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insomniacowl · 4 years ago

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Neon Genesis Evangelion analysis Chapter 16 Seele, Gehrin, Nerv and…

Seele All-Star Special?

The United nation in the world of NGE is merely an assembly of multinational military forces that finds itself struggling to keep itself together amidst the devastation and strife the Second impact has brought onto the world. As we have discussed in previous chapters, the secret organization Seele was behind this catastrophe. ‘Seele’ is a German word meaning ‘Soul’ and we are shown that there are fifteen members at its highest level. While many believe the correct number to be twelve, in just one single scene in the renewal version episode 24 when they are talking to Kaworu, we see fifteen monoliths.

Because they are loosely based off of the twelve apostles of Jesus twelve seems to be the correct number and perhaps showing fifteen monoliths were a mistake that slipped through the cracks of production. But, I argue that this is born out of attempts to legitimize the Christian symbolism more then it was intended and that there is something that could be said regarding the number of monoliths that we see here. This I will cover in greater detail in the chapter (19) covering Kaworu.

Out of Seele's members, we are familiar with five of them, namely Lorenz Keel, and four others that we do see the face of. All other members are shown only via voice coming from the monoliths that are numbered. Considering that another inspiration for this organization was the Freemasons, the numbers likely refer to their hierarchy or order of admittance.

The face of Lorenz Keel

We are never told where Seele originated from and this secretive origin is canon; not even the residents of the world of NGE know their past. But we still know that they are influential to the point they can mobilize the UN to do their biddings and that work under the guidance of the “Scenario” that is laid out in the Dead seas scroll. The Scrolls also contains the information of the two moons, Lance of Longinus, and the number of angels they are to expect.

Some believe that the scrolls also mention Evangelions, but that is a rumor. There is no evidence to suggest that.

Let us now talk a little about Keel. What kind of person is he? We can tell from the end of Evangelion that half of his body (Maybe more) has been replaced with cybernetic implants. Perhaps the goggle that we always see him wearing might not be a goggle but cybernetic eyes that he uses.

This points to the possibility that Keel is actually older then he seems to be, this leading some to theorize that Seele might be “A group of immortal robot-human hybrids” but due to other members of Seele not being shown in this sequence, we cannot say anything definitive about this argument

The truth of Keel Lorenz

A little side note on the End of Evangelion where we are shown Keel’s mechanical body. While many interpret it as the producers of the series showing us the long time and great effort Seele’s members have invested into achieving HIP, I believe that we can also see this as (at least) Keel being a complex character who speaks of wanting to ‘transcend’ life and death via HIP while having an obsession with life so great that he has chosen to extend his life by artificial methods

The council of HIP

Coming back to our main topic and move onto the scene where we see five of the Seele members. This special meeting is aptly naming the “Human instrumentality Project council special summon” and are conducted among five of the top members of Seele and happens five times throughout the series. The colors on each of their tables symbolize the countries that each of them comes from.

First White for Germany and Keel. Yellow for France (this character shares the VA with Fuyutsuki), Blue for Russia, Green for the U.S, and Red for the UK. In the series itself, we are only told of the country of origin of the Green in episode 14, the rest is information from the Evangelion collection book. Some would have realized that four out of the five mentioned here are the 'Permanent Members of the United Nations Security Council', the difference being China having been replaced by Germany.

Why this choice of a dark room though?

Out of the five nations represented, Germany plays a significant role in the world of Evangelion. Germany suffered one of the biggest damages of the Second Impact, has the 3rd Nerv operations base where both Kaji and Misato worked in the past. Germany was also the country of origin of Asuka and was where she received her training.

In the bible, seven eyes represent the ‘All-knowing’

This is about all we know, thus able to discuss Seele. In the end, they are sort of Deus Ex Machina that is used to explain away financial, influential, political requirements required by Nerv. Even if the viewers complain that "This is unrealistic!", Seele serves to explain it away.

Moving on from Seele, let us now talk about Seele’s subordinate organization Gehrin, and its successor Nerv.

Akagi Naoko, first-generation member of Gehrin

In German, Gehrin means ‘Brain’ and is the name of the organization that Seele gave their line of support after the Second impact. It was an organization that focused mainly on the construction of the Evangelions and was shown building its headquarters in the third Tokyo city (where current Nerv headquarters is located). It was headed by Gendou with the support of Akagi Naoko working as the head researcher. Since the nature of their activities had to be kept a secret, the public was told that Gehrin was a UN subordinate research facility focused on researching ‘Artificial evolution’.

Ironically, this cover identity falls in line perfectly with what they were actually doing. once the goals of constructing Evangelions were achieved, Gehrin disbanded and was replaced with Special operative organization Nerv run by the same people who were in charge of Gehrin. Simply said, the biggest change was their name.

Yet the organization's name was not the only difference these two organizations had. While Gehrin focused on creating the capacity required for using Evangelions and were completely secretive of their activities, Nerv was more public (although with half-truths) of their activities and publicized goal of the organization ‘an organization focused on repelling the angels’. Across the seven operation bases around the world, they focused on achieving ‘peace for humankind’ and even had an active PR department.

Let’s also talk a little about the iconographies of Nerv. Nerv is the root word for Nerve in English and is used in the same way. It refers to the nerve in our body but also to the ‘Nerve to do something’. As an organization that succeeded Gehrin (Brain) and carries out its plans to fight the angels, I believe the name is very apt.

The Nerv logo is a leaf of a fig tree. In the book of Genesis, Eve uses the leaf of the fig tree to cover herself when she felt shame after eating the fruit of knowledge. For Seele and Nerv that operate to undo the original sin, the choice of the fig leaf is also highly fitting.

The passage on the bottom of the logo “God’s in his heaven. All’s right with the world” comes from Robert Browning’s ‘Pippa Passes’ and is a cynical way of saying that even without a god, the world runs well enough on its own.

Commander: Since when did the UN become a toy (Unit – 02) delivery service?

If they had the money to spend on such toys, they should send some funds our way.

While Nerv is considered the UN’s subordinate organization, it appears that this is only concerning the direction of funds flowing towards Nerv. We can see that the UN is in fact under the control of Nerv. This is shown well in Episode 8 when the commander of the fleet complains of the state of things and how powerless he feels following the orders of Nerv. Furthermore, we can see in episode 21’s newspaper that the UN moved its headquarters to the third Tokyo city for convenience. Of course, we know that Nerve has a strong influence only with Seele supporting them. When Seele stopped their support, we all know what has happened to them. So we can say that Nerv was in its best operative condition when they were fighting off the angels. After all, that was what Nerv was made for.

Calendar of important dates in Evangelion

4 Billion BC

Adam arrives on earth

Lilith arrives on earth

First Impact

1947

Dead Seas scroll discovered

9th April 1956

Birth of Fuyutsuki

19th April 1967

Birth of Rokubunki Gendou

30th March 1977

Birth of Ikari Yui

1985

17th June Birth of Kaji Ryoji

21st November Birth of Akagi Ritsuko

8th December 1986

Birth of Katsuragi Misato

11th July 1991

Birth of Ibuki Maya

1999

Fuyutsuki meets Yui

Fuyutsuki meets Gendou

Yui and Gendou begin courtship

2000

12th September Gendou returns to Japan from Antarctica

13th September Second impact

Professor Katsuragi Dies

Birth of Kaworu

15th September India enters into war with Pakistan

20th September Old Tokyo destroyed by a nuclear bomb

2001

14th February Valentine peace treaty signed

6th June Birth of Ikari Shinji

12th September Birth of Aida Kensuke

4th December Birth of Asuka

26th December Birth of Suzuhara Touji

2002

Gendou and Fuyutsuki joins arctic exploration team under UN investigations council

18th February Birth of Horaki Hikari

2003

Construction of Evan begins

Blueprint of Magi drafted

Fuyutsuki joins Gehrin

China – Vietnam war begins

Japanese self-defense force created

2004

Death of Ikari Yui

Ikari Shinji put under the care of ‘Teacher’

Gendou proposes Human instrumentality project

Birth of First Rei

2005

Death of Kyoko Zeppelin

Asuka begins pilot training

Misato meets Ritsuko

Misato begin cohabitation with Kaji

Construction of third Tokyo city begins

2007

UN headquarters moved to Second Tokyo

Misato break up with Kaji

2008

Construction of Magi begins

Ritsuko graduates Second Tokyo university and joins Gehrin

2010

Misato and Kaji joins Gehrin

Magi completes. On the same day, Naoko and First Rei die. By suicide and straggling respectively.

Gehrin becomes Nerv

2012

Ikari Shinji meets his father for the first time in eight-year at Yui’s grave

2014

Ayanami Rei joins the Third Tokyo middle school

Asuka graduates university

Entry plug constructed

2015

Angel advances

TBC Chapter 17 Angel advances

#Neon genesis evangelion #Evangelion #Eva #End of evangelion #Nge #Nagisa Kaworu #Lilith #Sci-fi #Ikari Shinji #Soryu Asuka Langley #asuka #Ayanami Rei #rei #Anno Hideaki #Katsuragi Misato #Anime #Analysis #Review

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gujjunews · 4 years ago

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UNની બેઠકમાં ભારતનો પાકિસ્તાન પર શાબ્દિક હુમલો, આતંકવાદને પ્રોત્સાહન આપવા મુદ્દે ઠપકો

ઈમરાન ખાને 9/11ના માસ્ટરમાઈન્ડ ઓસામા બિન લાદેનને શહીદ ગણાવ્યો તેનાથી સાબિત થાય છે કે પાકિસ્તાનમાં આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય આતંકવાદીઓને સંરક્ષણ મળે છે

કોરોનાના સંકટ વચ્ચે આતંકવાદને પ્રોત્સાહન આપવાને લઈ ભારતે પાકિસ્તાનને ખૂબ સંભળાવી દીધું છે. સંયુક્ત રાષ્ટ્ર (UN)ની વર્ચ્યુઅલ બેઠકમાં ભારતે પોતાના પાડોશી દેશ પાકિસ્તાનનો સાચો ચહેરો ખુલ્લો કરતા જણાવ્યું કે, ‘પાકિસ્તાને આત્મવિશ્લેષણ કરવું જોઈએ કે તેને આતંકવાદનું…

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the-shubham-world-blog · 5 years ago

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Separatism.

Kashmir, Kurdistan, Hong Kong, Tibet, Catalonia, Palestine, Taiwan, Kosovo, Greenland and Scotland All these places have one thing in common There have been slogans for freedom in all these places By different means in different situations,But there have been separatist demands in all these places.There have been demands for the creation of a new independent country I'd like to talk about separatism in this Blog By taking examples from worldwide, let us examine how countries are formed, how they break down and how this affects the people.

1. How to Create a Country ?

In today's times, if someone has to create a country There are no international laws that guide you through the process of creation of a country But the 1933 Montevideo Convention specifies four criterion for the formation of a country A permanent population, a well defined territory, the existence of a government,and the capacity to maintain relations with other countries But there are lot of countries worldwide that satisfy these four criterion but are not a country Because the other countries do not recognize them as "countries”

Let us take the example of Taiwan.

Taiwan is almost a separate country on its own But only 17 countries recognize Taiwan as a country For any new country to get a seat in the United Nations,they need the approval of the Security council of the United Nations which can be vetoed by any of the permanent members of the United Nations So Taiwan never got a seat in the United Nations because China always vetoed it Because China believes that Taiwan is a part of China The same situation applies to Palestine and Kosovo Speaking broadly, for your country to be recognized as a separate country,An important criteria for this that the rest of the countries of the world to recognize it as a "country"and accept it as an independent country Even regarding this, some countries have formulated rules of their own For example, the British government says that if any new country wants recognition from the British government,First, it would have to fulfill the Montevideo Convention and after that it would have to sign upon the human rights obligations,respect International laws and UN resolutions and give rights to the minorities So some countries have specified requirements of their own And then there's international politics

For example, Catalonia, that wants to become an independent country.

lies within Spain Now, Spain would never want a part of it to become an independent country So the countries that have good relations with Spain would never recognize Catalonia as an independent country because they would not want to spoil their relations with Spain So the game of international politics also gets embroiled in between Considering these things, it is a very tough task for any country to gain recognition from the rest of the countries.

2. Why Separatism Happens ?

A basic question here is why does separatism arise? Why do some people in the country feel like they should create a new country?Experts have suggested several reasons behind this and I divide them into three categories The first category is cultural reasons Some people feel that their religion, ethnicity or cultural is in danger if they continue to be a part of a big country So they wish to form a separate country of their own Another cultural reason is that some people hate other cultures And in order to consolidate their identity they want to form a separate country and drive out the minorities The second type of reasons are economic reasons Either the people feel that they're extremely poor and that they're being exploited economically,and the rich are extorting money from us,Or, on the second hand,

like the in example of Spain.

The rich people there feel that their money is being used unwisely and that their money is being uselessly distributed among the poor The region of Catalonia is one of the richest regions in Spain This is one of the biggest reasons behind their independence movements The third category of reasons is injustice. That is, the separatists believe they are being treated unjustly This could be due to a variety of reasons but usually it is related to a political decision That is the government makes a decision that, socially, economically, in the case of freedom as well as in the case of democracy,affected the people in a negative manner.

3. Separatism success vs Failures.

What are the results of a separatist movement?

Let us examine on a case by case basis In 2017, a referendum was conducted in Catalonia The people were asked if they wanted to make Catalonia an independent country More than 90% of the people said that they wanted to become an independent country, separate from Spain What was the result of this? Spain declared it illegal and unconstitutional and completely rejected the referendum There were protests against this and 17 people were killed in the protests Spain said doing this was obviously, sedition against the nation and anti national.

A similar thing happened in 2017 in Kurdistan .

Kurdistan which is a region with in Iraq A referendum was conducted there as well More than 90% of the people said that they wanted Kurdistan to become an independent country,separate from Iraq What was the result of this? Once again, Iraq government completely rejected it and instantly the Iraq government closed off air access in Kurdistan Even if Kurdistan becomes an independent country, but if its neighbors do not accept it,it would become very difficult to self sustain itself economically If it would not be able to do business with oil pipelines,It would not be able to export if the surrounding countries do not allow it to come on the road sand not let it export These are more reasons why the separatist movements, even if they become an independent country,It would be very difficult for them to sustain.

South Sudan.

South Sudan is the world's newest, officially recognized country It got its independence from Sudan in 2011"officially recognized", because almost all the countries of the world accepted it as an independent country and The United Nations also offered it a seat What was the result of this? It became independent in 2011 and up till 2015,for 4 years, there raged a civil war which caused the deaths of lakhs of people In today's times, there prevail conditions of hyperinflation, famine, extreme violence And it is one of the most underdeveloped countries of the world.

Eritrea.

Eritrea- a new African country formed by breaking away from from Ethiopia in 1991 It, too, has a similar story When this new country was formed, a civil war followed in which more than 10% of its population was killed In today's times, this country is under a dictatorship with one party rule.

Kosovo.

Kosovo is a country in Eastern Europe which may be a slight success in this regard It was formed in 2008 by breaking away from Serbia But even today, problems in its politics are perceptible Kosovo and Serbia have different ethni cities So you can understand why they separated: one ethnicity hates the other ethnicity Even In today's times, the politics in Kosovo is hate based So much so, that he Serbian prime minister is not allowed to set foot in Kosovo.

Timor Leste.

You could say that Timor Leste is a proper successful example of separatism This country was formed in 2002 by separating from Indonesia It is a successful democracy today Many experts believe that the reason behind its success is the intervention of the external countries That is, international organisations supported it and hence it is so successful.

Bangladesh.

You could say that Bangladesh is another proper successful example of separatism But even here experts believe that the reason behind its success is the external help from India So the countries that have remained successful after separation have remained successful only because of external help Even it the case of Kosovo, it got a lot of external help But, in general, upon averaging out, all the places that have witnessed separatist movements have also witnessed civil war, violence and economic depression The president of European Commission said that if every region starts to act of its own accord like Catalonia Then Europe would gradually become unmanageable Upon inspection of the whole world, this seems somewhat true Because there are 8000 ethni cities worldwide If each ethnicity begins to demand its own separate country,then the world would need 8000 countries.

Reaction Of Main Country.

The success or failure of a separatist country also depends upon the reaction of the parent country If the parent country reacts with violence against the separatist movement,then historically, it has been noticed that this causes the separatist movement to become stronger Because the separatists get another reason to show how the country is committing atrocities and injustice against them.

Hongkong.

The same thing happened in the case of Hong Kong The protesters of Hong Kong were extremely peaceful and China reacted with violence against them So with the international eye and in the opinion of the bystander countries They feel that the Hong Kong protesters are very peaceful China is reacting in a terrible manner so we will side with the Hong Kong protesters and separatists Obviously, other things are considered too.The case of Hong Kong is a special one because it is under a 100 year contract with China that ends in 2047 And right from now, China is trying to exert its influence upon Hong Kong It is framing laws that include Hong Kong under its purview Hong Kong is a democracy while China is a dictatorship So it is trying to foist its rules upon Hong Kong What the countries generally do is try and seek a middle ground with the separatists So that they're able to give the region more autonomy and fulfill their wishes in any manner because there are multiple stages between forming a separate country and remaining within the same country.

Greenland.

Let us take the example of Greenland Greenland isn't a separate country. It is under the Kingdom of Denmark In 1979, Denmark gave Greenland its autonomy but retained some critical areas like foreign affairs, currency And defence. But gradually, over the years, Greenland was provided with more autonomy from Denmark For example, in 2009, the official language on Greenland was changed from Danish to Greenland In today's times, Denmark has given full freedom to Greenland and if they want independence,they would be given that after conducting a referendum But when a poll was conducted to ask the people whether they wanted independence,then 75% of the people said that they want full independence But when the people were informed that their life quality might fall after independence,then majority of the people said that they don not want full independence Because 2/3rd of the Budget of the government of Greenland is supplied by the Danish government Because the economy of Greenland is not so huge that it could earn so much money on its own 1/3rd of the GDP of Greenland gets accrued because of Denmark So all this money would be cut off from them if they opt for full independence.

Conclusion.

In the end, what do you think is the most important thing in this political matter?

In my opinion, the life of a common man is the most important thing here the life quality in the life of a common man might improve or become worse then historically, it has been noticed that after separatism, there ensue civil wars, violence and economic depression follows Economically, growth improves when borders are reduced This is why I am against separatism because, generally, it results in worse conditions when viewed from the perspective of the life of a common man.

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ultracurrentaffairsfan-blog · 6 years ago

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Challenges to deal with the imposing China

China has once again put an end to the proposal to ban the United Nations ban on the United Nations bans on the donor Mas'ood-Azhar, a patronized and protected terrorist organization in Pakistan. This proposal was presented by all the permanent members of the three permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, France, Britain, and the United States. China also defended Masood Azhar for the fourth time in the United Nations Security Council, not only undermining India, but also dismissing the world community, he also worked to weaken the fight against terrorism. He may not be unaware that Jaish-e-Mohammed, who took responsibility for the Pulwama attack, attacked the Indian Parliament and Pathankot airbase.

China stopped Masood Azhar's proposal on technical grounds and argued that in this case, all parties should be reached on an acceptable solution. He later clarified that he wants some time to investigate the evidence against Masood Azhar. This is nothing but ridiculous because China has been defending Masood Azhar for over ten years and that too when the UN Security Council has banned the organization of this terrorist organization. He is giving a notorious terror to that so that Pakistan can be kept on its own and used to be used against India. In the process of making Pakistan its pawn, he is defending the defense of the militant out there knowingly that the country is defamed in the form of a stronghold of terrorism in the whole world.

By adopting double standards on terrorism, China is not only promoting unrest in South Asia but also demonstrating its irresponsible attitude. Today it must be considered that why such a non-responsible country, who is lobbying for terrorism, should be a permanent member of the UN Security Council? Unfortunately, China's permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council was due to India's deviousness. Many countries of the world did not want China to be a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council with an expansionist tendency and to be equipped with veto power, but India did not consider it necessary to cooperate with these countries. China is still introducing its expansionist and monopolist mindset. On the one hand, it is doing arbitrariness in the South China Sea, On the other hand, poor Asian and African countries are trapped in their debt trap. Sri Lanka and the Maldives are examples of how China exploits them by giving loans to small countries. The economic corridor created in Pakistan is also a specimen of China's expansionist policy. That is why Masood Azhar's garbage is being built so that he can not raise any voice in Pakistan against the construction of this corridor.

Since coming into power, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been trying to convince China. In the meantime, there was a friendly atmosphere with China and there were some important agreements with it, but after the Dollar controversy, the relations between the two countries came to fruition. On the road construction by the Chinese army in Dokalmal, India has sternly failed the conspiracy of China. After China withdrew its steps from Dokalm, China has worked to protect Masood Azhar and keep it on guard only after the understanding between Wuhan and the leadership of the two countries.

Despite the border dispute with China, India has given open interest to Chinese companies in a way to do business in India. All of his companies are working to make roads, bridges, etc in India. Similarly, they are also making mobile phones in India. Because of this, Chinese companies are dominated by the mobile phone market. The trade balance is also in full force of China. It is importing from India and exporting more. China knows well that India is a big market for it and its companies need the Indian market. They are also taking advantage of this need, but in spite of all this, they are engaged in using Pakistan against India. To overcome this, the ego of China that it can make every kind of arbitrator on the strength of its economic power, India must take some measures to overcome it. In this order, the curbing of Chinese imports should be thought of.

A new dimension of the Modi government's foreign policy came to light after India's attack on Pakistan after the Pulwama attack, but in view of China's attitude towards Masood Azhar, it will be said that the policy of instruments does not prove effective Has been. It is fine that China has a large army and economic strength from India, but China should know that her dream of becoming a real-world power is not complete without India's cooperation. Now that it has become clear that China has again adopted an anti-India attitude and it is intent on protecting Pakistan unfairly, then India should re-think its China policy.

It is fine that Lok Sabha elections are being held in India at this time and political parties are also violating all the Lakshman lines in allegation and reactions, but they must understand that their contradiction in relation to China and Pakistan, together with India's interests Will only work to harm The Congress is a bit more aggressive about the Modi government's China and Pakistan policy, while the truth is that in the case of these two countries, the Congress governments have forgotten historically. If Congress President Rahul Gandhi tweeted in the name of opposing Prime Minister Modi, then he will take advantage of China and Pakistan. There was no need for Rahul Gandhi to make an issue in favor of friendly behavior towards Narendra Modi's Chinese President to take electoral gains.

Any government formed in New Delhi after the general elections will now have to besiege China on its weak aspects. China is highly sensitive in the case of Tibet and Taiwan. Similarly, Uyghar is also in court against the inhuman treatment of Muslims. India has kept a soft attitude on all these issues until now. Now the time has come to give a strong voice against China's reaction to China's response in his own language.

#currentaffairsinhindi #Currentaffairsforuspc

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xtruss · 3 years ago

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Ukraine: What Will China Do? There Are Signs It Is Uneasy About Putin’s Methods

Analysis: Beijing has held off from backing Russia, raising questions about the extent of any partnership

Folks! There would be no partnership until US, UK, Germany, France and their Puppets Allies didn’t stop Chinaphobia and Russophobia.

The UN security council meeting and vote on resolution on war in Ukraine on 25 February. Photograph: Lev Radin/Pacific Press/REX/Shutterstock

China’s decision to abstain on Friday night at the end of the UN security council vote condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine may be a source of deep frustration in the west, but it will also send a nervous tremor through the Russian ministry of foreign affairs that China’s protection is not unconditional.

UK-based diplomats, looking at the stance adopted by China in the middle of the week, were expecting Beijing to join Russia in voting against the US-sponsored motion, but in common with the United Arab Emirates and India, it abstained, leaving Russia isolated in deploying its veto power as a permanent member of the security council.

At one level, the vote represents the line of least resistance for China, and can be seen as a reversion to the safety of China’s long-standing support for the inviolability of borders, and advocacy of non-interference in the affairs of sovereign states. But there are tentative signs that China is uneasy at being seen to defend Putin’s methods, and the potential disruption to the world economy.

Putin may have shown his respect for China by delaying the invasion until after the Winter Olympics, but China was not consulted about the invasion. Chinese diplomats ridiculed forecasts of an invasion, and left many citizens in situ. The deeper partnership agreement signed with Russia on 4 February, the opening day of the Beijing Winter Olympics, was predicated on no invasion. China benefits from the existing world order, and finds the instability unsettling. The prospect of Russia being cut out of the Swift payment system may benefit Chinese efforts to build an alternative, but the short-term disruption is worrying.

It was noticeable, for instance, on Friday that Russia offered high-level talks with Ukraine in Minsk, albeit on unacceptable terms, after a conversation between Putin and President Xi Jinping.

Before the vote, the Chinese foreign minister took three calls from the foreign secretary Liz Truss, the EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell, and Emmanuel Bonne, diplomatic counsellor to President Emmanuel Macron. China said in those calls it reiterated its support for non-interference, and the UN charter, but also expressed sympathy with Russia’s sense that it was threatened by Nato’s five successive rounds of expansion.

But even if China contorts itself by stubbornly refusing to describe Putin’s actions as an invasion, it has edged closer to including Russia in its criticism.

China on Friday emphasised that “it is absolutely imperative that all parties exercise necessary restraint in order to prevent the situation in Ukraine from deteriorating or even getting out of control. The safety of ordinary people’s lives and properties should be effectively safeguarded, and in particular, large-scale humanitarian crises have to be prevented.”

Ukraine, it said, should be a bridge of communication between the east and west, not the frontline of confrontations between major countries. That, by implication, suggests China would favour Ukraine being a neutral state.

The risk for Russia is that if it descends into pariah status, it will be left as a supplicant rather than a future partner with China. Within 10 years, Europe will have freed itself from dependence on Russian gas and oil – that has become a matter of urgent imperative in Rome and Berlin. Russia will be reliant on China as a customer.

There is a further danger for Russia. China prides itself on its influence in Africa. All the African representatives on the security council voted against Russia. The Kenyan ambassador did so by insisting that he had opposed previous western military interventions.

Further wider tests of African opinion are imminent.

Washington wants Russia’s culpability to be tested further before the 193-member general assembly at which all members vote. A broad alliance is forming behind Ukraine’s cause. In a debate on Wednesday countries from Guatemala to Turkey to Japan condemned Russia’s embrace of the separatist self-proclaimed republics, or voiced support for Ukraine.

In 2014, after the Russian capture of Crimea, the general assembly adopted a resolution declaring Russia’s referendum in Crimea invalid. It received 100 votes in favour, 11 against and 58 abstentions, while two dozen countries didn’t vote. The issues will be slightly different if there is a further vote, but the invasion has been more overt than 2014, social media more pervasive and China, its status growing on the world stage, finds it less easy to hide. With greater power perhaps will come greater responsibility.

— The Guardian USA | Patrick Wintour | Sunday 27 February 2022

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freenewstoday · 4 years ago

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New Post has been published on https://freenews.today/2021/01/01/britain-has-lost-the-eu-can-it-find-a-role/

Britain has lost the EU. Can it find a role?

Jan 2nd 2021

THE TRANSITION is over and Britain is fully out of the European Union. On December 24th the sides agreed on a trade deal. It spares them the even greater upheaval of no deal at all (see Britain section). It is minimal, though, along the lines first signalled months ago. It largely overlooks services and marks the start of endless haggling. And, on British insistence, foreign policy and defence are ignored. Looking across the seas with an estranged continent at its back, a lonesome Britain thus faces a bracing question: what role should it now play in the world?

It is a question the country has grappled with off and on for centuries, and in recent decades British thinking has often been clouded by nostalgia for lost empire and great-power status. Membership of the European club provided an answer of sorts. Britain, as Tony Blair put it, could be a “bridge” between America and Europe, with influence in both Washington and Brussels. Now it must think afresh.

One possibility would be for Britons to accept their country’s diminished status and focus on things at home—becoming a big Denmark, a decent north European place without great-power pretensions. Sure enough, in September 38% of Britons told Ipsos-MORI’s pollsters that Britain should “stop pretending it is an important power in the world”; only 28% disagreed. Yet Britons should not take the benefits of influence for granted. It is to their advantage to try to sway the world in ways that suit British interests, whether on trade, climate change or democracy (including, like Denmark, through the power of example).

The Conservative government talks of “Global Britain”, suggesting ambitions far beyond Europe. Yet more than four years after the referendum the idea is still little more than a slogan. Witness the lack of urgency over an “Integrated Review” of foreign policy, security, defence and development due to report in autumn 2020. It is now expected early in 2021.

That is a pity. As our Briefing explains, Global Britain has a lot going for it. Membership of NATO, the G7, the G20, the Commonwealth, a permanent seat on the UN Security Council—all bring influence. Britain has nuclear weapons and a capable army (after America, it expects to be the biggest defence spender in NATO). It also has an abundance of soft power, for example through its hefty spending on foreign aid and through its able scientists, prominent in developing vaccines and identifying treatments for covid-19. In 2021 Britain is chairing the G7 and hosting the COP26 summit on climate change, both opportunities to shine.

Outside the EU, Britain can also be a nimbler power. It is able to move more boldly than the consensus-bound 27 member states on, say, sanctions on despotic Belarus, or more swiftly on approving a vaccine against covid-19. It has defied sceptics by rolling over trade deals with countries from Japan to Turkey. It can use its convening power for good causes, such as raising nearly $9bn for Gavi, the global vaccine alliance. It can work with groups of like-minded countries to press interests—teaming up with Canada to promote media freedom and inviting Australia, India and South Korea to the G7 summit to underline democracy. Without the endless rounds of Euro-meetings, Britain’s ministers and diplomats will have more time for action beyond Europe, including a “tilt to the Indo-Pacific”, a region with growing importance for everything from trade to security.

However, if Global Britain is to live up to these aspirations Boris Johnson and his successors will have to face up to some daunting problems. Over time, Britain’s sway in the world will depend on its success at home—much as the perceived prowess of Thatcherism and Blairism helped Britain “punch above its weight”. That has just become harder, and not only because Britain’s management of covid-19 has harmed its reputation. One reason is economic: Britain’s recent performance has been poor and Brexit will be a further drag on growth. Another is political: dismay at Brexit is prompting renewed calls for Scottish independence and a united Ireland. Britain will not be taken seriously abroad if it is falling apart at home.

Britain also needs to develop the political culture to make hard choices and stand by them. These arise because it has to withstand the temptation of trying to do too much. It is easy to draw up a long to-do list, far trickier to decide what not to do.

The danger of overstretch is clear. Sending an aircraft-carrier to Asia may look like an impressive projection of power, but it makes little sense when the likely threats to Britain are closer to home. France does a better job of concentrating its diplomatic resources where it can have the most impact, such as the Sahel. The Foreign Office, newly merged with the Department for International Development, could reallocate some of its combined firepower to make sure it is better represented on the ground where it counts. The team for COP26, supposedly a priority, looks puny next to the heavyweight power France deployed in the run-up to the Paris agreement at COP21 or that the incoming Biden administration is already assembling.

Some signs suggest the government can make tough calls. An example is its painful recent decision to cut foreign aid from 0.7% of GDP to 0.5%. Another is the planned boost to defence spending, with a focus on strengthening areas—cyber-capabilities and naval power—with global relevance. On China, the argument between those who stress investment and those who prioritise security and Britain’s relationship with America is going the way of the Sinosceptics, judging by a hardening rhetoric on defence, the decision to ban Huawei, a Chinese telecoms giant, from Britain’s 5G networks, as well as a robust response to China’s crackdown in Hong Kong. That makes sense, too.

That Europe question—again

The glaring gap is Europe. Theresa May, a former prime minister, wanted an “ambitious partnership” with the EU on foreign and security policy. Mr Johnson prefers to work ad hoc through NATO, bilateral ties and the “E3” with France and Germany—all very well, but limited. History suggests that Britain will eventually be pulled back towards Europe. Shared interests and the need to pool resources argue for a partnership. Strange as it may seem to Brexiteers, the sooner the ex-EU member gets over its blindness over Europe, the better the prospects for Global Britain. ■

This article appeared in the Leaders section of the print edition under the headline “Britain’s place in the world”

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interkomitet · 4 years ago

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Elena Panina spoke in favor of bringing Navalny's case up for discussion by the UN Security Council

The systematic persecution of Russia should have some consequences for its organizers, Elena Panina, a member of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs, told RIA Novosti, commenting on the statement that the Russian Federation may bring the “case” of Alexei Navalny for discussion at the UN Security Council.

Earlier, Russia’s Permanent Representative to the UN, Vasily Nebenzya, in an interview with RIA Novosti, said that he allows Russia to submit the situation with Navalny’s “poisoning” for discussion at the UN Security Council and believes that for others it will be an impartial conversation.

The Prosecutor General’s Office of Russia received a response from Germany to an inquiry regarding Alexei Navalny, but it does not contain “substantive clarifications.” On the air of radio Sputnik, political scientist Vladimir Shapovalov expressed his opinion on this matter. Nebenzya quite rightly noted the fear of Moscow’s opponents to bring this topic up for discussion, Panina emphasized.

“It’s one thing to bring accusations in your narrow Western circle, and quite another thing to bring this story to the court of the entire world community, where not everyone is inclined to take the word of self-proclaimed Western“ judges, ”the deputy said.

The parliamentarian added that the systematic persecution of Russia “must have some consequences for its organizers.”

“If individuals who become victims of slander have the right to defend their good name, then nothing prevents our country from doing the same, which is constantly accused of committing all kinds of” poisoning, “Panina said.

The world community is not at all Western media and special services, it is China and India, these are the states of Asia, Africa, Latin America, the deputy stressed. “It is important for them that according to the templates that are used to persecute Russia, absolutely any country can be blamed. It is necessary for everyone to uncover the mechanisms and hidden springs of such provocations,” Panina stated.

http://interkomitet.com/about-the-committee/blogs/elena-panina/elena-panina-spoke-in-favor-of-bringing-navalny-s-case-up-for-discussion-by-the-un-security-council/

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margdarsanme · 4 years ago

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NCERT Class 12 Political Science (World) Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Solutions (Contemporary World Politics)

Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q 1. Arrange the following in chronological order: (a) China’s accession to WTO (b) Establishment of the EEC (c) Establishment of tlr EU (d) Birth of ARF

Answer: (b) Establishment of the EEC – 1957 (c) Establishment of the EU – 1992 (d) Birth of ARF – 1994 (a) China’s accession to WTO Q 2. The ASEAN WAY: (a) Reflects the lifestyle of ASEAN members. (b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative. (c) The defence policy followed by the ASEAN members. (d) The road that connects all the ASEAN members.

Answer: (b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative. Q 3. Who among the following adopted an ‘open door’ policy? (a) China

(b) EU (c) Japan

(d) USA

Answer: (a) China Q 4. Fill in the blanks: (a) The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over……..and……..region. (b) ARF was established in the year…….. (c) China entered into bilateral relations with ………(a major country) in 1972. (d) ………..plan influenced the establishment of the organisation for European Economic Cooperation in 1948. (e)……….. is the organisation of ASEAN that deals with security.

Answer: (a) Arunachal Pradesh, Aksai Chin, (b) 1994, (c) the US, (d) Marshall, (e) Asian Regional Forum. Q 5. What are the objectives of establishing regional organisations?

Answer: The regional organisations are established with the following objectives: 1. To make regional development at par the fast growing global economy. 2. To accelerate economic growth through the social progress and cultural development. 3. To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of United Nations Charter. Q 6. How does the geographical proximity influence the formation of regional organisations?

Answer: The geographical proximity influences the formation of regional organisations because: 1. It is influenced by almost some historical enmities and weaknesses. 2. Sometimes the similar interests come together. 3. Even fruitful areas for regional economy are also the result of geographical proximity. Q 7. Wha.are the components of the ASEAN Visiong020?

Ans: The com10nents of ASEAN Vision 2020 can be summed up as follows: 1. An ou.ward looking role in internatioial community. 2. To encourage negotiations over conflicts in tie region. 3. To mediate tc end the conflicts i.e. Cambodian conflict, East Timor Crisis, annual discussion on East Asian Cooperatioi through meetings. Q 8. Name the pillars aid objectives of ASEAN community.

Answer: The ASEAN community established the following three pillars: 1. The ASEAN Security Community 2. The ASEAN Economic Community 3. The ASEAN Socio-cultural Community. The objectives of ASEAN community are as follows: 1. Territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontations. 2. To accelerate economic growth through social progress and cultural development. 3. To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations Charter. 4. To establish dispute settlement mechanism to resolve economic disputes. 5. To create Free Trade Areas for investments, labour and services. Q 9. In what ways does the present Chinese economy differ from its command economy?

Answer: The present Chinese economy has adopted the ‘open door policy’ to generate higher productivity by investments of capital and technology. It differed from its command economy in the following manner: 1. It broke stagnancy of command economy. 2.Command economy lagged behind the industrial production but Chinese economy recovered it by privatisation of agriculture and industry. 3. The present Chinese economy established new trading laws and created Special Economic Zones leading higher rise in foreign trade. During Command economy the international trade was minimal and per capita income was very low. Q 10. How did the European countries resolve their Post Second World War problem? Briefly outline the attempts that led to the formation of the European Union.

Answer: After the end of Second World War in 1945, the European States confronted the ruin of their economies and the destruction of assumptions and structures on which Europe had been founded. European countries resolved their Post Second World War problems in the following manner: 1. Under the ‘Marshall Plan’ the USA provided financial help to revive European economy. 2. The US also created a new collective security structure under NATO. 3. Under the ‘Marshall Plan’ the organisation for European Economic Cooperation was established in 1948 to extend cooperation on trade and economic issues among the Western European States. 4. European Union was founded in 1992 for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs and creation of a single currency. It evolved from an economic union to political one over time. The following attempts led to the formation of European Union: 1. The Council of Europe was established in 1949 for political cooperation. 2. The process of economic integration of European Capitalist countries led to the formation of European Economic Community in 1957. 3. The above mentioned processes acquired a political dimension with the creation of European Parliament. 4. The collapse of Soviet bloc put Europe on a fast track and resulted in the establishment of European Union in 1992. Q 11. What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organisation?

Answer: As a supernational organisation, the European Union bears economic, political diplomacy and military influence as a regional organisation in the following manner:

1. Economic Influence: (а) Three times larger share in world trade than the US. (b) Its currency Euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar. (c) The EU functions as an important bloc in the World Trade Organisation (WTO).

2. Political and Diplomatic Influences: (a) Two members of the EU, Britain and France hold permanent seats in the Security Council to influence the UN policies. (b) The EU also includes various non-permanent members of the UNSC. (c) The European Union play an influential role in diplomacy and negotiations except the military force i.e. the EU’s dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation is remarkable.

3. Military Influence: (o) The EU’s combined armed fo^fees are second largest in the world. (b) Its total expenditure on military is second to the US. (c) Its two important members— Britain and France also experience nuclear ascends of 550 nuclear warheads. (d) The EU is world’s second most important source of space and communications technology. Q 12. The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.

Answer: The Indo-China relations experience strategically organised as rising economic powers in global politics and to play a major role in Asian economy after the end of Cold War. It can be proved on the following grounds: 1. The new economic policies of India and China have broken their economy from stagnancy. 2. The creation of special economic zones led to a phenomenal rise in foreign trade. 3. China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment anywhere in the world. Hence, it has large reserves for foreign exchange to allow it to make big investment in other countries. 4. At the global level also, India and China have adopted similar policies in World Trade Organisation to deepen integration with the world economy to challenge unipolar world. Q 13. The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations. Justify this statement.

Answer: This statement represents the ASEAN Regional Forum and the European Union, where ASEAN Regional Forum is based on the notion not to escalate territorial disputes into armed confrontation: 1. The ASEAN is rapidly growing as a regional organisation with the Vision 2020 including an outward looking role in international community and to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region. 2. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) maintains coordination of security and foreign policy. 3. The EU has also been funded on the ground of common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs. 4. The European Union has also extended cooperation while acquiring new members especially from Soviet bloc. Q 14. Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could these be resolved for greater cooperation? Give your suggestions.

Answer: The relations with China experience friendly gestures from India as India signed popular ‘Panchsheel’ to develop Indo-China relations in 1954 and advocated China’s membership to the United Nations. Still, after 1957, various contentious issues arose in Indo-China relations: 1. In 1962, military conflict over a border dispute of MacMohan Line resulted on unwarranted claim by China which now lie in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin region of Ladakh. 2. Differences arose from Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950 which was protested by India against China. 3. After Panchsheel, attack by China on India in 1962, to occupy larger territories of India, created humiliation. 4. China’s assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear programme also created differences. 5. China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interests. All the above mentioned differences/ disputes could be resolved for greater cooperation- 1. Both the countries should make some more efforts to revive harmonious attitude between themselves. 2. Both the countries should move hand-in-hand to fight against terrorism, nuclear race and economic disparities. 3. Both the countries should develop understanding and respect. 4. Hence, both of them have signed agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [ 1 Mark]

Q 1. What is meant by ‘ASEAN WAT?

Answer: ‘ASEAN WAY’ is an interaction that is informal, confrontationist and cooperative to promote supernational structures in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). Q 2. Correct the following statement and rewrite ASEAN stands for Association of South East African Nations. Or What does ASEAN stand for?

Answer: ASEAN stands for Association of South East Asian Nations. Q 3. In which year the European Union was established?

Answer: 1992 Q 4. What is the common currency of EU?

Answer: EURO Q 5. Name any two older members of EU.

Answer: Austria and Denmark Q 6. Name any two new members of EU. Answer: Estonia and Poland. Q 7. What does the circle with golden stars on the European Union flag stand for?

Answer: The circle with golden stars on the European Union flag stands for solidarity and harmony between the people of Europe. Q 8. Mention the major challenges faced in Europe after Second World War.

Answer: 1. Shattered many assumptions and structures on which European states maintained their relations. 2. The European states confronted the ruin of economies and the destruction on which Europe had been founded. Q 9. What is European Union?

Answer: European Union is a group of European capitalist countries established in 1992 for common goal of foreign and security policy, cooperation and home affairs. Q 10. What was Marshall Plan?

Answer: Marshall Plan was introduced by America to provide financial help for revival of European economy. Q 11. Name two countries of European Union who opposed America’s Iraq invasion.

Answer: Germany and France. Q 12. What is ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)?

Answer: ASEAN Regional Forum was established in 1994 to carry out coordination and foreign policy among ASEAN members. Q 13. What is the significance of ASEAN flag?

Answer: In the ASEAN logo, the ten stellas of paddy (rice) represent the ten South East Asian countries bound together in friendship and solidarity. The circle symbolises the unity of ASEAN. Q 14. When did China get independence?

Answer: 1949 Q 15. What is SEZs (Special Economic Zones)? Answer: Special Economic Zones are created to set up their own enterprises by foreign investors. Q 16. Mention the three pillars formed in ASEAN.

Answer: 1. The ASEAN Security Community 2. The ASEAN Economic Community 3. The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Com-munity.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

Q 1. Which four common symbols make the European Union look like a nation state?

Answer: The European Union has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. Q 2. Mention any two steps taken by China to improve its economy.

Answer:

1. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were created to invite foreign investors to set up their own enterprises. 2. The privatisation of agriculture and industry in 1982 and 1998. Q 3. Mention the agreements signed between India and ASEAN.

Ans: 1. India signed Free Trade Areas (FTAs) with two ASEAN members, Singapore and Thailand. 2. India is trying to sign on FTA with ASEAN itself. Q 4. What are the odds which limit the ability of EU?

Answer: European Union is a supernational organisation but in many areas its member states have their own foreign relations and defence policies that are often at odds as- 1. British Prime Minister Tony Blair supported the US’s Iraq invasion and many new members made US led ‘coalition of willing’ while Germany and France opposed it. 2. Denmark and Sweden have resisted the Maastricht treaty and the adoption of the Euro. Q 5. “The European Union is a nation state more than a Economic Union”. Justify the statement.

Ans: The European Union has now started to act more as a nation state because: 1. European Union has its own flag, anthem, founding date and common currency. 2. European Union bears common foreign and security policy. 3. The EU has made efforts to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members especially from Soviet bloc. Q 6. How can we say that ASEAN is an economic association?

Answer: To more extent it can be said that ASEAN is an economic association: 1. ASEAN Economic Community aims at to create open market and production based activities within ASEAN states. 2. ASEAN has created Free Trade Areas (FTAs) for investment, labour and services. 3. The current economic strength of ASEAN as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economies as India and China make this attractive proposition. Q 7. What are the objectives of ASEAN Economic Community? Answer: The objectives of ASEAN Economic Community are as follows: 1. To create common market and production based activities within ASEAN states. 2. To aid social and economic development. 3. To resolve economic disputes, the existing dispute settlement mechanism has been improved. 4. Free Trade Areas for investment, labour and services have also been created. Q 8. How do ASEAN members commit to uphold peace and neutrality?

Answer: ASEAN members commit to uphold peace and neutrality- 1. ASEAN security community is based on the conviction that territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontation. 2. By 2003, ASEAN had several agreements among members states to uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non-interference, respect for national differences and sovereign rights. 3. ASEAN Regional Forum was established in 1994 to coordinate security and foreign policy. Q 9. What are economic challenges of China despite its economic development?

Answer: Though the Chinese economy has improved dramatically, still everyone in China has not been benefitted by the reforms which can be judged by the following facts- 1. Unemployment has risen. About 100 million people are looking for jobs. 2. Female employment and conditions are bad as in Europe of 18th and 19th centuries. 3. Increasing environmental degradation and corruption. 4. Rising economic inequality between rural and urban residents. Q 10. How did relations improve after the conflict of 1962 between India and China?

Answer: Indo-China war of 1962 had complicated Indo-China relations. After 1976 the relations began to improve slowly because: 1. China’s policy became more pragmatic and less ideological due to change in China’s political leadership in the late 1970s when China got ready to settle the contentious issues. 2. A series of talks to resol ve the border issues were also initiated to develop harmonious relations.

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]

Q 1. How has the European Union evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one?

Answer: The European Union has evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one. The EU has started to act more as a nation state. While the attempts to have a constitution for the EU have failed, it has its own flag, anthem, founding date, and currency. It also has some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations. The European Union has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc. The process has not proved easy, for people in many countries are not very enthusiastic in giving the EU powers that were exercised by the government of their country. There are also reservations about including some new countries within the European Union. Q 2. Explain the political, diplomatic influence of European Union as a supernational organisation.

Answer: Political and Diplomatic Influences: (a) Two members of the EU — Britain and France hold permanent seats in the Security Council to influence the UN policies. (b) The EU also includes various non-permanent members of the UNSC. (c) The European Union plays an influential role in diplomacy and negotiations except the military force i. e. the EU’s dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation is remarkable. Q 3. What led to the evolution of the EU from an economic union to an increasingly political one?

Answer: The European Union has now started to act more as a nation state because- (i) European Union has its own flag, anthem, founding date and common currency. (ii) European Union bears common foreign and security policy. (iii) The EU has made efforts to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members especially from Soviet bloc. Q 4. What are the objectives behind the formation of ASEAN?

Answer: The objectives behind the formation of ASEAN are as follows: 1. Territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontations. 2. To accelerate economic growth through social progress and cultural development. 3. To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of United Nations ; charter. 4. To establish Dispute Settlement Mechanism to resolve economic disputes. 5. To create Free Trade Areas for investment, labour and services. Q 5. Describe any four significant characteristics of ASEAN.

Answer: 1. To create common market and production based activities within ASEAN States. 2. To aid social and economic development. 3. To resolve economic disputes, the existing dispute settlement mechanism has been improved. 4. Free Trade Areas for investment, labour and services have also been created. Q 6. What role has been played by European Union in solving the problems of the European countries?

Answer: 1. The EU functions as an important bloc in international organisation as World Trade Organisation to intervene in economic areas. 2. The EU has expanded areas of cooperation while acquiring new members especially from Soviet bloc. 3. The EU has an influential role in the UN policies because its two members—Britain and France hold permanent seats in the UN Security Council. 4. The EU is influential in the areas of diplomacy, economic investments and negotiation. Q 7. Why India and China both view themselves as rising powers in global politics in spite of tensions between them? Substantiate your answer by giving any four events that have brought cordiality in their relationship.

Answer: Due to Indian initiatives, Indo-China relations improved. In 1954, India signed famous Panchsheel starting a new era of Indo-China friendship. But after 1957 some contentious issues had been arisen between them: (i) Tibet Problem (ii) Border Issues (iii) Chinese Attack in 1962 (iv) Chinese Assistance to Pakistan. Gradually, both the countries came together to develop harmonious relations between themselves: 1. Attempt to normalise relations were restored by exchange of ambassadors. 2. Joint Working Group was set up by both the countries to resolve border dispute. 3. Both of them committed to reduce the forces on Indo-China border. 4. Indian and Chinese leadership and official visits with great frequency. 5. Increasing transportation and communication links, common economic interests and global concerns. Q 8. Why was European Union founded? What were its objectives and significance?

Answer: The European Union was founded in 1992 for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs and to create a single currency. Objectives: 1. The circle of gold stars on the flag stands for solidarity and harmony between European Union States. 2. To expand areas of co-operation while acquiring new members especially from Soviet bloc. Q 9. Why ASEAN was established?

Answer: ASEAN is the regional association to provide a political forum to discuss political and security concerns- 1. Before and during the Second World War, the southeastern region of Asia suffered the economic and political consequences of repeated colonialism, both European and Japanese. 2. At the end of war it confronted problems of nation building, the progress of poverty and economic backwardness and the pressure to align with one great power or another during cold war. Q 10. “China has emerged as third alternative to world power”. Examine.

Answer: China emerged as the third alternative to world power since its economic reforms of 1978 as China has been the fastest growing economy since the reforms first began there- 1. China is projected to overtake the US as the world’s largest economy by 2040. 2. Its economic integration into the region makes it drive of East Asian growth. 3. Its strength of economy are population, landmass, resources, regional location, political influence, added to its power. Q 11. How did China end its political and economic isolation?

Answer: China has introduced open market economy which is moving China towards global economy due to following facts- 1. The integration of Chinese-economy and interdependencies has enabled China to have considerable influence with its trade partners. 2. The open door policy has stabilised the ASEAN economy. 3. China’s outward looking for investment and aid policies in Latin America and Africa are protecting China as a global player.

Passage Based Questions [5 Marks]

1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions: ASEAN was and still remains principally an economic association. While the ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US the EU, and Japan, its economy is growing much faster than all these. This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond. The objectives of the ASEAN Economic Community are to create a common market and production base within ASEAN States and to aid social and economic development in the region. The Economic Community would also like to improve the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism to resolve economic disputes. ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) for investment, labour, and services. The US and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN. Questions 1. What is the objective of ASEAN Economic Community? 2. Why did ASEAN establish Free Trade Areas (FTAs)? 3. How ASEAN Economic Community would resolve economic disputes? 4. Which countries have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN and why?

Answer: 1. To create common market and production based activities within ASEAN states itself and to aid social and economic development. 2. Free Trade Areas have been established for investment, labour and services. 3. By improving the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism. 4. ASEAN is rapidly growing into areas of regional organisation with its Vision 2020. 2. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions: The conflict of 1962, in which India suffered military reverses, had long-term implications for India-China relations. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were downgraded until 1976. Thereafter, relltions between the two countries began to improve slowly. After the change in China’s political leadership from the mid to late 1970s, China’s policy became more pragmatic and less ideological. So it was prepared to, put off the settlement of contentious issues while improving relations with India. A series of talks to resolve the border issue were also initiated in 1981. Questions 1. Why did India suffer military reverses as a result of conflict of 1962? 2. When did the relations between India and China begin to improve? 3. What was the change in the policy of China in the seventies? 4. Which efforts were made to resolve the border issues between India and China?

Answer: 1. Due to territorial claims principally in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin region of Ladakh. 2. From the mid to late 1970s. 3. China’s policy became more pragmatic and less ideological in the seventies. 4. 1. It prepared to put off settlements of contentious issues. 2. A series of talks to resolve the border issues were initiated in 1981.

Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks]

Q 1. How did China rise to be an economic superpower? Assess.

Answer: China had adopted Soviet model of economy. Despite development, China faced economic crisis as industrial production was not growing fast, international trade was minimal. Under these situations some major policy decisions were taken- 1. China established relations with the US in 1972. 2. China proposed four areas of modernisation as agriculture, industry, science and technology in 1973. 3. Open door policy was introduced to generate higher productivity by investment of capital and technology from abroad. 4. Privatisation of agriculture and industry in 1982 and 1998. 5. China set Special Economic Zones to remove trade barriers. 6. The integration of Chinese economy and inter-dependencies has enabled China to have considerable influence with its trade partners. 7. The open door policy has stabilised the ASEAN economy. 8. China’s outward looking for investment and aid policies in Latin America and Africa are projecting China as a global player. Q 2. Why is the EU considered a highly influential regional organisation in the economic, political and military fields?

Answer: Because- 1. Economic Influence: (a) Three times larger share in World trade than the US. (b) Its currency Euro can pose a threat to the dominance of US Dollar. (c) The EU functions as an important bloc in World Trade Organisation (WTO). 2. Political Influence: (а) Two members of the EU, Britain and France hold permanent seats in Security Council to influence UN policies. (b) The EU also includes various non-permanent members of UNSC. (c) The European Union plays an influential role in diplomacy and negotiations except military force i.e. EU’s dialogue with China on Human Rights and environmental degradation is remarkable. 3. Military Influence: (a) The EU’s combined armed forces are second largest in world. (b) Its total military expenditure is second to the US. (c) Its two important members— Britain and France also experience nuclear arsenals of 550 nuclear warheads. (d) The EU is world’s second most important source of space and communication technology. Q 3. Discuss Indo-China relations.

Answer: The relations with China experienced friendly gestures from India as India signed popular ‘Panchsheel’ to develop Indo-China relations in 1954 and advocated China’s membership to the United Nations still, after 1957, various contentious issues arose in Indo-China relations- 1. In 1962, military conflict over a border dispute of MacMohan Line resulted an unwarranted claim by China which lies now in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin regions of Ladakh. 2. Differences arose from Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950 which was protested by India against China. 3. After Panchsheel, attack by China on India in 1962, to occupy larger territories of India, created a humiliation. 4. China’s assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear programme also created differences. 5. China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interests. All the above mentioned differences/ disputes could be resolved for greater cooperation. 1. Both the countries should make some more efforts to revive harmonious attitude between themselves. 2. Both the countries should move hand-in-hand to fight against terrorism, nuclear race and economic disparities. 3. Both the countries should develop mutual understanding and respect. 4. Hence, both of them have signed agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology.

Picture/Map Based Questions [5 Marks]

A1. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Question. 1. The given cartoon is related to which country? 2. Which two symbols in this cartoon helped in identifying the country? 3. What message does this cartoon convey to the world?

Answer: 1. This cartoon is related to China. 2. The Dragon and the Great Wall helped in identifying the country. 3. This cartoon conveys a message to the world that China is emerging as a great economic power. 2. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

question. 1. What does the cartoon represent? 2. Name the policy that is being represented in the cartoon. 3. What does the ‘Competition’ refer to in the cartoon? 4. “We’ll have to get used to it”. What does it denote?

Answer: 1. India’s policy towards ASEAN. 2. ‘Look East’ Policy since 1991 to interact with ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea. 3. Competition among various countries to develop potential relations with ASEAN. 4. It denotes India’s strategy towards using free trade areas with ASEAN B. On a political outline map of world locate and label the following and symbolise them as indicated:

Questions 1. An older member of EU between Portugal and France. Symbolise (A) 2. An older member near Belgium and Netherlands. Symbolise (B) 3. The four new members of EU. Symbolise 1, 2, 3, 4. 4. Four old members of EU. Symbolise 5, 6, 7, 8.

Answer: 1. Spain 2. Germany 3. 1. Estonia 2. Poland 3. Hungary 4. Lithuania 4. 5. Finland 6. Denmark 7. Austria 8. Ireland

from Blogger http://www.margdarsan.com/2020/08/ncert-class-12-political-science-world_11.html

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ericfruits · 4 years ago

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Who’s in charge?

CRISES CAN bring clarity. In the financial crisis of 2008-09, the G20 club of big economies came into its own, reflecting how economic power had spread beyond the rich world’s G7. One thing the covid-19 pandemic has laid bare is an absence of global leadership. This time the G20 has done little beyond a rhetorical pledge to “do whatever it takes” and supporting debt-repayment suspension for poor countries. America, which led global campaigns to defeat HIV/AIDS and Ebola, has been absorbed in its internal arguments. And the UN Security Council has confirmed its dysfunctionality.

The council’s five permanent members (P5) are split between the Western three and Russia and China; some suspect the authoritarian duo of having a formal pact. Russia wields its veto often, sometimes alongside China. Instead of leaping into action over covid-19, the council mustered its first discussion of the crisis only in April. France and Russia have both been keen for the leaders of the P5 to get together in the UN’s anniversary year, but have found this hard to arrange.

The pandemic hit when competition between America and China, the world’s dominant and emerging superpowers, was already intense, stretching from trade and technology to finance and regional dominance in Asia. In America there is a bipartisan perception of China as a rival that steals intellectual property, takes advantage of America’s openness and is intent on chipping away at America’s lead. For its part, China is increasingly brazen in pushing back against America (or any country that resists it).

Any retreat by America from global leadership is an opportunity for China

The covid-19 crisis is proving a telling case study of this rivalry, as America blames China for causing the pandemic and China positions itself as the country most capable of dealing with it. Any retreat by America from global leadership is an opportunity for China to gain ground. Whereas America has suspended funding to the WHO, China has promised $2bn to fight the pandemic.

President Xi Jinping portrays China as a champion of multilateralism and talks of taking “an active part in leading the reform of the global governance system”. China has been building channels of influence outside the institutions that America designed. It set up the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, encroaching on the World Bank’s territory. It has championed the BRICS (bringing it together with Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa) and the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation, an eight-member group that includes Russia and Central Asian countries as well as India and Pakistan. And then there is Mr Xi’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), an all-embracing infrastructure and development campaign.

China has also been methodically increasing its influence in existing institutions, not least the UN. It has raised its financial support even as America became stingier, becoming the second-biggest contributor to both the general and the peacekeeping budgets. It has grown more assertive. “Ten years ago, China was pretty discreet, pretending to be just an emerging country,” says one European diplomat at the UN. “Now I can tell you they are totally uninhibited, they want to run the system.”

China has been patiently placing high-fliers to work their way up through the ranks. Chinese nationals now head four of the UN’s 15 specialised agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organisation in Rome and the International Telecommunication Union in Geneva. Americans lead only one. Chinese officials toil away at inserting into documents favourable references to the BRI and language friendly to their interpretation of human rights, stressing national sovereignty and development (“mutual respect and win-win co-operation”). Behind the scenes China twists arms to avoid criticism of its repression in Xinjiang or Tibet.

Small victories for China have mounted up, often in obscure documents and little-noticed forums, but occasionally raising eyebrows. In the 15-member Security Council, for example, the West and its friends can normally count on the requisite nine votes to get their way on procedural matters. But in March 2018 an American-backed proposal for the UN high commissioner for human rights to brief a formal session on abuses in Syria was defeated when, after Chinese pressure, Ivory Coast switched sides at the last minute.

The aim may not be to replace America as a superpower that bears burdens all around the world. More likely, China simply wants an unencumbered path for further development. “People’s Republic of the United Nations”, a report last year from the Centre for a New American Security (CNAS), a think-tank, concluded that China was “making the world safe for autocracy”. For a long time America paid little attention, but it is now pushing back. In January the State Department appointed a senior diplomat, Mark Lambert, to counter the “malign influence” of China and others at the UN. In March these efforts succeeded in thwarting China’s bid for the top job at a fifth UN agency, the World Intellectual Property Organisation in Geneva.

At least such moves reflect a recognition by the American administration that multilateral institutions matter. Just as Mr Trump no longer calls NATO “obsolete”, as he did before coming to power, he may yet find more use in the UN. He would not be the first American president to come to believe that, annoying as international forums are, they are better than a constant free-for-all, and they can take some of the load off a superpower. But his transactional approach has unnerved allies, and badly dented their trust in American leadership.

In search of a middle way

As a result, “middle powers” have been searching for other ways to defend the liberal order. A white paper presented last year by Norway’s foreign ministry to its parliament identified preventing the erosion of international law and multilateral systems as a “primary foreign-policy interest”. In New York, France and Germany launched an Alliance for Multilateralism, with the aim of forging varied coalitions to take the initiative on issues ranging from fake news and responsible use of cyberspace to gender equality and strengthening international institutions.

Coalitions of like-minded countries have proliferated. After Mr Trump abandoned the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a free-trade deal, Australia, Japan and nine other countries pressed ahead on their own. The EU and Japan completed a trade agreement covering a third of the world’s GDP. On defence, President Emmanuel Macron of France has gathered 13 other countries into a European Intervention Initiative and is ever keener on “strategic autonomy” for Europe. Asian countries worried about growing Chinese assertiveness, and unsure of America’s commitment, are deepening ties.

In such “minilateralist” or “plurilateralist” ventures, national governments are not the only actors. Regional states, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and business leaders are on stage too. In the response to covid-19, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a philanthropic giant, is taking a more prominent part than many governments. Several American states have been busy since Mr Trump withdrew from the Paris agreement. California’s governor, Jerry Brown, hosted a Global Climate Action Summit in 2018. Totting up actions at subnational levels that collectively would amount to the world’s second-biggest economy, one estimate suggests they could reduce America’s greenhouse-gas emissions by 2030 by as much as 37% from 2005 levels.

Whether these scattered mid-level moves can amount to more than the sum of their parts is unclear. Michael Fullilove of the Lowy Institute, an Australian think-tank, suggests that like-minded countries should form a “coalition of the responsible”. Since some middle powers, such as Taiwan and South Korea, have distinguished themselves by their response to the pandemic, he also proposes “coalitions of the competent”. Further bungling by the big powers over covid-19 could make a concert of middle powers more urgent. But do not bank on this being a middle-power moment, says Kori Schake of the American Enterprise Institute, another think-tank. Without a dominant power to set an agenda, force momentum and provide a chunk of funding, it is very hard for co-operation among lesser countries “to reach escape velocity”. At best it may slow rather than stop the erosion of the liberal order.

If middle powers are active, so are smaller ones. By clubbing together, even minnows can have influence. Under its charter the UN is “based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members”, so each of the 193 countries in the General Assembly has one vote. India (1.4bn people) counts the same as Tuvalu (12,000).

The Group of 77, formed in 1964 and now embracing 134 members, pushes the interests of developing countries. It is less homogenous than it was but it can have influence (eg, over the choice of secretary-general) and get attention (picking Palestine to serve as its chair last year). The Alliance of Small Island States helped put the climate-change issue on the map. Samantha Power, America’s UN ambassador during Barack Obama’s second term, made a point of visiting her counterparts from every member country at their New York missions: she managed all except North Korea’s.

With just six embassies around the world, the diplomatic footprint of the Caribbean state of St Vincent and the Grenadines (population: 111,000) is tiny, but a good example of small-country influence. One of its embassies is in Taipei: it is among a handful of states that officially recognise Taiwan. Its mission in New York has been expanding, since St Vincent currently has one of the ten non-permanent seats on the 15-member Security Council. “The bedrock principle that all small states advocate for is adherence to international law,” says Inga Rhonda King, St Vincent’s ambassador. They’re “very hard core” over sovereign equality, non-interference and non-intervention, she adds. The Security Council seat gives her a chance to press core concerns (especially climate security and relations with Africa) and, hers being a small country, to do so nimbly. Ms King would like to see similar nimbleness in the council’s response to covid-19, drawing attention to Africa as the pandemic’s likely next frontier.■

The new world disorder UNhappy birthday

This article appeared in the Special report section of the print edition under the headline "Who’s in charge?"

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vignaniasacademy · 5 years ago

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29-05-2020 Current affairs & Daily News Analysis

EK BHARAT SHRESHTHA BHARAT PROGRAMME Union Ministry of HRD has decided to take forward the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat (EBSB) programme by using innovative ways in view of the prevailing conditions of COVID 19. During the recent meeting, following was decided: To move towards digital mediums for the carrying on the activities under EBSB by each participating Ministry/ Department. To organise webinars on Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat themes for their wide dissemination. To have a common repository for the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat digital resources that can be used by every Ministry. This repository may be hosted on a common portal. Important Info : Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat (EBSB) programme? Origin: The programme was announced by the Prime Minister in 2015 on the 140th birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Subsequently, the initiative was announced in the Union Budget for 2016-17.Objective: To promote engagement and thereby understanding amongst the people of different states/UTs to ensure ensure a stronger united India.The Ministry of Human Resource Development has been designated Nodal Ministry for co-ordination of the programme. Source : PIB ( Education ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy DELIMITATION COMMISSION Lok Sabha Speaker has nominated the Associate Members of Delimitation Commission for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir along with Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Manipur under Article 5 of the Delimitation Act, 2002. About: The members nominated in J&K are MoS PMO, Dr Jitendra Singh and Members of Parliament, Dr. Farooq Abdullah, Mohammad Akbar Lone, Hasnain Masoodi and Jugal Kishore Sharma. Jammu and Kashmir at present has no legislative assembly as it is a Union Territory with a provision of a legislature. Members of Parliament and legislative assemblies of states, for which the Delimitation Commission is set up, are drawn in as associate members to assist the panel in its task. The commission will delimit the constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the provisions of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019.According to section 60 of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019, the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir shall be increased from 107 to 114. Source : All India Radio ( Polity & Governance ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy FINANCIAL STABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (FSDC) Union Finance Minister chaired the 22nd Meeting of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) to review the current global and domestic macro-economic situation, financial stability and vulnerabilities issues etc. About: Background: It was setup in 2010 by Indian Government as an executive body. It replaced the High Level Coordination Committee on Financial Markets (HLCCFM). The idea to create such a super regulatory body was first mooted by the Raghuram Rajan Committee in 2008. Status: FSDC is not a statutory body. No funds are separately allocated to the council for undertaking its activities. Objective: Its objectives are to strengthen and institutionalize the mechanism for maintaining financial stability and Enhancing inter-regulatory coordination. Composition: It is chaired by the Union Finance Minister of India. The other 12 members areGovernor, RBI, Chairman, SEBI, Chairman, IRDA, Chairman, PFRDA, Minister of state responsible for the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Secretary of Department of Electronics and Information Technology’, Revenue secretary, Finance Secretary and/or Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs; Secretary, Department of Financial Services; Secretary, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Chief Economic Adviser and Chairperson of the Insolvency & Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI). Sub-committee of FSDC: A sub-committee of FSDC has also been set up under the chairmanship of Governor RBI. It discusses and decides on a range of issues relating to financial sector development and stability including substantive issues relating to inter-regulatory coordination. Source : LiveMint ( Economy ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy WHO FOUNDATION World Health Organization Director General announced the creation of the ‘WHO Foundation’ that will enable it to tap new sources of funding, including the general public. About: The WHO Foundation is an independent grant-making foundation that will support WHO efforts to address the most pressing global health challenges by raising new funding from "non-traditional sources". By funding high-impact initiatives and advancing strategies of innovation, effectiveness, and rapid response, it will support the global health ecosystem. It is Headquartered in Geneva. The foundation is legally independent from the WHO. It is established under the laws of Switzerland. Source : Times of India ( International ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF PETROCHEMICALS ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CIPET) Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET) has been renamed as Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET). About: The changed name has been registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act 1975. According to government, with changed name, now CIPET will be in a position to fully devote itself for the growth of entire petrochemical sector. Important Info : CIPET is a premier national institution under the Union Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.It was established in 1968 by Government of India with the assistance of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) at Chennai. Source : DD News ( Science & Technology ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy INSTANT PAN THROUGH AADHAAR BASED E-KYC The Union Finance Minister formally launched a facility for instant allotment of online PAN (permanent account number) card (on near to real time basis) on furnishing of Aadhaar details. About: This facility is now available for those PAN applicants who possess a valid Aadhaar number and have a mobile number registered with Aadhaar. The allotment process is paperless and an electronic PAN (e-PAN) is issued to the applicants free of cost. In the Union Budget, 2020, Finance Minister had announced that in order to ease the process of allotment of PAN, she will soon launch a system under which PAN shall be instantly allotted online on the basis of Aadhaar without any requirement for filling up of detailed application form.” Important Info : Permanent Account Number (PAN) is a ten-digit alphanumeric number issued by the Income Tax Department.PAN enables the department to link all transactions of the "person" with the department. These transactions include tax payments, TDS/TCS credits, returns of income, specified transactions, correspondence, and so on. PAN, thus, acts as an identifier for the "person" with the tax department.It is mandatory to quote PAN on return of income, all correspondence with any income tax authority. From 1 January 2005 it has become mandatory to quote PAN on challans for any payments due to Income Tax Department. Source : Times of India ( Economy ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy UNITED NATIONS “MILITARY GENDER ADVOCATE OF THE YEAR AWARD” Women peacekeepers from India and Brazil – Major Suman Gawani of the Indian Army, a Military Observer formerly deployed with the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) and Commander Carla Monteiro de Castro Araujo, a Brazilian Naval officer – have jointly won the United Nations Military Gender Advocate of the Year 2019 Award. About: For the first time, two peacekeepers will receive the award jointly for their contribution to this important cause. They received the award on the occasion of the International Day of UN Peacekeepers (observed on May 29). Important Info : The United Nations “Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award” was created in 2016.It recognizes the dedication and effort of an individual military peacekeeper in promoting the principles of UN Security Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security in a peace operation context. Source : All India Radio ( Awards ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy LARRY KRAMER Larry Kramer, an author, playwright and film producer who helped shape U.S. healthcare policy with his early advocacy of a national response to AIDS when it first emerged in the 1980s, died at the age of 84. About: Laurence David Kramer (1935 – 2020) was an American playwright, author, film producer, public health advocate, and LGBT rights activist. He co-founded the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC), which has become the world's largest private organization assisting people living with AIDS. His political activism continued with the founding of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) in 1987, an influential direct action protest organization with the aim of gaining more public action to fight the AIDS crisis. Kramer, whose works include the award-winning 1985 play, “The Normal Heart,” established himself as a fierce advocate for LGBTQ rights as the gay community, including many of his friends, became afflicted with AIDS, a newly emergent disease in the 1980s. According to UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, “His contribution to the global AIDS response was invaluable.” Source : News18 ( Person In News ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy CHARRU MUSSEL An invasive mussel native to the South and Central American coasts is spreading quickly in the backwaters of Kerala, elbowing out other mussel and clam species and threatening the livelihoods of fishermen engaged in molluscan fisheries. About: The rapid spread of the Charru mussel (Mytella strigata) in Kerala may have been triggered by Cyclone Ockhi which struck the region in 2017. Externally, the Charru mussel resembles the green and brown mussels (kallummekkaya in Malayalam), but is much smaller in size. Its colour varies from black to brown, purple or dark green. It has replaced the Asian green mussel (Perna viridis) and the edible oyster Magallana bilineata (known locally as muringa) backwaters of Kerala In Ashtamudi Lake, the Charru mussel had established breeding populations in 2018 and 2019, acquiring the moniker ‘varathan kakka’ (alien mollusc). Important Info : The term mussel is used for several families of bivalve mollusks inhabiting lakes, rivers, and creeks, as well as intertidal areas along coastlines worldwide. The mussel's external shell is composed of two valves that protect it from predators and desiccation. Source : The Hindu ( Environment ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy HERBAL ROADS PROJECT Uttar Pradesh government will develop 800 km roads as Herbal roads in the state. About: These herbal roads will have medicinal and herbal trees – like Peepal, Neem, Sehjan along with other herb varieties like Brahmi, Ashvagandha and Jatrofa – along with the land on their both sides. These plants will provide raw material for the medicines and will also help in curbing the erosion of land. These 800 kilometer roads will be along national and state highways passing through state and the herbal garden along with them will keep air-borne, bacterial and other diseases at bay. Source : All India Radio ( Environment ) Read UPSC Current affairs and Daily News Analysis from Best IAS Coaching Institute in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy Daily Current affairs and News Analysis Best IAS Coaching institutes in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy Contact Vignan IAS Academy Enroll For IAS Foundation Course from Best IFS Academy in Bangalore Read the full article

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