#proto-indoeuropeans

[castilestateofmind]

“Nos celtis genitos et ex iberis” / ”We are the descendants of Celts and Iberians”.

- Marcus Valerius Martialis, “Martial”.

[gwydpolls]

Time Travel Question 22: Ancient History X and Earlier

These Questions are the result of suggestions from the previous iteration.

This category may include suggestions made too late to fall into the correct grouping.

Please add new suggestions below if you have them for future consideration. All cultures and time periods welcome.

[theexodvs]

Hm...only five major branches of the Indo-European languages are known to have somehow maintained a separation between the three series of PIE stops, and only three of those, Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and Italic, had plain voiced stops in the written record corresponding to those in the standard reconstruction of PIE.

These were the same three branches that, when compared together, caused academics to hypothesize Indo-European as a family and launched Indo-European studies as a discipline. Could it be that examination of these three is producing a bias in the reconstruction in PIE?

It’s not even possible to reliably reconstruct /b/ for any of these branches to the periods between splitting from PIE and their own internal breakups. Classical Greek /b/ is from PIE *gw, which never bilabialized in Mycenaean, *m in certain contexts in words without known Mycenaean cognates, and substrate words also without firmly established Mycenaean cognates. Sanskrit /b/ sometimes agrees with Avestan and Old Persian /b/, but that is due to Grassmann’s law, which, due to deaspiration in Proto-Iranian, might or might not have been active in Proto-Indo-Iranian. Latin /b/ comes from Proto-Italic *p in certain circumstances where it did not change in other Italic languages; /dw/ during its written history (see the Duenos Inscription); and medial *β, which instead devoiced in Oscan-Umbrian.

Do the anti-glottalists really think a language could have had /d g/ without /b/ for thousands of years, and that multiple descendants could have maintained the same typologically unusual arrangement until the earliest attestations of the Italic languages and of archaic Greek around the ninth century BC?

[carrionknight]

Tocharian Mythological names and Terms

As the title suggests, here are some names and terms I found:

Ylaiñäkte, Ylaiñeṣṣe = Indra/Thor, Storm God

Ylaiñäktäññe = female Indra? Wife of Indra?

Śakyavarddhane = the tribal deity of the Śākyas (Scythians), Sun God Surya (Helios/Sol)

Kauṃ-Ñäkte = Sun god, Possibly Sol/Helios?

               Kauṃ = Day, Sky

               Ñäkte = God or generic deity

Indre = Indra

Upoṣathe = Uposatha (Buddhist holiday)

Kamartīke = ruler

Kāmñäkte = God of love

Jñānasthite = Tusita realm god

Ñäkte-Yok = God like

Ñäkteñña = Goddess

Tapatriś = thirty-three gods

Tilādevi = A class of gods (unclear)

nirmṇarati = A class of gods (unclear)

Pañäkte = Buddha

Pañcābhijñe = possessing of the five spiritual powers

Pūrvottare = Proper name of a God, otherwise unclear (Parvati?)

Pravare = Messenger of the Gods, Close friend of Indra

Prām-ñäkte - Brahma God

Prete = Malicious spirit

Brahasvati = proper name of a god, Brihaspati

Bra(h)m-ñäkte = Brahma

Mār (Mār-Ñäkte) God of death, the tempter and the adversary

Meñe = moon

Meñ-Ñäkte/ Ñäkteñña = Moon God/Goddess

Yāmor-ñäkte = Karma God

Riññäkte = City God

Viśvakarme = Proper name of a god (Vishvakarma)

Viṣṇu = Class of gods, Vishnu?

Vr̥kṣavāsike = proper name of a god, Vajrapani? Zeus equivalent?

Vaimānuke = proper name of a god, something regarding ‘Vimana’? possible also Vamana

Wekārsa = Native Tocharian deity of uncertain function or origin, looks like Wodanaz or Wotan to me from Germanic myth. Appears in the play The Supriyanāṭaka which is set in idia, possibly meaning the God replaces one of Indic myth.

Śuddhavās = a class of Gods, Śuddhāvāsa of Buddhism

Śuubhakr̥tsäṃ = a class of gods

Śrīñäkte= Goddess of fortune, Fortuna

[elijah-terry]

was looking at irish phonology to confirm to my partner that they don't have interdentals and wow broad vs slender consonants sure are. something. and they're NOT allophonic?? going insane, hard to think about velarized or palatalized consonants

i need to include broad & slender consonants in a conlang though that's so neat

[gender-jargon]

[Image ID: a redesigned Resgender flag by Gent (Gender-Jargon). The background of the flag is black, with eight central stripes, with the outer two being slightly larger than the others. The center stripes are grey, red, fuchsia, blue, green, yellow, orange and grey. In the middle of the flag is the Cengender symbol, which is made from the number "100" by centering and overlaying two ones facing away from each other and two concentric zeros positioned in the middle of the stalk of the number one. The Cengender symbol is off-white. At the very center is a brown circle. ./. End ID]

Resgender: a fluid, ever-changing gender experience that is wholly unidentifiable and nondescript, but is capable of manifesting in an extremely vast multitude of experiences of gender and/or lack of gender which may or may not be contextually based or circumstantial.

[PT: Resgender: a fluid, ever-changing gender experience that is wholly unidentifiable and nondescript, but capable of manifesting in a extremely vast multitude of experiences of gender and/or lack of gender which may or may not be contextually based or circumstantial. ./. End PT]

A synonym of Cengender.

Etymology

[PT: Etymology ./. End PT]

From Latin, "Res" meaning "Thing" + "-gender", a neologistic English suffix indicating genderedness. The Latin word "Res" draws from both Proto-Italic and Porto-Indoeuropean language families, where it originally meant "Wealth", "Goods" or even to refer to a head of cattle. The coiner does not specify further regarding the etymology of the term or how it relates to the definition. Coined by user Baaphomett in June 2014 (link) [PT: Coined by user Baaphomett in June 2014 (link) ./. End PT].

Alternative, Cengender was coined by user Small-Enby in August 2014 on MOGAI-Archive (link) [PT: Cengender was coined by user Small-Enby in August 2014 on MOGAI-Archive (link) ./. End PT]. The etymology is likely from Galacian, “Cen”, meaning “100″ + “-gender”, a neologistic English suffix indicating genderedness. The definition of Cengender is as follows:

a gender that can be summed up as an unidentifiable thing but manifests as hundreds of different genders or non at all at any given time at the same time and/or separately. Fluid and ever changing.

[PT: a gender that can be summed up as an unidentifiable thing but manifests as hundreds of different genders or non at all at any given time at the same time and/or separately. Fluid and ever changing. ./. End PT]

Resgender and Cengender appear to have been considered synonyms from at least July 2016, as seen in this post from user Pride-Color-Schemes (link) [PT: as seen in this post from user Pride-Color-Schemes (link) ./. End PT] It could be argued that both terms are different from each other, based upon each of their definitions. More information is included on this below in the Elaboration section.

Elaboration

[PT: Elaboration ./. End PT]

Resgender and Cengender were both coined independently, but close in date. According to the definition given by the coiner, Resgender:

is unidentifiable (UIN) and nondescript (GEIN) in it's nature.

embodies a vast range of gender experiences (VASIN).

...these vast experiences of gender have the capacity to be identified as, operate as and/or be attributed to being a "girl" and/or "boy".

is contextually based.

By comparison, Cengender:

is unidentifiable (UIN).

embodies a vast range of gender experiences (VASIN).

may manifest as having no gender (AGIN).

may be AGIN and VASIN separately and/or simultaneously.

is fluid (IDIN) and always changing.

Both Cengender and Resgender are UIN and VASIN. However, Resgender is also GEIN, explicitly mentions xorgenders in it's definition and can be contextually based. Cengender is AGIN and IDIN, and may be considered paradoxical (DOXIN).

Since both terms are generally considered synonyms and are often used interchangeably, I have attempted to integrate the definitions into one, but it should be noted that each are indeed different from one another based upon the wording of their respective definitions.

This is a repost from my old blog, Gender-Resource (terminated) (link) [PT: This is a repost from my old blog, Gender-Resource (terminated) (link) ./. End PT]. This post has been updated with a redesigned flag, updated definition, an elaboration and additional links.

Pride Flag

[PT: Pride Flag ./. End PT]

My Resgender flag is based up on the pride flag created by user Pride-Color-Schemes in 2016. To avoid creating a flag that is difficult to reproduce, I simplified the Cengender symbol to be of one color.

This is my redesign of my original pride flag that I posted on Gender-Resource. The background of the flag is black, with eight central stripes, with the outer two being slightly larger than the others. The center stripes are grey, red, fuchsia, blue, green, yellow, orange and grey. In the middle of the flag is the Cengender symbol, which is made from the number "100" by centering and overlaying two ones facing away from each other and two concentric zeros positioned in the middle of the stalk of the number one. The Cengender symbol is off-white. At the very center is a brown circle. The design carries the following meanings:

The black background represents vastness.

The grey stripes represent contextual/circumstantial basis and fluidity.

The red, fuchsia, blue, green, yellow and orange stripes represent the diversity of gender (or lack thereof).

The brown circle represents being unidentifiable and nondescript.

[PT: The black background represents vastness. The grey stripes represent contextual/circumstantial basis and fluidity. The red, fuchsia, blue, green, yellow and orange stripes represent the diversity of gender (or lack thereof). The brown circle represents being unidentifiable and nondescript. ./. End PT]

[gepm251-blog]

So...in the Poly Morning Crew | God's AU I'm writing (Aiera), I have made the very wise decision of going insane and do this with every singole name:

-find something that sounds similar in Proto-Indoeuropean

-it has to be something that has a meaning that is appropriate to the character

-make a new cool Proto-Indoeuropean name for the cubito!

Chaos ensues

[haxyr3]

You probably already know how to say "an eye" in Russian - It's глаз, of course.

What you probably don't know yet is that there was another word for an eye in old Russian and Church Slavonic - око (yes, the close relative of the Latin oculus - they both derived from proto-Indoeuropean *okw, an eye, or a hole).

Глаз is the right word for the corresponding anatomical organ, and is very common in the everyday speech.

Око as an archaic word is reserved for poetry, solemn speeches, religious texts and such.

The Eye of Sauron in Russian is Око Саурона, and never глаз, because глаз sounds too trivial for it.

More interesting facts about the usual words for facial features - here.

[castilestateofmind]

"Do not think of the Proto-Indo-Europeans as a people who died out a long time ago. They live, and their culture lives, in us; transformed by time and the influences of other cultures maybe, but still recognisable at the core of our values, language, and culture. By understanding them, we understand ourselves."

-Ceisiwr Serith.

[piro-piroooooo]

hi! welcome! I've been on Tumblr since 2016, but I've never made a serious effort to post or interact with anyone. Because of this I understand a lot of the culture of the site but my etiquette and interaction skills are shit. Be patient with me please. So, twitter is dying and I want to start using tumblr more properly :^) My name is JM Rivera, also known as acropiromaquia or piro in most of my social media, my pronouns are he/him. I'm queer but I'm not telling you exactly what flavor. I'm not a minor, but I'm not telling you my exact age. Mexican, I can interact both in Spanish and English. Well I draw digitally, I'm gonna be posting some art soon :^). I want to make friends! Here are some things I like, if you like any of these, let's be friends about it :^D:

Adventure Time

Sailor Moon

Magical girls in general

Witch Hat Atelier

Animation

Obscure animated films

amazarashi (favorite band! :^D)

I enjoy researching topics such as history, anthropology, and history of religion (somethimes gnosticism, sometimes proto indoeuropeans, big fan of the kurgan hypothesis), but I'm in no way a specialist in any of these topics, I just like reading about them. Feel free to correct me if I ever say something stupid.

No side blogs. Art, thoughts, reblogs, everything goes in this blog. This is my art tag. This is my textpost tag, for my thoughts.

Thanks for reading have a nice day :^)

[thylionheart]

Proto-IndoEuropean myths are obsessed with the concept of male gods being able to give birth. Like, you jealous fucks. Zeus sewing the unborn Dionysus into his “thigh” (not his thigh) to birth him later is but one example. So… is Chronos canniablizing his children another echo of this theme? Because it just occurred to me how often young kids will point to a pregnant woman’s belly and ask if they ate their baby bc of course that’s what it must look like to them.

Time and rebirth going hand-in-hand makes total sense. To put a child back into the belly is a way to turn back time. He could destroy his children, or he could make it as if they were never born

[EDIT: I got too caught up in this and forgot I was making this post to say it reinforces my theory that Hades 2 Chronos is Osiris, a god of rebirth]

[daily-rayless]

10 Happy Things

Thank you for tagging me @thunderboltfire

I love making lists (let’s call this an eleventh thing I sneaked in) and thinking about this really picked up my mood.

1. Graveyards: I don’t mean this in any dark or edgy way. I feel like graveyards are extremely peaceful, reflective places. I love wandering through and looking at the headstones -- seeing the different sculpture designs, seeing the names, and inscriptions, making little guesses at these people’s histories. I like the newer graveyards where people make so many unusual design choices (an entire recipe on the back of a headstone! a stone that looks like an electronic device!) and I also like older graveyards where you can feel the passage of time. When my mom was little, her family sometimes would eat their lunches in graveyards on road trips, so I was never raised with the idea that it’s disrespectful to talk and laugh in a graveyard. They’re pleasant, welcoming places.

2. Brush-tip markers: Along with being smooth and velvety and blending so nicely, they let me pretend I’m a Master Painter Painting Masterfully.

3. Used Book Stores: This is a little similar to graveyards. Broadly speaking, there are two types of used book stores, and they’re both good. 1: Bright colorful bookstores with more recent used books, lots of paperbacks from the last twenty years, books you’ve been interested in but didn’t want to buy at full price and here they are. 2: Brown, quiet used book stores with much older books, lots of hardbacks who’ve lost -- or never had -- dust jackets, lots of foil-stamped covers and thick pages with huge margins and frontispieces protected by translucent paper, books you’ve never heard of, without Amazon reviews or back-cover blurbs, that you decide to take a chance on.

4. Finishing a journal and lining it up on the shelf with my other journals: Along with the sense of accomplishment and thinking I’ve made a bit of a record, my journals are mismatched, lots of them gifts from people, and they remind me of those people.

5. Really Old Stuff: This may be because I come from the States, so there isn’t a lot of really old stuff around me, and even the oldest stuff usually isn’t very old. Really old trees, old houses, old knickknacks -- I love these tangible proofs of the past, thinking about where they’ve been and the people who’ve interacted with them. This exact knickknack was sitting somewhere the day I was born. People were clumping across these wooden floors when they heard the Titanic went down. It’s a neat feeling.

6. Meeting Animals: I don’t currently have any pets, so meeting other people’s cats and dogs and horses and goats feels like a treat.

7. Character Building: Landing on just the right name for an oc, or drawing an oc and finally seeing their personality in my pencil lines. I can “see” the character in my head, but putting that on paper can be really hard. Some characters, like Arsen, still haven’t really “appeared” on the page for me yet.

8. Wandering around in fandom spaces and finding art of a favorite character I haven’t seen before. Extra points if something about the art is so good and so spot-on I want to incorporate it into my own headcanon.

9. Names and Words: I haven’t studied it very deeply, but I’ve been interested in name/word derivations for a long time. When I find out that two words, deep down, come from the same root, it’s magical. My dad once speculated that foal and pullet might have a common source, and I didn’t believe him, but he was right. The other day I learned that Lucy and Luna come from the same Proto-Indoeuropean root, and it means both “to shine” and “to see”. There’s something fascinating about the history of the very words we use, hidden meanings and connections we don’t even know.

10. Hot cocoa: I used to drink hot cocoa regularly, but not so much anymore. It’s the best hot drink, in my opinion, and I don’t take it for granted these days.

Please consider yourself tagged, especially if we’re mutuals. This picked up my mood, and I’d love to spread that around.

[sauntervaguelydown]

i feel like i keep putting my head around your bedroom doors and going "AND ANOTHER THING" but I do have another thing

The word "Hell" traces all the way back to a proto-indoeuropean word that means "cover" and it's the same root word as "Hall" "Hollow" and "Hole"

makes you wonder what the original conception of the pre-christian "Hell" was. Definitely somewhere physically underground, for my money

[amor-est-potestas]

Day 25: Hyperlexia

I have some affinity for linguistics.

I've always been able to pattern-spot and have often shown an almost innate grasp of etymology and pronunciation... but all of that is because I HATE being wrong.

I hate people correcting me, I hate feeling foolish, I hate looking like I haven't done enough research.

Since I could read, I wanted to be the cleverest person my age. Obviously, as I've grown older, I've learnt and accepted that can't always be the case. There are certain things I am good at, and others that I'm not, and never will be.

But I still pride myself on my reading.

I can contextualise words I've never seen before. I can pick out a word that means the exact thing I wanted to convey - not even a little bit ambiguous. I can figure out pronunciations for words I've never heard before because I instinctively recognise their romance-language, or Greek, or Germanic, or sometimes even proto-IndoEuropean origins.

And I read QUICKLY. Stupidly quickly. When I'm not trying, I can read a standard A5 novel page in about 40 seconds. If I'm trying to be quick, I can half that.

It's a weird thing to be proud of, but I love being good at reading. Even if I don't have to work at it.