#behavioral psychology

[reasonsforhope]

"Is social media designed to reward people for acting badly?

The answer is clearly yes, given that the reward structure on social media platforms relies on popularity, as indicated by the number of responses – likes and comments – a post receives from other users. Black-box algorithms then further amplify the spread of posts that have attracted attention.

Sharing widely read content, by itself, isn’t a problem. But it becomes a problem when attention-getting, controversial content is prioritized by design. Given the design of social media sites, users form habits to automatically share the most engaging information regardless of its accuracy and potential harm. Offensive statements, attacks on out groups and false news are amplified, and misinformation often spreads further and faster than the truth.

We are two social psychologists and a marketing scholar. Our research, presented at the 2023 Nobel Prize Summit, shows that social media actually has the ability to create user habits to share high-quality content. After a few tweaks to the reward structure of social media platforms, users begin to share information that is accurate and fact-based...

Re-targeting rewards

To investigate the effect of a new reward structure, we gave financial rewards to some users for sharing accurate content and not sharing misinformation. These financial rewards simulated the positive social feedback, such as likes, that users typically receive when they share content on platforms. In essence, we created a new reward structure based on accuracy instead of attention.

As on popular social media platforms, participants in our research learned what got rewarded by sharing information and observing the outcome, without being explicitly informed of the rewards beforehand. This means that the intervention did not change the users’ goals, just their online experiences. After the change in reward structure, participants shared significantly more content that was accurate. More remarkably, users continued to share accurate content even after we removed rewards for accuracy in a subsequent round of testing. These results show that users can be given incentives to share accurate information as a matter of habit.

A different group of users received rewards for sharing misinformation and for not sharing accurate content. Surprisingly, their sharing most resembled that of users who shared news as they normally would, without any financial reward. The striking similarity between these groups reveals that social media platforms encourage users to share attention-getting content that engages others at the expense of accuracy and safety...

Doing right and doing well

Our approach, using the existing rewards on social media to create incentives for accuracy, tackles misinformation spread without significantly disrupting the sites’ business model. This has the additional advantage of altering rewards instead of introducing content restrictions, which are often controversial and costly in financial and human terms.

Implementing our proposed reward system for news sharing carries minimal costs and can be easily integrated into existing platforms. The key idea is to provide users with rewards in the form of social recognition when they share accurate news content. This can be achieved by introducing response buttons to indicate trust and accuracy. By incorporating social recognition for accurate content, algorithms that amplify popular content can leverage crowdsourcing to identify and amplify truthful information.

Both sides of the political aisle now agree that social media has challenges, and our data pinpoints the root of the problem: the design of social media platforms."

And here's the video of one of the scientsts presenting this research at the Nobel Prize Summit!

-Article via The Conversation, August 1, 2023. Video via the Nobel Prize's official Youtube channel, Nobel Prize, posted May 31, 2023.

[sillycourtjester]

I want to be so many things at once like i want to be a historian and an author and an artist and a poet and a journalist and an activist and a psychologist and instead i'm in the fucking american public high school system

[tmarshconnors]

Graphology: The Study of Handwriting

Graphology, the study of handwriting, offers intriguing insights into personality and behavior. I find it fascinating how the way we write can reveal aspects of our character—our emotions, motivations, and even how we interact with the world.

Graphologists analyze various elements of handwriting, including size, slant, pressure, and spacing, to interpret individual traits. While some consider it a pseudoscience, the connection between our writing style and psychological characteristics is an engaging area of exploration.

Understanding graphology can enhance our self-awareness and improve communication. It offers a unique lens through which we can examine ourselves and others, providing insights into human nature that may otherwise remain hidden.

[danielnelsen]

while i’d love to read peoples reasonings for their answers, i’d ask that you don’t put your answer in the tags so that your followers aren’t influenced by your answer

i’ll try to edit this post with the answer shortly before the poll finishes so you can check when you get the poll complete notification!

reblogs appreciated! i want to get a feel for how people use/understand these terms

[20lerde30]

Studying learning with a cup of tea :')

{Çınar}

[guavagyal]

I'm starting to think that capitalism (or at least late-stage capitalism) rewards being selfish, narcissistic, hyper individualistic; so those behaviors are able to go unchecked & flourish. they're seen as being strong, leadership behaviors instead of as antisocial and damaging.

[vincewillard-1971]

What Is Attachment Theory?

Attachment theory focuses on relationships and bonds (particularly long-term) between people, including these between a parent and child and between romantic partners. It is a psychological explanation for the emotional bods and relationships between people.

This theory suggests that people are born with a need for forge bonds with caregivers as children. These early bonds may continue to have an influence on attachments throughout life.

History of the Attachment Theory

British psychologist John Bowly was the first attachment theorist. He describes attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. Bowlby was interested in understanding the anxiety and distress that children experience when separated from their primary caregivers.

Thinkers like Freud suggested that infants become attached to the source of pleasure. Infants, who are in the oral stage of development, become attached to their mothers because she fulfills their oral needs.

Some of the earliest behavioral theories suggested that attachment was simply a learned behavior. These theories proposed that attachment was merely the result of the the feeding relationship between the child and the caregiver. Because the caregiver feeds the child and provides nourishment, the child becomes attached.

Bowlby observed that feedings did not diminish separation anxiety. Instead, he found that attachment was characterized by clear behavioral and motivation patterns. When children are frightened, they seek proximity from their primary caregiver in order to receive both comfort and care.

Understanding Attachment

Attachment is an emotional bond with another person. Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested that attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival.

Bowlby viewed attachment as a product of evolutionary processes. While the behavioral theories of attachment suggested that attachment was learned process, Bowlby and others proposed that children are born with an innate drive to form attachment with caregivers.

Throughout history, children who maintained proximity to an attachment figure were more likely to receive comfort and protection, and therefore more likely to survive to adulthood. Through the process of natural selection, a motivational system designed to regulate attachment emerged.

The central theme of attachment theory is that primary caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant's needs allow the child to develop a sense of security. The infant learns that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a security base for the child to then explore the world.

Ainsworth's "Strange Situation"

In her research in the 1970s, psychologist Mary Ainsworth expanded greatly upon Bowlby's original work. Her groundbreaking "strange situation" study revealed the profound effects of attachment on behavior. In the study, researchers observed children between the ages of 12 and 18 months as they responded to a situation in which they were briefly left alone and then reunited with their mothers.

Based on the responses the researchers observed Ainsworth described three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-secure attachment. Later, researchers Main and Solomon (1986) added a fourth attachment style called disorganized-insecure attachment based on their own research.

A number of studies since that time have supported Ainsworth's attachment styles and have indicated that attachment styles also have an impact on behaviors later in life.

Material Deprivation Studies

Harry Harlow's infamous studies on material deprivation and social isolation during the 1950s and 1960s also explored early bonds. In a series of experiments, Harlow demonstrated how such bonds emerged and the powerful impact they have on behavior and functioning.

In one version of this experiment, newborn rhesus monkeys were separated from their birth mothers and reared by surrogate mothers. The infant monkeys were placed in cages with two wire-monkeys mothers. One of the wire monkeys held a bottle from which the infant monkey could obtain nourishment, while the other wire monkey was covered with soft terry cloth.

While the infant monkeys would go to the wire mother to obtain food, they spent most of their days with the soft cloth mother. When frightened, the baby monkeys would turn to the cloth-covered mother for comfort and security.

Harlow's work also demonstrated that early attachments were the result of receiving comfort and care from a caregiver rather than simply the result of being fed.

The Stages of Attachment

Researchers Rudolph Schaffner and Peggy Emerson analyzed the number of attachment relationships that infants form in a longitudinal study, with 60 infants. The infants were observed every four weeks during the first year of life, and then once again at 18 months.

Based on their observations, Schaffner and Emerson outlined four distinct phases of attachment, including:

Pre-Attachment Stage

From birth to 3 months, infants do not show any particular attachment to a specific caregiver. The infant's signals, such as crying and fussing, naturally attract the attention to the caregiver and the baby's positive responses encourage the caregiver to remain close.

Indiscriminate Attachment

Between 6 weeks of age to 7 months, infants begin to show preferences for primary and secondary caregivers. Infants develop trust that the caregiver will respond to their needs. While they still accept care from others, infants start distinguishing between familiar and unfamiliar people, responding more positively to the primary caregiver.

Discriminate Attachment

At this point, from 7 to 11 months of age, infants show a strong attachment and preference for one specific individual. They will protest when separated from the primary attachment figure (separation anxiety), and begin to display anxiety around strangers (stranger anxiety).

Multiple Attachments

After approximately 9 months of age, children begin to form strong emotional bonds with other caregivers beyond the primary attachment figure. This often includes a second parent, older siblings, and grandparents.

Factors That Influence Attachment

While this process may seem straightforward, there are some factors that can influence how attachments develop, including:

•Opportunity for attachment: Children who do not have a primary care figure, such as those raised in orphanages, may fail to develop the sense of trust needed to form an attachment.

•Quality caregiving:When caregivers respond quickly and consistently, children learn that they can depend on the people who are responsible for their care, which is the essential foundation for attachment. This is a vital factor.

Attachment Styles

There are four patterns of attachment, including:

•Ambivalent attachment: These children become very distressed when a parent leaves. Ambivalent attachment style is considered uncommon, affecting an estimated 7% to 15% of U.S. children. As a result of poor parental availability, these children cannot depend on their primary caregiver to be there when they need them.

•Avoidant attachment: Children with an avoidant attachment tend to avoid parents or caregivers, showing no preference between a caregiver and a complete stranger. This attachment style might be a abusive or neglectful caregivers. Children who are punished for relying on a caregiver will learn to avoid seeking help in the future.

•Disorganized attachment: These children display a confusing mix of behavior, seeming distorted, dazed, or confused. They may avoid or resist the parent. Lack of a clear attachment patterns is likely linked to inconsistent caregiver behavior. In such cases, parents may serve as both a source of comfort and fear, leading to disorganized behavior.

•Secure attachment: Children who can depend on their caregivers show distress when separated and joy when reunited. Although the child may be upset, they feel assured that the caregiver will return. When frightened, securely attachment children are comfortable seeking reassurance from caregivers. This is the most common attachment style.

The Lasting Impact of Early Attachment

Children who securely attached as infants tend to develop stronger self-esteem and better self-reliance as they grow older. These children also tend to be more independent, perform better in school, have successful social relationships, and experience less depression and anxiety.

Research suggests that a failure to form secure attachments early in life can have a negative impact on behavior in later childhood and throughout life.

Children diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently display attachment problems, possibly due to early abuse, neglect, or trauma. Children adopted after the age of 6 months may have a higher risk of attachment problems.

Attachment Disorders

In some cases, children may also develop attachment disorders. There are two attachment disorders that may occur: reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social disengagement disorder (DSED).

•Reactive attachment disorder occurs when children do not form healthy bonds with caregivers. This is often the result of early childhood neglect or abuse and results in problems with emotional management and patterns of withdrawal from caregivers.

•Disinhibited social engagement disorder affects a child's ability to form bonds with others and often results from trauma, abandonment, abuse, or neglect. It is characterized by a lack of inhibition around strangers, often leading to excessively familiar behaviors around people they don't know and a lack of social boundaries.

Adult Attachment

Although attachment styles displayed in adulthood are not necessarily the same as those seen in infancy, early attachment can have a serious impact on later relationships. Adults who were securely attached in childhood tend to have good self-esteem, strong romantic relationships, and the ability to self-disclose to others.

A Word From Verywell

Our understanding of attachment theory is heavily influenced by the early work of researchers such as John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Today, researchers recognize that early relationships children have with their caregivers play a critical role in healthy development.

Such bonds can also have an influence on romantic relationships in adulthood. Understanding your attachment style may help you look for ways to become more secure in your relationships.

[mbti-notes]

Can I ask what ideas behavioral psychology & behavioral science overlap? I'm learning behavioral science (as a compulsory subject) in my uni next week as a med rookie. I had the chance to prepare for the subject tks to my seniors & found it interesting. I know behavioral science doesn't have much overlap with MBTI, but can I also ask resources for further research in behavioral science & psychology & beginner 101 books for them? Thank you so much for reading;)

It's unclear to me what you're asking for. Since you're a beginner, it's important to begin by clarifying your terms in order to ensure you're using them correctly. I've heard some people use "behavioral sciences" synonymously with "social sciences" but I don't consider them the same, based on my educational background. You could conceivably call me a social science nerd but I wouldn't associate myself with behavioral science in that way.

"Behavioral science" refers to the experimental study of human behavior specifically (very different than psychology). It is an interdisciplinary field of study, which means that it draws ideas from a wide variety of subjects as long as they relate to human action in some way, including: anthropology, biology, business, demography, economics, geography, law, neuroscience, political science, public health, psychology, psychiatry. From this list, you can see that, if you don't specify exactly which aspects of behavioral science appeal to you, it's impossible for me to narrow down the hundreds of books that may be relevant.

The concept of behavioral science has its roots in behaviorism, aka behavioral psychology. It was an early branch of psychology made popular by well-known figures like Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. They generally espoused the idea that there was little need to study the inner workings of the human mind. Behavior was all that mattered, and behavior could be understood mainly as an observable interaction between an organism's biology and its environment. This allowed for a purely scientific approach and the use of laboratory experimentation to discover the most efficient ways to change human behavior.

Behaviorism operated in direct contrast to another early branch of psychology known as psychodynamic or psychoanalytic psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud and includes Jungian psychology. The main focus of this branch is to make sense of the inner life of human beings. Thus, as a blog about Jungian ideas, what I talk about here is quite removed from behavioral science. Not only is there little to no overlap, in some ways the two can even be considered as the antithesis of each other. While both branches have evolved and are far less antagonistic than they were in early days, there are still some aspects of behavioral science and its aims that I'm not onboard with.

I suggest you talk to your instructor(s), figure out what sources they are using and ask them for additional sources according to your interests in behavioral science and behavioral psychology. It is part of their job to field questions like this. As for psychology in general, I have already suggested introductory books on the resources page. Or go to your university bookstore and have a look at the first-year psychology textbooks.

[just-a-cup-of-anxietea]

Can anyone explain to me why anxiety feels “loud” to so many people? What’s going on in a brain to produce this feeling of emotional “loudness”? Is it an auditory processing thing? Do we describe it as loudness because it’s easier/more culturally acceptable to use auditory data comparisons for emotional experience than taste/smell/touch/sight?

[mightymorphinnegro]

[eowyn35-blog]

Psychologists discovered early on that the concepts of reward and punishment are defined by the RECEIVER, not the one handing them out. If a kid dislikes chocolate and you give them a candy bar every time they wash the dishes, I guarantee you they will wash the dishes less often. The textbook definition of "punishment" is a stimulus that results in the decrease of a behavior. Subsequently, reinforcement (or "reward") is defined as a stimulus that increases a behavior. That's why so many little kids pick up cussing--they find a parent's or sibling's laughter (or shock) socially reinforcing, so they do it again.

A lot of people around me are having kids and every day it becomes more apparent that hitting your children to punish them is insane because literally everything can be a horrible punishment in their eyes if you frame it as such.

Like, one family makes their toddler sit on the stairs for three minutes when he hits his brother or whatever. The stairs are well lit and he can see his family the whole time, he’s just not allowed to get up and leave the stairs or the timer starts over. He fucking hates it just because it’s framed as a punishment.

Another family use a baseball cap. It’s just a plain blue cap with nothing on it. When their toddler needs discipline he gets a timeout on a chair and has to put the cap on. When they’re out and about he just has to wear the cap but it gets the same reaction. Nobody around them can tell he’s being punished because it’s in no way an embarrassing cap, but HE knows and just the threat of having to wear it is enough.

And there isn’t the same contempt afterwards I’ve seen with kids whose parents hit them. One time the kid swung a stick at my dog, his mother immediately made him sit on the stairs, he screamed but stayed put, then he came over to my dog and gently said “Sorry Ellie” and went back to playing like nothing happened, but this time without swinging sticks at the nearby animals.

[omegaphilosophia]

The Philosophy of Reward and Punishment

The philosophy of reward and punishment explores the moral, ethical, and psychological principles that underlie systems of incentives and deterrents in human behavior. It seeks to understand why societies reward certain behaviors and punish others, and what the implications of these actions are for individuals, communities, and justice.

Key Aspects of the Philosophy of Reward and Punishment:

1. Moral Foundations

Utilitarian Justification: Utilitarianism argues that reward and punishment should be used to maximize overall happiness or well-being. Rewarding good behavior promotes future benefits, while punishing bad behavior deters actions that harm others.

Deontological Ethics: From a deontological perspective (duty-based ethics), punishment and reward may be seen as deserved outcomes based on an individual’s actions. People deserve rewards for fulfilling duties and punishments for violating moral rules, regardless of the consequences.

2. Theories of Justice

Retributive Justice: Retribution focuses on the idea that wrongdoers should be punished because they deserve it. It is backward-looking, emphasizing moral culpability and the concept of "just deserts" — the belief that people should get what they deserve based on their actions.

Restorative Justice: This approach focuses on repairing the harm caused by wrong actions rather than simply punishing the offender. The goal is to restore relationships and create a more equitable situation for both the wrongdoer and the victim.

Deterrence: One major reason for punishment is deterrence — to prevent future wrongdoing by making the consequences of bad behavior undesirable. Similarly, rewards are offered to encourage behaviors that benefit individuals and society.

3. Psychological Foundations

Behaviorism: In psychology, especially in behaviorism, rewards (positive reinforcement) and punishments (negative reinforcement) are key tools for shaping behavior. Reward reinforces behavior, making it more likely to recur, while punishment seeks to reduce undesirable actions.

Operant Conditioning: The principles of operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, explain how behavior can be learned or modified through systems of rewards and punishments. The effectiveness of these methods depends on factors like timing, consistency, and the nature of the reward or punishment.

4. Ethical Criticism of Punishment

Moral Limits: Some ethical perspectives argue that certain forms of punishment are unjust, inhumane, or excessive. Philosophers like Michel Foucault critique the use of punishment in society, highlighting its role in exerting control and power over individuals rather than simply serving justice.

Punishment as Harm: From an ethical standpoint, inflicting harm through punishment can be problematic. It raises the question of whether causing harm (through imprisonment, physical punishment, etc.) can be justified in the name of justice.

5. Social Contract Theory

Role of Society: Social contract theorists like Hobbes and Locke argue that people agree to give up certain freedoms in exchange for the protection and order provided by society. Punishment for wrongdoing and rewards for positive contributions are part of maintaining this social contract, ensuring that society functions effectively.

6. Incentive Systems and Economics

Economic Perspectives: In economics and political philosophy, rewards and punishments can be seen as part of incentive systems that influence behavior. Rewards such as bonuses, wages, and promotions incentivize hard work, while punishments like fines and job loss deter poor performance or unethical actions.

Game Theory: Game theory explores how people’s decisions are influenced by expected rewards or punishments. It shows how individuals strategize their actions based on potential outcomes, often influenced by the rewards or consequences they expect to receive.

7. Consequentialism vs. Retributivism

Consequentialist Approach: From a consequentialist standpoint (e.g., utilitarianism), rewards and punishments are justified by their outcomes. If they lead to more happiness or less suffering, they are morally acceptable.

Retributivist Approach: In contrast, retributivism argues that rewards and punishments should not merely be based on outcomes but on desert. People should be rewarded or punished based on their actions, irrespective of the consequences.

Ethical Dilemmas and Debates:

Fairness in Distribution: What constitutes a fair reward or punishment? Should rewards and punishments be proportional to effort, intention, or outcome?

Efficacy: Does punishment effectively deter crime or poor behavior? Some argue that rehabilitation and education are more effective than harsh punishment.

Moral Desert: Do people truly deserve the rewards or punishments they receive, or are they the result of luck, circumstance, or societal structure?

The philosophy of reward and punishment deals with the ethical and practical reasons for encouraging certain behaviors while discouraging others. It involves balancing justice, fairness, and social utility to promote a functioning society. The debate between retributive justice and consequentialist ethics remains central to discussions on how and why we reward or punish actions.

[tmarshconnors]

Psychology: Understanding the Human Mind

Psychology is a fascinating field that delves into the intricacies of the human mind and behavior. From cognitive processes to emotional responses, psychology seeks to understand why we think, feel, and act the way we do.

Throughout my exploration of psychology, I’ve been particularly intrigued by concepts like motivation, personality, and mental health. Understanding psychological theories helps us comprehend our own behaviors and those of others, fostering empathy and improving our relationships.

Moreover, psychology’s application in various fields—education, therapy, and business—demonstrates its relevance in everyday life. By learning about psychological principles, we can equip ourselves to navigate challenges, enhance our well-being, and promote positive change in our communities.

[dynamichealthinsights]

The Science of Sticking to It: Using Positive Reinforcement to Make Exercise a Lifelong Habit

We all know the age-old struggle: promising ourselves we’ll start exercising regularly, only to find our motivation waning after a few days or weeks. The initial enthusiasm fades, life gets in the way, and before we know it, those running shoes are gathering dust in the closet. But what if there was a scientifically proven way to break this cycle and make exercise a sustainable, enjoyable part of…

[maxlearnmicrolearningplatform]

Unleashing the Potential of Behavioral Aspects in Gamified Microlearning

In the realm of modern education and corporate training, the amalgamation of gamification principles with microlearning techniques has ushered in a new era of dynamic and engaging learning experiences. At the heart of this transformation lies the understanding and utilization of behavioral aspects, which hold the key to unlocking the full potential of gamified microlearning. This post explores how organizations can leverage behavioral principles to create highly impactful and effective learning experiences that resonate with learners.

Understanding Gamified Microlearning:

Gamified microlearning represents a synergistic blend of gamification elements with the efficiency of microlearning. By infusing game-like features such as challenges, rewards, and progress tracking into bite-sized learning modules, gamified microlearning captivates learners' attention, fosters motivation, and enhances knowledge retention. This approach not only makes learning enjoyable but also promotes continuous skill development and performance improvement.

The Power of Behavioral Aspects in Learning:

Behavioral aspects play a pivotal role in shaping learning experiences and outcomes. By delving into the intricacies of human behavior, organizations can design gamified microlearning experiences that resonate with their audience, drive engagement, and elicit desired behaviors. Drawing insights from psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral economics, organizations can influence learner motivation, decision-making, and learning effectiveness.

Key Behavioral Strategies for Gamified Microlearning:

Motivation and Engagement:

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are vital for sustaining learner engagement in gamified microlearning. By setting clear goals, providing meaningful rewards, and offering timely feedback, organizations can ignite learners' passion and commitment to learning.

Behavioral Reinforcement:

Leveraging principles of operant conditioning, organizations can reinforce desired behaviors through positive reinforcement mechanisms embedded within gamified microlearning. By rewarding learners for completing tasks, achieving milestones, or demonstrating desired competencies, organizations can cultivate a culture of continuous improvement and growth.

Cognitive Load Management:

Managing cognitive load is essential for designing gamified microlearning experiences that optimize learning and retention. By presenting information in digestible chunks, minimizing extraneous cognitive load, and providing scaffolding and support, organizations can facilitate deep learning and reduce cognitive overwhelm.

Social Influence:

Harnessing the power of social influence and peer dynamics can amplify the impact of gamified microlearning. By integrating social features such as collaboration, competition, and peer feedback, organizations can foster a sense of community, accountability, and camaraderie among learners, driving engagement and motivation.

Emotional Design:

Recognizing the role of emotions in learning is crucial for creating memorable and impactful gamified microlearning experiences. By evoking positive emotions such as curiosity, excitement, and satisfaction, organizations can enhance learner motivation, attention, and memory encoding, leading to deeper learning and retention.

Implementing Behavioral Strategies in Gamified Microlearning:

Personalization:

Tailoring gamified microlearning experiences to individual learner preferences, interests, and learning styles enhances relevance and engagement. By offering adaptive challenges, personalized feedback, and customized learning paths, organizations can create personalized learning journeys that resonate with learners.

Feedback and Progression:

Providing timely and constructive feedback is essential for guiding learner behavior and facilitating skill development. Incorporating progress tracking, performance metrics, and achievement badges into gamified microlearning fosters a sense of accomplishment and progress, motivating learners to continue their learning journey.

Narrative and Storytelling:

Integrating narrative elements and storytelling techniques into gamified microlearning enhances immersion, emotional engagement, and knowledge retention. By crafting compelling narratives, characters, and scenarios, organizations can captivate learners' imagination, evoke empathy, and facilitate deeper learning experiences.

Case Studies:

Company X:

By implementing gamified microlearning modules focused on sales training, Company X achieved a 30% increase in sales performance and a 20% reduction in training time.

Organization Y:

Through gamified microlearning initiatives targeting compliance training, Organization Y witnessed a 40% improvement in compliance adherence and a 25% decrease in compliance-related incidents.

Conclusion:

By harnessing the power of behavioral aspects in gamified microlearning, organizations can revolutionize their training approach and drive measurable learning outcomes. whether enhancing motivation, reinforcing desired behaviors, or fostering social interaction, understanding human behavior is key to designing gamified microlearning experiences that captivate, educate, and inspire learners. Embrace the potential of behavioral aspects in your gamified microlearning strategy, and embark on a journey of transformative learning and growth.

[vincewillard-1971]

Major Perspectives In Modern Psychology

Resource: verywellmind.con

Psychological perspectives are different ways of thinking about and explaining human behavior. Psychologists utilize a variety of perspectives when studying how people think, feel, and behave.

Some researchers focus more on one specific school of thought, such as the biological perspectives, while others take a more eclectic approach that incorporates multiple points of view.

This article explores seven of the major perspectives in psychology, where these perspectives originated, and how they attempt to explain psychological issues. It also provides examples of key ideas from each psychological perspective.

Major Perspective

The early years of psychology were dominated by a succession of these different schools of thought. If you have taken a psychology course, you might remember learning about structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism-all of which are different schools of psychological thought.

As psychology has grown, the number and variety of topics psychologists investigate have also expanded. Since the early 1960s, the field of psychology, has flourished. It continues to grow rapidly, as has the depth and breadth of subjects studied by psychologist.

Psychological Perspectives Today

Few psychologists identify their outlook according to a particular school of thought. While there are still some pure behaviorist or psychoanalysts, the majority of psychologists today categorize their work according to their specialty area and perspective.

Purpose of Psychological Perspectives

Why are there so many different perspectives in psychology? It is important to remember that every topic in psychology can be looked at in many ways. For example, let's consider the subject of aggression.

•A professional who emphasizes a biological perspective would look at how the brain and nervous system impact aggressive behavior.

•A professional who stresses a behavioral perspective would look at how environment variables reinforce aggressive actions.

•A professional who utilizes a cross-cultural approach might consider how cultural and social influences contribute to aggressive or violent behavior.

Here are some major perspectives in modern psychology.

1. The Psychological Perspectives

The psychodynamic perspective originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. This view of psychology and human behavior emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior, as well as to treat mental illnesses.

Much thanks to Freud's work and influence, psychoanalysis became one of the earliest major forces within psychology. Freud conceived of the mind as being composed of three key elements: the id, the ego, and the superego.

•The I'd is the part of the psyche that includes all the primal and unconscious desires.

• The ego is the aspect of the psyche that must deal with the demands of the real world.

•The superego is the last part of the psyche to develop and is tasked with managing all of our internalized morals, standards, and ideas.

While the psychodynamic perspective is not as dominant today, it continues to be useful psychotherapeutic tools.

2. The Behavioral Perspective

Behavioral psychology focuses on learning behaviors. It was founded of the work of psychologist such as Edward Thorndike and John B. Watson. Behaviorism dominated psychology in the early twentieth century but began to lose its hold on during the 1950s.

Behaviorism differs from other perspectives because it focuses solely on observable behaviors rather than on emphasizing internal states.

Today, the behavioral perspective is still concerned with how behaviors are learned and reinforced. Behavioral principles are often applied in mental health settings, where therapist and counselors use these techniques to explain and treat a variety of illnesses.

3. Cognitive Perspective

During the 1960s, a new perspective known as cognitive psychology, emerged. This area of psychology focuses on mental processes like memory, thinking, problem-solving, language, and decision-making.

Influenced by psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura, the cognitive perspective has grown tremendously in recent decades.

Cognitive psychologists often utilize an information-processing model (comparing the human mind to a computer) to conceptualize how information is acquired, processed , stored, and utilized.

4. The Biological Perspective

The study of physiology played a major role in the development of psychology as a separate science. Today, the perspective is known as biological psychology (also called biopsychology or physiological psychology). The point of view emphasizes the physical and biological based of behavior.

Researchers with a biological perspective on psychology might look at how genetics influence behavior or how damage to specific areas of the brain affect personality.

The nervous system, genetics, the brain, the immune system, and the endocrine system are just a few subjects of interest to biological psychologists. Over the last few decades, the perspective has grown significantly with advances in our ability to explore and understand the human brain and nervous system.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and position emission tomography (PET) scans give researchers tools to observe the brain under a variety of conditions. Scientists can now look at the effects of brain damage, drug, and disease in ways that were not possible in the past.

5. Cross-Cultural Perspective

Cross-cultural psychology is a fairly new perspective that has grown significantly in the last twenty years. Psychologists and researchers is this school of thought look at human behavior across different cultures.

By looking at these differences, we can learn more about how culture influences our thinking and behavior. For example, researchers have looked at how social behaviors differs in individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

•In individualistic cultures (such as the United States) people tend to exert less effort when they are part of a group-a phenomenon known as social loafing

•In collective cultures (such as China), people tend to work harder when they are part of a group.

6. The Evolutionary Perspective

Evolutionary psychology focuses on the study of how the theory of evolution can explain physiological processes. Psychologist who take this perspective apply the basic principles of evolution (like natural selection) to psychological phenomenon.

The evolutionary perspective suggests that these mental processes exist because they serve an evolutionary purpose-meaning they aid in human reproduction.

7. The Human Perspective

In the 1950s, a school of thought known humanistic psychology arrived. It was greatly influenced by the work of prominent humanist such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

The humanistic perspective emphasizes the role of motivation in thought and behavior. Concepts such as self-actualization are essential. Psychologists with a humanist perspective focus on what drives humans to grow, change, and develop their personal potential.

Positive psychology (,which focuses on helping people live happier, healthier lives) is a recent movement in psychology with roots in the humanist perspective.

A Word From Verywell

There are many ways to think about human thought and behavior. The different perspectives in modern psychology gives researchers and students tools to approach problems and answer questions. They also guide psychologists in finding new ways to explain and predict human behavior. The exploration and deeper understanding can even lead to the development of new treatment approaches.