#kubernetes kubectl

[codeonedigest]

Kubernetes kubectl Tutorial with Examples for Devops Beginners and Students

Hi, a new #video on #kubernetes #kubectl is published on #codeonedigest #youtube channel. Learn #kubernetes #api #kubectlcommands #node #docker #container #cloud #aws #azure #programming #coding with #codeonedigest

@java #java #awscloud @awscloud #aws @AWSCloudIndia #Cloud #CloudComputing @YouTube #youtube #azure #msazure #microsoftazure  #kubectl #kubectlcommands #kubectlinstall #kubectlport-forward #kubectlbasiccommands #kubectlproxy #kubectlconfig #kubectlgetpods #kubectlexeccommand #kubectllogs #kubectlinstalllinux #kubectlapply #kuberneteskubectl #kuberneteskubectltutorial #kuberneteskubectlcommands #kuberneteskubectl #kuberneteskubectlinstall #kuberneteskubectlgithub #kuberneteskubectlconfig #kuberneteskubectllogs #kuberneteskubectlpatch #kuberneteskubectlversion #kubernetes #kubernetestutorial #kubernetestutorialforbeginners #kubernetesinstallation #kubernetesinterviewquestions #kubernetesexplained #kubernetesorchestrationtutorial #kubernetesoperator #kubernetesoverview  #containernetworkinterfaceaws #azure #aws #azurecloud #awscloud #orchestration #kubernetesapi #Kubernetesapiserver #Kubernetesapigateway #Kubernetesapipython #Kubernetesapiauthentication #Kubernetesapiversion #Kubernetesapijavaclient #Kubernetesapiclient

[techdirectarchive]

How to Install Kubectl on Windows 11

Kubernetes is an open-source system for automating containerized application deployment, scaling, and management. You can run commands against Kubernetes clusters using the kubectl command-line tool. kubectl can be used to deploy applications, inspect and manage cluster resources, and inspect logs. You can install Kubectl on various Linux platforms, macOS, and Windows. The choice of your…

[aravikumar48]

PODs in Kubernetes Explained | Tech Arkit

In Kubernetes, a pod is the smallest and simplest unit in the deployment model. It represents a single instance of a running process in a cluster and is the basic building block for deploying and managing containerized applications. A pod encapsulates one or more containers, storage resources, a unique network IP, and configuration options. The primary purpose of using pods is to provide a logical and cohesive unit for application deployment and scaling.

[virtualizationhowto]

Kubectl get context: List Kubernetes cluster connections

Kubectl get context: List Kubernetes cluster connections @vexpert #homelab #vmwarecommunities #KubernetesCommandLineGuide #UnderstandingKubectl #ManagingKubernetesResources #KubectlContextManagement #WorkingWithMultipleKubernetesClusters #k8sforbeginners

kubectl, a command line tool, facilitates direct interaction with the Kubernetes API server. Its versatility spans various operations, from procuring cluster data with kubectl get context to manipulating resources using an assortment of kubectl commands. Table of contentsComprehending Fundamental Kubectl CommandsWorking with More Than One Kubernetes ClusterNavigating Contexts with kubectl…

[datamattsson]

He'll never learn.

[devsnews]

Minikube is an excellent tool for Kubernetes development because it allows users to run a single-node Kubernetes cluster locally on their laptops, making development and testing much more accessible. With Minikube, developers can quickly spin up and test Kubernetes applications and services in a local environment with the same configuration as their production clusters. This makes it easy to develop, test, and deploy applications on Kubernetes. Additionally, Minikube is simple to set up and provides a straightforward way to develop and maintain Kubernetes applications.

[c-cracks]

SteamCloud

So I've been doing some good old HackTheBox machines to refresh a little on my hacking skills and this machine was a very interesting one!

Exploitation itself wasn't particularly difficult; what was, however, was finding information on what I needed to do! Allow me to explain the process. :)

Enumeration

As is standard, I began with an nmap scan on SteamCloud:

Other than OpenSSH being outdated, all that I could really see was the use of various web servers. This led me to believe that there was a larger app running on the server, each service interacting with a different component of the app.

I performed some initial checks on each of these ports and found an API running on port 8443:

I noted the attempt to authenticate a user referred to as 'system:anonymous', originally thinking these could be credentials to another component of the application.

Some directory scans on different ports also revealed the presence of /metrics at port 10249 and /version at port 8443. Other than that, I really couldn't find anything and admittedly I was at a loss for a short while.

This is where I realized I'm an actual moron and didn't think to research the in-use ports. xD A quick search for 'ports 8443, 10250' returns various pages referring to Kubernetes. I can't remember precisely what page I checked but Oracle provides a summary of the components of a Kubernetes deployment.

Now that I had an idea of what was being used on the server, I was in a good place to dig further into what was exploitable.

Seeing What's Accessible

Knowing absolutely nothing about Kubernetes, I spent quite a while researching it and common vulnerabilities found in Kubernetes deployments. Eduardo Baitello provides a very informative article on attacking Kubernetes through the Kubelet API at port 10250.

With help from this article, I discovered that I was able to view pods running on the server, in addition to being able to execute commands on the kube-proxy and nginx pods. The nginx pod is where you'll find the first flag. I also made note of the token I discovered here, in addition to the token from the kube-proxy pod (though this isn't needed):

After finding these tokens, I did discover that the default account had permissions to view pods running in the default namespace through the API running on port 8443 (/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods) but I had no awareness of how this could be exploited.

If I had known Kubernetes and the workings of their APIs, I would have instantly recognised that this is the endpoint used to also add new pods to Kubernetes, but I didn't! Due to this, I wasted more time than I care to admit trying other things such as mounting the host filesystem to one of the pods I can access and establishing a reverse shell to one of the pods.

I did initially look at how to create new pods too; honestly there's very little documentation on using the API on port 8443 directly. Every example I looked at used kubectl, a commandline tool for managing Kubernetes.

Exploitation (Finally!)

After a while of digging, I finally came across a Stack Overflow page on adding a pod through the API on port 8443.

Along with this, I found a usable YAML file from Raesene in an article on Kubernetes security. I then converted this from YAML to JSON and added the pod after some minor tweaks.

My first attempt at adding a pod was unsuccessful- the pod was added, but the containers section was showing as null

However, it didn't take me long to see that this was due to the image I had specified in the original YAML file. I simply copied the image specified in the nginx pod to my YAML file and ended up with the following:

I saved the json output to a file named new-pod2.json and added the second pod.

curl -k -v -X POST -H "Authorization: Bearer <nginx-token>" -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://steamcloud.htb:8443/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods -d@new-pod2.json

This time, the pod was added successfully and I was able to access the host filesystem through 'le-host'

The Vulnerability

The main issue here that made exploitation possible was the ability to access the Kubelet API on port 10250 without authorization. This should not be possible. AquaSec provide a useful article on recommendations for Kubernetes security.

Conclusion

SteamCloud was a relatively easy machine to exploit; what was difficult was finding information on the Kubernetes APIs and how to perform certain actions. It is one of those that someone with experience in the in-use technologies would have rooted in a matter of minutes; for a noob like me, the process wasn't so straightforward, particularly with information on Kubernetes being a little difficult to find! I've only recently returned to hacking, however, which might have contributed to my potential lack of Google Fu here. ^-^

I very much enjoyed the experience, however, and feel I learned the fundamentals of testing a Kubernetes deployment which I can imagine will be useful at some point in my future!

[prabhatdavian-blog]

HELM MasterClass: Kubernetes Packaging Manager

1. Introduction

Understanding Kubernetes

Kubernetes has become the de facto standard for container orchestration, enabling developers to deploy, manage, and scale applications efficiently. Its powerful features make it an essential tool in modern DevOps, but the complexity of managing Kubernetes resources can be overwhelming.

The Role of HELM in Kubernetes

HELM simplifies the Kubernetes experience by providing a packaging manager that streamlines the deployment and management of applications. It allows developers to define, install, and upgrade even the most complex Kubernetes applications.

Overview of the Article Structure

In this article, we'll explore HELM, its core concepts, how to install and use it, and best practices for leveraging HELM in your Kubernetes environments. We'll also dive into advanced features, real-world case studies, and the future of HELM.

2. What is HELM?

Definition and Purpose

HELM is a package manager for Kubernetes, akin to what APT is to Debian or YUM is to CentOS. It simplifies the deployment of applications on Kubernetes by packaging them into charts, which are collections of files that describe the Kubernetes resources.

History and Evolution of HELM

HELM was created by Deis, which later became part of Microsoft Azure. Over the years, it has evolved into a robust tool that is now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF), reflecting its significance in the Kubernetes ecosystem.

Importance of HELM in Modern DevOps

In modern DevOps, where agility and automation are key, HELM plays a crucial role. It reduces the complexity of Kubernetes deployments, enables version control for infrastructure, and supports continuous deployment strategies.

3. Core Concepts of HELM

Charts: The Packaging Format

Charts are the fundamental unit of packaging in HELM. A chart is a directory of files that describe a related set of Kubernetes resources. Charts can be shared through repositories and customized to suit different environments.

Repositories: Hosting and Managing Charts

HELM charts are stored in repositories, similar to package repositories in Linux. These repositories can be public or private, and they provide a way to share and distribute charts.

Releases: Managing Deployments

A release is an instance of a chart running in a Kubernetes cluster. Each time you deploy a chart, HELM creates a release. This allows you to manage and upgrade your applications over time.

Values: Configuration Management

Values are the configuration files used by HELM to customize charts. They allow you to override default settings, making it easy to adapt charts to different environments or use cases.

4. Installing and Setting Up HELM

Prerequisites for Installation

Before installing HELM, ensure that you have a running Kubernetes cluster and that kubectl is configured to interact with it. You'll also need to install HELM's client-side component on your local machine.

Step-by-Step Installation Guide

To install HELM, download the latest version from the official website, extract the binary, and move it to your PATH. You can verify the installation by running helm version in your terminal.

Setting Up HELM on a Kubernetes Cluster

Once installed, you need to configure HELM to work with your Kubernetes cluster. This involves initializing HELM (if using an older version) and setting up a service account with the necessary permissions.

5. Creating and Managing HELM Charts

How to Create a HELM Chart

Creating a HELM chart involves using the helm create command, which sets up a boilerplate directory structure. From there, you can customize the chart by editing the templates and values files.

Best Practices for Chart Development

When developing charts, follow best practices such as keeping templates simple, using values.yaml for configuration, and testing charts with tools like helm lint and helm test.

Versioning and Updating Charts

Version control is crucial in chart development. Use semantic versioning to manage chart versions and ensure that updates are backward compatible. HELM's helm upgrade command makes it easy to deploy new versions of your charts.

6. Deploying Applications with HELM

Deploying a Simple Application

To deploy an application with HELM, you use the helm install command followed by the chart name and release name. This will deploy the application to your Kubernetes cluster based on the chart's configuration.

Managing Application Lifecycles with HELM

HELM simplifies application lifecycle management by providing commands for upgrading, rolling back, and uninstalling releases. This ensures that your applications can evolve over time without downtime.

Troubleshooting Deployment Issues

If something goes wrong during deployment, HELM provides detailed logs that can help you troubleshoot the issue. Common problems include misconfigured values or missing dependencies, which can be resolved by reviewing the chart's configuration.

7. HELM Repositories

Setting Up a Local HELM Repository

Setting up a local repository involves running a simple HTTP server that serves your charts. This is useful for testing and internal use before publishing charts to a public repository.

Using Public HELM Repositories

Public repositories like Helm Hub provide a vast collection of charts for various applications. You can add these repositories to your HELM setup using the helm repo add command and then install charts directly from them.

Security Considerations for HELM Repositories

When using or hosting HELM repositories, security is paramount. Ensure that your repository is secured with HTTPS, and always verify the integrity of charts before deploying them.

8. Advanced HELM Features

Using HELM Hooks for Automation

HELM hooks allow you to automate tasks at different points in a chart's lifecycle, such as before or after installation. This can be useful for tasks like database migrations or cleanup operations.

Managing Dependencies with HELM

HELM can manage chart dependencies through the requirements.yaml file. This allows you to define and install other charts that your application depends on, simplifying complex deployments.

Using HELM with CI/CD Pipelines

Integrating HELM with your CI/CD pipeline enables automated deployments and updates. Tools like Jenkins, GitLab CI, and GitHub Actions can be used to automate HELM commands, ensuring continuous delivery.

[devopssaga]

Installing Kubernetes on Mac: A Step-by-Step Guide

Keywords: Kubernetes, Mac, installation, Minikube, Docker, VirtualBox, kubectl

Running Kubernetes locally on your Mac is a valuable tool for developers and administrators alike. It allows for experimentation, testing, and development without the complexities of a full-scale production environment. Here's a guide on how to set up Kubernetes on your Mac using Minikube.  

Prerequisites

Before diving into the installation, ensure you have the following:

macOS: Running the latest version.

Homebrew: A package manager for macOS. If not installed, open Terminal and run.

[codeonedigest]

Kubernetes API Tutorial with Examples for Devops Beginners and Students

Hi, a new #video on #kubernetesapi is published on #codeonedigest #youtube channel. Learn #kubernetes #api #kubectl  #node #docker #container #cloud #aws #azure #programming #coding with #codeonedigest

@java #java #awscloud @awscloud #aws @AWSCloudIndia #Cloud #CloudComputing @YouTube #youtube #azure #msazure #microsoftazure  #kubernetes #kubernetestutorial #kubernetestutorialforbeginners #kubernetesinstallation #kubernetesinterviewquestions #kubernetesexplained #kubernetesorchestrationtutorial #kubernetesoperator #kubernetesoverview #kubernetesnetworkpolicy #kubernetesnetworkpolicyexplained #kubernetesnetworkpolicytutorial #kubernetesnetworkpolicyexample #containernetworkinterface #containernetworkinterfaceKubernetes #containernetworkinterfaceplugin #containernetworkinterfaceazure #containernetworkinterfaceaws #azure #aws #azurecloud #awscloud #orchestration #kubernetesapi #Kubernetesapiserver #Kubernetesapigateway #Kubernetesapipython #Kubernetesapiauthentication #Kubernetesapiversion #Kubernetesapijavaclient #Kubernetesapiclient

[nksistemas]

Instalar kubectl y kubecolor en Debian 12

En esta guía, te mostraré cómo instalar kubectl y kubecolor en Debian 12. kubectl es una herramienta de línea de comandos para interactuar con Kubernetes, y kubecolor es una extensión que agrega colores a la salida de kubectl para mejorar la legibilidad. Kubectl 1- Paquetes necesarios sudo apt-get install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl 2- Descargamos las llaves curl -fsSL…

[sandeep2363]

Kubectl cp Command: How to Copy Files From Kubernetes Pods

1. Identify the Pod and the File Path First, determine the name of the pod and the path of the file you want to copy from the pod. For example, let’s say you have a pod named my-pod in the default namespace, and you want to copy a file located at /path/in/pod/file.txt from the pod to your local machine. 2. Use kubectl cp Command The kubectl cp command is used to copy files between a local…

[qcs01]

Containerization with Docker and Kubernetes: An Essential Guide

Docker and Kubernetes have emerged as foundational tools for containerization and orchestration in the rapidly evolving landscape of cloud-native technologies. This blog post explores their roles, provides setup guides, and highlights key use cases demonstrating their power and flexibility.

Introduction to Containerization

Containerization is a lightweight alternative to traditional virtualization, enabling applications to run in isolated environments. This approach solves many problems related to environment consistency, application deployment, and scalability. 

Docker: The Containerization Pioneer

What is Docker?

Docker is an open-source platform that automates the deployment of applications inside lightweight, portable containers. It encapsulates an application and its dependencies, ensuring it runs consistently across various environments.

Why Use Docker?

Consistency: Ensures the application behaves the same, regardless of where it is run.

Efficiency: Reduces overhead by sharing the host OS kernel.

Portability: Facilitates seamless movement of applications between development, testing, and production environments.

Setting Up Docker

1. Install Docker:

   - Windows & macOS: Download the Docker Desktop installer from [Docker's official site](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop).

   - Linux: Use the package manager. For example, on Ubuntu:

     sudo apt-get update

     sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

2. Verify Installation:

 docker --version

3. Run Your First Container:

    docker run hello-world

Docker Use Cases

- Microservices: Simplifies the deployment and management of microservice architectures.

- DevOps: Streamlines CI/CD pipelines by providing consistent environments.

- Hybrid Cloud: Enables seamless movement of workloads between on-premises and cloud environments.

Kubernetes: Orchestrating Containers at Scale

What is Kubernetes?

Kubernetes, often abbreviated as K8s, is an open-source platform for automating the deployment, scaling, and operation of containerized applications. It manages clusters of containers, ensuring high availability and scalability.

Why Use Kubernetes?

- Scalability: Automatically scales applications based on demand.

- Self-Healing: Automatically restarts, replaces, and reschedules containers when they fail.

- Service Discovery & Load Balancing: Efficiently balances traffic and discovers services without manual intervention.

Setting Up Kubernetes

1. Install Kubernetes Tools:

   - kubectl: Command-line tool for interacting with Kubernetes clusters.

   - Minikube: Local Kubernetes cluster for development.

   # Install kubectl

   sudo apt-get update

   sudo apt-get install -y kubectl

    Install Minikube

   curl -Lo minikube https://storage.googleapis.com/minikube/releases/latest/minikube-linux-amd64

   chmod +x minikube

   sudo mv minikube /usr/local/bin/

2. Start Minikube:

  minikube start

3. Deploy an Application:

   kubectl create deployment hello-node --image=k8s.gcr.io/echoserver:1.4

   kubectl expose deployment hello-node --type=LoadBalancer --port=8080

   minikube service hello-node

Kubernetes Use Cases

- Complex Applications: Manages applications with multiple, interdependent services.

- CI/CD Pipelines: Enhances automation and reduces the risk of deployment issues.

- Multi-Cloud Deployments: Orchestrates applications across various cloud providers.

Integrating Docker and Kubernetes

While Docker provides the containerization platform, Kubernetes offers robust orchestration capabilities. Together, they form a powerful combination for building, deploying, and managing cloud-native applications.

Example Workflow:

1. Build Docker Image:

   docker build -t my-app .

2. Push to Container Registry:

   docker tag my-app my-repo/my-app

   docker push my-repo/my-app

3. Deploy with Kubernetes:

   kubectl create deployment my-app --image=my-repo/my-app

   kubectl expose deployment my-app --type=LoadBalancer --port=80

Conclusion

Containerization with Docker and Kubernetes revolutionizes how applications are developed, deployed, and managed. By leveraging Docker's simplicity and Kubernetes' powerful orchestration capabilities, organizations can achieve greater agility, scalability, and reliability in their cloud-native journey.

For more details click www.hawkstack.com 

[fabzen123]

Optimizing Infrastructure: Running Kubernetes Clusters on EC2

Introduction:

In the quest for scalable and efficient infrastructure management, Kubernetes has emerged as a leading platform for container orchestration. When paired with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), organizations can achieve unparalleled flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. This guide explores the process of running Kubernetes clusters on EC2 instances, optimizing infrastructure for modern application deployment.

Understanding Kubernetes on EC2:

Amazon EC2 provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud, allowing users to deploy virtual servers on-demand. Kubernetes on ec2  the other hand, automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. Combining these technologies enables organizations to leverage the benefits of both containerization and cloud computing.

Setting Up Kubernetes on EC2:

Prerequisites: Before setting up Kubernetes on EC2, ensure you have an AWS account, the AWS Command Line Interface (CLI) installed, and the kubectl command-line tool for Kubernetes.

Provisioning EC2 Instances: Start by provisioning EC2 instances to serve as nodes in your Kubernetes cluster. Choose instance types based on your workload requirements and budget considerations.

Installing Kubernetes: Install Kubernetes on the EC2 instances using a tool like kubeadm. This tool simplifies the process of bootstrapping a Kubernetes cluster, handling tasks such as certificate generation and cluster initialization.

Configuring Networking: Ensure seamless communication between nodes and external services within your Kubernetes cluster by configuring networking, leveraging Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) for network isolation, and employing security groups to control traffic flow, thus optimizing your infrastructure for efficient utilization of cloud technology.

Deploying Kubernetes Components: Deploy essential Kubernetes components such as the kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler, and kube-proxy on your EC2 instances. These components are crucial for cluster management and communication.

Optimizing Kubernetes on EC2:

Instance Types: Choose EC2 instance types that match your workload requirements while optimizing cost and performance. Consider factors such as CPU, memory, storage, and network performance.

Auto Scaling: Implement auto-scaling for your EC2 instances to dynamically adjust capacity based on demand. Kubernetes supports integration with Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling, allowing nodes to scale in and out automatically.

Spot Instances: Take advantage of Amazon EC2 Spot Instances to reduce costs for non-critical workloads. Spot Instances offer spare EC2 capacity at discounted prices, ideal for tasks with flexible start and end times.

Storage Optimization: Optimize storage for your Kubernetes applications by leveraging AWS services such as Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) for persistent storage and Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) for shared file storage.

Monitoring and Logging: Implement robust monitoring and logging solutions to gain insights into your Kubernetes clusters' performance and health. AWS offers services like Amazon CloudWatch and AWS CloudTrail for monitoring and logging Kubernetes workloads on EC2.

Best Practices for Running Kubernetes on EC2:

Security: Follow security best practices to secure your Kubernetes clusters and EC2 instances. Implement identity and access management (IAM) policies, network security controls, and encryption mechanisms to protect sensitive data.

High Availability: Design your Kubernetes clusters for high availability by distributing nodes across multiple Availability Zones (AZs) and implementing redundancy for critical components.

Backup and Disaster Recovery: Implement backup and disaster recovery strategies to safeguard your Kubernetes data and configurations. Utilize AWS services like Amazon S3 for data backup and AWS Backup for automated backup management.

Cost Optimization: Continuously monitor and optimize costs for running Kubernetes on EC2. Utilize AWS Cost Explorer and AWS Budgets to track spending and identify opportunities for optimization.

Conclusion:

Running Kubernetes clusters on Amazon EC2 provides organizations with a robust platform for deploying, scaling, and managing containerized applications, thereby fostering efficient AWS DevOps practices. By adhering to best practices and harnessing AWS services, businesses can optimize infrastructure for cost-effectiveness, performance, and reliability, facilitating seamless integration into their DevOps workflows. Embracing Kubernetes on EC2 enables organizations to fully realize the benefits of cloud-native application deployment within their DevOps environments.

[devsnews]

Kubectl is an important tool for managing Kubernetes clusters. It enables developers to deploy and manage applications on Kubernetes clusters from the command line. Kubectl is an essential tool for every Kubernetes user and is a vital part of the Kubernetes ecosystem. This article will introduce us to some command line utility that helps us not to repeat kubectl command again and again.