented.” You stared into his eyes. “He did this because regardless of my position, it’s my power that threatens him. That John. To him, I’m still a royal, he probably didn’t even notice the withdrawal notices.” You watched Arlo look down, trying to contain himself.

“I need you to let this go.” You said quietly and Arlos face scrunched once again.

“Do you hear me?” He didn’t answer and so ensued a pregnant pause. “Arlo. Going after him will not solve anything. He’s done with me. He doesn’t care about me anymore. The point was to get it out of the way and to move on, he won’t come after me again.” Arlo shook his head, leaning it against your legs.

“I can’t. Love, I can’t just let him get away with it. We can’t just let him think he can do whatever he wants.” He said, his fingers interlaced with yours and his arms snaking around your waist.

“Arlo.” You said again, lifting his head. “Promise me.” But he couldn’t seem to unfist his fingers as they dug into his own palm at your side. Instead, he dug his fingers into his hair and slowly exhaled; once, twice, thrice, and then he looked up at you, more disappointed than anything. And for the first time in forever, which may have been due to your injuries, Arlo admitted defeat and laid his head in your lap.

“Okay.” Though it was quiet and strained, it was there.

“Okay?” You tilted your head to look down at him, scratching the anger from his scalp with your fingers and rubbing circles into his arm.

“No promises.”

[blueikeproductions]

Ok so some more screen shots for EarthSpark popped up to advertise the show.

Seems I was not far off on the Combiner Sideswipe + Grimlock comparison.

They just leaned into a less horrific version of this:

I think this confirms the Cyber Synch thing in show IS the Cyber Combiner gimmick going by Aftermath and Jawbreaker.

Yes the giant purple truck guy is indeed Aftermath.

Which means it’s now confirmed the twink robot is indeed a Quintesson.

Is it me or does the Executioner Quint seem oddly… naked? Maybe he gets his other parts later.

Anyway.

Aftermath is indeed a Decepticon, along with Spitfire, both being Terran Decepticons created by the Decepticons. I guess calling them “Terracons” was out of the question.

One thing that sticks out about Spitfire is her chest:

That’s an Emberstone shard in there, and it visually resembles what was done with TFA Starscream.

And by extension all Transformers in Animated created from Allspark Shards. They really are borrowing fairly heavily from Animated here, the shattered life giving relics being hunted down by both sides. The Allspark in TFA surprisingly wasn’t as big of a factor later on, but the Autobots managed to reassemble it into a Matrix of Leadership style device in the finale. The Decepticons weren’t as interested in hunting shards, Megatron having bigger fish to fry on Cybertron, with the only time he really used the shards was to power the Lugnut Supremes he cloned from Omega Supreme. Starscream got the most use out of the shards, and that’s repeated here with ES Starscream wanting to collect the shards for his own purposes. And like TFA, he’s used two shards already to make troops.

Whether we get more is unclear. As much as I’m not a fan of Spitfire being a clone (?) of Twitch, I’m slightly surprised there’s not a clone of Hashtag to reference Starscream’s connection to her. Oh well, I guess the one genuinely interesting idea Catt did left with them.

I actually kinda find it funny Hashtag lost weight when she became a car instead of a surveillance van. Anyhoo, this suggests the so called secret of Witwicky is it used to be some Quintesson outpost of some sort. This post in particular suggests some sort of Cyberforming at play? Or it’s the interior of a Quint ship. Either way it’s not looking good for what is likely the true final boss of the series.

Going back to the combiner thing, this sticks out.

It’s very reminiscent of Digimon Digivolution sequences, in particular DNA Digivolution and DigiXros.

The earlier Aftermath combiner implies this is the EarthSpark equivalent of RiD15’s Crash Combiners…

But as it appears Thrash & Twitch are combining, and there’s no toys of a Thrash combiner…

We can only assume until the episodes drop what Thrash & Twitch look like combined. Personally I think the Combine ‘n’ Ride would fit, make Twitch look like SuperBike, lol.

[ai-botz]

You:

explain crispr mRNA

Ai:

CRISPR RNA (crRNA) is a sophisticated, programmable molecular tool that leverages the prokaryotic adaptive immune system's mechanism of defense against invasive genetic elements. This RNA-based component serves as a guide to direct the Cas9 nuclease enzyme toward specific genomic loci for targeted editing.

The crRNA structure consists of three distinct regions: the scaffold, the repeat sequence, and the protospacer. The scaffold provides structural support and facilitates binding with the Cas9 protein, while the repeat segment is derived from the CRISPR array in the bacterial genome and promotes crRNA-Cas9 complex formation.

The protospacer region, which constitutes the majority of the crRNA sequence, harbors the desired target specificity information. It possesses a complementarity to a predefined genomic sequence (the target site), thereby enabling the crRNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease to recognize and cleave the target DNA at the precise location.

crRNA synthesis typically involves in vitro transcription from a DNA template or ribosomal RNA processing in vivo. The resulting mature crRNAs are then processed into their functional forms through 5' and 3' trimming, which removes non-essential regions and generates a single-stranded structure that can base-pair with the target site.

Upon binding to Cas9, the crRNA acts as an adaptor, positioning the nuclease at its cognate genomic location. Upon encountering the target sequence, the Cas9-crRNA complex excises the DNA, creating a double-strand break (DSB). The DSB can then be repaired by the cell's endogenous pathways, which may result in precise gene editing via homology-directed repair (HDR) or introduce insertions/deletions (indels) through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), effectively creating a mutation at the targeted site.

The programmable nature of crRNAs allows researchers to tailor them for specific applications, including gene knockouts, point mutations, and even precise base editing. Moreover, advances in RNA engineering have enabled the development of complex crRNA designs capable of targeting multiple genomic loci simultaneously or recognizing non-canonical target sites.

In summary, CRISPR RNA is a highly specialized, versatile molecular tool that empowers scientists to precisely manipulate genomes through its intricate interactions with Cas proteins and cellular repair machinery. Its unique properties have revolutionized the field of genome engineering, offering unprecedented control over genetic information.

You:

explain how a virus can be used as an mRNA encapsulate to deliver crisper RNA

Ai:

Viruses, particularly those in the families Lentiviridae (e.g., HIV-1), Adenoviridae (e.g., adenovirus serotype 5), and AAVidiae (adeno-associated viruses), can be engineered to function as mRNA encapsulation vectors for CRISPR RNA delivery.

The process typically involves:

Cloning the desired crRNA sequence into an expression plasmid, which is then transfected into virus-producing cells. The viral vector is assembled with its capsid protein and genomic RNA, replacing the original viral genetic material. The modified virus acquires the CRISPR RNA as a passenger payload, encapsulated within its lipid envelope or protein capsid. Upon infection of target host cells, the virus delivers its crRNA cargo into the cytoplasm via endocytosis and lysosomal escape. After entering the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes, the released crRNA can then interact with Cas proteins to initiate genome editing at the desired loci.

The choice of viral vector largely depends on factors such as host specificity, transduction efficiency, and immunogenicity concerns. Lentiviral vectors, for example, are capable of infecting non-dividing cells but may elicit stronger immune responses compared to AAV or adenoviral alternatives. AAVs, being less immunogenic, have become popular choices for gene therapy applications.

Incorporating CRISPR RNA into viral delivery systems offers several advantages over direct crRNA administration. It enables targeted and efficient transduction of cells, enhances the stability of crRNA in circulation, reduces off-target effects due to improved tissue specificity, and can facilitate simultaneous editing or multiplexed gene modifications.

However, challenges persist, including concerns over potential off-target effects from viral-mediated delivery itself, immune responses against the viral vector, and the need for further optimization of viral design and packaging strategies to ensure precise genome editing with minimal collateral damage. Continued research is necessary to refine this approach and maximize its therapeutic potential in various applications, ranging from treating genetic diseases to agricultural biotechnology.

————————————————————————

Virus AI describes as being the likely candidate for spreading crisper RNA

“A digital cryo-electron micrograph of the Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad-5)/HVR5-33RGD vector. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that cause cold-like infections of the upper respiratory tract.”

[darkmaga-returns]

By Tamara Ugolini January 09, 2025

Independent scientist and DNA sequencer Kevin McKernan has uncovered alarming contamination in the modified RNA COVID-19 vaccines, prompting him to fact-check Pfizer's claims supporting their safety and efficacy.

Genomics expert Kevin McKernan has fact-checked Pfizer’s safety and efficacy claims regarding their COVID-19 injections after he discovered and exposed risky contaminants, including the SV40 promoter and high levels of residual DNA.

Exclusive government documents reveal Pfizer’s repeated assurances to Health Canada regarding the safety and efficacy of their shots — a claim McKernan refutes using the very citations Pfizer provided. Despite heavy redactions, McKernan was able to assist in fact-checking the unredacted citations, exposing key discrepancies between what Pfizer is saying and what the science really shows.

One critical area of concern lies in the presence of residual DNA in the mRNA vaccines. Unlike traditional vaccines, which have stringent regulations controlling the amount of what is referred to as “naked” DNA, the modified RNA vaccines are encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), which protect both the DNA and RNA from body mechanisms that would otherwise rapidly degrade these contaminants.

McKernan warns that the inclusion of the SV40 promoter, which is designed to integrate into the host’s DNA, could lead to serious risks such as fertility issues and cancer, especially given the lack of long-term safety testing.

[science-lover33]

Genetic engineering: CRISPR and beyond

In genetic engineering, we find ourselves amidst a scientific revolution with the advent of revolutionary technologies like CRISPR-Cas9. However, our journey into the intricate landscape of genetic manipulation is far from complete. This post delves into the nuanced world of genetic engineering, exploring cutting-edge technologies and their remarkable potential in shaping the future of medicine and biotechnology.

CRISPR-Cas9: Precision at the Molecular Level

CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary genome editing tool, stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9. It utilizes a guide RNA (gRNA) to target specific DNA sequences, and the Cas9 protein acts as molecular scissors to cut the DNA at precisely defined locations. This break in the DNA prompts the cell's natural repair machinery to make changes, either through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR). CRISPR-Cas9's precision allows for gene knockout, modification, or insertion with remarkable accuracy.

Beyond CRISPR: Emerging Technologies

While CRISPR-Cas9 has dominated the field of genetic engineering, numerous promising technologies have emerged on the horizon. These include CRISPR-Cas variants like CRISPR-Cas12 and CRISPR-Cas13, which offer unique advantages such as smaller size, increased specificity, and targeting of RNA. Additionally, base editing techniques, such as adenine base editors (ABEs) and cytosine base editors (CBEs), enable the direct conversion of one DNA base into another without causing double-strand breaks, expanding the range of genetic modifications possible.

Applications in Medicine

The implications of these advancements are profound, particularly in medicine. Genetic engineering can potentially treat various genetic disorders, from cystic fibrosis to sickle cell anemia, by correcting disease-causing mutations at their source. Precision medicine, tailored to an individual's genetic makeup, is becoming increasingly feasible, allowing for personalized therapies with minimal side effects.

Ethical Considerations and Regulation

As we venture further into the genetic frontier, we must acknowledge the ethical considerations surrounding genetic engineering. The ability to modify the human germline, with implications for future generations, raises ethical dilemmas that necessitate rigorous oversight and regulation. The international community is developing guidelines to ensure responsible use of these powerful tools.

Future Directions and Challenges

While genetic engineering offers immense promise, it is not without its challenges. Off-target effects, unintended consequences, and the potential for creating designer babies are among the issues that demand careful consideration. Researchers and ethicists must work in tandem to navigate this uncharted territory.

References

Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2014). The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science, 346(6213), 1258096.

Anzalone, A. V., Randolph, P. B., Davis, J. R., Sousa, A. A., Koblan, L. W., Levy, J. M., … & Liu, D. R. (2019). Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA. Nature, 576(7785), 149-157.

Kime, E. (2021). CRISPR and the ethics of gene editing. Nature Reviews Genetics, 22(1), 3-4.

This post only scratches the surface of the profound transformations occurring in genetic engineering. The relentless pursuit of knowledge and ethical exploration will shape the future of this field as we continue to unlock the intricate secrets of our genetic code.

[sorensonforensics]

Choosing the Right Type of Forensic DNA Testing

DNA testing has revolutionized how investigators solve crimes and identify victims, as well as the exoneration of the innocent. As there are various types of forensic DNA testing available, understanding the differences can help law enforcement and legal professionals navigate the labs to contact and the conversations that will take place.

STR Analysis (Short Tandem Repeat)

This is the most widely used method in forensic DNA testing. It examines specific regions of DNA that vary greatly among individuals. This technique is especially effective for human identification in criminal cases due to its high degree of specificity and reliability.

mtDNA Analysis (Mitochondrial DNA)

This analysis is used when nuclear DNA is degraded or unavailable, often in older samples. It examines the maternal lineage and can provide valuable insights in cases involving skeletal remains or hair samples. While less discriminative than STR, mtDNA can still be crucial for historical cases.

Y-STR Analysis

Y-STR targets the Y chromosome, making it ideal for tracing paternal lineage. This method is particularly useful in sexual assault cases where male DNA is mixed with female DNA, allowing forensic analysts to isolate male-specific markers for identification.

SNP Analysis (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)

This emerging technique is often headlined in the industry and focuses on variations at specific single nucleotide sites in the DNA sequence. It's useful for ancestry testing, specifically forensic genetic genealogy in criminal cases, and can provide additional information when traditional methods are inconclusive.

DNA Phenotyping

While not a standard method for identification, DNA phenotyping can predict physical traits such as eye color, hair color, and skin tone from DNA samples. This approach can assist in generating leads when suspects are unknown, particularly in cases with minimal evidence.

[berrypass-de-murdler]

2 - 53 The Bloody, Bloody Hospital

So appetizing

I loaf drawing bebe murdle. Makes things better when life is horrible

I can't believe there are episodes without logico cry

DON'T READ THE EPISODES WITHOUT READING THE BOOKS!!

The blood crust from the floor at the convocation is still in a bag in Irratino’s purse. He knows that the person who would know the most about blood is Dr. Crimson - she can identify who it’s from!

CRIMSON: HELLO… HELLOOOOO! It looks like the INSPECTOR is here to MINGLE… IRRATINO: [shudder] Actually, I need your help again. I have the DNA sequence for the mystery sample written down, but it doesn’t match anyone else’s here.  CRIMSON: MMMM! But where… oh where is LOGICO…

She taps and scrapes at her clipboard with her metal insectoid arm.

IRRATINO: He’s… missing. Don’t you remember? CRIMSON: LOGICO? NO… LOGICO?! IRRATINO: I… told you just a couple days ag- CRIMSON: [complete hysteria] NOOOOO, LOGICO, NO, NOOOOOOOO!!!!

She claws at the ground. Irratino picks her up.

IRRATINO: Hey, hey, shhhhh. He’s okay, but he’s being held in prison - I have to rescue him.  CRIMSON: A human is MURDERED here… and no one will SOLVE IT. IRRATINO: I will solve it!

He finds the local patients. Coach Raspberry and Uncle Midnight are in beds, looking miserable. Baron Maroon is in a giant tube full of liquid, but seems to be fine regardless.

IRRATINO: Is everyone alright? U. MIDNIGHT: Pssht. RASPBERRY: No!!! [cries] IRRATINO: What happened? RASPBERRY: I… I got concussed…

Irratino wants to comfort him, but Crimson gets in the way. 

CRIMSON: Here’s some more BLOOD from the suspects. I took it from them TODAY! IRRATINO: That’s… great.

Maroon does a flip in his tank. What the fuck is he doing in there??

Irratino closes his eyes and dreams for a clue. The ghost of the dead human appears before him, endlessly repeating a phrase in a language that doesn’t exist! He screams himself out of it. This startles Maroon, who does a deafening roar, smashing the glass of his ‘exhibit’! He rolls through the wall and into the parking lot.

CRIMSON: NO, NOOOO!!! STUPID FROG!!!!

The roof of the hospital catches fire, and Irratino climbs up there. There’s no fire extinguisher!

IRRATINO: Well that’s a fire hazard. RASPBERRY: I dunno what’s even goin’ on… I don’t wanna be here anymore!

He tries to leave, but Crimson blocks him.

CRIMSON: YOU can’t go outside… DOCTOR’S ORDERS! RASPBERRY: But… But… [kitten wail]

Irratino imagines what Logico would do right now - he’d go through everyone’s medical files. So he does just that. The killer was the super suspicious Uncle Midnight, who’s been laying in bed the whole time!

CRIMSON: I KNEW I COULD NEVER TRUST ANOTHER HUMAN!! IRRATINO: Benjamin! Why?? U. MIDNIGHT: Nh… I can’t go to my own birthday party. Because… I have a ‘contagious’ disease. And I got so mad… IRRATINO: But now that everyone knows you’re guilty of murder and that you have a contagious disease, will they still want to come to your birthday party? U. MIDNIGHT: …Yes. 

There’s silence, and to everyone’s surprise, Benjamin starts bawling.

U. MIDNIGHT: It was LOGICO, he left me to die in the middle of the ocean!! They just left me to die and I can’t even swim… I wouldn’t even be sick right now if they didn’t do that! It’s not fair… IRRATINO: Hey, hey! It’s okay! 

It’s not really. That was a really fucked up thing for Gico and pals to do.

IRRATINO: It’s July, your birthday’s months away. You’ll be okay! U. MIDNIGHT: I do my birthday party in July because everyone’s too busy with ChRiStMaS when it actually comes around.

The guilt is laying on thick for Irratino. But he can’t go anywhere near Benjamin, because of his unknown disease.

IRRATINO: Uhm… what does he have, exactly? CRIMSON: EXPLODING BILE DYSPHORIA. IRRATINO: What… does that-

Irratino figures out what that means, and will never sleep again. 

The end!

Wherefore art thou Logico?

I'm not feeling tip-top right now so this is a little rushed :'3

The power of Goat Lord compels you!

See you next time murdlers!

[ventisettestars]

DannyMay Day 4

Day 4: Fractals [ao3]

Summary: Danny’s Ectoplasm doesn’t look right under the microscope.

———————————————————————————————————–

Dinner was just about done when Maddie took a breath and said. “Danny. We need to discuss your connections to Phantom.” 

It took everything in Danny to not drop his visibility and fade away. “Ah, the ghost boy you and dad are always hunting?”

“You don’t need to play dumb, we know.”

“What, what's to know? I’m not-”

“We know you’ve been helping him for a while now.” 

“H-helping? What makes-”

“Your mother and I have known you’ve been giving him the thermoses and Fenton tools. Why do you think we’ve made them so easy for you to grab around the house?” 

“I- Okay, yeah that makes sense. I thought you were just careless, but yeah, Why?”

“Well, we figured it would be better to leave out the safe things for you to find and tinker around with rather than the more experimental stuff..” Hearing that they had worse things, didn’t really comfort Danny, but his mom didn’t seem to notice his nerves as she continued. “Regardless, we have a favor to ask of Phantom, and we're hoping that you’d ask him something for us. Either by being the inbetween, or setting up a meeting place so we can talk.”

Danny’s guard rose. “Depends, but I might be able to.” 

“We need a sample of his ectoplasm.” His dad was straight to the point.

“We’ve been examining a sample from a fight a few days ago, but the structure deteriorated too much to continue to be used.” 

Danny looked like he was going to be sick. Ectoplasm shouldn’t just deteriorate. What were they doing with it?  “Why do you need more if you already studied it?” 

“Well. It’s got a weird makeup. Different from other samples, to the point where if we didn’t know it was ectoplasm from a spook, we’d think him an entirely different species. You’re mother thinks it might be why his powers are so- well powerful.” His dad laughed. “See, son. You know what Fractals are right?”

Danny nodded. 

“Phantom’s ectoplasm contains an actual DNA sequence. Can you believe it? We were trying to get a better look, but the more we zoomed in, it kept repeating in a pattern, never actually getting any closer. It alternated between his ectosignature and what appears to be human DNA.”

“But as your father said, what is happening is when we get just close enough to the DNA to record it, the ectosignature comes into view and blocks our view. Then once making it through, it's as though we were reversing the magnification. Except it’s been magnified a great deal more. I’ve got this theory that the reason he is so powerful is because this fractal shift is creating a dense matrix of ectoplasm.”

Jack took over. “Sort of how batteries have different charges where size doesn’t really matter, his ectoplasm is like that. Super-charged and continuing to compound in on itself. How he keeps growing.”

“But we can’t look into it any further cause this matrix of his seems to deteriorate exponentially faster than normal Ectoplasm when disconnected from a Ectobeing. Most likely due to it relying on his core or something.”

Danny stared blankly. “So basically, you want another sample so you can figure out why he is so dense and what's up with the random threads of DNA?” 

“Yeah! So can you son?”

“I’ll see what I can do. What should I collect the sample in?”

“We’ve got vials!” Jack pulled out vials like ninja throwing stars, one for in between each finger.

“We probably only need one, maybe two? It would be a waste to collect more since we wouldn’t really be able to look at them all before it broke down.” 

“Okay. I’ll see what I can do.” Danny took two of the vials. 

-----

Danny snuck down to the lab after his parents went to sleep to take a look at what his parents described at dinner. Sure enough, the spiraling pattern of alternating ecto and human DNA spiraled as far down as the mid grade microscope could manage, looking to continue past that. 

It was fascinating and confusing. Out of dumb curiosity, he checked a blood sample, and sure enough, once getting far enough magnified, it switched to ectoplasm. 

It was fascinating the pattern the sequence made. It really was a Fractal. He wondered if it meant that it would continue to spiral in the perfect shape ever denser. Made him think about dense celestial bodies and shutter. Not from fear, but his core sang at the similarities to a star. 

“I wonder…” Danny looked to the portal and decided to experiment. He shot a text to the phantom group chat to let them know he was going to the Zone. 

Once there, he relaxed, trying to see if he could unwind the coil of his ectoplasm. When he did, all that happened was he went human. He tried it again and he went ghost. But both times it didn’t feel like he was changing like normal. It felt like he was changing backwards. Wiping away his transformation rather than transforming. 

Then it occurred to him. 

Each time he switched, was he actually just compressing another layer of ectoplasm over his other form. Like his rings were, what, applying another layer of ectoplasm or applying more of his human DNA to cover the ectoplasm? Danny didn’t know enough about this sort of thing. 

Looks like he was going to be giving his parents a sample to look at.

[science-sculpt]

Amplifying Revolution: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Imagine a scenario where you have a crucial document, but there's only one fragile copy. You need numerous duplicates to analyze and share. This is exactly the challenge faced by scientists dealing with DNA. Thankfully, a revolutionary technique called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) comes to the rescue. PCR, often referred to as molecular photocopying, is a fundamental tool in molecular biology. It allows scientists to exponentially amplify a specific DNA segment, creating millions of copies from a minuscule sample. This has revolutionized various fields, from diagnosing diseases to unraveling genetic mysteries.

The credit for inventing PCR is widely attributed to Kary Mullis, a biochemist working at Cetus Corporation in the early 1980s. Inspired by his nighttime drives through California, Mullis envisioned a method for exponentially copying DNA segments through repeated cycles of heating, annealing (primer attachment), and extension (polymerase-mediated DNA synthesis). This elegant concept became the foundation of PCR. Mullis's concept was brilliant, but a crucial hurdle remained. The process required a DNA polymerase enzyme that could withstand repeated heating and cooling cycles. The solution came from an unexpected source: hot springs. In 1976, researchers discovered Taq polymerase, a heat-stable enzyme isolated from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus. This discovery was a game-changer, as Taq polymerase could function optimally during the high-temperature steps of PCR. In recognition of its transformative impact on science, Kary Mullis was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993, alongside Michael Smith, who pioneered site-directed mutagenesis.

While the core concept of PCR was established, the technique required further refinement. Pioneering researchers like Henry Erlich at Cetus played a vital role in optimizing reaction conditions, automating the process, and developing the now-ubiquitous thermal cyclers that precisely control the temperature changes needed for PCR. The 1980s and 1990s witnessed a surge in PCR applications. In 1985, PCR was used for the first time to analyze sickle cell anemia, demonstrating its potential for clinical diagnostics. Forensic science embraced PCR in 1987, with the successful amplification of DNA from a single human hair. By 1989, highly sensitive DNA fingerprinting techniques based on PCR became a game-changer in criminal investigations.

At the heart of PCR lies a clever exploitation of the natural process of DNA replication. The key players in this drama are:

Template DNA: The DNA sequence that contains the target region to be amplified

Primers: Short sequences of nucleotides that flank the target DNA region and serve as starting points for DNA synthesis.

DNA Polymerase: Enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands by extending the primers using nucleotides.

Nucleotides: The building blocks of DNA, including adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

Buffer Solution: Provides optimal conditions for the enzymatic reactions to occur.

Thermal Cycler: Instrumentation used to automate the PCR process by cycling through different temperatures.

At its core, PCR mimics the natural process of DNA replication within an organism. However, PCR condenses this complex process into a series of controlled steps carried out within a test tube. Here's a breakdown of the PCR cycle:

Denaturation: The first step involves heating the reaction mixture to a high temperature (usually around 95°C), causing the double-stranded DNA to separate into two single strands. This process is known as denaturation.

Annealing: The temperature is then lowered to allow the primers to bind (anneal) to their complementary sequences on the single-stranded DNA. This typically occurs around 50-65°C, depending on the primer sequences.

Extension: With the primers bound, the temperature is raised again, and DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by extending from the primers using the nucleotides present in the reaction mixture. This step occurs at a temperature optimal for the DNA polymerase enzyme, typically around 72°C.

Cycle Repetition: These three steps—denaturation, annealing, and extension—are repeated multiple times (usually 20-40 cycles), resulting in an exponential increase in the number of DNA copies. Each cycle doubles the amount of DNA, leading to millions of copies of the target sequence after just a few cycles.

The beauty of PCR lies in its repetitive nature. With each cycle, the number of copies of the target DNA segment doubles. After 30 cycles, for example, you can have billions of copies of the specific DNA region, enough for further analysis.

This versatile technique has spawned numerous variations, each tailored for a specific purpose. Let's delve into some of the most common types of PCR:

Real-Time PCR (qPCR): Real-Time PCR, or quantitative PCR (qPCR), revolutionized nucleic acid quantification by enabling the real-time monitoring of DNA amplification. This technique utilizes fluorescent reporter molecules to measure the accumulation of PCR products during each cycle. qPCR is invaluable in gene expression analysis, microbial quantification, and diagnostic assays due to its high sensitivity and quantitative capabilities.

Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR): Reverse Transcription PCR combines PCR with reverse transcription to amplify RNA sequences. This technique converts RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) using reverse transcriptase enzyme before proceeding with PCR amplification. RT-PCR is pivotal in gene expression studies, viral load quantification, and the detection of RNA viruses such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2.

Nested PCR: Nested PCR involves two rounds of amplification, with the second round using a set of nested primers that bind within the product of the first round. This nested approach increases specificity and reduces nonspecific amplification, making it ideal for detecting low-abundance targets and minimizing contamination. Nested PCR is commonly used in forensic analysis, pathogen detection, and rare allele identification.

Multiplex PCR: Multiplex PCR allows simultaneous amplification of multiple target sequences within a single reaction. This technique employs multiple primer sets, each specific to a distinct target region, enabling the detection of multiple targets in a single assay. Multiplex PCR is valuable in microbial typing, genetic screening, and detection of pathogens with complex genetic profiles.

Digital PCR (dPCR): Digital PCR partitions the PCR reaction into thousands of individual micro-reactions, each containing a single DNA template molecule or none at all. By counting the number of positive and negative partitions, dPCR accurately quantifies target DNA molecules without the need for standard curves or reference samples. This technique is useful for absolute quantification of rare targets, allelic discrimination, and copy number variation analysis.

Allele-Specific PCR: Allele-Specific PCR selectively amplifies alleles containing specific nucleotide variations, enabling the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or mutations. This technique utilizes primers designed to match the target sequence with single-base mismatches at their 3' end, allowing discrimination between different alleles. Allele-Specific PCR finds applications in genetic testing, pharmacogenomics, and population studies.

PCR's ability to amplify DNA has made it an indispensable tool in various fields. Here are a few examples of its diverse applications:

Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance: PCR plays a pivotal role in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases. By amplifying specific nucleic acid sequences, PCR enables the detection of pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity. PCR-based tests have become indispensable in diagnosing viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis, influenza, and COVID-19. Additionally, PCR facilitates the surveillance of disease outbreaks and the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance.

Genetic Testing and Personalized Medicine: PCR empowers genetic testing by enabling the detection of genetic mutations, polymorphisms, and variations associated with inherited diseases, cancer, and pharmacogenomics. Through techniques like allele-specific PCR and real-time PCR, researchers can identify disease-causing mutations, assess drug efficacy, and tailor treatments to individual patients. PCR-based genetic tests have transformed healthcare by enabling early disease detection, risk assessment, and personalized therapeutic interventions.

Forensic Analysis and DNA Profiling: PCR has revolutionized forensic science by enabling the analysis of minute DNA samples collected from crime scenes. Techniques like short tandem repeat (STR) analysis and multiplex PCR allow forensic experts to generate DNA profiles with high resolution and accuracy. PCR-based DNA profiling is used in criminal investigations, paternity testing, disaster victim identification, and wildlife forensics, contributing to the administration of justice and conservation efforts worldwide.

Environmental Monitoring and Microbial Ecology: PCR facilitates the study of microbial communities in diverse environments, including soil, water, air, and the human microbiome. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis using PCR-based methods enables the detection and characterization of microbial species, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea. PCR-based assays are employed in environmental monitoring, food safety testing, and microbial source tracking, aiding in the preservation of ecosystems and public health.

Agricultural Biotechnology and Food Safety: PCR plays a vital role in agricultural biotechnology by enabling the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), plant pathogens, and foodborne pathogens. PCR-based assays are used to verify the authenticity and safety of food products, detect allergens, and monitor the presence of contaminants such as pesticides and toxins. PCR-based technologies contribute to ensuring food security, quality control, and regulatory compliance in the food industry.

Evolutionary Biology and Phylogenetics: PCR-based methods are indispensable tools for studying evolutionary relationships and biodiversity. Techniques like DNA barcoding and metagenomics employ PCR to amplify and analyze DNA sequences from diverse organisms, elucidating their evolutionary history and ecological interactions. PCR facilitates the identification of new species, the study of population genetics, and the conservation of endangered species, enriching our understanding of the natural world.

PCR's versatility and precision make it indispensable in unlocking the secrets of genetics and unraveling complex biological mysteries. Its ability to amplify minute DNA samples with remarkable speed and accuracy has opened doors to countless possibilities in research and diagnostics. s we delve deeper into the intricacies of the genetic world, PCR will undoubtedly remain a powerful tool for unlocking the secrets of life itself.

[randomquadballpun]

DAY 26 (attempt no 5)

"There are no point mutations, no deletions or insertions. The DNA sequence looks perfectly fine!", Sherlock squinted down at his laptop with an expression of baffled indignation, before pushing himself off the ground and swinging forward, his coat trailing after him like the heavy woollen cape of an especially dapper Batman.

"That's not really helping ... but it's still good news, right?" Rosie was rushing back and forth wildly on the swing set right next to him. Sherlock followed her example at a much more sedate pace, while still scowling down at the laptop screen. "So what's next?"

"It's not a problem with the DNA sequence and neither is it an issue of methylations." He let out a sigh that sounded a little bit more world-weary than the situation truly warranted. "I suppose our best guess right now is to just repeat it one more time and just be extra gentle every step of the way. Shorter heat shock and longer recovery intervals."

"Sounds good!" Swinging up ... "Can I still help?" ... and down.

"Of course."

"Cool! ... But I don't have any time tomorrow ... I am meeting Teresa!"

"Sunday then."

John observed the two of them from a nearby bench with a grin and an amused shake of his head. The mother of a mud-covered toddler, who was sitting on the other side of the bench shot him a dubious look before refocusing on her grumpy child.

Over on the swing set, Sherlock flipped down the lid of his laptop and began to swing more earnestly, the coat flapping back and forth. "There would be other things that we could try, of course ...", he began in a cautious tone that immediately sent alarm bells ringing in the back of Johns head. "If your dad just agreed to us buying a PCR thermocycler or an electroporation apparatus for the set-up ... We wouldn't even have to buy them new, you can get used ones on eBay for a very reasonable price ..."

With another unsure side eye, the mother picked up her kid and moved to a bench on the other side of the playground. John gave her an apologetic smile, before putting on a more stern expression for Sherlock and his daughter, who were now both looking at him with pleading eyes.

"You have basically 24/7 access to a perfectly fine laboratory at Barts. If our kitchen lacks equipment, then maybe it is time to move this to a space that is properly designed for experiments like that."

Sherlock pouted. "My lab in Baker Street is perfectly sufficient for what we are trying to do."

"Our kitchen at Baker Street is actually meant for eating, even though it has been a while", John reminded him with an eye roll. "You are using a water kettle as a water bath, a salad spinner as a centrifuge and my grandmas ugliest soup bowl as an ice bucket."

Sherlock scowled and did the only mature thing that could be expected from him in a situation like that. He built up momentum, swinging higher and higher while refusing to meet Johns eyes. All John could do was shake his head again and smile at the other mans antics while Rosie giggled.

--------------------

Troubleshooting, part 13/?

-> Heavily inspired by that one part in Sherlock & Co where Sherlock monopolizes a swing set because the motion helps him think.

-> The following part can be found here!

-> Until then you can start reading this series at DAY 0 or read the previous snippet here.

[geneticeducation]

🔍 What are STR Markers? 🧬 Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are repeated DNA sequences that vary between individuals, making them useful for forensic analysis, paternity testing, and studying genetic diversity.

[kitty-baby36]

"Four Turtles & A Baby"

(TMNT BAYVERSE)

🐢 Chapter Three 🐢

Donnie was worried.

He couldn't help it. Thora was so small and sickly...hell, she couldn't have been more than a couple weeks old, and a baby that young hadn't yet developed the proper anti-bodies needed to remain healthy. They lived in a sewer! There were germs and possible contamination everywhere! Mold... mildew...dampness....

He didnt think it would hurt anything when he secretly put the mutagen synthesized from his own blood in her bottle (one of the brand new sterile ones that Leo had procured from a nearby store, along with several other baby necessities, because duh) in the hopes of making her stronger. It was only two drops. And he'd checked his calculations no less than a dozen times; there wasn't enough to severely alter her genetic sequence.

However....

The next morning, he was woken by Leonardo’s voice bellowing out: "What the fuck?!"

When Donnie emerged from his room, brain still fuzzy from sleep, his brothers and Splinter were standing around the oversized laundry basket that served as temporary crib. He moved closer to see what was going on. Oh dear...

Thora sat upright in the basket, looking up at them with wide, innocent eyes. But this was not the same pale, sickly newborn they had found last night. The child that looked up at them now was bigger. She had seemingly aged a whole year overnight!

"What the literal fuck?" Leo repeated. Immediately he rounded on Michaelangelo. "What did you do? What was in that bottle?"

Mikey held his hands up in surrender. "Dudes, don't blame me! It was just powdered milk, I swear!"

Now Raphael was getting annoyed, and he also rounded on the youngest brother. "Bro, I swear on all that is sacred in the universe, if you did something...."

"It's not his fault!" Donnie shouted, gaining their attention. "It's mine! I put mutagen in the formula after Mikey fixed it."

"You did WHAT???" Raphael growled, immediately scooping Thora up and away from his brother in purple.

"You gave her mutagen?!" Leo asked, dumbfounded.

"It was only a couple drops! She was sick and we live in a sewer and there are so many bacteria down here that could hurt her and I wanted her to be stronger and healthier and I triple checked the formula to make sure it wouldn't cause any abnormal side effects...."

"Going from a newborn to a toddler in less than 24 hours counts as abnormal, Donnie!"

"She seems fine to me," Mikey said, absentmindedly poking Thora's tummy until Raphael swatted his hand away.

Splinter stepped in. He placed a hand on Donnie's arm. "Your intentions were well-placed, my son," he said softly, "but dangerous nonetheless. We cannot guarantee that the mutagen would have effected her human DNA the same as it does for us."

"I'll check her again," Donnie said. "Just to be sure."

After a quick scan determines she is 100% healthy and okay, Donnie is made to swear he will NEVER experiment on her again.

(except for the time he puts a micro tracker chip under her skin so they can find her in the event she goes missing...but they don't talk about that)

It was a bit of an adjustment, but Thora seemed to be doing much better, and eventually Raphael's temper faded, and Donnie was allowed (at most) within arm's reach of the little girl. She was hungrier now and went through four bottles of milk mixed with the rice powder stuff before stopping. Mikey was beyond ecstatic, and he kept talking to her and trying to play with her.

"Pookie! Do you want to play with the blocks? Or how about the dolly? Want to watch some wrestling? Want me to read you a story?"

"Bro!" Raphael snapped at him from his place on the couch, "give her some space, alright? Geezus...you're going to give her a complex or something!"

But Thora giggled in delight, and Mikey ignored his brother's reprimand, a huge smile on his face.

"She likes me!" he exclaimed. "I'm gonna be the best big brother ever!"

"You ain't teaching her any of your shit habits!"

Mikey quickly put his hands over Thora's ears. "Dude, don't use that kind of language around Pookie!"

Thora giggled again, blowing spit bubbles and grabbing at Mikey’s hands. Raphael groaned and rolled his eyes.

"Michelangelo," Splinter called from the kitchen. "Perhaps you can take a reprieve from playtime and come help me in the kitchen?"

"Awwwww," Mikey whined, but he pressed a kiss to her head and hopped up to help his sensei.

No sooner had he disappeared, then Thora began to whimper, her little fists balled up beside her.

Raphael, ever the concerned mother-hen, hoisted himself off the couch and knelt down beside her with a gentle smile. “Hey now, dollface, no need to get upset. I'll play with you until Mikey gets back." He scooped up a handful of blocks and began stacking them, hoping to cheer her up. But Thora merely glanced at the colorful items, whimpered again, and promptly turned her attention elsewhere.

Leo was practicing with his katana several feet away, doing a little flip and spin; striking a pose here and there that made his muscles flex. Thora's bright blue eyes landed on him, and she cooed. Raphael felt a ping of jealousy but shrugged it off.

"Hey, Fearless!" he called to his brother. "Better not mess up. You're being observed." He picked Thora up and placed her in his lap, both of them watching the leader in blue.

Leonardo rolled his eyes but couldn’t help a grin. “Nice try, Raph, but a good ninja doesn't let himself get distracted.”

Thora watched attentively, her interest piqued. Raphael picked up one of the blocks and turned it over in his hand, his brain hatching a sinister idea.

"Watch this, princess," he whispered to the little girl before chucking the large green block at Leonardo.

It hit him on the nose, causing him to lose his balance and crash to the floor. The oldest turtle jumped up and was about to scold, but Thora erupted into laughter, her cheeks flushed with joy. That laugh immediately melted Leo's anger.

“See? Funny blue head go boom,” Raphael said, grinning as if he had just won a championship.

Leonardo sighed, realizing he wasnt going to be able to finish practicing. Instead, he put his katana away and joined Thora in the floor. He made a silly face at her and roared like a dinosaur; his efforts were met with giggles from Thora, who was now thoroughly entertained. She reached out her tiny hands and splayed them across Leo's face, and you best believe that man's heart melted into a puddle of goo!

"Hello to you too, sweetheart," he told her.

"What happened to you saying ninjas don't get distracted?" Raphael asked, raising a brow.

Leo didn't take his eyes off Thora, now happily gumming one of his fingers. "Eh...I needed a break anyway."

Raphael chuckled, shaking his head. If this little girl could get Leonardo of all people to slack off from his responsibilities, then they were all doomed.

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