#direct-administered municipality

[dream-world-universe]

Chongqing Monorail, China: The Chongqing Rail Transit (Branded as CRT) is the rapid transit system in the city of Chongqing, China. In operation since 2005, it serves the transportation needs of the city's main business and entertainment downtown areas and inner suburbs. The Chongqing Rail Transit is a unique transit system in China. Two lines use heavy-monorail technology, leveraging the ability to negotiate steep grades and tight curves and rapid transit capacity. Wikipedia

[apas-95]

How workers utilising Marxism-Leninism organise medicine production: the workers, organised into a national-scale federation of unions, elect local representatives, who themselves elect further representatives up to the highest levels of governance, where a people's congress deliberates on the results of investigation into issues submitted by a consultative body composed directly of workers, and eventually comes to a consensus, towards which all the nation's resources and work can be directed in unison; a state council directing state-owned assets administers the operations of a pharmaceutical industrial group, in concert with national laboratories and a state regulatory inspector, which directly manages its own logistics, covering 7 logistics hubs, 43 provincial-level logistics centers, and 500 municipal-level logistics centers, with more than 3 million square meters of warehouse space, supplying 8 tertiary hospitals, 21 secondary and specialized hospitals and 141 medical institutions, totalling over 16,000 hospital beds it directly administers, alongside the 700,000 institutions it supplies but does not directly administer, while under direct control of the workers' representatives and capable of both conforming to national-scale economic planning, as well as mobilising medical materiel in the case of emergencies and disasters.

How workers utilising anarchism organise medicine production: they'll figure it out, I don't know. Honestly it's both presumptuous of you to think that knowing how political-economy works means you should know how to organise a logistics chain, and also very insulting towards the individual workers to think they couldn't just organise the logistics chain on their own

[mapsontheweb]

The Ionian Islands or “French departments of Greece” between June 1797 and March 1799

Revue « Historia » n°925, janvier 2024

by cartesdhistoire

By the Treaty of Campoformio (October 17, 1797), France acquired the formerly Venetian islands of the Lonian Sea, strategic bases which will help France to participate in the sharing, which is believed to be imminent, of the spoils of the Ottoman Empire: north to south, Corfu, Paxos, Lefkada, Ithaca, Kefalonia, Zante, plus Cythera to the south of the Peloponnese, and the numerous islets that separate them. Added to this are the Venetian establishments on the coast of Epirus: Párga, Arta, Préveza and Bouthrote.

It was Bonaparte himself who, by a letter to the Directory of 25 Brumaire Year VI (November 15, 1797), provided for the organization of these new French departments of Greece, three in number: Corcyra (with the capital of city of Corfu), Ithaca (with Argostóli as its capital) and Aegean Sea (with Zante, its capital, Cythera – the medieval Cerigo – and the quasi-desert archipelago of Strophades).

The French established a foothold in Kefalonia on June 28 and in Corfu on the 29th. The jurist Pierre–Jacques Bonhomme de Comeyras was responsible for administering the three departments from Corfu, as commissioner of the Directory. Provisional municipalities, with local notables known to be Francophiles, were set up as well as a departmental direction called the “Central”, not to mention, in parallel, a military administration, trying above all to control the French troops so that they did not does not behave like an army of occupation.

But, as part of the War of the Second Coalition, an offensive by the Russian fleet, acting on behalf of the Ottomans, took place from October 12, 1798 (battle of Nicopolis and capture of Préveza). Then followed, in order, the captures of Cythera, Zante, Ithaca, Kefalonia and Lefkada until November 27. Besieged Corfu resisted from November 18, 1798 to March 3, 1799.

In March 1800, the archipelago became the Republic of the Seven Islands, under the nominal authority of the Porte but under that, in reality, of Russian forces.

[empirearchives]

Changes to the Tax Collection System in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France

My translation from Le prix de la gloire: Napoléon et l’argent by Pierre Branda.

This part is specifically about the reforms made to the tax collection system. Problems with taxation had been the source of many woes, so it went through major changes.

“The [tax] work of the Consulate mainly concerned the reorganization of tax collection. Until now, this essential element was not administered directly by the Ministry of Finance. The Constituent Assembly had wanted the tax rolls for direct contributions, that is to say the ‘tax slips’, to be established by municipal administrations. Their work was complex, because each year it was necessary to draw up a list of taxpayers, determine each person’s share of tax and send them the amount of the contribution to pay. Poorly motivated (or even corrupt), the municipalities had put little care in the execution of their mission since a large part of the taxpayers had not yet received anything for their taxes of year VIII, or even of year VII or year VI. Also, with two or three years of delay in preparing the rolls, it was not surprising that tax revenues were low (nearly 400 million francs were thus left outstanding). If the sending of tax matrices left something to be desired, the collection of direct contributions was hardly better. The tax collector was also not an agent of the administration: this function was assigned to any person who agreed to collect taxes with the lowest possible commission (otherwise called ‘collecte à la moins-dite’). With such a system, there were numerous inadequacies, often due to incompetence, but also due to the prevailing spirit of fraud. However, in their defense, the profits of the collectors were most of the time too low to provide such a service; also, to compensate for their losses, they were ‘forced’ to multiply small and big cheats. In any case, in such a troubled period, letting simple individuals carry out such a delicate mission could only be dangerous for the regularity of public accounts. In short, the mode of operation of taxation that Bonaparte and Gaudin inherited was failing on all sides and threatened to sink the State.”

“One month after Gaudin’s appointment, on December 13, 1799, the Directorate of Direct Contributions was created with the mission of establishing and sending tax matrices. This administration, dependent on the Ministry of Finance, was made up of a general director, 99 departmental directors and 840 inspectors and controllers. The organization of direct contributions became both centralized and pyramidal, the opposite of the previous system, decentralized and with a confused hierarchy. The work of preparing the rolls, for so long entrusted to local authorities, passed entirely ‘in the hands of the Minister of Finance’ and in this way the taxpayer found himself in direct contact with the administration. The tax system no longer having any obstacles, the beneficial effects of such a measure did not take long to be felt. With ardor, the agents of this new administration carried out considerable work: three series of rolls, that is to say more than one hundred thousand tax slips, were established in a single year. It must be said that the ministry had not skimped on their pay (6,000 francs per year for a director, 4,000 for an inspector and 1,800 for a controller), which was undoubtedly not unrelated to such success.”

“Tax reform was slower. It was not until 1804 that all tax collectors were civil servants. The consular system gradually replaced the collectors of the departments, then of the main cities and finally of all the municipalities whose tax rolls exceeded 15,000 francs. At the end of the Consulate, the entire tax administration was thus entirely dependent on the central government. Subsequently, the one in charge of indirect contributions (taxes on tobacco, alcohol or salt) created on February 25, 1804 and called the Régie des droits réunis was built on the same pyramidal and centralized model. It was the same later for customs.”

“According to Michel Bruguière, historian of public finances, ‘Napoleon and Gaudin can be considered the builders of the French tax administration. [...] They had also developed and codified the essential principles of our tax law, so profoundly derogatory from the rules of French law, since the taxpayer has nothing to do with it, while the administration has all the powers’. Basically, after having clearly understood the true cause of the ‘financial wound’, Bonaparte wanted an effective, almost ‘despotic’ instrument to avoid experiencing the unfortunate fate of his predecessors. As a good soldier, he created a fiscal ‘army’ responsible for providing the regime with the sinews of war. It was also necessary to definitively break the link between private interests and state service in everything that concerned public revenue. The time of the farmer generals of the Ancien Régime or the ‘second-hand’ collectors of the Directory was well and truly over. Napoleon Bonaparte, with his fierce desire to centralize power in this area as in many others, undoubtedly gave his regime the means to last.”

French:

Page 208

Page 209

Page 210

[dailyanarchistposts]

I.5 What could the social structure of anarchy look like?

The social and political structure of anarchy is similar to that of its economic structure, i.e., it is based on a voluntary federation of decentralised, directly democratic community assemblies (communes). In these grassroots political units and their confederations, the concept of “self-management” becomes that of “self-government”, a form of municipal organisation in which people take back control of their living places from the bureaucratic state and the capitalist class whose interests it serves. Bakunin’s comments are very applicable here:

”[A] truly popular organisation begins from below, from the association, from the commune. Thus starting out with the organisation of the lowest nucleus and proceeding upward, federalism becomes a political institution of socialism, the free and spontaneous organisation of popular life.” [The Political Philosophy of Bakunin, pp. 273–4]

“A new economic phase demands a new political phase,” argued Kropotkin, “A revolution as profound as that dreamed of by the socialists cannot accept the mould of an out-dated political life. A new society based on equality of condition, on the collective possession of the instruments of work, cannot tolerate for a week … the representative system … if we want the social revolution, we must seek a form of political organisation that will correspond to the new method of economic organisation … The future belongs to the free groupings of interests and not to governmental centralisation; it belongs to freedom and not to authority.” [Words of a Rebel, pp. 143–4]

Thus the social structure of an anarchist society will be the opposite of the current system. Instead of being centralised and top-down as in the state, it will be decentralised and organised from the bottom up. As Kropotkin argued, “socialism must become more popular, more communalistic, and less dependent upon indirect government through elected representatives. It must become more self-governing.” [Anarchism, p. 185] In this, Kropotkin (like Bakunin) followed Proudhon who argued that ”[u]nless democracy is a fraud, and the sovereignty of the People a joke, it must be admitted that each citizen in the sphere of his [or her] industry, each municipal, district or provincial council within its own territory, is the only natural and legitimate representative of the Sovereign, and that therefore each locality should act directly and by itself in administering the interests which it includes, and should exercise full sovereignty in relation to them.” [General Idea of the Revolution, p. 276]

While anarchists have various different conceptions of how this communal system would be constituted (as we will see), they is total agreement on these basic visions and principles. The aim is “to found an order of things wherein the principle of the sovereignty of the people, of man and of the citizen, would be implemented to the letter” and “where every member” of a society “retaining his independence and continuing to act as sovereign, would be self-governing” and any social organisation “would concern itself solely with collective matters; where as a consequence, there would be certain common matters but no centralisation.” This means that the “federative, mutualist republican sentiment” (as summarised these days by the expression self-management) will “bring about the victory of Worker Democracy right around the world.” [Proudhon, Anarchism, vol. 1, Robert Graham (ed.), p. 74 and p. 77] This empowerment of ordinary citizens through decentralisation and direct democracy will eliminate the alienation and apathy that are now rampant and (as always happens when people are free) unleash a flood of innovation in dealing with the social breakdown now afflicting our world. The gigantic metropolis with its hierarchical and impersonal administration, its atomised and isolated “residents,” will be transformed into a network of humanly scaled participatory communities, each with its own unique character and forms of self-government, which will be co-operatively linked through federation with other communities, from the municipal through the bio-regional to the global level. This means that the social perspective of libertarian socialism is as distinctive as its economic vision. While mainstream socialism is marked by support for centralised states, anarchists stay true to socialism as equality and argue that means decentralisation. Thus socialism “wears two distinct faces. When it is said that a man is a Socialist, it is implies that he regards the monopoly of private property in the means of production as the cause of the existing unequal distribution of wealth and its attendant ills … Socialists are divided into the centralising and decentralising parties, the party of the State and the party of the federatic commune.” [Charlotte M. Wilson, Anarchist Essays, p. 37]

Only such a federal, bottom-up, system can ensure people can manage their own fates and ensure genuine freedom and equality through mass participation and self-management. Of course, it can (and has) been argued that people are just not interested in “politics.” Further, some claim that this disinterest is why governments exist — people delegate their responsibilities and power to others because they have better things to do. Such an argument, however, is flawed on empirical grounds. As we indicated in section B.2.6, centralisation of power in both the French and American revolutions occurred because the wealthy few thought that working class people were taking too much interest in politics and social issues, not the reverse (“To attack the central power, to strip it of its prerogatives, to decentralise, to dissolve authority, would have been to abandon to the people the control of its affairs, to run the risk of a truly popular revolution. That is why the bourgeoisie sought to reinforce the central government even more…” [Kropotkin, Words of a Rebel, p. 143]).

Simply put, the state is centralised to facilitate minority rule by excluding the mass of people from taking part in the decision making processes within society. This is to be expected as social structures do not evolve by chance — rather they develop to meet specific needs and requirements. The specific need of the ruling class is to rule and that means marginalising the bulk of the population. Its requirement is for minority power and this is reflected in the structure of the state (see section H.3.7). Even if we ignore the historical evidence on this issue, anarchists do not draw this conclusion from the current apathy that surrounds us. In fact, we argue that this apathy is not the cause of government but its result. Government is an inherently hierarchical system in which ordinary people are deliberately marginalised. The powerlessness people feel due to the workings of the system ensure that they are apathetic about it, thus guaranteeing that wealthy and powerful elites govern society without hindrance from the oppressed and exploited majority. Moreover, government usually sticks its nose into areas that most people have no real interest in. Some things, as in the regulation of industry or workers’ safety and rights, a free society could leave to those affected to make their own decisions (we doubt that workers would subject themselves to unsafe working conditions, for example). In others, such as the question of personal morality and acts, a free people would have no interest in (unless it harmed others, of course). This, again, would reduce the number of issues that would be discussed in a free commune. Also, via decentralisation, a free people would be mainly discussing local issues, so reducing the complexity of many questions and solutions. Wider issues would, of course, be discussed but these would be on specific issues and so more focused in their nature than those raised in the legislative bodies of the state. So, a combination of centralisation and an irrational desire to discuss every and all questions also helps make “politics” seem boring and irrelevant. As noted above, this result is not an accident and the marginalisation of “ordinary” people is actually celebrated in bourgeois “democratic” theory. As Noam Chomsky notes:

“Twentieth century democratic theorists advise that ‘The public must be put in its place,’ so that the ‘responsible men’ may ‘live free of the trampling and roar of a bewildered herd,’ ‘ignorant and meddlesome outsiders’ whose ‘function’ is to be ‘interested spectators of action,’ not participants, lending their weight periodically to one or another of the leadership class (elections), then returning to their private concerns. (Walter Lippman). The great mass of the population, ‘ignorant and mentally deficient,’ must be kept in their place for the common good, fed with ‘necessary illusion’ and ‘emotionally potent oversimplifications’ (Wilson’s Secretary of State Robert Lansing, Reinhold Niebuhr). Their ‘conservative’ counterparts are only more extreme in their adulation of the Wise Men who are the rightful rulers — in the service of the rich and powerful, a minor footnote regularly forgotten.” [Year 501, p. 18]

This marginalisation of the public from political life ensures that the wealthy can be “left alone” to use their power as they see fit. In other words, such marginalisation is a necessary part of a fully functioning capitalist society and so libertarian social structures have to be discouraged. Or as Chomsky put it, the “rabble must be instructed in the values of subordination and a narrow quest for personal gain within the parameters set by the institutions of the masters; meaningful democracy, with popular association and action, is a threat to be overcome.” [Op. Cit., p. 18] This philosophy can be seen in the statement of a US Banker in Venezuela under the murderous Jimenez dictatorship: “You have the freedom here to do whatever you want to do with your money, and to me, that is worth all the political freedom in the world.” [quoted by Chomsky, Op. Cit., p. 99] Deterring libertarian alternatives to statism is a common feature of our current system. By marginalising and disempowering people, the ability of individuals to manage their own social activities is undermined and weakened. They develop a “fear of freedom” and embrace authoritarian institutions and “strong leaders”, which in turn reinforces their marginalisation. This consequence is hardly surprising. Anarchists maintain that the desire to participate and the ability to participate are in a symbiotic relationship: participation builds on itself. By creating the social structures that allow participation, participation will increase. As people increasingly take control of their lives, so their ability to do so also increases. The challenge of having to take responsibility for decisions that make a difference is at the same time an opportunity for personal development. To begin to feel power, having previously felt powerless, to win access to the resources required for effective participation and learn how to use them, is a liberating experience. Once people become active subjects, making things happen in one aspect of their lives, they are less likely to remain passive objects, allowing things to happen to them, in other aspects. All in all, “politics” is far too important an subject to leave to politicians, the wealthy and bureaucrats. After all, it is (or, at least, it should be) what affects, your friends, community, and, ultimately, the planet you live on. Such issues cannot be left to anyone but you. Hence a meaningful communal life based on self-empowered individuals is a distinct possibility (indeed, it has repeatedly appeared throughout history). It is the hierarchical structures in statism and capitalism, marginalising and disempowering the majority, which is at the root of the current wide scale apathy in the face of increasing social and ecological disruption. Libertarian socialists therefore call for a radically new form of political system to replace the centralised nation-state, a form that would be based around confederations of self-governing communities: ”Society is a society of societies; a league of leagues of leagues; a commonwealth of commonwealths of commonwealths; a republic of republics of republics. Only there is freedom and order, only there is spirit, a spirit which is self-sufficiency and community, unity and independence.” [Gustav Landauer, For Socialism, pp. 125–126]

To create such a system would require dismantling the nation-state and reconstituting relations between communities on the basis of self-determination and free and equal confederation from below. In the following subsections we will examine in more detail why this new system is needed and what it might look like. As we have stressed repeatedly, these are just suggestions of possible anarchist solutions to social organisation. Most anarchists recognise that anarchist communities will co-exist with non-anarchist ones after the destruction of the existing state. As we are anarchists we are discussing anarchist visions. We will leave it up to non-anarchists to paint their own pictures of a possible future.

[myarchitectphil]

IDEAL CITIES – NOT

Chongqing is one of the most amazing places on earth. A teeming metropolis of over 30 million people, one of the fastest growing places on the planet. It has grown from a mud road village, the wartime capital of China that was bombed to smithereens during World War Two, to one of the largest high-rise metropolises on earth in the early twenty first century.

Though located in the province of Sichuan, Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the Central People's Government, along with Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin. It is the only directly administrated municipality located deep inland. The municipality covers a large geographical area roughly the size of Austria.

The central urban area of Chongqing, or Chongqing proper, is a city of unique features. It is built on mountains and is partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers. I was there for several extended visits ten years ago and designed a high-rise office building that in the end was not built. Since then construction of buildings has continued at a breakneck pace, creating an environment that could almost be out of Blade Runner.

Pictures: 1. View of Safdie’s Raffles Center, similar to his casino in Singapore, 2. The juncture of the two rivers with the Raffles Center in the foreground, 3. The Raffles Center skybridge, 4. City Planning model ten years ago, 5. Colorized photo of the city during WW 2.

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

Administration of the Defence of Canada Regulations (DOCR)

"Administering the DOCR proved to be a boon to the careers of RCMP men. At the start of World War II, the Intelligence Section of the RCMP was a six-man operation at headquarters, attached to the Criminal Investigation Branch. By 1943, there were now 98 in the headquarters operation of the Intelligence Section, with important increases in the field: twenty more men working in Toronto, nineteen in Montreal and nine in Vancouver.

The effect of World War II on the overall size of the RCMP was also impressive. The RCMP force was immediately increased by 700 at the start of the war. On June 6, 1940, the list of police officers who could enforce the DOCR was expanded to include all RCMP officers from the rank of inspector and up, and officers of similar rank in the provincial police forces in Quebec and Ontario, as well as chiefs of police in municipalities with populations of more than 10,000. There were still not enough police. 

On June 24, 1940, RCMP Commissioner Wood wrote Ernest Lapointe to complain that he could no longer meet demand, especially in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Wood went so far as to express concern for the health of his men, so busy and over-extended were they. So, on August 30, 1940, authority to administer the DOCR was extended once again to include almost all police officers in Canada, whether at federal, provincial, or municipal levels.

One of the products of the increased RCMP workload were the monthly security bulletins issued by the Intelligence Section to senior federal officials and the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO). Right from the beginning, some of the recipients of the bulletins were wary of the value of the reports. Jack Pickersgill, second-in-command in the PMO, analyzed the bulletin of October 30, 1939. His comments reveal some of the deficiencies in the RCMP analysis; they bear summarizing:

no distinctions between fact and hearsay;

no distinctions between subversive doctrine, and legitimate social and political criticism;

obsession with Communists, to the exclusion of information about Nazis or Fascists;

no evidence of sabotage or espionage directed against Canada;

no co-ordination with military intelligence, censorship officials, immigration officials, or External Affairs;

police spying on law-abiding Canadians, thus making the police political censors;

lack of capacity and training for real intelligence work directed against the real enemy.

Also wrote Pickersgill:

It is more likely that there are secret, German agents in the country. From a casual reading of these ‘Intelligence Bulletins’, one would scarcely realize that Canada was at war with Germany; there is not the slightest hint that anything is being done in the way of intelligent and well-directed anti-espionage work.

Pickersgill suggested that an intelligence branch be created within Justice, to whom the RCMP would report, in order to co-ordinate government intelligence efforts. 

Nonetheless, King, Lapointe, and the Justice Department continued to support the work of the RCMP in spite of criticism both internal and external to the government. When the tide turned against the government’s policies of repression of the left, the RCMP ceased the widespread distribution of security bulletins. One shouldn’t expect just administration of a law that is itself unjust.

The violations of normal, legal protections under the DOCR might also accrue to another element, however, which explains why internees were never explained the full nature of charges against them. Some information obtained by the RCMP was retrieved secretly from informers within the Communist Party, sources that had to be protected were they to continue to be useful. There is a series of letters that establishes the policy of the RCMP and government about this secret information. In the first of these letters, the Justice deputy minister wrote to the RCMP:

If you have evidence which has been obtained through the medium of a police secret agent, the identity of whom it would be extremely undesirable to disclose, then I suggest that you are not compelled to, and should not produce such evidence, even by withholding it you may have little in the way of other evidence to support the order for internment. The recommendation of the tribunal is only a recommendation and not a judgement, and the release of the appellant after the finding of the tribunal is a matter which is in the absolute discretion of the Minister of Justice, and he may, with or without assigning any reason, order the further internment or the release of the appellant. In cases where you do not disclose confidential information to the tribunal, you should notify the Department so that all the facts may be brought before the Minister when called upon to act in the matter.

When the RCMP asked if the instructions about secret information were to apply to enemy subjects, as well as to British subjects, Lapointe responded in the affirmative, adding that he would consult with the RCMP before freeing internees. At least, some of the explanation for the functioning of the DOCR, therefore, lies in the government’s protection of its espionage network among communists.

In fact, during the 1920s, an RCMP Staff-Sergeant, John Leopold, had become a highly placed informer within the Communist Party. Leopold, who used the pseudonym ‘Jack Esselwein’, had provided  evidence in 1931 that permitted the government to prosecute Tim Buck and seven of his  leading colleagues in the Party. During World War II, we know of at least one other RCMP informer within the Party, although there probably were more. A certain ‘Koyich’ was active in Alberta, a fact uncovered by Patrick Lenihan, a Calgarian, and Ben Swankey, from Edmonton, both of whom were interned in Hull."

- Michael Martin, The Red Patch: Political Imprisonment in Hull, Quebec during World War 2. Self-published, 2007. p. 76-80

[njmcdirectpay]

NJMC DIRECT

The New Jersey Municipal Courts (NJMC) play a crucial role in administering justice at the local level. With the advancement of technology, NJMC has introduced NJMC Direct, an online platform designed to streamline access to court services for residents.

[philaretey]

IDEAL CITIES – NOT

Chongqing is one of the most amazing places on earth. A teeming metropolis of over 30 million people, one of the fastest growing places on the planet. It has grown from a mud road village, the wartime capital of China that was bombed to smithereens during World War Two, to one of the largest high-rise metropolises on earth in the early twenty first century.

Though located in the province of Sichuan, Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the Central People's Government, along with Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin. It is the only directly administrated municipality located deep inland. The municipality covers a large geographical area roughly the size of Austria.

The central urban area of Chongqing, or Chongqing proper, is a city of unique features. It is built on mountains and is partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers. I was there for several extended visits ten years ago and designed a high-rise office building that in the end was not built. Since then construction of buildings has continued at a breakneck pace, creating an environment that could almost be out of Blade Runner.

Pictures: 1. View of Safdie’s Raffles Center, similar to his casino in Singapore, 2. The juncture of the two rivers with the Raffles Center in the foreground, 3. The Raffles Center skybridge, 4. City Planning model ten years ago, 5. Colorized photo of the city during WW 2.

[dunilefra]

Facts of Nicaragua's Constitution

Preamble (Part of it)

WE,

Representatives of the People of Nicaragua, united in the Constituent National Assembly,

INVOKING

The struggles of our indigenous ancestors;

The spirit of Central American unity and the combative tradition of our people who, inspired by the example of General JOSE DOLORES ESTRADA, ANDRES CASTRO and EMMANUEL MONGALO, destroyed the dominion of the foreign adventurers and defeated the North-American intervention in the National War;

The protagonist of the cultural independence of the Nation, the Universal Poet RUBEN DARIO;

The anti-interventionist actions of BENJAMIN ZELEDON;

The General of Free People, AUGUSTO C. SANDINO, Father of the Popular and Anti- imperialist Revolution;

The heroic action of RIGOBERTO LOPEZ PEREZ, initiator of the beginning of the end of the dictatorship;

The example of CARLOS FONSECA, the greatest perpetuator of Sandino’s legacy, founder of the Sandinista National Liberation Front and Leader of the Revolution;

The martyr of public liberties, Doctor PEDRO JOAQUIN CHAMORRO CARDENAL;

The Cardinal of Peace and Reconciliation, Cardinal MIGUEL OBAND Y BRAVO;

The generations of Heroes and Martyrs who forged and carried forward the liberation struggle for national independence.

WE PROMULGATE THE FOLLOWING POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA

Article 2

National sovereignty resides in the people who exercise it by means of democratic procedures, deciding and participating freely in the establishment and improvement of the nation’s economic, political, cultural and social system. The people exercise sovereign power through their representatives freely elected by universal, equal, direct, and secret suffrage, barring any other individual or group of individuals from usurping such representation. They may also exercise it directly by means of a referendum or plebiscite or other mechanisms established by the present Constitution and the laws. Similarly, it could exercise it by other means of direct democracy, like participatory budgets, citizens’ initiatives, territorial councils, territorial and municipal assemblies of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent, sectorial councils and other means established by this Constitution and the laws.

Article 4

The State recognizes the individual, the family, and the community as the origin and the end of its activity, and is organized to achieve the common good, assuming the task of promoting the human development of each and every Nicaraguan, inspired by Christian values, socialist ideals, practices based on solidarity, democracy and humanism, as universal and general values, as well as the values and ideals of Nicaraguan culture and identity.

Article 5

Liberty, justice, respect for the dignity of the human person, political and social pluralism, the recognition of the distinct identity of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent within the framework of a unitary and indivisible state, the recognition of different forms of property, free international cooperation and respect for the free self-determination of peoples, Christian values, socialist ideals, and practices based on solidarity, and the values and ideals of the Nicaraguan culture and identity, are the principles of the Nicaraguan nation.

Christian values ensure brotherly love, the reconciliation between the members of the Nicaraguan family, the respect for individual diversity without any discrimination, the respect for and equal rights of persons with disabilities, and the preference for the poor.

The State recognizes the existence of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent who enjoy the rights, duties and guarantees designated in the Constitution, and especially those which allow them to maintain and develop their identity and culture, to have their own forms of social organization and administer their local affairs, as well as to preserve the communal forms of land property and their exploitation, use, and enjoyment, all in accordance with the law. For the communities of the Caribbean Coast, an autonomous regime is established in the present Constitution.

Nicaragua encourages regional integration and advocates the reconstruction of the Grand Central American Homeland.

Article 47

All Nicaraguans who have reached 16 years of age are citizens.

Only citizens enjoy the political rights set forth in the Constitution and in the laws, without further limitations other than those established for reasons of age.

Rights of citizens shall be suspended by imposition of serious corporal or specific related punishments and by final judgment of civil injunction.

Article 181

The State shall organize by means of a law the regime of autonomy for the indigenous peoples and ethnic communities of the Atlantic Coast, which shall have to contain, among other rules: the functions of their government organs, their relation with the Executive and Legislative Power and with the municipalities, and the exercise of their rights. This law shall require for its approval and reform the majority established for the amendment of constitutional laws.

The concessions and contracts of rational exploitation of the natural resources granted by the State in the Autonomous Regions of the Atlantic Coast must have the approval of the corresponding Regional Autonomous Council.

The members of the Regional Autonomous Councils of the Atlantic Coast can lose their condition for the reasons and procedures established by law.

by Dunilefra, working for World Order

[qocsuing]

Shanghai: A Dynamic Metropolis on the Yangtze River

Shanghai: A Dynamic Metropolis on the Yangtze River Shanghai, situated on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, is a bustling metropolis that seamlessly blends tradition with modernity. As one of China’s four direct-administered municipalities, it holds a prominent place in the country’s economic, cultural, and technological landscape.To get more news about shanghai in china, you can visit meet-in-shanghai.net official website.

Historical Roots and Growth Originally a fishing village and market town, Shanghai’s significance surged during the 19th century due to both domestic and foreign trade. Its favorable port location attracted merchants from around the world, leading to rapid development. The city’s colonial history is still visible in the charming Bund area, where historic buildings stand alongside contemporary skyscrapers.

Population and Urban Area Shanghai’s population is staggering. The city proper boasts around 29.2 million inhabitants, making it the third-largest city globally. Meanwhile, the urban area is home to a whopping 39.3 million residents, making it the most populous in China1.

Economic Powerhouse Shanghai’s economic prowess is undeniable. The Greater Shanghai metropolitan area produces a gross metropolitan product (nominal) of nearly 9.1 trillion RMB (approximately $1.33 trillion). It serves as a major center for finance, business, research, science, technology, manufacturing, transportation, tourism, and culture. The Port of Shanghai, the world’s busiest container port, plays a crucial role in global trade1.

Cultural Fusion Shanghai’s cosmopolitan charm stems from its rich cultural heritage. Visitors can explore ancient temples like Jing’an Temple alongside futuristic skyscrapers. The Yulan magnolia, the city’s official flower, symbolizes its resilience and beauty.

Conclusion Shanghai continues to evolve, embracing innovation while honoring its past. Whether you’re strolling along the historic waterfront or attending a cutting-edge tech conference, this dynamic city leaves an indelible mark on all who visit.

[kennethhaskin]

Key Responsibilities of a City Manager - Navigating Local Governance with Kenneth Haskin

Kenneth Haskin

Key Responsibilities of a City Manager - Navigating Local Governance with Kenneth Haskin

City Managers are charged with carrying out policies and directives set by elected officials, requiring leadership and public administration expertise.

1. Overseeing the Budget

A city manager oversees and executes administrative policies set by their council and oversees city operations, such as budgetary decisions or other directives from said council.

Kenneth Haskin emphasizes preparing and analyzing operating and capital budget requests and generating written variance reports between budgeted and actual expenditures.

City managers also create council and board meeting agendas, which requires being detail-oriented while working closely with various types of people. For instance, citizens, city employees, community organizations, and government agencies are among them.

2. Developing and Implementing Policies

City managers play an essential role in crafting policies and recommending allocating funds to council members. Furthermore, they must be able to offer impartial opinions regarding the long-term effects of proposed policies.

Work closely with the Mayor, council members, and staff to develop goals and policies; provide general supervision of professional, clerical, and technical staff; establish goals and policies.

Represent themselves with tact and diplomacy when engaging with members of the public, communicate effectively both verbally and in writing, build and maintain effective working relationships with all those contacted during work, establish effective working relationships among contacts in work-related relationships, and occasionally require travel.

3. Managing the City's Personnel

Kenneth Haskin points out that a city manager coordinates and supervises staff across different municipal departments while helping prepare council or board meeting agendas.

They serve as an intermediary in any political disputes and officer conflicts, representing the city at community events and providing progress updates and trend analysis to keep the mayor and board informed of any developments or trends that arise.

Many city managers come into their roles after having amassed extensive managerial experience elsewhere - perhaps beginning as finance directors or police chiefs.

4. Managing City Operations

Kenneth Haskin suggests that city managers play an essential role in overseeing city operations and ensuring effective operation across city departments.

City managers' duties include developing programs, policies, and methods to efficiently administer city resources, including implementing council-established policies and directives by state laws and ordinances and budgeted limits.

City managers must also meet regularly with citizens and attend public meetings to provide inclusive leadership to better understand citizens' pain points and needs.

5. Developing and Implementing Strategic Plans

City managers are responsible for carrying out the policies set by their mayor and council, much like CEOs in business environments. Evaluation is carried out annually at closed-door council meetings.

These individuals must be capable of devising and executing long-term strategies and overseeing departments like police, finances, infrastructure, and public services. Furthermore, they should possess social sensitivity to respond quickly to emergencies while building community members' trust. In addition, they are charged with finding funding opportunities to support projects and programs.

6. Developing and Implementing Programs

Kenneth Haskin highlights that, as is common among senior executives in government or industry, city managers typically put in longer hours than frontline employees. Furthermore, they travel frequently to professional conferences to exchange ideas with fellow city managers and stay abreast of new trends in local governance.

Some cities employ the council-manager system, in which voters elect a council and select an appointed city manager to administer municipal affairs. Under this structure, the city manager primarily oversees daily operations and budgeting while the council provides legislative direction by devising programs tailored to meeting community needs.

7. Developing and Implementing Grants

City managers are responsible for finding funding opportunities for the cities they manage. They identify grant applications that align with local initiatives while complying with government regulations.

They are responsible for planning and implementing various programs within their city to ensure there are enough resources to meet current demands and prepare for anticipated growth.

City managers tend to play less of a public profile yet perform many of the same duties. They must feel comfortable dealing with members of the community and developing partnerships.

8. Developing and Implementing Community Engagement Programs

Empowering communities requires acknowledging existing assets, structures, and networks. Community engagement strategies must be tailored to local participants' needs and preferences, considering language, cultural norms, and communication styles.

Influential local leaders must be able to rally their communities during challenging situations such as natural disasters. They should be capable of making tough decisions, implementing laws, communicating policies, and securing grant funding for projects that benefit citizens by applying to federal, state, and private foundations.

9. Developing and Implementing Regulatory Programs

The City Manager is accountable for carrying out laws and regulations set by the mayor and council, such as creating capital improvement plans or making recommendations on municipal business during council meetings.

According to Kenneth Haskin, professional city managers require many skills and competencies to be effective. While often working behind the scenes, they should feel at ease speaking to service clubs or community organizations when necessary. Furthermore, nonpartisanship should be observed - they should never endorse political candidates or display political yard signs - this is part of the code of ethics established by the International City/County Management Association (ICMA), meaning they should remain neutral during all public actions taken against them.

10. Developing and Implementing Economic Development Programs

City managers are essential in encouraging economic development by developing and implementing programs, events, and initiatives that foster it. This may involve devising and executing strategies to draw in new businesses while encouraging existing ones to stay in their communities.

Professional local government managers are nonpartisan and nonpolitical professionals who collaborate with elected officials such as mayors and city, town, or county councils to ensure the smooth operations of a municipality. They set high service delivery and accountability standards as part of providing excellence in municipal governance - either as mayor-council or council-manager types of local governments.

[ashrafulashalam]

ASHRAFUL ALAM

Experienced in working with the Mayor, Council, Operations, Management, and all the economic, procedural, and employee issues inherent in such environments, Ashraful believes he can bring a unique skill set to this role. Having overseen the Town of Battleford and the Northern Village of Buffalo Narrows as the Chief Administrative Officer, all the while

working closely with the Mayor, Council, and senior executives he knows and understand the complexities of infrastructure, and how to position the organization for real growth. Ashraful sees significant opportunities in aligning himself Chief Administrative Officer with any communities and he keen to tackle and achieve measurable successes in the mutual benefit. Ashraful has artfully balanced workplace objectives and productive relationships, inspiring strategies, and insightful suggestions to achieve a competitive business edge. His critical thinking and leadership strengths have enabled his professional growth.

 

CHIEF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER (CAO), 10/2020 to 06/2023

TOWN OF BATTLEFORD – BATTLEFORD, SASKATCHEWAN

 Provides professional leadership and direction to Council while overseeing all municipal operations and services in accordance with all requirements of The Municipalities Act and other relevant legislation.

 Directs, supervises, and reviews the performance of over forty-five employees of the Town along with managing the human resources function in accordance with Town policy.

 Works with staff to ensure a positive, productive, and safe work environment. Provides day to day direction to all Town staff and further develops a culture of customer service, team building, partnership, innovation, and fiscal responsibility.

 Provides effective advice and support to Mayor and Council in developing, implementing, and executing policies and strategies, evolving governance structures, and improving the Town's ongoing sustainability.

 Prepares and presents a monthly report to Council regarding Town operations. Recommends appropriate action, or requests ratification for action to deal with matters requiring Council approval.

 Conducts short- and long-term financial planning, implements asset management practices, compiles annual budgets, and makes financial management recommendations to Council, ensuring operations and budgets align with strategic plans and annual goals.

 Develops and implements a process for the preparation of annual capital and operating budgets. Monitors, controls and authorizes spending within the limits of the approved budget and authority delegated by Council. Presents any expenditure in excess of budget or any off-budget items, along with supporting documentation, for Council’s approval.

 Ensures proper financial recording and reporting and budget management consistent with Municipal Government Act requirements and maintains current knowledge on relevant legislation, and granting avenues/opportunities.

 Monitors all matters associated with risk, legal, finance, policy, business development, infrastructure, projects, safety, environment, and community.

 Maintains a high profile and public relations function in the community and province demonstrating a personal commitment to the Municipality’s values

 Serves as an effective liaison with Community Organizations and Provincial and Local Governments. Builds and develops relationships and regional partnerships with community members, industries, governments, organizations, institutions, and other potential stakeholders including rural municipalities, First Nations, the City of North Battleford and Parks Canada.

 Manages and administers the economic development and all land sales, management and development functions.

 Promote opportunities for economic development, foster inter-municipal collaboration in the region and build the town to become a tourist destination.

 Work with Council to Promote the Municipality’s mission and values and to help to set vision and direction.

 

Cordially,

Ashraful (Ash) Alam, BBA, MBA

CMM, CLGM, ECLG, LGA,

PCAMP, MSGov, NACLAA I & II, NP

Box 2345, Battleford,

Saskatchewan S0M 0E0

Phone: 306.400.9788

Mobile: 780.243.6570

[empirearchives]

Napoleon & the creation of the tax collection system

Not wanting to impose new taxes on the people, the tax work under Napoleon was focused on reforming tax collection by creating a system which was more efficient, complete and equitable. He also worked to destroy the link which existed between private interests and state service concerning public revenue.

From Le prix de la gloire: Napoléon et l'argent by Pierre Branda. Translated by me, so any mistakes are my own 🙂

The [financial] work of the Consulate mainly concerns the reorganization of tax collection. Until now, this essential element was not administered directly by the Ministry of Finance. The Constituent Assembly had wanted the tax rolls for direct contributions, that is to say the “tax sheets”, to be established by municipal administrations. Their work was complex, since each year they had to draw up a list of taxpayers, determine each person’s share of tax and send them the amount of contribution to be paid. Unmotivated (or even corrupt), the municipalities had taken little care in the execution of their mission, since a large proportion of taxpayers had not yet received their tax assessments for Year VIII, or even from Year VII or year VI. Also, with two or three years of delay in preparing the rolls, it was not surprising that tax revenues were low (nearly 400 million francs were thus left in abeyance). If the mailing of tax matrices left much to be desired, the collection of direct contributions was not much better. The tax collector was not an agent of the administration either: this function was assigned to any person who was willing to collect taxes with the lowest possible commission (otherwise called “least collected”). With such a system, failures were numerous, often due to incompetence, but also due to the prevailing spirit of fraud. However, in their defense, the collectors’ profits were most of the time too low to provide such a service; so to compensate for their losses, they were “forced” to increase the number of small and big cheats. In any case, in such a troubled period, letting private individuals carry out such a delicate mission could only be dangerous for the regularity of public accounts. In short, the mode of operation of taxation that Bonaparte and Gaudin inherited was failing on all sides and threatened to sink the State.

One month after Gaudin’s appointment, on 13 December 1799, the Direction des contributions directes was created with the mission of establishing and sending tax matrices. This administration, dependent on the Ministry of Finance, was made up of a general director, 99 departmental directors and 840 inspectors and controllers. The organization of direct contributions became both centralized and pyramidal, the opposite of the previous system, decentralized and with a confused hierarchy. The work of preparing the rolls, for so long entrusted to local authorities, passed entirely “in the hands of the Minister of Finance” putting the taxpayer in direct contact with the administration. With the tax system now free of obstacles, the beneficial effects of such a measure were soon felt. With ardor, the agents of this new administration carried out considerable work: three series of tax rolls, that is to say more than one hundred thousand tax slips, were established in a single year. It must be said that the Ministry had not skimped on their salaries (6,000 francs per year for a director, 4,000 for an inspector and 1,800 for a controller), which was no doubt a factor in their success.

Reform of tax collection was slower. It wasn’t until 1804 that all tax collectors became civil servants. Under the Consulate, tax collectors were gradually replaced in the departments, then in the main towns, and finally in all communes whose tax rolls exceeded 15,000 francs. By the end of the Consulate, the entire tax administration was entirely dependent on the central government. Subsequently, the administration in charge of indirect taxation (taxes on tobacco, alcohol or salt), created on 25 February 1804 and known as the Régie des droits réunis, was built on the same pyramidal, centralized model. It was the same, later, for customs.

According to Michel Bruguière, historian of public finances, “Napoleon and Gaudin can be considered the builders of French tax administration. They had also developed and codified the essential principles of our tax law, so profoundly at variance with the rules of French law, since the taxpayer has nothing to do with it, while the administration has all the powers.” Having understood the true cause of the “financial plague”, Bonaparte wanted an effective, almost “despotic” instrument to avoid the unfortunate fate of his predecessors. As a good military man, he created a fiscal “army” to provide the regime with the sinews of war. It was also necessary to definitively break the link between private interests and state service in all matters concerning public revenue. The days of the fermiers généraux of the Ancien Régime and the “second-hand” tax collectors of the Directory were well and truly over. Napoleon Bonaparte’s fierce determination to centralize power in this area, as in many others, undoubtedly gave his regime the means to last.

———

French:

Pg. 208

Pg. 209

Pg. 210

[rauthschild]

When we go back and search for a point source for all this burgeoning corporate crime, all roads lead back to the Treaties of Utrecht, and specifically to the British Queen Anne and the arrangement that the Utrecht Treaty series created during her reign at the start of the 1700s.

These treaty provisions ultimately led to the merger of the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company, provided for the British Monarch to directly profit from all commercial activities, and made the entirety of all commercial endeavors subject to the Pope in his long-held role as Roman Pontiff and Secular Leader of the then-Holy Roman Empire, and now as the Principal subcontracting with the City of Rome Municipal Corporation apparatus. 

In practical terms worked out over the last two centuries,  the British Crown and their affiliates in other European countries gave a percentage of profits to the Monarch, the Monarch gave 60% of these receipts to the Pontiff, and the Pontiff administered the whole system via comptroller corporations using interlocking trust directorates and a unique bilateral legal system that allows for commerce to occur both on the sea and in the air jurisdiction.  

The Office of the Pontiff and later the Institutes of the Economy became the direct recipients in the 1920's and from then on paid the British Crown their 40% of the take through an international network of banks that siphoned receipts from the clearinghouse operations and other registration, securitization, and entitlement platforms that fed physical assets into an off-ledger bank asset system and credit derived from the physical assets into a separate on-ledger converted bank asset ledger and derivative escrow account system. 

The British Crown then also provided kickbacks to Canadian and British Territorials (Tories) operating in The United States. 

At each step, the living man was defrauded and deprived of his assets, stripped of his rights, impersonated, coerced, and controlled. 

The colluding banks that helped create and implement this complex, multi-generational fraud scheme are also criminal asset-stripping organizations by definition. 

The most venerable among these banks, the Bank of England, Bank of Scotland, Bank of America all certainly knew and participated in these phony commercial "wars" for profit and profited from the asset-stripping, bookkeeping, accounting and impersonation fraud schemes at an executive level.  

Later comers like Chase and JP Morgan, the foreign private banks operating "as" the Federal Reserve, and later, as the Federal Reserve System, the so-called investment bank-securities launderers like Wells Fargo and Goldman-Sachs, all knew their corner of the fraud scheme, while the European members of the Octagon Group, USB, Bank of Switzerland, Deutsche Bank and affiliates handled the escrow and derivative account overflow. 

All these banks have been connected in one monolithic, idolatrous, interlocking trust directorate and have been set up in an interdependent manner so that if one falls, they all fall. 

This entire criminal scheme has created a monolithic currency based commercial bank system operated entirely on commercial paper instruments: notes, certificates, coupons, stocks, bonds, checks, dividends, debentures, etc, with all the underlying physical assets being hidden in off-ledger accounts, and the "surplus credit" generated by the "reserve fractional banking system" being hidden in undisclosed escrow accounts, laundered through investment and derivative accounts, and all being traded on private trading platforms. 

This is how we wound up with the famous "60/40 Split" of the profits, this is how we have Municipal Corporations in charge of Commercial Corporations, this is how we have private insurance for public entities, this is how the bottomry bonds scandal paid off for the British Monarchy, and this is how the regulation of interstate commerce was parlayed into an control mechanism used to usurp upon the lawful governments of the living people. This is how we ended up with quintillions in purported debt, missing seigniorage from all of this, crooked bookkeeping systems hiding all the credit and physical assets and escrow accounts owed to the living people, Executors de Son Tort managing all our assets "for" us, and the biggest Confidence Racket in human history bulging at the seams with profit, but still poor-mouthing and trying to justify more Draconian taxes to be extracted under color of law from the actual owners of it all.  

The one man who makes the most money off the entire system, the Pope, is the one responsible under Ecclesiastical Law for bringing an end to this nightmare in which fictions have been allowed to prey upon the living people, and an end to the criminality which The Treaty of Utrecht series has fostered. 

Recent meddling and attempts to redefine the Offices of the Pope are simply attempts to avoid responsibility for this mess. It reminds us of a man sewing a feather on his cap and trying to pretend it's a new cap. We hold the Principals responsible for what they've done and failed to do. 

It is time to recognize that the Bar Associations, registered as theater and entertainment companies, have been key components used to implement this worldwide fraud scheme.  As all big confidence rackets require theatrical components and play acting and illusions, it does not take much examination to determine that the Bar Associations have been providing the illusion, or as they put it in their Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, "the appearance of Justice" in what also appear to be courtrooms -- but are in fact stages for the Bar's theatrical productions, used for the purpose of commercial debt collection. 

People are less violent when deluded by the appearance of justice, just as rape disguised as a medical procedure is more socially acceptable. 

When tracing the history of the Bar Associations and their members, we found that they first appeared in Rome in the 2nd Century BC, acting as both priests of Cybele and tax collectors for Caesar.  These characters wore black robes and white wigs, a practice still in evidence in Britain. 

Cybele is the Asia Minor name for the ancient goddess otherwise known as Ashtoreth, Astarte, Semiramis, Isis, Sybil (Greek) and, tellingly, Columbia, as in District of Columbia, and whose rites are still celebrated by the Temple in the Inner City of London, and the various Grand Lodges of the Freemasons, and as idolized by the so-called "Statue of Liberty" gifted to the clueless Americans by the Grand Lodge of Paris.

In view of their role in deceiving the entire world and serving as the Causative Agents of so much theft, graft, murder and chicanery, we wish for the Bar Associations to be outlawed and de-legalized, and for all property interests -- meaning intellectual property interests as well -- belonging to the Bar Associations and their Members to be forfeit in the Public Interest as property belonging to a government-affiliated Crime Syndicate. 

The Bar Members have been instrumental in promoting worldwide fraud and confiscation of property under color of law for centuries; they deserve no mercy from the Public thus offended and abused. 

We are now in the presence of two major fraud schemes and multiple lesser incursions promoted in self-interest by the same Municipal Corporations under the control of the same Principals. 

The two current major fraud schemes are: the so-called Global Pandemic, and the various programs and actions predicated on the existence of Human-Caused Global Warming, both of which are pernicious commercial fraud schemes motivated by cost-avoidance and long term commercial interest in the case of the Global Pandemic, and tax profiteering in the matter of Human-Caused Global Warming. 

The Global Pandemic involves the weaponization of the Common Cold Virus presented in the form of a pseudo-vaccine, which instead of dead virus used to trigger a mild immune response, delivers poisons and genetic code alterations, nanotechnology, and weaponized parasites.

This convenient redefinition of the meaning of the word "vaccine" is just another example of the criminality, dishonesty, and self-service common to these incorporated entities plaguing mankind. 

We traced this action back to 1965 and patents self-evident in the records of the British Patent Office. From Britain this weaponization program passed to the University of North Carolina, Fort Detrick, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in The United States, where Dr. Anthony Fauci sought to evade a moratorium on biowarfare research by offshoring this weaponization program to Chinese business affiliates in Wuhan, China. 

The so-called "Death Jab" touted as an approved product authorized for Emergency Use has instead been used to kill millions of elders, children, and young people.  Both ends of the age spectrum suffer most.  This has been planned to avoid end of life medical care costs, to collect insurance investments, and to promote a misogynist and delusional drive to reduce the human population.  

The pseudo-vaccine has also been used to promote the development of cancer by crippling the Cancer Suppressor Gene, and to create numerous other profitable maladies which the commercial corporations involved in health care will exploit for profit for decades to come. 

Last, but most tellingly, the pseudo-vaccines have been used to alter the human genome, by distributing a scrap of patented, genetically engineered Messenger Ribonucleic Acid, mRNA, that acts as a template to produce a foreign protein similar to snake venom.  This neurotoxin is thus permanently introduced into the human body where it causes continuous harm. 

This scrap of mRNA also provides the basis for ownership claims by the patent holders who assert that the victims of this scheme now belong to them as chattel property, and are now to be treated as Genetically Modified Organisms also known as "GMOs", as a result of having received this scrap of patented mRNA.

We note that the patent holders delivered this "gift" under conditions of deceit and coercion, and they deployed it under color of law and threat of death.  It was a self-interested donation and most recipients didn't pay for it.  Furthermore, there was no disclosure and considerable deceit involved in all aspects of this coercive "deployment" of a harmful commercial product against the Public Interest.  

This entire circumstance is more proof of a long tendency of the British-operated US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to allow the issuance of criminal patents, allowing criminals to profit from crime and thereby encouraging, funding, and promoting more criminal activity and inventions used to harm the General Public, often on a worldwide basis. 

We wish for the weaponized coronavirus to be recognized as a criminal implement and for all commercial profit and claims of ownership arising from it to be confiscated and delivered to the lawful government for the long term care of the people harmed and research aiming to block the ill-effects of these injections. 

We wish for all ownership claims and unlawful conversion claims seeking to redefine living people as "persons" --meaning corporations--  and as Genetically Modified Organisms, to be disallowed.

We wish for SERCO, the organization that approved the patents facilitating and rewarding all this criminality, to be dissolved --- permanently liquidated for cause -- and for its responsibilities as Paymaster for the U.S. Military to be returned to a new Paymaster subject to our control and approval.  We also wish for SERCO's role as Administrator over the United States Patent and Trademark Office to be returned to us and to our administration. 

We wish for discipline of the corporations in general and discouragement of the self-centric viewpoint which has encouraged these corporations to undertake these vast criminal enterprises, a viewpoint which is foreign to the Ecclesiastical Law and antithetic to the Public Good, and even serves to undermine rational problem-solving within both public and private spheres of interest. 

The promotion of Human-Caused Global Warming is a good example of the harm and irrationality that results from such institutionalized self-interest. 

We know that a single volcano has historically released more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in a single week than mankind has contributed throughout the course of its existence. 

We know that, on average, there are about two hundred active volcanoes spewing vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere at any given time. 

The amount of carbon dioxide released by volcanoes renders any portion contributed by mankind to be infinitesimally trivial.  

Therefore, we conclude that Human-Caused Global Warming prompted by a build-up of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, caused by human activities, is more pure bunk and misplaced guilt-mongering. 

What has in fact happened is that industrial pollution, ill-conceived water control projects, warfare, and similar activities engaged in by corporations and corporate governments have led to the overall degradation of the environment on a global scale, and those profiting from these activities don't want to pay for cleaning up their own mess. 

These endlessly criminal corporations want the General Public to pay for the damage that they, the offending corporations, have caused, and their managers and Principals have been intent on finding a new excuse for additional taxation. 

We wish for all talks, conventions, regulations, treaties and agreements based on these discredited and unscientific claims of Human-Caused Global Warming to be removed and for those engaged in promoting these false ideas and conveyances of guilt to desist from their activities.

Similarly, these corporations have learned to steer the Jet Stream to new courses in the upper Stratosphere and therefore cause rain and other specific weather phenomena such as violent storms, drought, floods, and so on.  There have been endless violations of the ENMOD Treaties as a result, and nobody has identified the source of the problem in public, because it is against the commercial interests of the corporations responsible, that is, until the European Union finally started to speak up:

https://www.zerohedge.com/technology/eu-warns-against-potential-unintended-consequences-geoengineering

We call for the de-weaponization of all applications and forms of geoengineering as a starting point for international discussion of possible good uses of this technology--- and its regulation.  

Similar malfeasance by unbridled corporate interests acting against the Public Good has resulted in the aerosol spraying of industrial wastes including incendiary metal Halide compounds, Barium, Strontium, and other components of Coal-Derived Fly Ash, a practice begun in the 1980's under additional self-interested and thoroughly politicized "scientific" theories.  

The addition of similar poisonous industrial byproducts from the aluminum manufacturing process, Fluorine and Chlorine, to the drinking water that millions of people rely on, and the use of radioactive waste from the nuclear power industry to pack artillery shells that were exploded all over the Middle East, are other examples of this same abuse by corporations seeking to avoid the cost of their own environmental clean up, foisting their noxious waste byproducts off on the Public, while committing crimes against humanity and environmental crimes as well. 

Via kickbacks disguised as grant programs and university endowments and professional advancements and bonuses, these out-of-control corporations use their influence to promote obvious self-interested lies, and use their unlawful regulation of our airwaves to promote propaganda supporting all this bunk.

In such a polluted information environment it is impossible for people to make good decisions or solve problems. 

The entire population being ravaged by these venal corporations is put at a profound disadvantage because these corporations have gained surreptitious control of the functions of government via usurpation, taxation, misrepresentation, impersonation, and fraud in breach of trust.

We wish for these Legal Fictions to be liquidated or forfeited in the case of defense corporations and utilities, and for their personnel to be released and either sent home or placed under our new management as the case may be. 

The finding that they have been engaged in unlawful activities is unavoidable and the harm to individuals and the General Public overall has been exhaustively demonstrated by nearly continuous Mercenary Conflicts misrepresented as Wars, commodity rigging schemes across all sectors, but especially credit and precious metals rigging, institutionalized insurance and securitization fraud schemes, unlawful and unconscionable conversions, securitizations, and registrations, false claims in commerce, pollution of the environments we live in, politicization of science, undisclosed profiteering and deprivation of rights under color of law, impersonation, desecration of marriage as a licensed Joint Venture partnership or commercial corporation merger, illegal and unlawful confiscation of assets, deliberate semantic deceit and misrepresentation, mortgage fraud, title fraud, bankruptcy fraud, public trust fraud, fraudulent hypothecation of debt, criminal tampering with the human genome to create internal production of neurotoxins and disable the Cancer Suppressor Gene and also used to promote ownership claims-- that is, enslavement, based on criminal patents and also to promote redefinition of the victims as Genetically Modified Organisms that are stripped of their Human Rights to say nothing of denying their Natural and Unalienable Rights, biological pollution using nanotech, hydrosols, graphene oxide, polyethylene glycol, etc., and deployment of biological parasites such as heartworms and genetically altered freshwater hydras, to cause inflammatory chronic diseases, blood clotting dysfunction, and myocarditis. 

This is a short list compared to the examples already provided, but is in itself more than competent to establish the unlawful and illegal activities that these Municipal and Commercial Corporations have engaged in, promoted, and allowed. 

We further find that these corporations have indulged in gross idolatry and misrepresentation via the practice of impersonation and undisclosed unlawful conversion, enfranchisement, and promotion of persons to substitute for the living men and women of this planet. 

This realm of Satan, amounting to a kingdom of lies -- that is, fictions -- in our midst, must be overcome and undone as expeditiously as possible, and the offending Municipal and Commercial Corporations must be dealt with and punished under the same law and authority that has allowed them to exist.  As a thing is bound, so it is unbound. 

This summation of earlier topics draws together the information in context, so as to provide an integrated understanding of the evils under consideration and the way that they combine their operations for mutual benefit.