#hydroxyl radicals

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Research Diaries of S. Sunkavally, page 346.

[tenth-sentence]

In the same manner as hydroxyl, the nitrate radical is able to add to the double bond of olefins:

"Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective", 4e - Gary W. VanLoon & Stephen J. Duffy

[whats-in-a-sentence]

ROS generation occurs in several cellular compartments and as a result of the activities of specialized oxidases, such as NADPH oxidases, amine oxidases, and cell wall-bound peroxidases (Table 24.2).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[mindblowingscience]

How OH itself forms in the atmosphere was viewed as a complete story, but in new research published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a research team that includes Sergey Nizkorodov, a University of California, Irvine professor of chemistry, report that a strong electric field that exists at the surface between airborne water droplets and the surrounding air can create OH by a previously unknown mechanism.

It's a finding that stands to reshape how scientists understand how the air clears itself of things like human-emitted pollutants and greenhouse gases, which OH can react with and eliminate. "You need OH to oxidize hydrocarbons, otherwise they would build up in the atmosphere indefinitely," said Nizkorodov.

"OH is a key player in the story of atmospheric chemistry. It initiates the reactions that break down airborne pollutants and helps to remove noxious chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide, which are poisonous gases, from the atmosphere," said Christian George, an atmospheric chemist at the University of Lyon in France and lead author of the new study. "Thus, having a full understanding of its sources and sinks is key to understanding and mitigating air pollution."

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[tearsinthemist]

The invention is a powder that almost instantly kills thousands of waterborne bacteria when simply mixed with water and exposed to normal sunlight for a few seconds. It consists of nano-sized flakes of aluminum oxide, molybdenum sulfide, copper, and iron oxide, which combine with sunlight to form hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, Phys.org reported.

These newly formed chemical byproducts work quickly to kill off any bacteria and then dissipate just as quickly.

The powder has several advantages over existing methods of cleaning drinking water. It does not use any chemicals that create lasting toxic byproducts, and it does not require ultraviolet light, which takes a long time and requires electricity, according to Phys.org.

In addition, the powder is recyclable. It can be removed from the now-clean water with a magnet, and researchers were able to reuse the same powder 30 times.

[divyakapoor9819]

Ozone Production and Destruction Using UV (Ultraviolet) Technology

Ozone Generation with UV Light

Ozone is one of the most powerful oxidizing agents available and is widely used in air purification and water treatment processes. While most commercial applications rely on ozone generators that use either air or oxygen as a feed gas via the corona discharge method, there are alternative technologies worth exploring.

One such alternative is the use of electrolytic ozone generators, which produce ozone directly from pure water, offering a chemical-free and efficient solution for specific applications.

Another method, though less common, involves the use of ultraviolet (UV) light. When UV light at a wavelength of 185 nm is passed through air or oxygen, it generates ozone. However, this method typically yields low ozone concentrations—around 0.5%—making it suitable primarily for air treatment. For water treatment, much higher ozone concentrations (typically above 6–8%) are required due to ozone's solubility limitations in water.

Ozone Destruction Using UV Technology

While ozone plays a crucial role in disinfection and oxidation processes, any residual ozone left in treated water can be harmful to both equipment and final products. This makes it essential to eliminate residual ozone before water enters downstream processes.

This is where UV destruction of ozone becomes valuable. UV light within the 240–280 nm range can effectively break down ozone molecules, offering a clean, chemical-free method of ozone removal. In particular, germicidal UV at 254 nm is capable of destroying ozone in water without leaving any byproducts.

To completely eliminate ozone concentrations up to 1000 ppb, a UV dosage of approximately 900 J/m² is typically required—considerably higher than the 300 J/m² dosage needed for standard disinfection.

Interestingly, UV-based ozone destruction also supports the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which are highly reactive but short-lived species. These radicals form through reactions such as:

O₃ + H₂O → O₂ + H₂O₂ (in the presence of UV light)

2 O₃ + H₂O₂ → 2 •OH + 3 O₂

This forms the basis of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP), which are used to enhance overall oxidation efficiency. AOPs are especially effective in reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) by more than 75%, outperforming ozone alone in treating persistent organic contaminants.

Common Applications of UV-Ozone AOP Include:

COD reduction in industrial and municipal wastewater

TOC (Total Organic Carbon) reduction in process water

Removal of endocrine-disrupting compounds

BTX (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) removal

Elimination of micropollutants from source water

[akshatrasayanblog]

Gallic Acid: A Natural Compound with Remarkable Benefits

Introduction

Gallic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenol found in various plants, fruits, and herbs. Known for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, this bioactive compound has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. In modern applications, gallic acid plays a crucial role in pharmaceuticals, food preservation, cosmetics, and scientific research. As demand for natural and sustainable solutions grows, gallic acid is increasingly recognized for its diverse applications and health benefits.

Chemical Composition and Natural Sources

Gallic acid, scientifically termed 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, belongs to the hydroxybenzoic acid family, characterized by three hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a benzoic acid ring. This structure enhances its biological activity and therapeutic properties. Gallic acid is widely found in:

Fruits: Grapes, apples, bananas, blueberries, and strawberries

Plants and Herbs: Tea leaves, sumac, oak bark, and gallnuts

Beverages: Green tea, black tea, and red wine

Nuts: Walnuts, hazelnuts, and almonds

The presence of gallic acid in these natural sources contributes to their antioxidant and health-promoting effects. Extracted gallic acid is widely utilized in pharmaceuticals, food additives, and skincare formulations.

Health Benefits of Gallic Acid

Gallic acid has been extensively studied for its therapeutic potential. Some of its key benefits include:

1. Powerful Antioxidant Properties

Gallic acid effectively neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and preventing cellular damage. This antioxidant function helps lower the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular conditions, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

2. Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Chronic inflammation is linked to conditions such as arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease. Gallic acid has been shown to suppress inflammatory responses, making it beneficial for managing inflammation-related health issues and supporting immune function.

3. Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity

Gallic acid possesses strong antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Research indicates that it inhibits harmful microorganisms such as E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, making it valuable for food preservation, pharmaceuticals, and hygiene products.

4. Anti-Cancer Potential

Studies suggest that gallic acid may play a role in cancer prevention by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancerous cells. It has shown promising effects in slowing tumor growth, particularly in breast, lung, and colon cancers, making it a focus of ongoing oncological research.

5. Neuroprotective Benefits

By reducing oxidative damage and inflammation in brain cells, gallic acid may help protect against cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Its neuroprotective properties make it a promising compound for brain health supplements and longevity research.

Industrial and Commercial Applications

Due to its multifunctional properties, gallic acid is widely used across various industries:

Pharmaceuticals: Incorporated into drug formulations for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer benefits.

Food Industry: Acts as a natural preservative, improving food safety and extending shelf life.

Cosmetics and Skincare: Found in anti-aging creams, sunscreens, and serums for its protective effects against UV radiation and environmental pollutants.

Dyes and Inks: Historically used in the production of durable iron gall ink.

Chemical Industry: Used as a precursor for synthesizing bioactive compounds and specialty chemicals.

Future Prospects and Innovations

Ongoing research continues to explore the expanding applications of gallic acid in medicine, food technology, and cosmetics. Scientists are particularly interested in enhancing its bioavailability through advanced delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, to maximize its therapeutic effects. As interest in natural and plant-based compounds increases, gallic acid is expected to play an even greater role in health and industrial innovations.

Conclusion

Gallic acid is a naturally derived compound with vast potential in both health and industry. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties make it invaluable in pharmaceuticals, food preservation, and cosmetics. With continuous scientific advancements and rising consumer demand for natural products, gallic acid is set to become a key component in sustainable and innovative developments across multiple sectors.

[trendifymarketz]

Piscine Naturelle: Where Technology Meets Nature in Advanced Pool Systems

Piscine Naturelle represents the forefront of innovation in pool systems, where cutting-edge technology seamlessly integrates with natural principles to create sustainable and aesthetically pleasing environments. By combining advanced filtration systems with natural elements, these pools not only enhance the beauty of outdoor spaces but also provide a healthier and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional swimming pools. The absence of harsh chemicals ensures that the water remains safe for swimmers while supporting local biodiversity, making Piscine Naturelle's approach an attractive option for those seeking a more sustainable lifestyle.

The Evolution of Pool Filtration Technology

The evolution of pool filtration technology has led to the development of advanced systems that mimic natural processes to purify water. Systems like Origin Aqua's mineral+biome utilize beneficial microbes to outcompete pathogens, creating a clean and safe swimming environment without the need for chemical disinfectants. This approach not only improves water quality but also offers health benefits by incorporating thermal spa minerals like magnesium and selenium into the water. By leveraging such technologies, pool owners can enjoy superior water quality while minimizing their environmental footprint.

Integrating Advanced Oxidation Processes

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are revolutionizing the pool sanitation industry by providing a powerful and safe method for water disinfection. AOP systems create hydroxyl radicals, which are more potent oxidizers than chlorine or ozone, ensuring a healthier and safer swimming experience. These systems eliminate contaminants and toxic byproducts, making them ideal for sensitive swimmers and those with health limitations. By adopting AOP technology, pool owners can enjoy clear and clean water that feels better to the touch, while also reducing the risk of chemical exposure.

Sustainable Materials and Designs

Natural swimming pool commitment to sustainability extends beyond filtration systems to include the use of eco-friendly materials and designs. For instance, BioPoolTech's natural pools made from immersed wood offer a unique aesthetic while minimizing environmental impact. These pools reduce water and electricity consumption significantly, making them an attractive option for environmentally conscious homeowners. By combining sustainable materials with advanced filtration systems, Piscine Naturelle creates pools that not only enhance outdoor spaces but also contribute to a healthier environment.

Customization and Personalization

One of the key benefits of working with Piscine Naturelle is the ability to customize and personalize your pool system. Homeowners can collaborate with designers to create a unique space that reflects their personal style and complements their existing landscape. Whether it's incorporating specific types of plants, designing a unique shape, or adding custom stonework, the possibilities for personalization are vast. This flexibility allows homeowners to create a truly unique outdoor space that not only enhances their property but also provides a serene retreat from daily life.

The Future of Pool Design

As interest in sustainable living continues to grow, the demand for advanced pool systems that integrate technology with nature is likely to increase. Piscine Naturelle's innovative designs and commitment to environmental sustainability position them at the forefront of this trend. With advancements in technology and design, the possibilities for creating bespoke pools will continue to expand, offering homeowners the opportunity to craft truly unique and immersive outdoor experiences. Whether you're looking to create a serene oasis or simply want to elevate your property's beauty, Piscine Naturelle's advanced pool systems provide a compelling solution that combines aesthetics with ecological responsibility.

Conclusion: Embracing Sustainable Luxury

Piscine Naturelle's approach to pool design embodies the concept of sustainable luxury, where advanced technology and natural principles come together to create environments that are both beautiful and environmentally conscious. By embracing this approach, homeowners can enjoy the benefits of a superior swimming experience while contributing to a healthier planet. As the world moves towards more sustainable living practices, Piscine Naturelle's innovative pool systems offer a glimpse into the future of outdoor design, where technology and nature harmoniously coexist to create serene and sustainable oases.

[dryfloor]

wet floor

[behealthy218]

"Unlock the Power of Bitter Melon Peptides for Better Health"

What is bitter melon peptide? Tell you its effects and precautions According to statistics from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, diabetes is one of the top ten causes of death in Taiwan, and the number of patients is increasing year by year, with about 25,000 new patients each year. Currently, there are more than 2 million people in Taiwan suffering from diabetes. In recent years, bitter melon peptide has become a popular health food and is hailed as the savior of diabetes. Is it really so magical?

What is bitter melon peptide?

Bitter melon peptide (scientific name: bitter melon peptide) is a small molecule protein extracted from bitter melon. It has many health benefits such as promoting metabolism and regulating physiological functions. Because of its small molecules, it is easier to be absorbed by the human body. Some bitter melon peptides have been sequenced and patented. Choosing patented products is the best choice.

苦瓜苦瓜胜蛋白品牌推荐Nutritional ingredients of peptides

Known as "the pride of Taiwanese medical scientists", bitter melon peptides are composed of 68 amino acids, of which 50 to 68 amino acids can resist the damage of gastric acid and digestive enzymes, and can reduce blood sugar by 30%. Bitter melon peptide is called "plant insulin" because it can increase the sensitivity of insulin receptors, improve insulin resistance, help glucose enter cells, enhance the transport capacity of glucose transport protein "GLUT4", provide energy for cells, and maintain normal operation.

苦瓜苦瓜胜蛋白The efficacy of peptides

Lowering blood sugar Bitter melon peptides can regulate blood sugar like plant insulin. By binding to insulin receptors, they can effectively stabilize fasting blood sugar, promote insulin secretion, increase blood sugar utilization, reduce glucose absorption or enhance pancreatic β cell function. Experiments show that blood sugar can be reduced by 53% and glycosylated hemoglobin by 34% two hours after a meal. Lower body fat Studies have shown that bitter melon extract can reduce triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein, promote fat metabolism, and reduce body fat accumulation. Body fat can be reduced by 25% in one month and 28% in two months苦瓜胜蛋白效果, total cholesterol can be reduced by 36%, and triglycerides can be reduced by 39%. Antioxidant Bitter melon peptide has significant Bitter melon peptide recommendation antioxidant effect. Its main components are galactose, glucose and arabinose. It has good antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect. Related studies show that the hydroxyl free radical scavenging rate of purified bitter melon polysaccharide at a concentration of 20 mg/mL can reach 82%.

The compound is more effective when combined with bitter melon peptides

Chromium yeastChromium yeast is an "accelerator" of insulin to control blood sugar. Studies have found that chromium yeast can improve insulin sensitivity and enhance insulin activity by 7 to 10 times. White Kidney Bean White Kidney Bean contains the highly effective ingredient "Phaselarmin" which can inhibit the decomposition of starch into glucose and reduce sugar absorption, reducing starch absorption by an average of 57%.

Eating suggestions and precautions Bitter melon peptide recommendation matters

It is recommended to eat 30 minutes before meals, which can stabilize sugar metabolism, regulate physiological functions, and reduce post-meal fatigue and appetite.

Avoid taking it at the same time as medication to prevent interactions between nutrients and medication.

Diabetic patients should consult a doctor before consumption, and should not replace medications with bitter melon peptides on their own. They should take medications on time as directed by the doctor, and avoid adjusting or stopping medications on their own to avoid causing greater harm to their health.

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

TSRNOSS, p 489.

[kitchen-health-fitness]

Panasonic 1 Ton 5 Star Wi-Fi Inverter Split Air Conditioner (Copper, Shield Blu Anti-Corrosion Technology, Nanoe-X Air Purification, Cs/Cu-Hu12Ykyf, White)

Price: (as of – Details) From the manufacturer Panasonic Air Conditioner – HU Series Inhibits Bacteria and Viruses – Tested on SARS-CoV-2 nanoe X Technology The patented nanoe X technology, also known as nature’s detergent, cleans and deodorizes the air by producing nano-sized hydroxyl radicals (also known as OH radicals). These effectively inhibit the growth of pollutants such as allergens,…

[tenth-sentence]

Considering the various hydrocarbon reactants, there are two principal mechanisms by which hydroxyl radicals initiate oxidation.

"Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective", 4e - Gary W. VanLoon & Stephen J. Duffy

[whats-in-a-sentence]

The most common forms of ROS in plant cells are superoxide (O2•-), singlet oxygen (¹O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH•) (Figure 24.3).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[kingherbs]

Chemical properties & pharmacological effects of Neferine

Abstract

Neferine is a natural bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, mainly extracted from plants of the Nelumbo family (such as lotus seed embryo). In recent years, its wide range of biological activities (such as cardiovascular protection, anti-tumor, antioxidant, etc.) has attracted the attention of researchers. This paper reviews its chemical structure, pharmacological mechanism and potential applications, and looks forward to future research directions.

1. Introduction

Neferine has a long history in traditional medicine. Lotus seed heart (embryo) is recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica as a medicinal material for clearing heat, calming the nerves and lowering blood pressure. As one of the main active ingredients of lotus seed heart, neferine exhibits diverse biological activities due to its unique bisbenzylisoquinoline structure. With the rise of natural product research, the pharmacological potential of neferine has gradually been revealed.

2. Chemical properties

Methyl neferine (C₃₈H₄₄N₂O₆, CAS number: 2292-16-2) belongs to the bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, which are composed of two benzylisoquinoline units connected by ether bonds (Figure 1). It has a large molecular weight (624.77 g/mol) and high lipid solubility. It can be separated and purified from lotus seed germ by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or mass spectrometry.

3. Pharmacological effects and mechanisms

3.1 Cardiovascular system protection

1. Anti-arrhythmic: By inhibiting the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) and delayed rectifier potassium channel (IK) of myocardial cells, it regulates the action potential duration and reduces the risk of arrhythmia.

2. Anti-hypertension and vasodilation: It activates the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway, promotes the release of NO by endothelial cells, and leads to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.

3. Anti-thrombosis: Inhibits platelet aggregation induced by platelet activating factor (PAF) and reduces the risk of thrombosis.

3.2 Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory

- Scavenges free radicals: Neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) through phenolic hydroxyl structure and reduces oxidative stress damage.

- Inhibits inflammatory factors: Downregulates NF-κB pathway, reduces the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6, and shows protective effects in acute lung injury models.

3.3 Anti-tumor activity

- Induce apoptosis: Activates mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (such as Bax/Bcl-2 imbalance, caspase-3 activation), inhibits breast cancer MCF-7 cell proliferation.

- Inhibits metastasis: Inhibits lung cancer A549 cell invasion and migration by blocking PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

3.4 Neuroprotective effect

- Anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD): Reduce β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition, inhibit tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and improve cognitive dysfunction in mice.

4. Applications and challenges

4.1 Traditional and modern applications

- Traditional Chinese medicine uses: Lotus seeds are used to make tea to reduce internal heat and calm the nerves.

- Modern drug development: As a lead compound, explore the application of its derivatives in anti-tumor or cardiovascular diseases.

4.2 Safety and limitations

- Toxicity: Animal experiments show low acute toxicity (LD₅₀ > 2 g/kg), but long-term use may affect liver and kidney function.

- Bioavailability: High lipid solubility but poor water solubility, and the absorption rate needs to be improved through nanoformulation or structural modification.

5. Future research directions

1. Clinical transformation: Promote clinical trials to verify its efficacy on human diseases (such as hypertension and cancer).

2. Structural optimization: Enhance targeting and reduce side effects through chemical modification.

3. Multi-omics research: Combine metabolomics and proteomics to analyze its multi-target mechanism of action.

6. Conclusion

As a natural active molecule, neferine has multi-target and multi-pathway pharmacological properties and has significant potential in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, tumors and neurodegenerative diseases. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the connection between basic and clinical research and promote its application from laboratory to clinical application.

References ：

1. Deng Y, et al. *Neferine inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway*. Cancer Lett. 2019.

Liu CM, et al. *Neferine induces apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2 family proteins in human breast cancer cells*. Phytomedicine. 2020.

3. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. *Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China*. 2020 Edition. article from:Chemical properties & pharmacological effects of Neferine - Kingherbs