#macrophages

[humancelltournament]

Propaganda!

Macrophages (abbreviated Mφ, MΦ or MP) are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface. This process is called phagocytosis, which acts to defend the host against infection and injury. Macrophages are found in essentially all tissues, where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They take various forms (with various names) throughout the body (e.g., histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, microglia, and others), but all are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Besides phagocytosis, they play a critical role in nonspecific defense (innate immunity) and also help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes.

A tumor suppressor gene (TSG), or anti-oncogene, is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication. If the cell grows uncontrollably, it will result in cancer. When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, it results in a loss or reduction in its function. In combination with other genetic mutations, this could allow the cell to grow abnormally. The loss of function for these genes may be even more significant in the development of human cancers, compared to the activation of oncogenes. TSGs can be grouped into the following categories: caretaker genes, gatekeeper genes, and more recently landscaper genes. Caretaker genes ensure stability of the genome via DNA repair and subsequently when mutated allow mutations to accumulate.[3] Meanwhile, gatekeeper genes directly regulate cell growth by either inhibiting cell cycle progression or inducing apoptosis. Lastly, landscaper genes regulate growth by contributing to the surrounding environment, and when mutated, can cause an environment that promotes unregulated proliferation.

[mindblowingscience]

The lung-cell type that’s most susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is not the one previously assumed to be most vulnerable. What’s more, the virus enters this susceptible cell via an unexpected route. The medical consequences may be significant. Stanford Medicine investigators have implicated a type of immune cell known as an interstitial macrophage in the critical transition from a merely bothersome COVID-19 case to a potentially deadly one. Interstitial macrophages are situated deep in the lungs, ordinarily protecting that precious organby, among other things, engorging viruses, bacteria, fungi and dust particles that make their way down our airways. But it’s these very cells, the researchers have shown in a study published online April 10 in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, that of all known types of cells composing lung tissue are most susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-infected interstitial macrophages, the scientists have learned, morph into virus producers and squirt out inflammatory and scar-tissue-inducing chemical signals, potentially paving the road to pneumonia and damaging the lungs to the point where the virus, along with those potent secreted substances, can break out of the lungs and wreak havoc throughout the body.

Continue Reading.

[science-sculpt]

The Immune System's All-Star Team: The Mighty Cells That Protect You

Your body is like a bustling city, constantly facing threats from outside invaders like viruses and bacteria. Thankfully, you have a team of dedicated defenders keeping you safe: your immune cells! Our immune system is a marvel of biological defense, tirelessly safeguarding our bodies from harmful invaders like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. At the forefront of this defense are numerous types of immune cells, each with its unique functions and capabilities. Did you know the average adult has about 2 trillion white blood cells, which contain most immune cells? That's more people than live in China! These tiny warriors come in different shapes and sizes, each with unique superpowers to protect you. Let's meet some of the key players:

The Innate Force: First up, we have the innate immune system. This frontline defense acts fast and nonspecifically, providing immediate protection against any threat. The key players: 1. Neutrophils: Think of these guys as the city's SWAT team. They're the first responders, rushing to attack invaders with toxic chemicals and swallowing them whole with their arsenal of enzymes! These are the most abundant immune cells, are short-lived but highly effective. Unfortunately, they die in the fight, leaving behind a green gooey mess (pus) that signals infection.

2. Macrophages: These are the veterans, the wise generals of the immune system. They go beyond mere engulfing, processing antigens (foreign molecules) and presenting them to other immune cells for recognition and attack. They also act as scavengers, cleaning up debris and orchestrating healing. These are the cleaners and recyclers. They gobble up dead neutrophils, debris, and even worn-out cells, keeping your city sparkling clean.

3. Natural Killer (NK) Cells: These are the ninjas of the immune system. They silently patrol, sniffing out suspicious cells infected with viruses or even cancer and eliminating them with a swift punch. The Adaptive Arsenal:

The Adaptive Arsenal: If the innate system fails, the adaptive immune system steps in. This highly specific defense remembers past encounters and tailors its response to each unique threat. The cells of adaptive immune system are:

B Cells: These are the antibody factories, producing highly specific proteins called antibodies that neutralize pathogens and toxins. Each B cell produces a unique antibody, like a lock and key, targeting specific invaders. They whip up special proteins called antibodies that lock onto specific invaders, like sticky notes, marking them for destruction.

T Cells: These are the generals, coordinating the entire defense. There are different types of T cells:

Helper T Cells: These are the commanders, directing and coordinating the immune response through chemical signals. They activate B cells, macrophages, and other immune cells, orchestrating a multi-pronged attack.

Cytotoxic T Cells: These are the elite soldiers, directly targeting and eliminating infected cells or cancer cells. They recognize and bind to specific enemy markers, unleashing a lethal attack.

Memory T Cells: These are the veterans, remembering past encounters with invaders and helping the immune system respond faster next time.

The Unsung Heroes: Beyond these main players, numerous other immune cells contribute to our defense. These include:

Dendritic cells: These antigen-presenting cells capture and process pathogens, presenting their fragments to T cells for activation. They're like the scouts, gathering enemy intel and relaying it to the command center.

Mast cells: These cells reside in tissues and release inflammatory chemicals in response to allergens or parasites. They're like the alarm system, alerting the immune system to local threats.

Eosinophils: These specialize in fighting parasitic infections, releasing toxic chemicals to neutralize them.

Basophils: These are involved in allergic reactions and contribute to wound healing.

The beauty of the immune system lies in its intricate collaboration. These diverse cell types work together in a complex and beautiful dance, each playing a specific role to achieve a common goal: protecting our health. They communicate extensively through chemical signals, creating a complex network of interactions. Imagine B cells producing antibodies that bind to a pathogen, flagging it for destruction. Macrophages engulf and eliminate the tagged pathogen, while T cells coordinate the attack and eliminate any infected cells. Dendritic cells present captured fragments to T cells, priming them for future encounters. This seamless cooperation ensures a swift and effective response to any threat.

Your immune system is constantly learning. Each time you get a vaccine or fight off an infection, your immune cells create memory T cells, making you more resistant to future attacks. Understanding these cellular heroes can help us appreciate the incredible machinery that keeps us healthy and appreciate the importance of maintaining a strong immune system. It also allows us to make informed decisions about supporting our immune system. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting adequate sleep, managing stress, and consuming a balanced diet can all contribute to a robust immune response.

[ace-detectiv3]

CaW! flower shop AU but it’s mostly centred around Memory and B

Inspired by that one fic on Ao3 except this AU is focusing on just platonic because my Aroace self is incapable of writing romance + I need more of just silly friends being silly friends

Memory is a florist who just recently opened his flower shop with the help of his friend, Shiro (U-1146 ) and the two of them run the shop together

B (No idea for human version of name ) works at a cafe the opposite of the flower shop with Mast, who owns the cafe

Also the three main RBC (AE3803, AA5100 and NT4201 ) also works there, I couldn’t think of a name for them so go ahead and make them yourself </33

Uhhhhhh basically both of the sillies saw each other and was like “Oh hey I kinda wanna be friends with him ” Idk about others but for this AU I just wanted for the relationship to be platonic or queerplatonic,,,, mostly just platonic though

Memory being an absolute idiot just sending flowers with flower language and B just being “?? Flowers?? Neat I guess ” while Mast was trying to tell him about flower language

Oh yeah this is not really important but the rest of the neutrophil squad runs a restaurant, the KTs run a tattoo shop, and the macrophages work at a maid cafe

Just decided to whip this up quickly as a distraction and to make myself feel better

[flying-thing]

Tell me why I'm writing a story on the romance between a t-lymphocyte and a macrophage. I'm getting unnecessarily attached to silly little guys that don't even exist properly yet.

[incorrect-immunology-facts]

Wait, MPreg stands for regulatory macrophage, right?

[incorrect-immunology-facts]

M1 activation

[dr-afsaeed]

Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a crucial role in the immune system, bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They are responsible for capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells, thus enabling the body to recognize and respond to pathogens, cancerous cells, and other foreign substances. The primary professional APCs are dendritic cells, macrophages, and…

[booger-empress]

I said:

Okay, let’s make this quick. You use a lot of water. So I know that macrophages arrive at infection sites slower than neutrophils. And I know that it takes macrophages anywhere from a couple of hours to a day to arrive at the site. And that makes me think that being sick should only last a day or two at most. But I’m usually sick for an entire week. Why is that?

And then ChatGPT said:

Neutrophils arrive quickly, and while they do a lot of the initial work by fighting off infection and controlling inflammation, they can’t always eliminate the pathogen entirely on their own. Macrophages, though slower, play a critical role in cleaning up the infection and orchestrating the immune response. They help signal other immune cells, like T cells, to join the fight, and they help “clean up” after the battle.

Also, during an infection, the pathogen could be actively replicating, which means your body is in a sort of battle for a while—especially if it’s a virus like the flu or a bacterial infection that’s more resilient. Your body also has to repair the tissue damage caused by the infection and inflammation, which takes time.

So, while the immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils do their job, the duration of illness can also depend on how effective your immune system is at clearing the infection, how much damage is done, and how quickly your body can recover.

[bpod-bpod]

Delivery and Distribution

Drug delivery by nanoparticles tracked and quantified in mouse lungs using LungVis 1.0, an AI-powered imaging system. Macrophages (large cells of the immune system) are revealed to patrol and redistribute the nanoparticles throughout the tissue.

Read the published research article here

Adapted from movie from work by Lin Yang and colleagues

Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany

Video originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Research published in Nature Communications, November 2024

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[firstmedicaldiagnosticspvtltd]

We aim to Prevent You From Falling Sick At An Early Stage | FMD

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[cailynnjohnson]

Macrophages are innate immune cells characterized by evolutionarily conserved functions, such as host defense against infection and tissue homeostasis. Macrophages present a high plasticity grade, being able to change their phenotype in response to environmental stimuli. They play central roles during development, homeostatic tissue processes, tissue repair, and immunity. Furthermore, it is recognized that macrophages are involved in chronic inflammation and that they play central roles in many diseases, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and tuberculosis.

[nuliptikh-okaianii]

[chaiichait]

Immune system things

-Moths Of Disease

I hate being sick

Because being sick means your head spins around while you stay still

Your mind is flying too fast

Like little moths searching to eat its fill

They scurry around the caves inside your nose

And sneak into your lungs

They lay there to multiply and run rampant, flicking their tongues

The moths spit up poison in return

Scorching your throat and burning your skin

While you cough and cough and cough

Pesky little insects, never quite knowing when to quit

Wasted fluids, liquids and spat spit

The little moths are greedy,

They never drink their fill

But the moths will never win

I must admit I can see a great battle

In my yellowed spit and flaring heat

Little white soldiers fight

Grabbing weapons and spite

I know they will become victorious

It only takes a little time

[deathmetalunicorn1]

Cells at Work x Eri?

Eri was no doubt scared out of her mind since a bunch of cells started to yell and direct their weapons at her, however the Cells become confused about why Eri isn’t attacking since none of them are familiar with who or what type of bacteria she is or the fact that the White Blood Cells’ sensors aren’t responding to her as a threat

However, when the Bacteria that she came with started attacking, Eri tried to defend some of the cells, only for her Quirk to activate and give the White Blood Cells, Killer T Cells, B Cells, Macrophages and NK Cells a boost in energy while also healing their injuries and tiredness to a minimum

Eri is believed to be a Probiotic, a special type of Microorganism that helps support and boost the immune system by enhancing all the White Blood Cells to work better

She likes everyone, but her favorites are WBC, RBC, the many Killer T Cells, Platelets and the Macrophages (And is willing to help out the Platelets in construction by carrying stuff)

Eri adores the Helpful Bacteria as they’re so cute and cuddly as she shares her snacks with them (Probiotics support Good Bacteria)

-There was mass panic and a fast response by the strongest combat cells when you suddenly appeared, many thinking you were bacteria that was going to hurt them, but as the White Blood Cells and Macrophage surrounded you, weapons drawn, they realized there was no reactions on the White Blood Cells sensors, telling them that you weren’t a threat.

-You didn’t know where you were and you were quickly in tears, your little hands lifting to your eyes as you cried, which got several of the Macrophage surrounding you, trying to console you while others tried to figure out what you were.

-You introduced yourself as Y/N, but none seemed to recognize that name as a type of cell or anything that could be found in the human body.

-You were confused to learn you were inside a human body, and these individuals were all cells of different types, with different jobs and abilities, working together to keep this human body healthy.

-They were discussing on where to take you, since they didn’t know what kind of cell you were, when bacteria attacked, sending Red Blood Cells scrambling and the warriors, Macrophage, White Blood Cells, Killer T Cells, and others, ran in to defeat the bacteria.

-You were scared, unsure of what to do as you watched many of these nice new people being hurt, being blown back head over heels by these powerful bacteria.

-You saw one of the Macrophage get blown back, her weapon flying out of her hands as she landed with a sharp cry of pain and you ran to her, scared for her.

-Your horn started to glow, coming to life to the surprise of everyone around you as your energy surrounded her before moving to the allies, healing their wounds and giving them a boost of energy, giving them exactly what was needed to fight back and defeat the bacteria.

-When everyone was dealt with and cleaners appeared to handle the carnage, the Macrophage held you up as you seemed a bit flushed and tired.

-They decided you were a probiotic, a cell that boosts the power of the immune system, and while you were still confused, you seemed content in your new life, as you got to play with other cells, like Platelets and younger Red Blood Cells, being a normal child and you felt good that you were helping others.

-You did your best in helping where you could, no matter how small, even if it was just carrying paperwork around the offices that oversaw the management of all the cells involved with the immune system.

-Many admired me for your willingness to help, despite not looking as strong as White Blood Cells or Macrophage, and many were quick to adopt you, treating you like their child, making sure you were always safe.

-You’re still not completely sure how you wound up actually inside a human’s body, but being surrounded by so many who cared about you and treated you with respect was nice and you never wanted to leave. You wanted to stay here forever!