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 Can The Sun Rays Creation Process Depend On Saturn Motion? (Revised)

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Abstract

Paper Discovery

The paper question tells (The Sun Is Not Doing Nuclear Fusion To Produce Its Rays) instead The Sun Rays is produced by another method and this method depends on Saturn motion- for that - We should ask (Is There Another Method Can Produce A Light Beam In The Solar System?) 

This Is Extraordinary: Gravity Can Create Light, All on Its Own

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsnHYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"ei=83

This new article tells us, The Gravitational Waves Can Move By Speed Of Light And Can Produce A Light Beam. 

I Claim The Sun Rays Is Produced By This Method And Not By The Sun Nuclear Fusion,

Before all discussions we need to ask-

Let's suppose the gravitational waves move by speed of light (C = 300000 km/s), how can this motion produce a light beam? We know the light beam is produced from the value (C^2)

Means- the article tells- the gravitational waves move by speed of light (C)and some geometrical effect is found and caused to square this speed and produced the value (C^2) from which the light beam is produced.   

For better understanding

The gravitational waves move by speed of light and the waves are reflected

The energy reflection causes to square the velocities (and many other effects), by that the reflection of energy caused to square the speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and produced the value (C^2) from which the light beam is produced- the reflection of energy is discussed in details later-

Shortly this new article tells us 2 new information which are

(1st Information)    

The light beam source of energy is the gravitational waves motions energy- it's NOT the sun mass by the nuclear fusion process–but- the gravitational wave motions energy this is very interesting news because the solar system is so rich in the motion energy

(2nd Information)    

The light beam production method is the relative motion-

Means- the gravitational waves move by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) relative to some point- and this speed is squared by the reflection of energy and that produced the value (C^2) and the light beam is produced by this value (C^2)

Means the light beam production method is the relative motion based on the different velocity = speed of light = 300000 km/s = C

Means- the light beam production does NOT use the nuclear fusion process

Shortly- The article tells us –the source of energy is changed and the light production method is changed- we have a very different picture for the light beam production process- let's summarize these ideas in following

First/ the gravitational waves move by speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

Second/ the gravitational waves are reflected in the solar system and the reflection of energy caused to square the velocities and by that the speed of light produces the value (C^2) and from this value (C^2) the light beam is produced. 

Third/ the light source of energy is the gravitational waves motions energies

Fourth / the light production method is the relative motion with different velocity = speed of light= 300000 km/s= C, Also we need to know that, the gravitational waves move by speed of light relative to The Sun Point Of Space-

Means- The Sun Rays Is Produced By The Gravitational Waves Motions Energies

Fifth/ The surprised fact is that- the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies and NOT by the sun gravitational field.

Here I provide a theory against the article statement- because- the article supposes the gravitational waves are produced by The Sun Gravitational Field- but in fact the gravitational waves are produced by The Planets Motions Energies.

Shortly

The Sun Rays Is Created By The Planets Motions Energies Total

The sun is a phenomenon created by the planets motions energies

The sun is a product from the planets motions energies and of course No planet moves by the sun gravity (Newton is wrong)

The sun rays creation is a model for all stars rays creation- means- all stars rays are created by their planets motions energies and no star uses the nuclear fusion process to produce its rays.

My theory explanation is divided into two branches

1st Branch/ The analysis of the relative motion by which the sun rays is created 

The Sun Gravitational Field Theory Refutation

The Gravitational Waves Source And Its Motion Trajectory Through The Solar System

The Gravitational Waves Relative Motion

The Gravitational Waves Relative Motion (More Analysis)

The Analysis Of The Sun Position And Creation Data

The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory Is Wrong

The Theory Main Question

The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creation And Motion (The Proof)

Can The Motion Be Transported Among The Planets?

2nd Branch/The analysis of the source of energy from which the sun rays is created 

The Planets Motions Use Different Rates Of Time

The Planets Rates Of Time Analysis

1st Branch/ The analysis of the relative motion by which the sun rays is created 

(I) The Sun Gravitational Field Theory Refutation

FIRST/ the sun rotation period is (25.4 days at equator) and (34.4 days at pole),

This data proves the sun has NO massive gravity and it has NO even gravity equal any planet gravity otherwise it would rotate in one period of time as any planet.

SECOND/ No planet moves by the sun gravity (Newton Is Wrong)- the planet moves by its creation force- means-  the planet creation and motion should be done by the same one force because if two forces have effects on the same one planet, this planet would be Broken- means- the planet is Not broken by its motion because the planet moves by the force caused its creation and NOT by The Sun Gravity Force

THIRD/ The Mass gravity Force Can Not Cause any Motion- (Newton is wrong)– let's explain that -Mass gravity is a bond between 2 masses – the Earth and the moon are bond together by the mass gravity- They are similar to a lorry and its trailer– If a force causes the Earth to move the moon will move with the Earth– this is the effect of the mass gravity but the mass gravity can't cause any motion! Why? Suppose the moon moves by the Earth mass gravity- The moon motion produces energy (1/2mv^2)- and– From what source this motion energy will be provided? From the mass itself! means- If the Earth causes the moon to move that necessitates to decrease the Earth and moon masses by the motion energy– It's wrong definition for the mass gravity - the mass gravity creates a bond between two masses- and if a force causes the Earth to move the moon will move with the Earth, in this case, this force will provide the motion energy for the Earth and the moon motions– but No Motion can be done by the mass gravity.

(II) The Gravitational Waves Source And Its Motion Trajectory Through The Solar System

(a)

Planet motion produces energy (1/2 mv^2), this energy is Not stored in the planet body otherwise its temperature would be raised, and no planet temperature is raised by its motion- logically- this energy is stored in the space in waves form-

Means- the space is similar to the sea of water and the planet motion is similar to a fish swimming in the sea, the fish motion creates waves and similar to that the planet motion energy creates waves in the space- these waves are similar to the water waves they move freely far from its source and can be reflected- this analysis forces us to attribute mechanical features for the space 

Notice

The fish swims in the sea by hitting some water by its body- and this action creates waves in the sea we conclude these waves moves by a velocity equal the fish velocity because of the reaction force- similar to that- the planet motion energy creates waves in the space and these waves move by velocity equal the planet velocity- for example- Mercury (47.4 km/s) motion energy creates waves in the space and these waves move by a velocity = 47.4 km/s

(b)

These waves are the gravitational waves, the scientists discovered them but called wrongly (Gravitational Waves) supposing they are created by the sun gravitational field-BUT- the fact is that- these waves are produced by the planets motions energies which is proved by the previous analysis- shortly- no place to store the planet motion energy except in the space in waves form- means the planet has a necessity to store its motion energy in the space-

(c)

Now we know, Planet motion creates waves in the space and these waves move by this planet velocity and also these waves are the gravitational waves but can we follow these waves trajectory in the solar system? let's try

The planets revolve around the sun in the same one direction, for that, the planets motions energies waves move into the same one direction toward Pluto orbit (perpendicular on the revolution direction)-

In Pluto orbit these waves are unified together in one unified wave- means- this one unified wave contains all planets motions energies- and this one unified wave moves by the planets velocities total

Then

This one unified wave is reflected from Pluto orbit to Venus (the inner planets)- and then – Venus caused to reflect this one unified wave toward Mars

Finally, the one unified wave is stored in the Earth moon orbit while this one unified wave contains the planets motions energies total- and this one unified wave moves by a velocity = the planets velocities total,

(Notice, the energy is reflected three times in the solar system, from Pluto, from Saturn and from Venus)

Means

While The Planets Revolve Around The Sun, There's One unified wave moves in the space and revolves around The Sun through the Earth moon orbit and this wave moves by a velocity = the planets velocities total and this unified wave contains the planets motions energies total (And This Unified Wave Is The Gravitational Wave) 

What's this unified wave velocity?  

The 9 planets velocities total = 176 km/s BUT

We have to add the moon velocity (29.8 km/s) because the wave revolves through the Earth moon orbit – means the wave velocity is 205.8 km/s       

(The moon velocity = the Erath velocity = 29.8 km/s because they revolve around the sun together)

SHORTLY

While The Planets Revolve Around The Sun, There's One unified wave moves in the space and revolves around The Sun through the Earth moon orbit and this wave moves by a velocity = 205.8 km/s -This wave contains the planets motions  energies total (and this wave is the gravitational wave)

(III) The Gravitational Waves Relative Motion

Here we have a relative motion – let's remember it

There's one wave moves by a velocity 205.8 km/s and revolves around the sun through the moon orbit- and in this wave the planets motions energies total is stored

This wave motion creates a relative motion relative to The Sun Point of space 

This relative motion has 2 players, the unified wave velocity (205.8 km/s) and the sun point of space velocity (1 km/s)

We need to pay attention to this relative motion, because this relative motion will enable the unified wave to move by speed of light (300000 km/s)  

For that we should analyze this relative motion in details

First

The sun point of space velocity is (1 km/s) – this velocity is NOT changed- we should notice that- No any other point of space in the solar system moves by this velocity- the sun point of space is the only point moves by this velocity (1 km/s) and later I explain how this velocity is defined-

Second

Here we have a relative motion between the sun point of space (1 km/s) and the unified wave (205.8 km/s)-

We understand that the planets motions energies total is stored in this unified wave- for that this wave velocity is increased with the time– Why?

Because the planets motions energies are stored in the space-means- the stored energy in the space is increased day after day- and this stored energy is stored in this one unified wave which revolves around the sun through the moon orbit- Now we have to ask (How Can This One Unified Wave Energy Be Increased?) by increasing its velocity through the time-

Let's try to see this picture more clearly

Suppose the planets move for one second- the planets motions energies will be stored in the one unified wave its velocity 205.8 km/s relative to the sun point (1 km/s)

Means this motion for one second contains the planets motions energies total for One second- but the planets motions energies are stored for long periods of time and not for one second- the increased energy causes to increase the one unified wave velocity

Means- the velocity 205.8 km/s is the minimum velocity of the unified wave, and the unified wave velocity is increased day after day by the increasing of the stored motion energy in the space- and the unified wave velocity is increased till reach to the speed of light (C=300000 km/s) because the energy reflection will square this speed and produce the Value (C^2) by which the light beam will be produced and by that the stored energy will be produced in light beam form (the sun rays) and that will cause to decrease the unified wave velocity to 205.8 km/s one more time.

Shortly

The machine main idea is, the unified wave velocity is increasing till be equal the speed of light while the sun point of space velocity (1 km/s) is NOT changed and by that the different velocity be = 300000 km/s = speed of light

Third

The energy is reflected in the solar system and the energy reflection causes to square the velocities- means- the different velocity = speed of light =C = 300000 km/s  will be squared and produce (C^2) and the light beam will be produced from this value (C^2)

Notice

The one unified wave is reflected three times in the solar system, by Pluto, by Saturn and by Venus- the reflection of energy caused to square the velocities, reflect the rates of time and the players in addition to many other effects are defined and proved in the paper in point no. (18)

(IV) The Gravitational Waves Relative Motion (More Analysis)

Here I need to put a defined summary for the relative motion

(A)

The relative motion depend on a different velocity= 300000 km/s= speed of light= C

If this different velocity is decreased with any fraction no light beam can be produced- means- we need the different velocity to be 300000 km/s Accurately 

(B)

The relative motion has 2 players- the unified wave motion its velocity (205.8 km/s), and this velocity is the minimum velocity because the unified wave velocity is increased by the stored motion energy day after day till the unified wave velocity be equal the speed of light = 300000 km/s = C

We know that- No motion can be done by any velocity higher than speed of light (300000 km/s = C) as Einstein stated BUT

My research proves there's a light beam moves by speed 1.16 million km per second

If this huge speed is found why the limit speed is 300000 km/s? Because

The solar system (Planets and space) are created from one energy and this energy is provided by one light beam and this light beam moves by speed 1.16 million km per second- BUT

The light beam (1.16 million km per second) created the space firstly before any planet creation- means- the light created the planets orbits at first before any planet creation and the light energy is consumed in the space creation process and the rest part of energy after the space creation is an energy moves by the known speed of light (300000 km/s = C)- the solar planets are created and moving based on this energy (light beam) which moves by the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

Means- the original speed 1.16 million km per second is used for the space creation and the solar system motions (planets and waves) depend on the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and by that No motion can be found by a speed greater than the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and that means – the unified wave velocity can be only equal the known speed of light = C=300000 km/s and can NOT be greater than it at any case.

Shortly

The unified wave velocity is increased from (205.8 km/s) day after day till be equal the speed of light = C= 300000 km/s and Can Not be greater than this velocity Never

(C)

The sun point of space velocity is 1 km/s

We understand clearly, the sun point of space velocity can cause to fail the solar system motion and can cause to destroy the solar system completely- why?

Because if the sun point of space is faster than 1 km/s the different velocity will be less than speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and the reflection of energy will NOT produce the Value (C^2) and NO light beam can be produced as a result

Means- the planets motions energies total will be still stored in the space without using and that will cause the serious risk for the solar system

Shortly- the sun rays is the very good outlet for the stored motion energy

For that we study the sun point of space in details in following

(V) The Analysis Of The Sun Position And Creation Data

How Can The Sun Point Of Space Velocity Be 1 km/s?

(1)

The planets revolve around a point in space (any point in space)- the revolution motion creates two velocities on both sides, the velocities are equal in value and opposite in direction- the total be Zero- and that means- the revolution motion creates a stationary point in the revolution center- the stationary point velocity is Zero approximately (1 km/s the sun point of space)

By that the relative motion is created between the unified wave 205.8 km/s and the stationary point (the sun point of space 1 km/s) while the sun point velocity is fixed and don't change (1 km/s) the unified wave velocity is increased from 205.8 km/s to reach the speed of light = C= 300000 km/s – that creates the different velocity = speed of light = 300000 km/s = C

(2)

The previous idea presents the fact as simple as possible but we need to see the fact details to help our understanding- for that I need to refer to the solar system creation theory in following

The solar planets and space is created from one energy and this energy is provided by one light beam and this light beam moves by speed 1.16 million km per second

The light created the planets orbits before any planet creation- and the light energy is consumed in the space creation process and the rest energy is an energy moves by the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s) – we can consider that- the rest energy is one light beam moves by the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

We can imagine the rest energy is similar to one wave moves in the sea – means- the original energy (1.16 million km/s) is consumed to create the sea and the rest energy is one wave moves through this sea-

Now the solar system is one energy (wave) moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

The solar system needed to create a stationary point 

Means- the solar system needed to create a stationary point moves by Zero velocity

We understand that (It's impossible to create a stationary point)

Because

The solar system is similar to the sea of water and every thing is moving by the wave motion and no point can be stationary on the sea water- by that – no any stationary point can be found in the solar system- simply- impossible to find it  

For that- the solar system created this stationary point

The wave (300000 km/s) revolves around a point in space (any point in space) and the revolution creates two velocities which are equal in value and opposite in direction by that the total is Zero- means –the revolution motion creates a stationary point in its center- we understand that- this stationary point will be the sun point of space- by that the sun point of space is created as a stationary point its velocity (Zero approximately = 1 km/s)

But this picture is still incomplete

Because the speed of light 300000 km/s is a huge velocity and to create a stationary point, that means this speed is decreased to Zero approximately (=1km/s)

The decreasing of the speed of light (C=300000 km/s) to Zero is a difficult process

For that- the wave (300000 km/s) created small waves (which are the planets) because the planets velocities will be used as steps to decrease the speed of light (300000km/s) to Zero to enable the stationary point to be created-

This is a very important information because it tells the solar system has a compete system of velocities starts from the sun point of space its velocity (zero approximately = 1 km/s) and finishes with the motion by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) where the planets velocities are steps between the two velocities (two terminals)

Notice

The planets are geometrical points created on the same one light beam (one energy)- means- the light beam is similar to the sea of water and the planets are similar to ships sail on this sea of water- means- the planets motions depend on this light beam motion and by that the motion by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) is the motor by which the planets move- means- all planets motions depend on the light beam motion by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and all planets velocities are created based on rates of time because of this fact- I explain that in details in the second branch of this discussion-

I want to say

The speed of light (C=300000km/s) is NOT strange from the planets motions, because all planets motions depend on the light motion and that means if the unified wave (the gravitational wave) moves by speed of light relative to the sun point that doesn't disprove the fact tells (the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies) because all planets motions depend on the light beam motion and speed

Notice

The next data proves the previous idea

(205.8)^2 x 7.1 = 300000 km – let's explain this data

The distance 300000 km is passed by light motion in one second

7.1 is Lorentz length contraction effect for speed (0.99C)- means- if a particle its length 7.1 meters moves by speed (99% of speed of light =297000 km/s) the particle length will be contracted and be one meter only.

The previous data is produced by light motion without any planet motion effect 

The velocities rates create rates of time- for example- Mercury velocity =1.6 Earth velocity- based on the velocities rate the rate of time be created – the rate of time tells (one second of Mercury clock = 1.6 seconds of the Earth clock) by that the two planets move equal distances in the same period of time.

We know the velocity of the Sun Point Of Space Is 1 km/s

We understand clearly that, the geometrical design interested strongly to make the velocity of the sun point 1 km/s and never be faster- and we know the reason behind- because- the unified wave velocity is increased till be equal the speed of light (300000 km/s) and because the sun point velocity is 1 km/s that makes the different velocity to be equal speed of light = 300000 km/s and based on this different velocity the light beam is created- means- there's massive necessity to make the sun point of space to be = 1 km/s

Now let's ask- where the sun point velocity is 1 km/s and the velocities rates create rates of time – how can we define the unified wave velocity?  Let's look again to our equation (205.8)^2 x 7.1 = 300000 km

Let's change this equation as following (V)^2 x 7.1 = 300000 km

Can we define the velocity (V) in this equation?

Of course V= 205.8 km/s

I want to say, the unified wave velocity (205.8 km/s) is defined as a function in the speed of light based on 2 considerations which are (the sun point velocity is 1 km/s and the length contraction effect for 0.99C velocity is 7.1)

I try to prove, the planets velocities are defined as functions in the speed of light, that proves the planets motions depend on the light motion.

Notice–the unified wave (205.8 km/s) moves in 1461 seconds a distance= 300000 km- but we know 1461 days is the Earth cycle (365+365+365+366 =1461 days) that proves the planets depends on the light motion to define their velocities and orbital periods- I try to show that the solar system motion depends on the light beam motion-  

(3)

The previous explanation aimed to explain that, the sun rays creation depends on the different velocity between the unified wave velocity (205.8 km/s) and the sun point of space velocity (1 km/s) and the unified wave velocity is increased daily by the stored motion energy while the sun point of space velocity is NOT changed- by that- the unified wave velocity is increased till reach to the speed of light = C= 300000 km/s

(how can the unified wave velocity 205.8 km/s reach the speed of light 300000 km/s? this question will be answered later)

Here we see the great necessity to make the sun point of space velocity (1 km/s)- because – if this velocity is changed that will prevent to produce the light beam- means- the light beam production process depends on the velocity of the sun point of space- because the unified wave velocity can NOT be greater than the speed of light (C=300000 km/s)- that makes the velocity of the sun point of space the cornerstone in the light beam production process-

I try to show the geometrical importance to make the velocity of the sun point of space only 1 km/s and never be faster-

The designer paid so great attention and incredible interest for this point- because of its massive importance and effect- for that- the designer made the sun position in the sky and the sun creation data to depend on exact mathematical calculations and strict geometrical rules to guarantee its velocity Never to be faster than 1 km/s

Let's see some examples to explain that

Example No.(1)

We See The Sun Disc= The Moon Disc which enable the total solar eclipse to be occurred because

The sun diameter / the moon diameter= Earth orbital distance/ earth moon distance

Why does the diameters rate equal = the distances rate?

Example No.(2)

4900 mkm (Jupiter orbital circumference) = 1.39 mkm (the sun diameter) x 3475 km =12104 km x 406000 km = 12756 km x 384000 km = 6792 km x 2 x 363000 km

3475 km      = the moon diameter                 12104 km    = Venus diameter

12756 km    = The Earth diameter                6792 km      = Mars diameter

 363000 km, 384000 km and 406000 km are the distances between the Earth and its moon in perigee, orbital distance and apogee radiuses respectively

The previous examples show that the sun creation data and its position in the sky are defined based on accurate mathematical calculations- but why? and what's the useful result of these data proportionalities

The designer aimed to make the velocity of the sun point of space to be 1 km/s and He interested to guarantee that the velocity can Never be faster than 1 km/s – because any faster velocity than 1 km/s will destroy the chance of the light beam production- BUT

What's the relationship between the sun creation data and its velocity?

This question is answered by my planet diameter equation- the equation proves that the planet diameter is defined based on this planet velocity- for example- Neptune diameter is 49528 km because Neptune velocity is 5.4 km/s that shows the change in velocity can change the diameter (my planet diameter equation proves that strongly) and based on that, the sun diameter is effected by the sun velocity and vice versa for that reason these proportionalities are necessary to guarantee the sun point of space to be (1 km/s) and never be faster.

(4)

The sun rotation period is (25.4 days at equator) and the sun circumference is 4.37 million km- this motion velocity is 2 km/s

Means if the sun moves by 2 km/s, the sun will rotate around its axis one complete rotation in 25.4 days

This data should be a proof for my theory- because the sun real data shows its velocity is 2 km/s

Please Note-

The solar system geometrical design supposes the velocity of the sun is 1 km/s but the real velocity is 2 km/s – it is NOT small change in Value – it's a great change in the whole machine- but the machine still can produce a light beam spite of that

And to produce the light beam- the machine has to depend on (2 seconds) in place of (1 second) and for that the planets have to move a distance = (180000 million km) in place of the required distance (90000 million km)

because the required rate is (90000 million km per second) which is (C^2)  

I want to say- the change in the velocity of the sun point of space from (1 km/s) to (2 km/s) this change forces the solar planets to move (double distance) to create the light beam- I prove that in details later

The respectful reader can imagine what effects can be occurred if the velocity of the sun point of space be for example (15 km/s)-  such velocity will kill all chances to create any light beam in the solar system.

(VI) The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory Is Wrong

There are three major critics against this theory

1st Critic (The Light Production Method)

The previous analysis shows how the sun position in the sky and its creation data is defined by accurate mathematical calculations and geometrical rules- these features are required to make the velocity of the sun point of space 1 km/s and to prevent it to be faster at any case-because- the faster velocity will decrease the different velocity to be less that speed of light which prevents the light beam to be produced 

That explains the importance of the proportionalities between the sun data and the planets data as we have studied before- BUT- these proportionalities have no effect in the sun nuclear fusion theory because the energy is produced from the sun mass by the nuclear fusion process - that shows the theory is so wrong because it didn't see the proportionalities between the sun data and the planets data which is helper features in the light beam production process-      

2nd Critic (The Light Source Of Energy)

While the planets revolve around the sun continuously and their motions produce energies- that makes the solar system very rich in the motion energy- means there's massive motion energy stored in the space- BUT – the sun nuclear fusion theory left this source of energy without using and invented some very strange source of energy (the sun mass)- while it's understandable that the motion energy can't be stored in the space forever without using-

Means- the sun rays is the very good outlet for the solar planets motions energies which is stored in the space- logically- the sun rays should be produced by the planets motions energies- otherwise the stored motion energy will cause continuous risk for the solar system-      

This is the same case with all stars- all stars rays are produced by their planets motions energies and No star uses the nuclear fusion process- this conclusion can be concluded simply by the analysis of the planet motion energy-    

3rd Critic (The Sun Corona Temperature)

The sun corona temperature is 5 million Kelvin but the sun surface is 5800 Kelvin

This fact puzzles the scientists (because they believe the sun rays is created by the sun nuclear fusion theory)

Simply the energy is NOT produced by the sun nuclear fusion- But the energy is produced by the planets motions energies- the energy is not produced from the sun body BUT the energy come from out into the sun body- The Sun Corona Temperature proves that the sun is NOT doing nuclear fusion to produce its rays – instead the planets motions energies total is used as the source of energy to produce the sun rays- that's why the energy out of the sun is greater than the energy inside the sun

(VII) The Theory Main Question

The main question asks

(How Can The Unified Wave Velocity 205.8 km/s be increased till equal the speed of light 300000 km/s?)

(i)

The unified wave moves by velocity (205.8 km/s) relative to the sun point of space (1 km/s)-

The planets motions use different rates of time where

(one second of the sun clock = 1461 seconds of the unified wave clock) 

Means- while the unified wave (205.8 km/s) moves a period 1461 seconds and passes a distance = 300000 km but the sun clock sees the consumed period as (one second) and by that the sun sees a distance = 300000 km is passed in a period one second and that creates different velocity = 300000 km/s = speed of light = C

(ii)

The increasing of the different velocity depends on the rates of time and Does Not use the usual acceleration process (as electron acceleration in lab)- means- the final speed (300000 km/s = speed of light) is achieved directly without graduation-  

I want to say

The unified wave velocity (205.8 km/s) is NOT increased gradually as to be (300 – 500- 800 – 2000 km/s) this graduation is NOT used to increase the unified wave velocity- because- the energy is added based on rates of time- let's use example-

The solar system rate of time tells (one hour of Mercury = 24 hours of any planet) this rate means- while one hour passes in Mercury clock, the planets clocks pass one solar day and the planets motions distances total equal 17.75 million km in this period of time – BUT- Saturn in the same period of time moves a distance = 20.1 million km  

That shows Saturn moves alone in the same period of time a distance greater than the planets motions distances total- because- the rate of time between Mercury and Saturn tells (one hour of Mercury clock = 24 solar days of Saturn clock)   

This data tells us

When all planets motions energies are added one another that will cause the unified wave to move by a velocity = (50% of speed of light = 150000 km/s) BUT when Saturn motion energy is added this speed be = (speed of light =C= 300000 km/s)

Means- the unified wave velocity is increased from (205.8 km/s) to speed of light (300000 km/s= C) by the rates of time using and without any graduation-

(ii)

Please note the graduation absence is very useful for the solar system motion-because- the velocity increasing by graduation can perform high velocities as (99% of speed of light) and these velocities are very harmful for the solar system motion and cause great negative effects on the solar system design- because – the high velocity (0.99C) can NOT produce a light beam but it causes to create the relativistic effects (length contraction- time dilation and mass increasing- all by Lorentz transformation) 

Specially the length contraction effect causes very negative effect on the solar system because it creates difficulties to gather the planets motions energies in one energy (one unified wave)- the contraction causes to scatter the energy and prevent to collect them in one energy (one unified wave)

Means- the designer used the rates of time method to increase the unified wave velocity from 205.8 km/sec to the speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and doesn't use the usual acceleration process to protect the solar system from the negative effects of the relativistic effects which are produced by high velocity motion

Notice (1)

Please note the relativistic effects are produced in the solar system spite the designer effort because of the negative effect of Neptune motion on the solar system as I explain in point no. (3) of this paper.  

Notice (2)

The planets motions depend on the rates of time since their creation- this fact is studied in details in the second branch of this study

(VIII) The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creation And Motion (The Proof)

Let's remember the planet velocity analysis 

DATA

We remember the rule (v1v2=322) (my 5th equation)– let's prove it

322 = 47.4 km/s (Mercury velocities)            x 6.8 km/s  (Uranus velocities)                    

322 = 35 km/s  (Venus velocity)                   x 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 2              

322 = 29.8 km/s (the Earth velocity)             x 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocities) x 2    

322 = 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity)                   x 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity)                

322 = (17.9 km/s)^2 (Ceres velocity)                               (Max error 2%)

DISCUSSION

the data tells

The Planets Velocities Are Defined Based On One Design

The Planets Are Added In Pairs In The Solar Group- Means- No Single Planet Can Be Added To The Solar Group

Now we have to ask Can We Add A New Planet To The Solar Group?

Let's answer in following - I add a new planet after Pluto

I suppose the new planet orbital distance to be =7000 million km

This new planet velocity will be 4.3 km/s (We define it by kepler law)

Now we need the complementary planet because of the rule (v1v2 =322)

(322 =4.3 x 75), means, the complementary planet velocity is 75 km/s   

Where can we find a planet its velocity 75 km/s? this planet must be in the distance between the Sun and Mercury –this planet orbital distance should be 23.2 million km

(57.9/23.2) = (75/47.4)^2  where

(57.9 million km = Mercury Orbital Distance) and (47.4 km/s) =Mercury velocity

Shortly – It's hard to add any planet in the distance between Mercury and the Sun- means- we can't add any new planet to the solar group because of the Sun existence.

But- How Could The Found Planets Be Added To The Solar System?

The Sun is created AFTER all planets creation and motion- means – after all planets be in their orbits the Sun is created- In details-The planets were created in their orbits and revolve around a point of space, before the sun creation, and later the sun is created in this point of space around which the planets revolve

Because - technically-  the Sun existence prevents to add any new planet to the solar system and also the Sun existence prevents any planet to change its orbit

(For example- Mars original orbit was between Mercury and Venus and Mars had migrated to its current orbit before the Sun creation And Mars couldn't return to its original orbit because of the Sun existence ) (Mars Migration is proved in the paper) 

Notice –

This analysis is another proof for my theory tells (The Sun Rays Is Created By The Planets Motions Energies Total And Not By The Sun Nuclear Fusion Process)

Shortly

The sun rays can NOT be created without the solar planets because the sun rays are created from the planets motions energies total – logically the planets are found and moving before the sun creation-

(xi) Can The Motion Be Transported Among The Planets?

(a)

Planet motion energy creates waves in the space and these waves move freely far from their source and can be reflected- these waves are the gravitational waves – and by these waves the energy is transported among the planets

(b)

The planet matter (is NOT rigid body) but it's similar to a whirlpool (or vortex)

found on the sea page- means- the space and matter both are created from the same one energy and move with this energy motion- but- the matter created a distinguish form for itself and moves by different velocity relative to the space motion- this is similar to a whirlpool found on the sea page- the whirlpool is distinguish in picture from the sea waves and its motion velocity is different from the sea waves velocity- 

based on this description

The energy is transported among the planets and the energy transportation causes to transport the motion among the planets- for that the motion is transported among the planets- let's use example for explanation

Suppose we have 9 whirlpools on the sea page, where these 9 whirlpools are found at distances from each other- can the motion be transported among them? Of course Yes 

With the sea water the motion is transported- and if we put some color (red or blue) on the sea water far from these whirlpools this color may pass through all these whirlpools which proves the motion and water are transported among them  

Shortly -the energy and motion is transported among the planets

Why do we need to discuss the motion transportation among the planets?

Because, the energy is transported among the planets and each planet motion helps the energy storing process by increasing its rate of time- by that- the unified wave rate of time is growing during the time till the stored energy be sufficient to produce the light beam- here the transportation of motion is important because the planets rates of time creates effects on the transported energy to increase its store capacity and causes to grow its rate of time. 

(c)

Let's member how the planet be created to see how the motion can be transported among the planets

The solar planets and space is created from one energy and this energy is provided by one light beam and this light beam moves by speed 1.16 million km per second

The light created the planets orbits before any planet creation- and the light energy is consumed in the space creation process and the rest energy is an energy moves by the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s) – we can consider that- the rest energy is one light beam moves by the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

We can imagine the rest energy is similar to one wave moves in the sea – means- the original energy (1.16 million km/s) is consumed to create the sea and the rest energy is one wave moves through this sea-

Now the solar system is one energy (wave) moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

The solar system needed to create a stationary point 

Means- the solar system needed to create a stationary point moves by Zero velocity

We understand that (It's impossible to create a stationary point)

Because

The solar system is similar to the sea of water and every thing is moving by the wave motion and no point can be stationary on the sea water- by that – no any stationary point can be found in the solar system- simply- impossible to find it  

For that- the solar system created this stationary point

The wave (300000 km/s) revolves around a point in space (any point in space) and the revolution creates two velocities which are equal in value and opposite in direction by that the total is Zero- means –the revolution motion creates a stationary point in its center- we understand that- this stationary point will be the sun point of space- by that the sun point of space is created as a stationary point its velocity (Zero approximately = 1 km/s) -But this picture is still incomplete

Because the speed of light 300000 km/s is a huge velocity and to create a stationary point, that means this speed is decreased to Zero approximately (=1km/s)

The decreasing of the speed of light (C=300000 km/s) to Zero is a difficult process

For that- the wave (300000 km/s) created small waves (which are the planets) because the planets velocities will be used as steps to decrease the speed of light (300000km/s) to Zero to enable the stationary point to be created-

This is a very important information because it tells the solar system has a compete system of velocities starts from the sun point of space its velocity (zero approximately = 1 km/s) and finishes with the motion by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) where the planets velocities are steps between the two velocities (two terminals)

Means

The planets are geometrical points created on the same one light beam (one energy)- means- the light beam is similar to the sea of water and the planets are similar to ships sail on this sea of water- means- the planets motions depend on this light beam motion and by that the motion by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) is the motor by which the planets move- means- all planets motions depend on the light beam motion by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and all planets velocities are created based on rates of time because of this fact- I explain that in details in the second branch of this discussion-

Here we see clearly the planets creation process define the planets are geometrical points on the same light beam (or whirlpools on the same sea page), and that enable the motion to be transported among the planets-

2nd Branch/ The Analysis Of The Source Of Energy From Which The Sun Rays Is Created 

(x) The planets motions use different rates of time

The Solar Planets Aim To Store The Planets Motions Energies Total In One Unified Wave Revolves Around The Sun Through The Earth Moon Orbit

(1)

It's very important to understand the main concept behind the solar system motion- the solar planets motions aim to store their motions energies in one unified wave (or one energy)- by that- the planets motions design prevents to scatter the motions energies and works to collect all of them in one energy (one unified wave)

The solar system is an accurate system works basically to collect all motions energies into one energy- the system protects the energy from scattering as a creature protects itself from bleeding-

We know this one energy- which is the one unified wave revolves around the sun through the moon orbit and moves by the velocity 205.8 km/s where this velocity is increased with the time till reach to the speed of light (300000 km/s)

Shortly

The solar planets motions aim to store all motions energies in this one unified wave and by these motions energies the wave velocity is increased 

The behind concept is a simple one- because – the solar system needs to collect the motions energy in one unified wave energy to store all energy in one point and by that the energy can be sufficient to produce the light beam which is the useful result of the planets motions- the energy scattering will destroy the ability to produce a light beam

BUT

How can the planets motions energies be stored into one unified wave? and how can the energy be accumulated in that one energy (one unified wave)?

The planets motions use different rates of time – each planet motion uses different rate of time and this rates of time causes to increase the energy store capacity which enable the energy to be sufficient to produce a light beam

Example No.(1)  Mercury velocity = 1.6 Earth velocity- this velocities rate creates a rate of time which is (one second of Mercury clock = 1.6 seconds of the Earth clock) by that the two planets move equal distances in equal periods of time

The example explains the rate of time creation and how to use- but- this is a very simple form of the rate of time using

Shortly

The solar system cornerstone is the rates of time using- because – the solar system Major job is to store the motion energy- the idea behind is very simple- because

The planet motion energy is so small and the sun rays production needs massive energy- for that- the energy storing is the method to produce the light beam by using the planets motions energies- there's NO any other Method except (The Energy Storing And Accumulation During The Time)  

And the rate of time is the method by which the motion energy is stored- let's use another example

Example No.(2)  Suppose One Second Of The Sun Clock = 1461 Seconds Of The Unified Wave Clock-

(The Unified Wave Clock = The Earth Clock = Jupiter Clock = Any Planet Clock Except Mercury and Saturn)  

Now we supposed 1 s Of The Sun Clock = 1461 s Of The Unified Wave Clock-

Based on that, the unified wave (205.8 km/s) will move during 1461 seconds a distance = 300000 km but the sun clock sees only (one second)- by that – the different velocity will be 300000 km/s

Means- while the unified wave moves by the velocity 205.8 km/s and every one sees this velocity is a fact- after -1461 seconds- this velocity will be 300000 km/s based on the sun clock–means- only the people live in the sun see this velocity 300000 km/s – but the people live in the unified wave will always found the velocity is 205.8 km/s 

means-the different velocity (for the sun) will be equal= speed of light = 300000 km/s

Briefly-the planets moves a distance in a period 1461 seconds but the sun use the energy in one second and that enable the light beam production process

Shortly- the rates of time using is the method to store the motion energy 

(2)

We should notice that-

The planet data is used as rates of time- means- the planet velocity, rotation period, orbital period, orbital inclination, axial tilt, diameter and mass – all data is used as rates of time in one complete system- we should study that in details

I want to say

The planet data is one group works as rates of time to store the motion energy- this is similar to the energy on the Earth- we have different types of energy (wood- oil- gas- electricity- magnetism- nuclear- sun rays- food) different forms of the energy all of them have similar contents and can be used in place of one another but still they have their specific properties- similar to that- all planets data is used to store the energy and each data is used by different method –for example – the planet velocities rates create rates of time – as we have seen –

Mercury velocity = 1.6 the Earth velocity by that one second of Mercury clock = 1.6 seconds of the Earth clock -  

But- the orbital inclination also is used as a rate of time- for example- Mercury orbital inclination is 7 degrees – it tells (one second of the Earth clock = 7 seconds of Mercury clock) because the orbital inclination is based on the Earth ecliptic- both data are used as rates of time but in different situations-

Notice

The previous examples show there are different rates of time between the same two planets- in fact there are many rates of time between any two planets- why and how?

The point is, the rate of time is growing- as we have seen- Mercury velocity =1.6 the Erath velocity that creates a rate of time (one second of Mercury clock = 1.6 seconds of the Earth clock)- this is a rate of time- but the used rate for the speed of light was (1=1461) as we have seen (one second of the sun clock = 1461 seconds of the wave clock)- that shows the rate of time is growing and the planets help each other to perform this rate of time   

Here we can imagine the planets are similar to players in some football match and they sent the ball among themselves- here the ball is the unified wave energy (205.8 km/s), this wave is transported among the planets till reach to the moon orbit and each planet motion helps to increase this wave rate of time because this increasing will cause to increase the stored energy and increase the wave velocity

I want to say-

The rate of time is Not a property of the planet but its feature of motion and any motion in the solar system has a rate of time- and the solar planets motions aim to increase the unified wave rate of time till produce the required one (1=1461)

We should notice that- no any planet velocity is 1461 km/s and that means this rate is created by accumulation of small rates of time and that caused all planets to share in this process- Saturn still is the most important planet and causes the greatest effect- but all planets share by their motions and their motions cause to create the required rate (1=1461)

Please note- the rate (1=1461) is used to enable the unified wave to move by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) But the sun rays is created based on the value (C^2) that means this value (C^2) caused to square the rate and makes it (1= 1461^2) which means (1=2134521) – based on this rate of time the sun rays is created

Notice

The rate of time depends on the velocities rate (v1/v2)

The energy reflected 3 times in the solar system and that caused to create the rate of time (v1/v2)^3– by this rate the planets orbital periods are defined

The planet orbital period equal one solar day of the sun clock and by that all planets orbital periods provide the same (real) period of time and all of them create rates of time among themselves

The planet diameter is a period of time – this fact is proved by my planet diameter equation and confirmed by Saturn data analysis (Point no. 3)

(3) The Rate Of Time Creation

The solar system (Planets and space) are created from one energy and this energy is provided by one light beam and this light beam moves by speed 1.16 million km per second- BUT

The light beam (1.16 million km per second) created the space firstly before any planet creation- means- the light created the planets orbits at first before any planet creation and the light energy is consumed in the space creation process and the rest part of energy after the space creation is an energy moves by the known speed of light (300000 km/s = C)- the solar planets are created and moving based on this energy (light beam) which moves by the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

Also -the planets are geometrical points found on this light beam and move by its motion- by that- this light beam is similar to the sea of water and the planets are similar to ships sail over the sea- and the ships move by this sea waves motion-

Also the planets are similar to carriages in one train- but the train engine is the light motion by that the only motor under all motions in the solar system is the motion by speed of light 300000 km/s- means- all planets should move by speed of light because all motions are done depends on the light beam which moves by speed of light

Now We Have To Ask- How Can The Planets Move By These Low Velocities? 

Because the planets motions use different rates of time- for example- one second of light clock = 6300 seconds of Mercury clock by that Mercury moves in one second (=6300s) a distance = light motion distance in one second-

Shortly- all planets velocities are defined based on rates of time-

Let's remember our example

Mercury velocity =1.6 the Earth velocity – that causes – one second of Mercury clock = 1.6 seconds of the Earth clock- why is this necessary? Because- Mercury and the Earth are carried on the same one light beam- the light moves one motion and passes one distance in one period of time- by that the two planets should move the same motion and pass the same distance in the same period of time- that's why it's necessary the two planets move equal distances in the same period of time.

(xi) The Planets Rates Of Time Analysis

(i)

The Rate Of Time Effect

The rate of time controls the moving energy rate-

For example (One Hour Of Mercury Clock = 24 Hours Of Pluto Clock)

What does that mean?

It means, Pluto motion energy (for 24 hours) can be used by Mercury in (one hour)

Here

The solar system is similar to a river of water and the planets are similar to places found on this river -each place properties are defined by the water motion effect- means- the solar system is one energy moves from a point to another-

The rate of time defines the amount of transported energy among these points-

Let's try to make this explanation more clear

The energy is transported among the planets and the amount of energy is defined by the rates of time- because- the energy transportation necessitates to transport the motion among the planets and the motion transportation caused to transport the rates of time among the planets-

Imagine we have a river of water and on these river there are 9 whirlpools (vortex) on the water pages- the river water pass through these 9 whirlpools and the moving water transport the motion among them-

The rate of time defines the amount of water (energy) which is transported from one whirlpool to another- that explains how the rate of time works

This idea will be explained and proved strongly in of this discussion

(ii)

The Solar Planets Basic Rates Of Time

Let's remember the basic rates of time

(one hour of Mercury clock = 24 hours of any planet clock) and

(one hour of Mercury clock = 576 hours of Saturn clock)

That causes

(one hour of any planet clock = 24 hours of Saturn clock)

This rate of time is defined by Mercury motion effect And

The major rate of time between the planet and light motion is

(one second of light clock = one solar day of the planet clock)

This rate is a complex one because there are 2 velocities of the light (as I proved) 

The original velocity 1.16 million km per second and the known velocity 300000 km/s

Means

(one second of light 1.16 mkm/s   = one solar day of the planet clock) and

(one second of light 300000 km/s = one solar day of the planet clock)

That causes the rate of time (1=24) to be so necessary to create the harmony between the planets and light motions- for that this rate (1=24) is used by Mercury motion 

Notice

The rate of time is defined basically by the planets velocities as explained before – for example - Mercury velocity = 1.6 the Earth velocity- means – one hour of Mercury clock = 1.6 hours of the Earth clock

But the solar system energy is reflected three times in the solar system, and each reflection causes to square the velocity, by that, the rate of time (v1/v2) be growing to be (v1/v2)^3

That explains why the planets orbital periods rate = (their velocities rate)^3

Also all other planets data is worked as rates of time-

Means- the rate of time is created by the velocities rate but the rate of time can be increased by different methods and the energy reflection is one method only- means – all planets data are used as tools for the rate of time system

The Conclusion

The previous analysis shows that, the Sun Is Not Doing Nuclear fusion to produce its rays instead the planets motions energies total is used to produce the sun rays- but we still need to ask 

Why is Saturn the most important player behind?

The main rates of time are

(one hour of Mercury clock = 24 hours of any planet clock = 576 h of Saturn clock)

That causes

(one hour of any planet clock = 24 h of Saturn clock)

This rate of time is changed slightly by the velocities effect to produce the nest rate

205.8 km/s = 9.7 km/s (Saturn velocity) x 21.4 second

205.8 km/s = the planets velocities total

The data tells

(one hour of any planet clock = 21.4 h of Saturn clock)

And Saturn created its rotation period (10.7 h) based on this rate (21.4 = 2 x 10.7 h)

The data shows- Saturn has the smallest rate of time in the solar system and by that Saturn moves more than any other planet- in fact

In the same period - Saturn moves a distance = all planets motions distances total 

Shortly

The sun rays is created by the planets motions energies BUT Saturn motion alone provides (50%) of all this energy – that makes Saturn the most important planet in the solar system -and because of that- Saturn motion provides the greatest rate of time in the solar system and based on this rate of time the sun rays is created

Shortly

The sun rays creation depends directly on Saturn motion because Saturn provides (50%) of all provided energy for the sun rays and because Saturn motion creates the rate of time based on which the energy can be stored to produce the sun rays

Saturn is the motor behind the sun rays creation process –

I analyze Saturn data in details in point no. (3) of the paper because Saturn data proves that – The Planets Motions Causes To Create The Sun Rays Clearly

The Paper hypotheses

The paper provides 4 hypotheses with their explanations and proves – let's provide them in following

Hypothesis No. (1)

The space is created from one energy and this energy is provided by a light beam moves by a speed 1.16 million km per second – the speed is registered in the created space proves the speed is a fact.

Hypothesis No. (2)

The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By The Planets Motions Energies And Not By The Sun Gravitational Field– Moreover- The Sun Does NOT Produce A Gravitational Field And It Has No Massive Gravity- 

Hypothesis No. (3)

Mars original orbit was between Mercury and Venus and Pluto was The Mercury Moon (Pluto size was equal Mercury size) But these two planets had migrated from their original orbits as a result for a collision- the planets migration caused a risk for the solar system geometrical design- Uranus and Jupiter the Two planets worked to repair the solar system design– that caused Jupiter orbit to be the main orbit in the solar system design- Jupiter orbit proves the speed 1.16 million km per second is a fact.   

Hypothesis No. (4)

The Sun Is a phenomenon created by the planets motions

The sun rays is created from the gravitational waves motions energies and the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies-

Based on that 

The Sun Is A Phenomenon Created By The Planets Motions

And

The Sun Is NOT Doing Nuclear Fusion To Produce Its Rays- instead- The Planets Motions Energies Total Is Used To Produce The Sun Rays

The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creation And Motion –

Means

The Planets Are Created And Moving In Their Orbits Around A Point Of Space Before The Sun Creation- And The Sun Is Created On This Point Of Space around which the planets revolve –

And

No Planet moves by The Sun Gravity (Newton is Wrong) –

And

The Sun Doesn't Produce A Gravitational Field (Einstein Is Wrong)

And

The Sun Is A Phenomenon Created By The Planets Motions– means-The Sun creation and death depends on a cycle – means – after this current sun death another sun will be created for the solar system.

The Hypotheses Explanation

The abstract provides the hypotheses explanation and the paper provides their proves and discussions- In following the hypotheses will be explained in details 

NOTICE –

The creatures and all matters on the Earth are created from the sun light energy and the sun light speed is 300000 km/s, because of that, the creature realization is limited to the speed 300000 km/s and can't realize the original speed (1.16 million km per second) that means the speed 300000 km/s is a limit for the creatures realization and not for the universe design.   

Hypothesis No. (1)

The space is created from an energy and this energy is provided by a light beam moves by a speed 1.16 million km per second – the speed is registered in the created space which proves the speed is a fact

The Hypothesis Explanation

I- The Space Is Created By One Light Beam Energy- And This Light Beam Speed Is 1.16 million km per second

I-1 Preface (the main idea)

I-2 The Space Creation Method (the distances are one network)

I-3 Light Coherence between light (1.16 million km /s) and light (300000 km/s)

I-4 The Matter definition (based on my planet diameter equation)

I-5 The Planets Creation

I-6 Can The Time Machine Be A Fact?

The Hypothesis Proves

I-7 The Proves Logic Analysis

I-8 Planet Velocity Is A Function In A Speed = (1.16 million km /s)

I-9 Planets Orbits Are Defined By A Motion Its Speed = (1.16 million km /s)

I-10 Jupiter distances are defined by a motion by a speed = (1.16 million km /s)

I-11 The Solar System Geometrical Design Proves The Hypothesis

I-12 The Solar System Distances Analysis Prove The Hypothesis

I-13 Deep Analysis For The Planets Orbits

1-14 Light defines each planet orbital period

I-15 Can Planet Diameter Be Used As A Period Of Time

I-16 Mercury Orbit Analysis

I-17 The Planets Data Is Created By The Light Motion Directly

I-18 Light Defines Each Planet Rotation Period

I-1 Preface (The Main Idea)

The solar system (planets and distances) is created from one energy and this energy is provided by one light beam and this light beam moves by speed (1.16 million km/s)

The space is created before the planets creation-

Let's write the whole story in following

The light beam (1.16 million km per second) started its motion from Mercury orbit moves toward Pluto orbit– by that– we consider Mercury orbit is the origin point-

Now- we should notice- No planet is created yet- the motion from Mercury orbit to Pluto orbit defines the motion direction- and No planet is created before this motion end nor during this motion- the planets will be created after this motion is finished means when the light 1.16 million km per second reaches to Pluto (orbit)- after this event – the planets will be created –as I will explain later  

Notice

The light (1.16 million km per second) creates the distances by its motion- means- the light moves from Mercury point to Venus point– the distance from Mercury to Venus was not found and is created only by the light motion through it for first time- means – before the light motion this distance was NOT found- It's found after the light moves through this distance for first time-    

This is similar to the blood motion through the arteries, the blood creates these arteries and the blood moves through these arteries, but the blood created these arteries with its first motion and that needed energy- but – after the arteries creation the blood move through them without any energy is required- means- the first motion is the most important one because by it the arteries are created

Shortly- The space is created from the energy of this light beam its speed 1.16 million km per second – NOW- after the Space creation- the light beam energy is decreased because of the energy consumption in the space creation process- and the rest energy is one light beam its speed is (C=300000 km/s =the light known speed) – But - We understand that- it's the same one light beam- its speed was 1.16 million km /s before the space creation- and the light created the space and that caused to consume the light energy and that caused to decrease the light speed to be 300000 km/s

Shortly- the light beam started its motion from Mercury (orbit) with speed 1.16 million km /s and reaches to Pluto (orbit) with a speed 300000 km/s because of the energy consumption in the space creation process  

Let's give example to explain this idea

Imagine we create A Sea Of Water- we use energy to create this sea of water- now we have some energy and we use this energy to create this sea of water- BUT- our energy is NOT spent completely But there's a small part still rest with us – this small part of energy is used to create one wave moves through this sea and this wave speed is 300000 km/s (I suppose the space is similar to the sea of water)

Now – the rest energy is found in one light beam its speed 300000 km/s and this light beam is found NOW in Pluto Orbit – and this light beam will be reflected from Pluto orbit toward the inner planets– means- the rest energy will move in the reflected direction to the original light motion direction.

This idea will be explained in details in the next point- shortly

The light beam (300000 km/s) will be reflected from Pluto toward the inner planets

AND  the light 300000 km/s will meet the original light beam (1.16 million km per second) in the origin point (in fact – beside the origin point) and there's a coherence of light is done between the light beam (300000 km/s) and the light beam (1.16 million km per second) – this coherence of light is proved strongly- we have to ask (how can that be possible while the light beam 1.16 million km /s is consumed and the new light beam 300000 km/s is the rest energy? how this light beam (300000 km/s) can meet the original one (1.16 million km per second)? in points no. (I-3) and no.(I-6) I answer this question.

Notice (1) I suppose the rest energy is a light beam its speed is (C=300000 km/s) but this idea is for simplicity- the rest energy can be in any wave form its speed (C=300000 km/s) – no necessity to be in visible light beam form

It's simply energy moves by the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

Notice (2)

All Planets Orbits Are Defined Before Any Planet Creation-

The light used the distance from the sun to Pluto as one area and create one geometrical design for this area before any planet creation 

Notice (3)

The planets are created from the rest energy its speed (300000 km/s) – means- the space is created by the light 1.16 million km per second and the energy is consumed in the space creation and the rest energy is one light beam its speed 300000 km/s (or one wave moves by the known speed of light C=300000 km/s) – the solar planets are created from this one wave its speed 300000 km/s and that means all planets orbit are created and defined before any planet creation

Notice (4)

The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creations And Motions

The sun is a phenomenon created by the planets motions energies total

The sun doesn't produce a gravitational field and doesn't have massive gravity

Logically – No planet moves by the sun gravity

(The Planet Moves With The Energy From Which The Planet Is Created – Newton is wrong- later we discuss the proves)

Notice (5)

The child (fetus) inside his mother is created by the blood motion- the blood motion creates arteries for this child and through these arteries the blood moves also but the arteries themselves are created by this same blood motion- Similar to that- the distances are created by the light motion energy and the light moves through these distances also but originally these distances themselves are created by the light motion energy-  means the distances creation is done with the first time of the light motion through them - that required energy- but after the distances are created no more energy is required- the light (or planet) can pass simply through these distances

I-2 The Space Creation Method (the distances are one network)

Data

778.6 = 1.16 x 671

721    = 1.16 x 621

629    = 1.16 x 543

543    = 1.16 x 468

5906  = 1.16 x 5127

These numbers are distances in (million km)

778.6, 721, 671, 629, 551 are Jupiter distances to the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars respectively- 5906 and 5127 Pluto distances to the sun and Jupiter respectively     

468 = 936 /2 where (940 million km = the Earth orbital circumference)

Discussion

(1)

The previous data tells us how the light beam motion creates the distances-

Simply the light uses a distance as (a period of time) and travels through this period another distance- that can be understood clearly from Jupiter distances- let's look deeply as possible

The light beam (1.16 million km per second) uses the period 629 seconds to pass a new distance = 729 million km (Mercury Jupiter distance is 721 million km error 1%) – where 629 million km = Jupiter Earth distance

Also  

The light beam (1.16 million km per second) uses the period 671 seconds to pas a new distance =778.6 million km (Jupiter orbital distance) 

where 671 million km = Jupiter Venus distance

by this method the light creates the distances based on each other- and that makes all distances to be created depends on one another and that makes all distances in the solar system to be One Network where all distances are created based on the same One Geometrical Design

(2)

The data shows the creation method- and we understand that- the distance 551 million km (Jupiter Mars Distance) is created firstly and the light (1.16 mkm/s) used this distance as a period of time (551 sec) and the light travels during this period a distance =(639 million km where 629 million km is Jupiter Earth distance error 1.5%) and then the light uses the new distance (629 mkm) as a period of time (629 sec) and the light travels during this period a distance = (729 million km – where 721 million km = Mercury Jupiter distance – error 1%)

The data shows the method clearly and we understand the light original motion started from Mercury orbit to Pluto orbit because the distances are created based on one another in that direction of motion as explained clearly

(3)

New data NO. (1)

2723 sec x 2 x 300000 km/s = 1622 million km – where

2723 million km = Uranus Earth Distance

1622 million km = Uranus Neptune Distance

The data shows- the light beam its speed (C=300000 km/s) is in proportionality also with the created distances but this proportionally is found in Reflected Direction

Logically, The light can NOT move from Uranus to Neptune and after that the light returns to move from Uranus to the Earth- it's simply reflected direction  

The distances are NOT created by the motion of this light beam (300000 km/s) – but the distances are created by the motion of the original light beam (1.16 million km per second) but the proportionality between the distances with the light (300000 km/s) is found because there's a proportionality between the original one (1.16 million km per second) and this light beam (300000 km/s) – AND 

Because the light (300000 km/s) moves in the reflected direction of the original light beam (1.16 million km per second) that causes the proportionality between the distances and the light (300000 km/s) be in a reflected form

New data NO. (2)

2094 sec x 300000 km/s = 629 million km

2094 million km = Uranus Jupiter distance

629 million km   = Earth Jupiter distance

The light (300000 km/s) moves in reflected direction- for that- the distance 2094 million km is used as a period of time to pass a new distance (629 mkm)

The data proves the idea clearly

Notice (1)

The proportionality between the light (1.16 million km/s) and the light (300000km/s) will be discussed in point no. (I-3)

Notice (2)

In Point (**) I prove the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies- and I prove that – the planets motions energies move toward Pluto and this energy is reflected from Pluto toward Venus- this fact is proved by powerful data and proves- for that – I don't explain in details the light motion trajectory from Pluto toward the inner planets because this motion trajectory is studied in details in the hypothesis No. (2) of this discussion- understandable that- the planets motions energy trajectory is the same trajectory the light moves through it – means this trajectory is studied in details and powerful proves in point no. (**)

Notice (3)

Jupiter Distances Analysis shows that Jupiter orbit is the central orbit for the light (1.16 million km per second) based on which all planets orbits are defined.

But – this is not the first creation case –

The light (1.16 million km per second) created the planets orbits based on each other starting from Mercury orbit moves toward Pluto orbit – this is the fist creation case – and this fact is proved strongly in point no. (I-9*)

BUT

Mars had migrated from its original orbit (Mars original orbit was between Mercury and Venus) and Pluto had migrated also (Pluto Was The Mercury Moon revolves around Mercury and Pluto size was equal Mercury size)

The planets migration caused a serious risk for the solar system geometrical design- Uranus was the first planet tried to repair the solar system geometrical design and to save it- by that

Uranus created a vertical effect on Jupiter orbit to fix Jupiter in its orbit and prevent it to migrate with the migrant planets- and based on Jupiter orbit the other planets orbits are modified – that supported the solar system original design and saved it which causes to protect the geometrical design from the destruction.  

As a result

That causes Jupiter orbit to be the most important orbit in the solar system- the paper third hypothesis explains the planets migration and Jupiter orbit analysis is done with the solar system design analysis (I-11*)

I-3 Light Coherence between light (1.16 million km /s) and light (300000 km/s)

(1)

The Coherence Of Light

The previous explanation told us that we have 2 light beams-

The original light beam its speed (1.16 million km per second) and it started its motion from Mercury orbit to Pluto orbit (where Mercury orbit is the light motion origin point) – and this light beam created all distances in the solar system and lost its energy in the space creation process and the rest energy is one light beam its speed is (C=300000 km/s)

The other light beam is the rest energy- its speed is (C=300000 km/s) and it moves in a reflected direction from Pluto toward Venus and Mercury-

Now – we have a coherence of light between these two light beams- the coherence is proved by powerful proves BUT firstly we have to ask (how can this coherence be occurred)? Because the original light (1.16 million km/s) is consumed and its energy is used already and the rest energy is this light its speed is (300000 km/s) - HOW can the light (1.16 million km/s) meet the light (300000 km/s)??

Imagine we have (116 dollars) and we spent all money except (30 dollars)- how can this (30 dollars) meet the original money (116 dollars)??

Let's write the answer

Suppose the light beam (300000 km/s) moves in the reflected direction (in the space) and also (in the time) – that can enable the light (300000 km/s) to meet the original one (1.16 million km/s) in the past and the coherence will be done there in the past- and we see the coherence results and effects on the solar system -

Means – the light (300000 km/s) moves into the past and found the original light (1.16 million km/s) in the past

Notice No. (1)

The original light beam (1.16 million km/s) can NOT move toward the future to meet the light (300000 km/s) because in the future the original light beam (1.16 million km/s) is NOT found –by that – the coherence can't be occurred in the future - But – the light (300000 km/s) can move into the past because this light beam (300000 km/s) was found in the past because it's a part of the original light beam (1.16 million km/s)

Notice no. (2)

I prove the coherence is done by powerful proves- that tells- this idea is a fact–means- there's a strong proof tells (in fact the light beam 300000 km/s moved into the past) and if we can use this feature practically we can get photos from the past events and by that we can have photos from the catastrophe which killed the dinosaurs and know much better about what had happened really in that time - This can be a real machine of time – the light motion into the past is a strong method to perform this invention. 

Notice no. (3)

Why Can NOT We Move Into The Past As We Move Into The Future?

This question is answered in point no. (**)

(2)

The Light Coherence Proves

First Proof

The planets order is typical to the interference of Young –

In the double slits experiment, Young Interference is consisted of bright fringes and dark fringes - If we consider planet diameter is equivalent to bright fringe – we will see that- the planets order is typically to Young interference because

Jupiter (the greatest fringe) is in the middle and the fringes width is decreased gradually on both sides – typically to the planets order

Notice / I have proved that (Mars original orbit was between Mercury and Venus) if we restore Mars to its original orbit the order will be typical to the Young Interference

(I prove this fact in point no. **)

Second Proof

The planets velocities are defined based on the speed (1.16 million km per second) and the planets velocities analysis shows the speed (300000 km/s) is the planets motions limit- means- the planets velocities are defined based on both velocities (1.16 million km per second) and (300000 km/s) I prove this fact in point No. (**)  

Third Proof

The light coherence defines the solar day period (24 hours) which is the solar system design cornerstone 

(1.16 /0.3) x 2π = 24.3

By this equation the space and time are created- the equation tells–the space is created in curves (2π) and the time is created in units each unit is (24 hours) 

Please note – the solar system geometrical design depends on the light motion in a solar day (24 hours = 86400 seconds) 

The light (1.16 million km per second) moves in a solar day (86400 seconds) a distance  = 100733 million km (= the planets orbital circumferences total)

Fourth Proof

The planets data prove there's a speed (1.16 million km per second) found in the solar system but the sun light beam moves by speed (300000 km/s) that tells the two speeds are facts and found in the solar system and the coherence between them is a logical result

The hypothesis proves discuss many powerful proves for this fact-

Notice- the coherence of light is a very important fact because it tells the light (300000 km/s) moved into the past and by that gives us a proof for the motion on the time axis- for that – many powerful proves support this fact.

I-4 The Matter definition (Based On My Planet Diameter Equation)

(1)

Let's remember my planet diameter equation

Planet Diameter Equation (v1/v2)= (s/r)= I

v = Planet Velocity                                                          

r = Planet Diameter

s= Planet Rotation Periods Number In Its Orbital Period

I= Planet Orbital Inclination        (example, 1.8 degrees be produced as a rate 1.8)

v2, s, r and I are belonged to one planet and v1 is belonged to another planet

The planet (v1) is defined by test the minimum error 

Earth Equation uses Neptune velocity

Mars Equation uses Pluto velocity

Jupiter Equation uses the Earth moon velocity

Saturn Equation uses Mars velocity

Uranus Equation uses Neptune velocity (As Earth)

Neptune Equation uses Saturn velocity

Pluto Equation uses the Earth moon velocity (As Jupiter)

(The Equation works from The Earth To Pluto) (the discussion explains the reason)

Example

Neptune Equation (89143 /49528) = 9.7/ 5.4 =1.8         

89143          = Neptune rotation periods number in Neptune orbital period

49528 km    = Neptune diameter

9.7 km/s      = Saturn velocity

5.4 km/s      = Neptune velocity

59800 days = Neptune orbital period (and Neptune rotation period =16.1 hours)

1.8 degrees = Neptune Orbital Inclination

(the equation is proved and discussed in details in point no. **)

(2)

Can We Define The Matter Nature Based On My Planet Diameter Equation?

The equation tells, the matter is created based on its motion! means Neptune diameter is 49528 km because Neptune velocity is 5.4 km/s!!

That tells the motion with velocity 5.4 km/s is defined before Neptune diameter is created! Can we understand such definition for the matter nature? let's try

(A)

The Matter Nature

The space and matter are created from the same original energy and they move with this original energy motion- BUT the matter has a distinguish picture and different velocity from the space picture and velocity (notice- The Gravitational Waves Prove That The Space Has A Motion)  

If we suppose the space is similar to the sea of water, the matter be similar to a whirlpool or a vortex found on the sea page- means- the matter is a geometrical design has a distinguish picture from the space- as the whirlpool, it's created from the sea water but it has a distinguish picture from the sea waves picture

Means

The whirlpool is carried by the waves motion- and- the matter is carried by its original energy and moves with it- No Mass gravity is required for the matter motion- means- the matter is MOVABLE by nature.

Also

The whirlpool dimensions are defined by the water motion - for example- we have a whirlpool its diameter is (2 meters)- this diameter is defined by the sea water motion features (velocity, pressure and other motion features) by that- the water motion analysis explains how the whirlpool dimensions are created

Also- the whirlpool is created but the creation requirements are needed every day- means- even if this whirlpool is found since years it can be changed immediately if the water motion features are changed- means- the whirlpool creation process is NOT a historical one.

Also- the matter is similar to a creature muscle, the muscle is found based on the blood motion and without this motion the muscle can be changed or removed.

Shortly

The Original Energy Was Found In Motion By Itself (As Moving Light Beam)

From This Moving Energy The Planet Matter Is Created

The Created matter dimensions are defined by the features of this original energy motion (means the planet creation data is defined by the energy motion features)

After the planet creation- The Planet Moves With This Original Energy – means- the created planet moves a motion depending on the motion of this original energy because the planet moves with this original energy motion- and – the planet moves by this original energy motion (No mass gravity is required to cause the matter motion)

The planet creation data is in full harmony with its motion features- this fact is produced logically because the planet data is defined by the original energy motion features.

This explanation tells (Neptune diameter is 49528 km because Neptune velocity is 5.4 km/s)

Example For Explanation

We agreed that the space is similar to the sea of water and the planet (matter) is similar to a whirlpool found on the sea page-  this picture explains the idea clearly- because

We see the whirlpool doesn't move by the sea water waves velocity but by another velocity and that shows a distinguish in form and motion between the whirlpool (the planet) and the sea waves (the space)- BUT- the whirlpool dimensions are defined based on the sea water motion features- and if the motion features are changed the whirlpool dimensions will be changed also- also the whirlpool moves by the sea water motion even with a different velocity relative to the sea waves velocity but the whirlpool motion still is  caused by the sea water motion- based on this picture we can say (because the water motion velocity is 80 km/h that causes this whirlpool diameter to be 2 meters "for example') – this is perfectly our sentence – let's remember it     

(because Neptune velocity is 5.4 km/s that causes Neptune diameter to be 49528 km)

This idea is proved by my planet diameter equation (my fourth equation) (point No.**)  

(B)

Now The velocity is a motion in (A Defined Direction)

Means– the matter is created because it depends on a motion in a defined direction- as we have seen- Neptune diameter is 49528 km because Neptune velocity is 5.4 km/s but this velocity is a motion in defined direction- and that tells Neptune creation depends on a motion in the direction of the (x axis positive "+x ") (for example)

That tells, if this motion moves in (x axis negative "-x ") that will cause Neptune diameter to be changed or perished

Means- the matter creation needs a motion in A Defined Direction

Now let's ask our question

Why Can't The matter (creature) Moves Toward Its Past?

Because the matter depends on a motion in one defined direction- that causes the matter moves into (the future) always and can't move into (the past) let's discuss this question more deeply in point no (I-6)

Notice

No Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity (Newton is wrong) – logically because- the planet moves by its creation force- means- the planet creation and motion should be done by one force only (one energy only) because if two forces have effects on the same one planet- this planet will be broken- this fact is proved strongly with the gravitational waves source discussion (Point no.**)  

(CONT)

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Peoples' Friendship university of Russia – Moscow

Curriculum Vitae                  https://www.academia.edu/s/b88b0ecb7c

E-mail                            mrwaheid@gmail.com, mrwaheid1@yahoo.com

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[jcmarchi]

Sarah Millholland receives 2024 Vera Rubin Early Career Award

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/sarah-millholland-receives-2024-vera-rubin-early-career-award/

Sarah Millholland receives 2024 Vera Rubin Early Career Award

Sarah Millholland, an assistant professor of physics at MIT and member of the Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, is the 2024 recipient of the Vera Rubin Early Career Award for her wide-ranging contributions to the formation and dynamics of extrasolar planetary systems.

The American Astronomical Society’s Division on Dynamical Astronomy (DDA) recognized Millholland for her demonstration “that super-Earth planets within a planetary system typically have similar masses, that the statistics of compact multi-planet systems are consistent with a smooth inclination distribution, and that resonances trapping obliquities to high values may enhance the tidal evolution of planetary orbits.”

The citation noted that her work “is distinguished by thoughtful analyses of 3D dynamical processes in planetary systems and by effective use of observational data to constrain dynamical models.” Millholland is invited to give a lecture at the 56th annual DDA meeting in spring 2025.

“I am incredibly honored to receive the DDA Vera Rubin Early Career Prize, and I am especially grateful to my advisors and mentors within the dynamical astronomy community,” says Millholland. “The DDA means a lot to me, and I look forward to continuing to be a part of it for years to come.”

Millholland is a data-driven dynamicist who studies extrasolar planets, including their formation and evolution, orbital architectures, and interiors/atmospheres. She studies patterns in the observed planetary orbital architectures, referring to properties like the spacings, eccentricities, inclinations, axial tilts, and planetary size relationships. She specializes in investigating how gravitational interactions like tides, resonances, and spin dynamics sculpt observable exoplanet properties.

Millholland obtained bachelor’s degrees in physics and applied mathematics from the University of Saint Thomas in 2015. She earned her PhD in astronomy from Yale University in 2020, and was a NASA Sagan Postdoctoral Fellow at Princeton University until 2022, when she joined MIT.

The Vera Rubin Early Career Prize was established in 2016 in honor of the late Vera Rubin, a longtime DDA Member and galactic dynamicist.

[promptedwordsmith]

I have a request my birthday is on March 3 so can you write something with the LDS boys?!?

Hi, thanks for the ask! I wasn't sure what you wanted me to write since I've already done a birthday post so I hope you don't mind what I chose instead! Happy birthday!!

(ps I also gave Caleb a shot as an extra treat I hope that's OK!)

LADS guys when you get injured

Rafayel:

Is furious but he’s not sure at who, you? The wanderer? Himself? He can’t believe it happened, it could have been so much worse, you could have died and what was he doing? Painting peacefully in his studio.

Is very clingy for the next few weeks, appearing at your door to make sure you’re taking care of yourself, and that’s after you had convinced him to not just sleep at your apartment.

When the doctor declares you fit to go back to work Rafayel refuses and makes you go for a second opinion, claiming the first is delusional, claiming you still had a slight limp and if you limped on the battlefield it could get you killed.

Claims he needs to nurse you back to health and he doesn’t tease you as much, he’s quite serious actually.

Tries to make you foods that are good for healing, three meals a day and thinks you don’t notice when he slips out to call the nutritionist he hired and collect the food from the chef.

Xavier:

Everything considered, he would give you the silent treatment while tenderly taking care of you, he’s supposed to be your partner at work and outside of work so why were you out there without him? If he had been there the wanderer wouldn’t have had even the slightest chance of hurting you like it did.

He’s constantly thinking about what could have happened and is more driven than ever to be there when you needed him.

When he did start talking to you again, he made sure to drill into your head how it made him feel for you to not even think of getting his help, that he understood you were strong and capable but that he was always available, he knows he could have made a difference and it’s never too safe to bring back up.

Makes sure you go to doctors’ appointments; he may not take proper care of himself, but everything be damned before he let you work yourself to death with this injury.

 Tries to make you food but quickly learns if he wants you to be stationary and comfortable, he should not even approach the kitchen, opting to order the healthiest takeaways he can, sulking a bit you don’t trust him with the oven.

Zayne:

As your doctor he’s startled when you appear with a large injury, but he’s instantly more comfortable when he finds its mainly just superficial, doesn’t stop him from lecturing you about how you could let that happen.

Makes you go through every test he can justify you getting to check there’s no poison or corruption or anything that could risk your life in anyway and pays special attention to your heart.

He’s now more concerned for your safety, especially about if this is going to be more common and starts researching wanderers and whether they were getting stronger or smarter to cause this, start keeping up with any news on wanderer evolution.

Schedules a few more appointments for you than is really necessary but since its large he justifies it as a higher chance of infection because of its location, even though he’s busy he just extends his working hours to see you in a professional capacity or if he can’t do that because of working laws he’ll come see you as soon as his shifts are over to check on it.

When he’s sure you’re healed he reluctantly signs you fit for duty and gives you a stern lecture about avoiding those types of injuries in the future.

Caleb:

Doesn't hear about it for a while because he's occupied by his job, but the second he does he's desperately calling you and texting you, all while booking time off, a flight back and buying you get well soon gifts.

As soon as he's home, he's giving you a big hug asking how you are, what happened, "what does the other guy look like?" in a teasing tone.

Promises he's sticking around for at least a week, preferably until you're feeling better though, and makes you all your favourite food while he's there, insisting you stay at your grandma's while you recover so they can both dote on you.

Let's you talk his ear off, spends the whole time reminiscing with you and doing things you did together when you were younger, just being more careful with you of course.

When you eel better and before he leaves he makes you promise not to get hurt again any time soon, and makes sure you know he'll tease you like crazy if you do, ruffling your hair before he goes.

[bogleech]

Just read your plastic bug review ( absolutely delightful!) and Id love to hear your mosquito hot takes if you have the time.

Well there's a viral lie that they're ecologically valueless and of course, no, there's really no such thing, and their importance goes far beyond just another food for insect-eaters, but that's more "scientific facts" than "hot takes" so as far as "hot takes" go:

They're both beautiful and cute animals, more charming than butterflies.

The fact that they're bothersome vampires is part of the charm, it's just plain cool that our planet has swarms of night-flying blood-sucking swamp creatures.

I completely reject their status as "deadliest animal" on the basis that a mosquito by itself is irritating but inherently harmless. The diseases they can carry are distinct organisms that evolved to exploit the mosquito as a vehicle. It is worth noting that only a few mosquito species can even transmit illnesses to humans at all!

Speaking of which I notice people are quick to defend bats, raccoons, rats and other more popular animals that can spread disease, but use mosquito borne illness as justification to want mosquitoes totally eradicated, and I think that's pretty transparently a matter of petty spite. Take away the diseases and the mosquito is still an "inconvenience," however harmless, and humans just have a very difficult time with the reality that nature does not exist for our comfort and fun.

Can't help noticing that research into just killing them all off gets more attention and funding than the equally viable and environmentally safer research into simply making them inhospitable to pathogens, and I'm sure that's driven partially by the above biases, but partially because there's probably money and clout in being the one to reduce Pesky Bugs from popular tourist destinations like Florida.

Even having said all of the above, an animal never needs to be harmless, pleasant, or ecologically "essential" to be worthy of admiration. Each is a unique and special sculpture of evolution and a "character" in the vast varied cast of living organisms. Some of them are allowed to be bad guys. Some of them are allowed to just be background filler. The total sum of the different forms taken by life on our planet is what's precious about life on our planet, including every part of it anyone has ever feared or hated.

wiggleys:

[mindblowingscience]

New Zealand's native stoneflies have changed color in response to human-driven environmental changes, new research shows. Just published in the journal Science, the University of Otago study provides arguably the world's most clear-cut case of animal evolution in response to change made by humans. Co-author Professor Jon Waters, of the Department of Zoology, says the stonefly has become a different color due to recent deforestation.

Continue Reading.

[teecupangel]

Desmond dying gives us the easiest way to throw him anywhere we want thanks to how mysterious the Eye, the Calculations, the actual Global Aurora Borealis device, and all these other Isu bullshit work.

Throw him back to the past to meet the other AC protagonists? Now easier with the existence of the Reader.

Keep him alive in the modern day or throw him further forward (like Watch_Dog Legion timeline maybe?)? Yeah, just say the device didn't kill him but changed him somehow and there was a delay (temporary death), or use some other Isu bullshit to revive him.

Wanna make crossovers? Easy. Every other series you can think of can be part of the Calculations that the Isus didn't choose. Just to name a few:

Horizon Zero Dawn? Change Abstergo to Far Zenith and you're good to go (Faro being a Templar gone rogue is also optional)

Resident Evil? Abstergo's main line of business is pharmaceutical which is also Umbrella's main line (you can make the initial viruses based on some failed Isu research to survive the solar flare)

Prototype? The Zeus virus can be based on a failed Isu research that perhaps Tinia researched (OG Alex Mercer being a Templar optional)

BBC Merlin? Magic came from the humans who got experimented ala Aita and Juno in Atlantis who then passed it on to their descendants together with the Isu genes (also if you like the headcanon that eyes turn gold when they use Eagle Vision, this means Desmond gets to be treated as a sorcerer who has no idea what's happening)

Animal Crossing? Desmond wakes up in a world where evolution was different and he is being driven to a town by some animal-looking person who isn't weirded out that he's sitting on the back of his taxi and, for some reason, now in debt

Armored Core? The Templars decide that making bigass robots is a good idea for some reason and the whole 'humans had to go underground for a while' can either be because of the solar flare, some other Isu bs, or because humans are humans

Prince of Persia? The dagger of time is a POE and it's the one that pulled Desmond to this timeline

Dead Space? The Marker is a POE and the supposed civilization that got taken out by the necromorphs before could be the Isus who couldn't escape to Earth

In conclusion:

It is very easy to turn Desmond into an isekai protagonist.

[ezekiel-krishna]

North Node/Rahu Observations 🌟

The North Node, also known as Rahu in Vedic astrology, is an important placement in the birth chart that shows the direction of growth and evolution in a person's life.

It is said to represent the karmic lessons that need to be learned in this lifetime.

North Node in the First House:

If Rahu is in the first house, the person is likely to be ambitious and driven, with a strong desire to achieve success and recognition in life. They may also be highly independent and self-reliant, with a tendency to pursue their goals at any cost.

North Node in the Second House:

With Rahu in the second house, a person may have strong materialistic desires, with a focus on accumulating wealth and possessions. They may also have a gift for communication and storytelling, and may be drawn to careers in writing, journalism, or public speaking.

North Node in the Third House:

If Rahu is in the third house, the person may be highly creative and expressive, with a natural talent for the arts. They may also have a strong desire for knowledge and learning, and may be drawn to careers in teaching, writing, or research.

North Node in the Fourth House:

With Rahu in the fourth house, a person may have a deep-rooted desire for emotional security and a strong attachment to their family and home. They may also have a talent for interior design or real estate, and may be drawn to careers in these fields.

North Node in the Fifth House:

If Rahu is in the fifth house, the person may have a natural talent for the performing arts, with a gift for music, dance, or drama. They may also have a strong desire for romance and creative self-expression, and may be drawn to careers in entertainment or the arts.

North Node in the Sixth House:

With Rahu in the sixth house, a person may have a natural talent for healing and service to others. They may also be highly detail-oriented and analytical, with a strong focus on health and wellness.

North Node in the Seventh House:

If Rahu is in the seventh house, the person may be highly social and relationship-oriented, with a natural talent for building connections and partnerships. They may also have a strong desire for harmony and balance in their relationships, and may be drawn to careers in law or mediation.

North Node in the Eighth House:

With Rahu in the eighth house, a person may have a strong interest in the occult and spiritual matters, with a natural talent for deep transformation and healing. They may also have a strong desire for financial security and may be drawn to careers in finance or investments.

North Node in the Ninth House:

If Rahu is in the ninth house, the person may have a strong desire for knowledge and spiritual growth, with a natural talent for teaching and higher learning. They may also be drawn to careers in travel or publishing.

North Node in the Tenth House:

With Rahu in the tenth house, a person may have a strong desire for recognition and success, with a natural talent for leadership and management. They may also be highly ambitious and driven, with a focus on achieving their goals and making a mark in their field.

North Node in the Eleventh House:

If Rahu is in the eleventh house, the person may have a natural talent for networking and building connections, with a strong desire for social recognition and success. They may also have a gift for innovation and creativity, and may be drawn to careers in technology or entrepreneurship.

North Node in the Twelfth House:

With Rahu in the twelfth house, a person may have a strong interest in spirituality and the subconscious mind, with a natural talent for healing and transformation. They may also be highly intuitive and sensitive, with a gift for creativity and the arts.

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The Zodiac (Sun) Signs Pt. 3

Gemini/Gemini Sun

positive manifestations (evolved Gemini): versatile, intellectual, playful, studious, and inspired.

negative manifestations (unevolved Gemini): inconsistent, anxiety-prone, superficial, tunnel vision, and detached.

With the twins symbolizing this zodiac sign, it’s a known fact that Geminis possess uncanny duality or kaleidoscopic tendencies. Being ruled by Mercury, their main concerns are to become a student of life, acquire mental stimulation, maintain endless freedom or opportunities, obtain enriching social connections, and embrace eccentricity. They are expressive, flexible, youthful, charming, and witty. This sun sign is usually in a constant state of flux and can be hard to pin down at times due to its airy and mutable nature. Geminis are the social butterflies or chameleons of the zodiac. The souls of people with this placement are often pure or child-like, always absorbing and observing the energies around them. Their personality is lighthearted, friendly, and extroverted in nature (depending on other placements or aspects within their chart). Geminis strongly identify with their thirst for knowledge or finding the next best thing to fixate on, which can cause them to intellectualize their emotions or avoid structure at times. During this incarnation, their soul’s purpose typically revolves around keeping an open-mind while exploring as much of the Universe as possible. Over time, this zodiac sign’s life path may change or lead to unexpected side quests. Their life force is fed through keeping the mystery of life alive, which can be achieved by their multifaceted identity or spending time studying the philosophies of life’s greatest questions. They are a collector of data with social or studious motivations. People with Gemini energy in their chart are easily able to notice patterns in life and make sense of them. A Gemini’s physical body is often slender or tall and their energy levels are uncontainable. As a result, this sign can be prone to hyper fixations or have a total lack of an attention span. With so much energy and insight to give, this zodiac placement would perform well in roles such as teachers, writers, scientists, tech support, social media influencers, and more. Because Gemini rules the shoulders/arms/hands/nervous system, these individuals can be natural tinkers or most vulnerable to related tension in these areas. This sign has a rather neutral or androgynous take on masculinity. Their relationship with their father figure can land anywhere on the spectrum from bubbly and easygoing to detached and absent. Simultaneously, Geminis may gain higher knowledge, artistic talents, and insatiable curiosity from the masculine/authoritative figures in their life.

Sun in Gemini Transit

When the Sun enters Gemini, your inner child is brought to the surface to remind you about the importance of play. Gemini season is often characterized by the expansion of knowledge, technological advancements, meeting people from all walks of life, finding humor in any situation, and creative/mental stimulation. Gemini season teaches us to disconnect from excessive worry or restrictions by going with the flow and trying new things. Of course, this transit can affect every person’s birth chart in different ways and will be most relevant to any Gemini placements/Gemini-ruled house(s) in a chart. But the general consensus is that Gemini season can influence you to broaden your horizons by properly absorbing inspiration from your environment. When the Sun is in Gemini, the collective energy is slightly scattered and excitable due to being driven by a need for intellect. People may often find themselves reinventing their identity, relying on analytical/communication/social skills for success, starting a research project or new hobbies, meeting like-minded individuals, and being fascinated by current trends. During this time, a caterpillar to butterfly evolution takes place within our minds and encourages us to see the beauty in change. However, it’s important to be wary of any superficialness, anxiousness, overstimulation, flightiness, or bias in your behavior. The themes of Gemini season heavily involve cleansing the mind to see things from a new perspective and bring fun back into your routine.

[dailyanarchistposts]

Chapter 5: Mutual Aid in the Mediæval City

Growth of authority in Barbarian Society. — Serfdom in the villages. — Revolt of fortified towns: their liberation; their charts. — The guild. — Double origin of the free mediæval city. — Self-jurisdiction, self-administration. — Honourable position of labour. — Trade by the guild and by the city.

Sociability and need of mutual aid and support are such inherent parts of human nature that at no time of history can we discover men living in small isolated families, fighting each other for the means of subsistence. On the contrary, modern research, as we saw it in the two preceding chapters, proves that since the very beginning of their prehistoric life men used to agglomerate into gentes, clans, or tribes, maintained by an idea of common descent and by worship of common ancestors. For thousands and thousands of years this organization has kept men together, even though there was no authority whatever to impose it. It has deeply impressed all subsequent development of mankind; and when the bonds of common descent had been loosened by migrations on a grand scale, while the development of the separated family within the clan itself had destroyed the old unity of the clan, a new form of union, territorial in its principle — the village community — was called into existence by the social genius of man. This institution, again, kept men together for a number of centuries, permitting them to further develop their social institutions and to pass through some of the darkest periods of history, without being dissolved into loose aggregations of families and individuals, to make a further step in their evolution, and to work out a number of secondary social institutions, several of which have survived down to the present time. We have now to follow the further developments of the same ever-living tendency for mutual aid. Taking the village communities of the so-called barbarians at a time when they were making a new start of civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire, we have to study the new aspects taken by the sociable wants of the masses in the middle ages, and especially in the mediæval guilds and the mediæval city.

Far from being the fighting animals they have often been compared to, the barbarians of the first centuries of our era (like so many Mongolians, Africans, Arabs, and so on, who still continue in the same barbarian stage) invariably preferred peace to war. With the exception of a few tribes which had been driven during the great migrations into unproductive deserts or highlands, and were thus compelled periodically to prey upon their better-favoured neighbours — apart from these, the great bulk of the Teutons, the Saxons, the Celts, the Slavonians, and so on, very soon after they had settled in their newly-conquered abodes, reverted to the spade or to their herds. The earliest barbarian codes already represent to us societies composed of peaceful agricultural communities, not hordes of men at war with each other. These barbarians covered the country with villages and farmhouses;[156] they cleared the forests, bridged the torrents, and colonized the formerly quite uninhabited wilderness; and they left the uncertain warlike pursuits to brotherhoods, scholæ, or “trusts” of unruly men, gathered round temporary chieftains, who wandered about, offering their adventurous spirit, their arms, and their knowledge of warfare for the protection of populations, only too anxious to be left in peace. The warrior bands came and went, prosecuting their family feuds; but the great mass continued to till the soil, taking but little notice of their would-be rulers, so long as they did not interfere with the independence of their village communities.[157] The new occupiers of Europe evolved the systems of land tenure and soil culture which are still in force with hundreds of millions of men; they worked out their systems of compensation for wrongs, instead of the old tribal blood-revenge; they learned the first rudiments of industry; and while they fortified their villages with palisaded walls, or erected towers and earthen forts whereto to repair in case of a new invasion, they soon abandoned the task of defending these towers and forts to those who made of war a speciality.

The very peacefulness of the barbarians, certainly not their supposed warlike instincts, thus became the source of their subsequent subjection to the military chieftains. It is evident that the very mode of life of the armed brotherhoods offered them more facilities for enrichment than the tillers of the soil could find in their agricultural communities. Even now we see that armed men occasionally come together to shoot down Matabeles and to rob them of their droves of cattle, though the Matabeles only want peace and are ready to buy it at a high price. The scholæ of old certainly were not more scrupulous than the scholæ of our own time. Droves of cattle, iron (which was extremely costly at that time[158]), and slaves were appropriated in this way; and although most acquisitions were wasted on the spot in those glorious feasts of which epic poetry has so much to say — still some part of the robbed riches was used for further enrichment. There was plenty of waste land, and no lack of men ready to till it, if only they could obtain the necessary cattle and implements. Whole villages, ruined by murrains, pests, fires, or raids of new immigrants, were often abandoned by their inhabitants, who went anywhere in search of new abodes. They still do so in Russia in similar circumstances. And if one of the hirdmen of the armed brotherhoods offered the peasants some cattle for a fresh start, some iron to make a plough, if not the plough itself, his protection from further raids, and a number of years free from all obligations, before they should begin to repay the contracted debt, they settled upon the land. And when, after a hard fight with bad crops, inundations and pestilences, those pioneers began to repay their debts, they fell into servile obligations towards the protector of the territory. Wealth undoubtedly did accumulate in this way, and power always follows wealth.[159] And yet, the more we penetrate into the life of those times, the sixth and seventh centuries of our era, the more we see that another element, besides wealth and military force, was required to constitute the authority of the few. It was an element of law and right, a desire of the masses to maintain peace, and to establish what they considered to be justice, which gave to the chieftains of the scholæ — kings, dukes, knyazes, and the like — the force they acquired two or three hundred years later. That same idea of justice, conceived as an adequate revenge for the wrong done, which had grown in the tribal stage, now passed as a red thread through the history of subsequent institutions, and, much more even than military or economic causes, it became the basis upon which the authority of the kings and the feudal lords was founded.

In fact, one of the chief preoccupations of the barbarian village community always was, as it still is with our barbarian contemporaries, to put a speedy end to the feuds which arose from the then current conception of justice. When a quarrel took place, the community at once interfered, and after the folkmote had heard the case, it settled the amount of composition (wergeld) to be paid to the wronged person, or to his family, as well as the fred, or fine for breach of peace, which had to be paid to the community. Interior quarrels were easily appeased in this way. But when feuds broke out between two different tribes, or two confederations of tribes, notwithstanding all measures taken to prevent them,[160] the difficulty was to find an arbiter or sentence-finder whose decision should be accepted by both parties alike, both for his impartiality and for his knowledge of the oldest law. The difficulty was the greater as the customary laws of different tribes and confederations were at variance as to the compensation due in different cases. It therefore became habitual to take the sentence-finder from among such families, or such tribes, as were reputed for keeping the law of old in its purity; of being versed in the songs, triads, sagas, etc., by means of which law was perpetuated in memory; and to retain law in this way became a sort of art, a “mystery,” carefully transmitted in certain families from generation to generation. Thus in Iceland, and in other Scandinavian lands, at every Allthing, or national folkmote, a lövsögmathr used to recite the whole law from memory for the enlightening of the assembly; and in Ireland there was, as is known, a special class of men reputed for the knowledge of the old traditions, and therefore enjoying a great authority as judges.[161] Again, when we are told by the Russian annals that some stems of North-West Russia, moved by the growing disorder which resulted from “clans rising against clans,” appealed to Norman varingiar to be their judges and commanders of warrior scholæ; and when we see the knyazes, or dukes, elected for the next two hundred years always from the same Norman family, we cannot but recognize that the Slavonians trusted to the Normans for a better knowledge of the law which would be equally recognized as good by different Slavonian kins. In this case the possession of runes, used for the transmission of old customs, was a decided advantage in favour of the Normans; but in other cases there are faint indications that the “eldest” branch of the stem, the supposed motherbranch, was appealed to to supply the judges, and its decisions were relied upon as just;[162] while at a later epoch we see a distinct tendency towards taking the sentence-finders from the Christian clergy, which, at that time, kept still to the fundamental, now forgotten, principle of Christianity, that retaliation is no act of justice. At that time the Christian clergy opened the churches as places of asylum for those who fled from blood revenge, and they willingly acted as arbiters in criminal cases, always opposing the old tribal principle of life for life and wound for wound. In short, the deeper we penetrate into the history of early institutions, the less we find grounds for the military theory of origin of authority. Even that power which later on became such a source of oppression seems, on the contrary, to have found its origin in the peaceful inclinations of the masses.

In all these cases the fred, which often amounted to half the compensation, went to the folkmote, and from times immemorial it used to be applied to works of common utility and defence. It has still the same destination (the erection of towers) among the Kabyles and certain Mongolian stems; and we have direct evidence that even several centuries later the judicial fines, in Pskov and several French and German cities, continued to be used for the repair of the city walls.[163] It was thus quite natural that the fines should be handed over to the sentence-finder, who was bound, in return, both to maintain the schola of armed men to whom the defence of the territory was trusted, and to execute the sentences. This became a universal custom in the eighth and ninth centuries, even when the sentence-finder was an elected bishop. The germ of a combination of what we should now call the judicial power and the executive thus made its appearance. But to these two functions the attributions of the duke or king were strictly limited. He was no ruler of the people — the supreme power still belonging to the folkmote — not even a commander of the popular militia; when the folk took to arms, it marched under a separate, also elected, commander, who was not a subordinate, but an equal to the king.[164] The king was a lord on his personal domain only. In fact, in barbarian language, the word konung, koning, or cyning synonymous with the Latin rex, had no other meaning than that of a temporary leader or chieftain of a band of men. The commander of a flotilla of boats, or even of a single pirate boat, was also a konung, and till the present day the commander of fishing in Norway is named Not-kong — “the king of the nets.”[165] The veneration attached later on to the personality of a king did not yet exist, and while treason to the kin was punished by death, the slaying of a king could be recouped by the payment of compensation: a king simply was valued so much more than a freeman.[166] And when King Knu (or Canute) had killed one man of his own schola, the saga represents him convoking his comrades to a thing where he stood on his knees imploring pardon. He was pardoned, but not till he had agreed to pay nine times the regular composition, of which one-third went to himself for the loss of one of his men, one-third to the relatives of the slain man, and one-third (the fred) to the schola.[167] In reality, a complete change had to be accomplished in the current conceptions, under the double influence of the Church and the students of Roman law, before an idea of sanctity began to be attached to the personality of the king.

However, it lies beyond the scope of these essays to follow the gradual development of authority out of the elements just indicated. Historians, such as Mr. and Mrs. Green for this country, Augustin Thierry, Michelet, and Luchaire for France, Kaufmann, Janssen, W. Arnold, and even Nitzsch, for Germany, Leo and Botta for Italy, Byelaeff, Kostomaroff, and their followers for Russia, and many others, have fully told that tale. They have shown how populations, once free, and simply agreeing “to feed” a certain portion of their military defenders, gradually became the serfs of these protectors; how “commendation” to the Church, or to a lord, became a hard necessity for the freeman; how each lord’s and bishop’s castle became a robber’s nest — how feudalism was imposed, in a word — and how the crusades, by freeing the serfs who wore the cross, gave the first impulse to popular emancipation. All this need not be retold in this place, our chief aim being to follow the constructive genius of the masses in their mutual-aid institutions.

At a time when the last vestiges of barbarian freedom seemed to disappear, and Europe, fallen under the dominion of thousands of petty rulers, was marching towards the constitution of such theocracies and despotic States as had followed the barbarian stage during the previous starts of civilization, or of barbarian monarchies, such as we see now in Africa, life in Europe took another direction. It went on on lines similar to those it had once taken in the cities of antique Greece. With a unanimity which seems almost incomprehensible, and for a long time was not understood by historians, the urban agglomerations, down to the smallest burgs, began to shake off the yoke of their worldly and clerical lords. The fortified village rose against the lord’s castle, defied it first, attacked it next, and finally destroyed it. The movement spread from spot to spot, involving every town on the surface of Europe, and in less than a hundred years free cities had been called into existence on the coasts of the Mediterranean, the North Sea, the Baltic, the Atlantic Ocean, down to the fjords of Scandinavia; at the feet of the Apennines, the Alps, the Black Forest, the Grampians, and the Carpathians; in the plains of Russia, Hungary, France and Spain. Everywhere the same revolt took place, with the same features, passing through the same phases, leading to the same results. Wherever men had found, or expected to find, some protection behind their town walls, they instituted their “co-jurations,” their “fraternities,” their “friendships,” united in one common idea, and boldly marching towards a new life of mutual support and liberty. And they succeeded so well that in three or four hundred years they had changed the very face of Europe. They had covered the country with beautiful sumptuous buildings, expressing the genius of free unions of free men, unrivalled since for their beauty and expressiveness; and they bequeathed to the following generations all the arts, all the industries, of which our present civilization, with all its achievements and promises for the future, is only a further development. And when we now look to the forces which have produced these grand results, we find them — not in the genius of individual heroes, not in the mighty organization of huge States or the political capacities of their rulers, but in the very same current of mutual aid and support which we saw at work in the village community, and which was vivified and reinforced in the Middle Ages by a new form of unions, inspired by the very same spirit but shaped on a new model — the guilds.

It is well known by this time that feudalism did not imply a dissolution of the village community. Although the lord had succeeded in imposing servile labour upon the peasants, and had appropriated for himself such rights as were formerly vested in the village community alone (taxes, mortmain, duties on inheritances and marriages), the peasants had, nevertheless, maintained the two fundamental rights of their communities: the common possession of the land, and self-jurisdiction. In olden times, when a king sent his vogt to a village, the peasants received him with flowers in one hand and arms in the other, and asked him — which law he intended to apply: the one he found in the village, or the one he brought with him? And, in the first case, they handed him the flowers and accepted him; while in the second case they fought him.[168] Now, they accepted the king’s or the lord’s official whom they could not refuse; but they maintained the folkmote’s jurisdiction, and themselves nominated six, seven, or twelve judges, who acted with the lord’s judge, in the presence of the folkmote, as arbiters and sentence-finders. In most cases the official had nothing left to him but to confirm the sentence and to levy the customary fred. This precious right of self-jurisdiction, which, at that time, meant self-administration and self-legislation, had been maintained through all the struggles; and even the lawyers by whom Karl the Great was surrounded could not abolish it; they were bound to confirm it. At the same time, in all matters concerning the community’s domain, the folkmote retained its supremacy and (as shown by Maurer) often claimed submission from the lord himself in land tenure matters. No growth of feudalism could break this resistance; the village community kept its ground; and when, in the ninth and tenth centuries, the invasions of the Normans, the Arabs, and the Ugrians had demonstrated that military scholæ were of little value for protecting the land, a general movement began all over Europe for fortifying the villages with stone walls and citadels. Thousands of fortified centres were then built by the energies of the village communities; and, once they had built their walls, once a common interest had been created in this new sanctuary — the town walls — they soon understood that they could henceforward resist the encroachments of the inner enemies, the lords, as well as the invasions of foreigners. A new life of freedom began to develop within the fortified enclosures. The mediæval city was born.[169]

No period of history could better illustrate the constructive powers of the popular masses than the tenth and eleventh centuries, when the fortified villages and market-places, representing so many “oases amidst the feudal forest,” began to free themselves from their lord’s yoke, and slowly elaborated the future city organization; but, unhappily, this is a period about which historical information is especially scarce: we know the results, but little has reached us about the means by which they were achieved. Under the protection of their walls the cities’ folkmotes — either quite independent, or led by the chief noble or merchant families — conquered and maintained the right of electing the military defensor and supreme judge of the town, or at least of choosing between those who pretended to occupy this position. In Italy the young communes were continually sending away their defensors or domini, fighting those who refused to go. The same went on in the East. In Bohemia, rich and poor alike (Bohemicae gentis magni et parvi, nobiles et ignobiles) took part in the election;[170] while, the vyeches (folkmotes) of the Russian cities regularly elected their dukes — always from the same Rurik family — covenanted with them, and sent the knyaz away if he had provoked discontent.[171] At the same time in most cities of Western and Southern Europe, the tendency was to take for defensor a bishop whom the city had elected itself; and so many bishops took the lead in protecting the “immunities” of the towns and in defending their liberties, that numbers of them were considered, after their death, as saints and special patrons of different cities. St. Uthelred of Winchester, St. Ulrik of Augsburg, St. Wolfgang of Ratisbon, St. Heribert of Cologne, St. Adalbert of Prague, and so on, as well as many abbots and monks, became so many cities’ saints for having acted in defence of popular rights.[172] And under the new defensors, whether laic or clerical, the citizens conquered full self-jurisdiction and self-administration for their folkmotes.[173]

The whole process of liberation progressed by a series of imperceptible acts of devotion to the common cause, accomplished by men who came out of the masses — by unknown heroes whose very names have not been preserved by history. The wonderful movement of the God’s peace (treuga Dei) by which the popular masses endeavoured to put a limit to the endless family feuds of the noble families, was born in the young towns, the bishops and the citizens trying to extend to the nobles the peace they had established within their town walls.[174] Already at that period, the commercial cities of Italy, and especially Amalfi (which had its elected consuls since 844, and frequently changed its doges in the tenth century)[175] worked out the customary maritime and commercial law which later on became a model for all Europe; Ravenna elaborated its craft organization, and Milan, which had made its first revolution in 980, became a great centre of commerce, its trades enjoying a full independence since the eleventh century.[176] So also Brügge and Ghent; so also several cities of France in which the Mahl or forum had become a quite independent institution.[177] And already during that period began the work of artistic decoration of the towns by works of architecture, which we still admire and which loudly testify of the intellectual movement of the times. “The basilicae were then renewed in almost all the universe,” Raoul Glaber wrote in his chronicle, and some of the finest monuments of mediæval architecture date from that period: the wonderful old church of Bremen was built in the ninth century, Saint Marc of Venice was finished in 1071, and the beautiful dome of Pisa in 1063. In fact, the intellectual movement which has been described as the Twelfth Century Renaissance[178] and the Twelfth Century Rationalism — the precursor of the Reform[179] date from that period, when most cities were still simple agglomerations of small village communities enclosed by walls.

However, another element, besides the village-community principle, was required to give to these growing centres of liberty and enlightenment the unity of thought and action, and the powers of initiative, which made their force in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. With the growing diversity of occupations, crafts and arts, and with the growing commerce in distant lands, some new form of union was required, and this necessary new element was supplied by the guilds. Volumes and volumes have been written about these unions which, under the name of guilds, brotherhoods, friendships and druzhestva, minne, artels in Russia, esnaifs in Servia and Turkey, amkari in Georgia, and so on, took such a formidable development in mediæval times and played such an important part in the emancipation of the cities. But it took historians more than sixty years before the universality of this institution and its true characters were understood. Only now, when hundreds of guild statutes have been published and studied, and their relationship to the Roman collegiae, and the earlier unions in Greece and in India,[180] is known, can we maintain with full confidence that these brotherhoods were but a further development of the same principles which we saw at work in the gens and the village community.

Nothing illustrates better these mediæval brotherhoods than those temporary guilds which were formed on board ships. When a ship of the Hansa had accomplished her first half-day passage after having left the port, the captain (Schiffer) gathered all crew and passengers on the deck, and held the following language, as reported by a contemporary: —

“‘As we are now at the mercy of God and the waves,’ he said, ‘each one must be equal to each other. And as we are surrounded by storms, high waves, pirates and other dangers, we must keep a strict order that we may bring our voyage to a good end. That is why we shall pronounce the prayer for a good wind and good success, and, according to marine law, we shall name the occupiers of the judges’ seats (Schöffenstellen).’ Thereupon the crew elected a Vogt and four scabini, to act as their judges. At the end of the voyage the Vogt and the scabini abdicated their functions and addressed the crew as follows: — ‘What has happened on board ship, we must pardon to each other and consider as dead (todt und ab sein lassen). What we have judged right, was for the sake of justice. This is why we beg you all, in the name of honest justice, to forget all the animosity one may nourish against another, and to swear on bread and salt that he will not think of it in a bad spirit. If any one, however, considers himself wronged, he must appeal to the land Vogt and ask justice from him before sunset.’ On landing, the Stock with the fred fines was handed over to the Vogt of the sea-port for distribution among the poor.”[181]

This simple narrative, perhaps better than anything else, depicts the spirit of the mediæval guilds. Like organizations came into existence wherever a group of men — fishermen, hunters, travelling merchants, builders, or settled craftsmen — came together for a common pursuit. Thus, there was on board ship the naval authority of the captain; but, for the very success of the common enterprise, all men on board, rich and poor, masters and crew, captain and sailors, agreed to be equals in their mutual relations, to be simply men, bound to aid each other and to settle their possible disputes before judges elected by all of them. So also when a number of craftsmen — masons, carpenters, stone-cutters, etc. — came together for building, say, a cathedral, they all belonged to a city which had its political organization, and each of them belonged moreover to his own craft; but they were united besides by their common enterprise, which they knew better than any one else, and they joined into a body united by closer, although temporary, bonds; they founded the guild for the building of the cathedral.[182] We may see the same till now in the Kabylian çof:[183] the Kabyles have their village community; but this union is not sufficient for all political, commercial, and personal needs of union, and the closer brotherhood of the çof is constituted.

As to the social characters of the mediæval guild, any guild-statute may illustrate them. Taking, for instance, the skraa of some early Danish guild, we read in it, first, a statement of the general brotherly feelings which must reign in the guild; next come the regulations relative to self-jurisdiction in cases of quarrels arising between two brothers, or a brother and a stranger; and then, the social duties of the brethren are enumerated. If a brother’s house is burned, or he has lost his ship, or has suffered on a pilgrim’s voyage, all the brethren must come to his aid. If a brother falls dangerously ill, two brethren must keep watch by his bed till he is out of danger, and if he dies, the brethren must bury him — a great affair in those times of pestilences — and follow him to the church and the grave. After his death they must provide for his children, if necessary; very often the widow becomes a sister to the guild.[184]

These two leading features appeared in every brotherhood formed for any possible purpose. In each case the members treated each other as, and named each other, brother and sister;[185] all were equals before the guild. They owned some “chattel” (cattle, land, buildings, places of worship, or “stock”) in common. All brothers took the oath of abandoning all feuds of old; and, without imposing upon each other the obligation of never quarrelling again, they agreed that no quarrel should degenerate into a feud, or into a lawsuit before another court than the tribunal of the brothers themselves. And if a brother was involved in a quarrel with a stranger to the guild, they agreed to support him for bad and for good; that is, whether he was unjustly accused of aggression, or really was the aggressor, they had to support him, and to bring things to a peaceful end. So long as his was not a secret aggression — in which case he would have been treated as an outlaw — the brotherhood stood by him.[186] If the relatives of the wronged man wanted to revenge the offence at once by a new aggression, the brotherhood supplied him with a horse to run away, or with a boat, a pair of oars, a knife and a steel for striking light; if he remained in town, twelve brothers accompanied him to protect him; and in the meantime they arranged the composition. They went to court to support by oath the truthfulness of his statements, and if he was found guilty they did not let him go to full ruin and become a slave through not paying the due compensation: they all paid it, just as the gens did in olden times. Only when a brother had broken the faith towards his guild-brethren, or other people, he was excluded from the brotherhood “with a Nothing’s name” (tha scal han maeles af brödrescap met nidings nafn).[187]

Such were the leading ideas of those brotherhoods which gradually covered the whole of mediæval life. In fact, we know of guilds among all possible professions: guilds of serfs,[188] guilds of freemen, and guilds of both serfs and freemen; guilds called into life for the special purpose of hunting, fishing, or a trading expedition, and dissolved when the special purpose had been achieved; and guilds lasting for centuries in a given craft or trade. And, in proportion as life took an always greater variety of pursuits, the variety in the guilds grew in proportion. So we see not only merchants, craftsmen, hunters, and peasants united in guilds; we also see guilds of priests, painters, teachers of primary schools and universities, guilds for performing the passion play, for building a church, for developing the “mystery” of a given school of art or craft, or for a special recreation — even guilds among beggars, executioners, and lost women, all organized on the same double principle of self-jurisdiction and mutual support.[189] For Russia we have positive evidence showing that the very “making of Russia” was as much the work of its hunters’, fishermen’s, and traders’ artels as of the budding village communities, and up to the present day the country is covered with artels.[190]

These few remarks show how incorrect was the view taken by some early explorers of the guilds when they wanted to see the essence of the institution in its yearly festival. In reality, the day of the common meal was always the day, or the morrow of the day, of election of aldermen, of discussion of alterations in the statutes, and very often the day of judgment of quarrels that had risen among the brethren,[191] or of renewed allegiance to the guild. The common meal, like the festival at the old tribal folkmote — the mahl or malum — or the Buryate aba, or the parish feast and the harvest supper, was simply an affirmation of brotherhood. It symbolized the times when everything was kept in common by the clan. This day, at least, all belonged to all; all sat at the same table and partook of the same meal. Even at a much later time the inmate of the almshouse of a London guild sat this day by the side of the rich alderman. As to the distinction which several explorers have tried to establish between the old Saxon “frith guild” and the so-called “social” or “religious” guilds — all were frith guilds in the sense above mentioned,[192] and all were religious in the sense in which a village community or a city placed under the protection of a special saint is social and religious. If the institution of the guild has taken such an immense extension in Asia, Africa, and Europe, if it has lived thousands of years, reappearing again and again when similar conditions called it into existence, it is because it was much more than an eating association, or an association for going to church on a certain day, or a burial club. It answered to a deeply inrooted want of human nature; and it embodied all the attributes which the State appropriated later on for its bureaucracy and police, and much more than that. It was an association for mutual support in all circumstances and in all accidents of life, “by deed and advise,” and it was an organization for maintaining justice — with this difference from the State, that on all these occasions a humane, a brotherly element was introduced instead of the formal element which is the essential characteristic of State interference. Even when appearing before the guild tribunal, the guild-brother answered before men who knew him well and had stood by him before in their daily work, at the common meal, in the performance of their brotherly duties: men who were his equals and brethren indeed, not theorists of law nor defenders of some one else’s interests.[193]

It is evident that an institution so well suited to serve the need of union, without depriving the individual of his initiative, could but spread, grow, and fortify. The difficulty was only to find such form as would permit to federate the unions of the guilds without interfering with the unions of the village communities, and to federate all these into one harmonious whole. And when this form of combination had been found, and a series of favourable circumstances permitted the cities to affirm their independence, they did so with a unity of thought which can but excite our admiration, even in our century of railways, telegraphs, and printing. Hundreds of charters in which the cities inscribed their liberation have reached us, and through all of them — notwithstanding the infinite variety of details, which depended upon the more or less greater fulness of emancipation — the same leading ideas run. The city organized itself as a federation of both small village communities and guilds.

“All those who belong to the friendship of the town” — so runs a charter given in 1188 to the burghesses of Aire by Philip, Count of Flanders — “have promised and confirmed by faith and oath that they will aid each other as brethren, in whatever is useful and honest. That if one commits against another an offence in words or in deeds, the one who has suffered there from will not take revenge, either himself or his people... he will lodge a complaint and the offender will make good for his offence, according to what will be pronounced by twelve elected judges acting as arbiters, And if the offender or the offended, after having been warned thrice, does not submit to the decision of the arbiters, he will be excluded from the friendship as a wicked man and a perjuror.[194] “Each one of the men of the commune will be faithful to his conjuror, and will give him aid and advice, according to what justice will dictate him” — the Amiens and Abbeville charters say. “All will aid each other, according to their powers, within the boundaries of the Commune, and will not suffer that any one takes anything from any one of them, or makes one pay contributions” — do we read in the charters of Soissons, Compiègne, Senlis, and many others of the same type.[195] And so on with countless variations on the same theme. “The Commune,” Guilbert de Nogent wrote, “is an oath of mutual aid (mutui adjutorii conjuratio)... A new and detestable word. Through it the serfs (capite sensi) are freed from all serfdom; through it, they can only be condemned to a legally determined fine for breaches of the law; through it, they cease to be liable to payments which the serfs always used to pay.”[196]

The same wave of emancipation ran, in the twelfth century, through all parts of the continent, involving both rich cities and the poorest towns. And if we may say that, as a rule, the Italian cities were the first to free themselves, we can assign no centre from which the movement would have spread. Very often a small burg in central Europe took the lead for its region, and big agglomerations accepted the little town’s charter as a model for their own. Thus, the charter of a small town, Lorris, was adopted by eighty-three towns in south-west France, and that of Beaumont became the model for over five hundred towns and cities in Belgium and France. Special deputies were dispatched by the cities to their neighbours to obtain a copy from their charter, and the constitution was framed upon that model. However, they did not simply copy each other: they framed their own charters in accordance with the concessions they had obtained from their lords; and the result was that, as remarked by an historian, the charters of the mediæval communes offer the same variety as the Gothic architecture of their churches and cathedrals. The same leading ideas in all of them — the cathedral symbolizing the union of parish and guild in the city, — and the same infinitely rich variety of detail.

Self-jurisdiction was the essential point, and self-jurisdiction meant self-administration. But the commune was not simply an “autonomous” part of the State — such ambiguous words had not yet been invented by that time — it was a State in itself. It had the right of war and peace, of federation and alliance with its neighbours. It was sovereign in its own affairs, and mixed with no others. The supreme political power could be vested entirely in a democratic forum, as was the case in Pskov, whose vyeche sent and received ambassadors, concluded treaties, accepted and sent away princes, or went on without them for dozens of years; or it was vested in, or usurped by, an aristocracy of merchants or even nobles, as was the case in hundreds of Italian and middle European cities. The principle, nevertheless, remained the same: the city was a State and — what was perhaps still more remarkable — when the power in the city was usurped by an aristocracy of merchants or even nobles, the inner life of the city and the democratism of its daily life did not disappear: they depended but little upon what may be called the political form of the State.

The secret of this seeming anomaly lies in the fact that a mediæval city was not a centralized State. During the first centuries of its existence, the city hardly could be named a State as regards its interior organization, because the middle ages knew no more of the present centralization of functions than of the present territorial centralization. Each group had its share of sovereignty. The city was usually divided into four quarters, or into five to seven sections radiating from a centre, each quarter or section roughly corresponding to a certain trade or profession which prevailed in it, but nevertheless containing inhabitants of different social positions and occupations — nobles, merchants, artisans, or even half-serfs; and each section or quarter constituted a quite independent agglomeration. In Venice, each island was an independent political community. It had its own organized trades, its own commerce in salt, its own jurisdiction and administration, its own forum; and the nomination of a doge by the city changed nothing in the inner independence of the units.[197] In Cologne, we see the inhabitants divided into Geburschaften and Heimschaften (viciniae), i.e. neighbour guilds, which dated from the Franconian period. Each of them had its judge (Burrichter) and the usual twelve elected sentence-finders (Schöffen), its Vogt, and its greve or commander of the local militia.[198] The story of early London before the Conquest — Mr. Green says — is that “of a number of little groups scattered here and there over the area within the walls, each growing up with its own life and institutions, guilds, sokes, religious houses and the like, and only slowly drawing together into a municipal union.”[199] And if we refer to the annals of the Russian cities, Novgorod and Pskov, both of which are relatively rich in local details, we find the section (konets) consisting of independent streets (ulitsa), each of which, though chiefly peopled with artisans of a certain craft, had also merchants and landowners among its inhabitants, and was a separate community. It had the communal responsibility of all members in case of crime, its own jurisdiction and administration by street aldermen (ulichanskiye starosty), its own seal and, in case of need, its own forum; its own militia, as also its self-elected priests and its, own collective life and collective enterprise.[200]

The mediæval city thus appears as a double federation: of all householders united into small territorial unions — the street, the parish, the section — and of individuals united by oath into guilds according to their professions; the former being a produce of the village-community origin of the city, while the second is a subsequent growth called to life by new conditions.

To guarantee liberty, self-administration, and peace was the chief aim of the mediæval city; and labour, as we shall presently see when speaking of the craft guilds, was its chief foundation. But “production” did not absorb the whole attention of the mediæval economist. With his practical mind, he understood that “consumption” must be guaranteed in order to obtain production; and therefore, to provide for “the common first food and lodging of poor and rich alike” (gemeine notdurft und gemach armer und richer[201]) was the fundamental principle in each city. The purchase of food supplies and other first necessaries (coal, wood, etc.) before they had reached the market, or altogether in especially favourable conditions from which others would be excluded — the preempcio, in a word — was entirely prohibited. Everything had to go to the market and be offered there for every one’s purchase, till the ringing of the bell had closed the market. Then only could the retailer buy the remainder, and even then his profit should be an “honest profit” only.[202] Moreover, when corn was bought by a baker wholesale after the close of the market, every citizen had the right to claim part of the corn (about half-a-quarter) for his own use, at wholesale price, if he did so before the final conclusion of the bargain; and reciprocally, every baker could claim the same if the citizen purchased corn for re-selling it. In the first case, the corn had only to be brought to the town mill to be ground in its proper turn for a settled price, and the bread could be baked in the four banal, or communal oven.[203] In short, if a scarcity visited the city, all had to suffer from it more or less; but apart from the calamities, so long as the free cities existed no one could die in their midst from starvation, as is unhappily too often the case in our own times.

However, all such regulations belong to later periods of the cities’ life, while at an earlier period it was the city itself which used to buy all food supplies for the use of the citizens. The documents recently published by Mr. Gross are quite positive on this point and fully support his conclusion to the effect that the cargoes of subsistences “were purchased by certain civic officials in the name of the town, and then distributed in shares among the merchant burgesses, no one being allowed to buy wares landed in the port unless the municipal authorities refused to purchase them. This seem — she adds — to have been quite a common practice in England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland.“[204] Even in the sixteenth century we find that common purchases of corn were made for the “comoditie and profitt in all things of this.... Citie and Chamber of London, and of all the Citizens and Inhabitants of the same as moche as in us lieth” — as the Mayor wrote in 1565.[205] In Venice, the whole of the trade in corn is well known to have been in the hands of the city; the “quarters,” on receiving the cereals from the board which administrated the imports, being bound to send to every citizen’s house the quantity allotted to him.[206] In France, the city of Amiens used to purchase salt and to distribute it to all citizens at cost price;[207] and even now one sees in many French towns the halles which formerly were municipal dépôts for corn and salt.[208] In Russia it was a regular custom in Novgorod and Pskov.

The whole matter relative to the communal purchases for the use of the citizens, and the manner in which they used to be made, seems not to have yet received proper attention from the historians of the period; but there are here and there some very interesting facts which throw a new light upon it. Thus there is, among Mr. Gross’s documents, a Kilkenny ordinance of the year 1367, from which we learn how the prices of the goods were established. “The merchants and the sailors,” Mr. Gross writes, “were to state on oath the first cost of the goods and the expenses of transportation. Then the mayor of the town and two discreet men were to name the price at which the wares were to be sold.” The same rule held good in Thurso for merchandise coming “by sea or land.” This way of “naming the price” so well answers to the very conceptions of trade which were current in mediæval times that it must have been all but universal. To have the price established by a third person was a very old custom; and for all interchange within the city it certainly was a widely-spread habit to leave the establishment of prices to “discreet men” — to a third party — and not to the vendor or the buyer. But this order of things takes us still further back in the history of trade — namely, to a time when trade in staple produce was carried on by the whole city, and the merchants were only the commissioners, the trustees, of the city for selling the goods which it exported. A Waterford ordinance, published also by Mr. Gross, says “that all manere of marchandis what so ever kynde thei be of... shal be bought by the Maire and balives which bene commene biers [common buyers, for the town] for the time being, and to distribute the same on freemen of the citie (the propre goods of free citisains and inhabitants only excepted).” This ordinance can hardly be explained otherwise than by admitting that all the exterior trade of the town was carried on by its agents. Moreover, we have direct evidence of such having been the case for Novgorod and Pskov. It was the Sovereign Novgorod and the Sovereign Pskov who sent their caravans of merchants to distant lands.

We know also that in nearly all mediæval cities of Middle and Western Europe, the craft guilds used to buy, as a body, all necessary raw produce, and to sell the produce of their work through their officials, and it is hardly possible that the same should not have been done for exterior trade — the more so as it is well known that up to the thirteenth century, not only all merchants of a given city were considered abroad as responsible in a body for debts contracted by any one of them, but the whole city as well was responsible for the debts of each one of its merchants. Only in the twelfth and thirteenth century the towns on the Rhine entered into special treaties abolishing this responsibility.[209] And finally we have the remarkable Ipswich document published by Mr. Gross, from which document we learn that the merchant guild of this town was constituted by all who had the freedom of the city, and who wished to pay their contribution (“their hanse”) to the guild, the whole community discussing all together how better to maintain the merchant guild, and giving it certain privileges. The merchant guild of Ipswich thus appears rather as a body of trustees of the town than as a common private guild.

In short, the more we begin to know the mediaeval city the more we see that it was not simply a political organization for the protection of certain political liberties. It was an attempt at organizing, on a much grander scale than in a village community, a close union for mutual aid and support, for consumption and production, and for social life altogether, without imposing upon men the fetters of the State, but giving full liberty of expression to the creative genius of each separate group of individuals in art, crafts, science, commerce, and political organization. How far this attempt has been successful will be best seen when we have analyzed in the next chapter the organization of labour in the mediæval city and the relations of the cities with the surrounding peasant population.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Fine-tuning the reactions that produce hydrogen (H2) for use as a clean fuel is an important endeavour to fight against climate change. Researchers at Tohoku University and the Tokyo University of Science have succeeded in improving the catalytic activity for this reaction. The researchers established a synthesis method that can control the surface structure of small metal particles with a diameter of about 1 nm. The results were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society on October 25, 2024. Hydrogen is an environmentally-friendly alternative to other energy sources such as fossil fuels. One method to extract the hydrogen from water is called the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER): a reaction driven by electricity that typically uses an electrocatalyst to lower the activation energy (and thus make the reaction more efficient). However, one downside is that it currently requires expensive rare metals such as platinum.

Read more.

[marketxcel]

Unveiling the Impact of social media on Modern Market Research

Explore the profound impact of social media on contemporary market research, unraveling the dynamic ways it shapes consumer behavior insights, trends, and the strategies businesses employ to stay ahead in the digital age.

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from Smithsonian Magazine:

Our planet has not passed its latest health check-up. A new assessment of Earth’s life-support systems shows that six out of nine of these crucial processes have crossed their “planetary boundary.” These boundaries are not tipping points—it’s possible to recover from passing them—but they are thresholds signifying we’ve entered higher-risk territory.

On another worrying note, scientists found the planet is close to breaching a seventh planetary boundary: ocean acidification.

In its first edition, a report from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) used years of data and assessments to evaluate the nine planetary boundaries. These life-support systems make Earth resilient and stable. Alarmingly, six of those boundaries have already been crossed, as a similar assessment last year also concluded. The new report adds to that finding, suggesting these six metrics are now moving further into the “red zone,” or what the researchers consider a high-risk zone.

“The overall diagnostic is that the patient, Planet Earth, is in critical condition,” says Johan Rockström, PIK director and pioneer of the Planetary Boundaries Framework, in a statement.

Boundaries that have already been exceeded have to do with climate change, freshwater availability, biodiversity, land use, nutrient pollution (such as phosphorus and nitrogen) and the introduction of synthetic chemicals and plastics to the environment.

Ocean acidification is one of the systems that has not yet crossed its planetary boundary, along with ozone depletion and aerosols in the atmosphere. But while ocean acidification is still in the “green zone,” the new report finds it’s trending in the wrong direction. Scientists now say this metric is on the brink and may cross out of the safe zone in the next few years.

Earth’s oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, providing a valuable carbon sink as humans burn fossil fuels. But this process also makes the oceans more acidic, which can disturb the formation of shells and coral skeletons and affect fish life cycles, per the report.

As ocean acidification approaches the boundary, scientists are particularly concerned about certain regions, like the Arctic and Southern oceans. These areas are vital for carbon and global nutrient cycles, “which support marine productivity, biodiversity and global fisheries,” the report says.

“Looking at the current evolution, I’d say it’s really, really difficult to prevent that [boundary] crossing,” says Levke Caesar, a climate physicist at PIK and an author of the report, to Mongabay’s Sean Mowbray.

Other recent studies indicate the current conditions are already affecting some marine organisms, Caesar said in a press briefing, per the Guardian’s Damien Gayle. As a result, it might be necessary to re-evaluate “which levels can actually be called safe,” she added.

Levels of acidification are different across the world’s oceans. Colder waters, like those in the polar regions, may become more acidic more quickly, because they absorb more carbon dioxide. For some scientists, this suggests that perhaps the boundary has already been breached.

[kohakhearts]

deeply curious abt mentally ill timeskip goh and his ditto. but for some reason mostly his hair??? did he grow it out on purpose? does he take care of it? just brush and go or does he use products? not important or something he takes pride in?? idk why

hi anon thank you SO much for asking!!

(ok so disclaimer the premise of this timeskip is like what i think would be a natural future scenario for the characters. most of my fics are AUs so essentially unrelated, but in terms of designs and stuff this is kind of what i’m playing with in those fics too. the short answer to the hair thing is i just think it’s neat. but dw there’s also a long answer :p)

“mentally ill timeskip goh” is perfect btw. that’s him in a nutshell. if he’s not mentally ill what’s the fucking point /j

i think that goh is someone who, in canon, uses his ambitions as a distraction from things that actually upset him - i mean, we see him as a kid from his parents’ perspective so invested in research that he barely acknowledges when they say they won’t be home for the holidays because they have to work, but his own memory of the same scene is coloured with a little more emotion lol. so we get the impression that he tries hard for his parents’ sakes to be unbothered by their lifestyle. i wrote about how goh is a quintessential parentified child here and doing that to your kid is basically just asking for them to grow up to become a neurotic workaholic which is why He’s Like That. but in canon meeting ash opens him up to other opportunities - where he is valued and appreciated by someone who, like him, is so driven by his goals he’s willing to. you know. jump on the back of a a giant god-bird mid-flight.

but then he and ash go separate ways. and even though goh comes out of their shared time together every day a little more friendly and open, he’s still himself, right??? so while ash is off journeying, i think goh would eventually take more of a gary path where he does stay in one place for an extended amount of time in order to further his education (as an aside, at this time gary is between kalos and hoenn studying primal reversion). he tries the ash thing first, but it’s not the same on his own. using his goal of catching every pokemon as a distraction from the fact that he gets lonely without ash only works so well. but he’d rather eat his own arm than admit that to anyone, let alone ash (who keeps in touch…to an extent), so he eventually pivots and seeks out other opportunities. one of those opportunities results in a cerulean cave expedition where he meets his ditto, whose goal is stirring as much shit as it possibly can and as a result it’s very talented at transformations. i don’t have the whole story there figured out yet, but for one reason or another ditto decides to go with goh (who is very impressed by its ability, and sees that it could be a huge asset to his research).

goh’s field of research is pokemon genealogy - quite literally working his way up to mew! (as a result, he winds up consulting frequently with gary, who is a pokemon palaeontologist. so they’re not actively coworkers but they still work together. here are your crumbs shigegou nation.) ditto is the perfect research assistant because its transformations are a cellular reconstruction. so yes it can transform into any other pokemon but it can also in theory transform into any other pokemon moved-slightly-to-the-left. meaning that it can replicate less evolved (in the real-world definition of evolution, not the pokemon definition) versions of pokemon based on models and simulations.

but going back to the being lonely thing, that’s why he got the early 20s depression beam LOL (imo there are other things wrong with him but thats a whole other essay). his hair getting long initially is just a result of never getting it cut (first because he’s travelling and doesn’t have time for that, then because he’s “too busy” in general) but i think he’d come to like it because it’s easier to manage in the sense that he can just pull it back and ignore it lmao. also it’s a little Gender and i think he would grow to appreciate that quality. so it’s not something he takes pride in necessarily but i don’t think he’d have any kind of dramatic “i’m not too depressed to cut my hair anymore” moment or anything. he doesn’t have the patience to style it himself but i think he’d be willing to let chloe tackle it now and then!

[alexis-royce]

The Events of the Year 1900-1901 1899-1899

I don't have time for another fic right now, so I have to sum up.

The Ex-Disgraced Academic has their appellation because they were booted from the University and High Society. This happens to pretty much everyone along the main Fallen London plotline. But it hit them harder, and they never quite got over it.

The Ex-Disgraced Academic is driven by curiosity. They're a very classic sort of Mad Scientist. The Neath is one big book, and they want to keep reading. If there's no next page, then they have to get out there and make it.

They want to see what happens.

Spoilers for Evolution, Heart's Desire below:

The Academic has spent this past year going back and forth between The Evolution plotline and wormgrinding, which for them was a lab carousel for Cartographer's Hoards. I've got plenty of jokes I'd like to make about that grind sometime, but the most important thing to know is that they have well and truly devalued an expensive item. This is the text you get when you get one:

And this is how many they had, partway through grinding:

I didn't even get a shot of the total number, because I sold a lot of them halfway through out of sheer boredom. I needed to see some other number go up for a change.

Doing massive amounts of research, smuggling it out of London, and disseminating it upriver was a fairly in-character thing for The Academic to do. Forbidden knowledge in the hands of the public has been their M.O., after all. And as they could make a tidy sum off the whole deal and incensify their rivmantic colleague, why not?

The Academic's destiny, by the way, is Gleam:

Not exactly shocking, considering that they're a Mr Cards, but that's the "accompanies The Masters when The Bazaar leaves, but never truly becomes one of them" destiny, not the "I am one of you now" ending. The Academic really loves London, for all its flaws, but was also supremely arrogant: they chose Power instead of Time at the end of Heart's Desire because they wanted to forge a path for London, rather than relying on the word of The Masters. And if they had access to lots and lots of secrets, then surely putting those into the hands of the public would mean that scientific advancement would flourish!

And, incidentally, The Academic would get to see what happens. That's just incidental, of course. They're doing this for kindly reasons, they would assure you (and themself), reasons that benefit London. They would never be so careless as to allow unchecked experimentation to run rampant through The Neath. They would never encourage scholars and NPCs to commit grievous acts of body horror upon themselves merely to sate an addiction to see what happens.

If you've played Evolution, you know what is about to happen.

Evolution has been an exercise in trying to play nice with many of the same people who cast them out of society. Evolution can be many things, but for The Academic, it's a tale of scientific openness, a tale of forgiveness and community and-

It's a tale of throwing one person after another under the boat in their quest for power and The Dilmun Club is one big piggy bank and the Naturalist is not a person, but the control group.

Because it didn't really matter what sort of perks knowing the Boatman or fulfilling The Masters' promise to the old one might be. Calling in favors with the person who decides who lives and dies or getting the thumbs claws-up from your peers is far, far inferior to that sweet, addictive rush of encouraging the person who has trusted you and worked with you, someone you quite like, to stumble at the final step of their ambition, to not take into account new information, to doggedly pursue their goals at all costs, causing their humanity to unravel before their very eyes.

It hurt a lot more the first time The Academic did it, anyway.

The Academic knew they were going to go The Hanged Man route before they even drew the card, knew that they were going to split the Naturalist off into something unrecognizable, and when they stepped back to the loom in Irem, they were positively drunk on this power. They gorged themself on the visions of the possible futures, shuffling and flipping over card after card after card, the proverbial child given access to a pack of cigarettes, laughing at the leniency of their parents, until they realize that they're trapped inside the gift, that it's turned on them, that this was a punishment all along, stifling and choking them, because it wasn't fun, it wasn't freedom, it was bad, it was always bad, and en masse, it is killing them.

They could have any destiny, any at all, but now that they'd seen them all, now that they'd read them all, they'd pilfered their future right out from under their hands. What were they supposed to read? What do you do when you can look at all the futures and you realize that they're all painful, or fearful, that you can't hold onto the lovely city you adore forever, that all things must die or change beyond recognition?

You go back to work. A little broken, a little shattered. You sail to the Khanate, do a little dirty work for Fires and Stones, and take the long way home because you can't bear to pass by Irem again. You dock back on familiar Netha Firma, breathe in the mushroomy air, and head for Veilgarden. Sometimes, the simplest pleasures can be overlooked. Sometimes you just want a minute with your fellow man.

But then The Dilmun club calls. They're throwing throwing a huge banquet! In your honor! Because you did it! You unlocked the secret to life everlasting, to the continuity of a singular life form, you understand how to weave causality and change the future and though not a single one understands a word you're saying, it all seems oh so very charmingly impressive, and everyone, everyone is clapping

and you're being invited to a private supper with Her Majesty herself and both colleges are so very proud of you and you're going to be in all the London papers, and think about how amazing it will be, to share this knowledge with the public at large, and wait what's that that's being handed to you-

what is this

what

Oh.

And you realize that you've already read this one. Not the map. Not the whole damned sheaf. These people. This city. You've read it. There is nothing more for this city to give you. And maybe that's why it's the Fifth one, maybe that's why these small little people with their small little minds don't appreciate good research, whether they're lauding you or leaving you, maybe the infinite possibilities of scientific research, the blossoming fruits of causality. Maybe you should, in fact, hoard it all for yourself. Maybe it isn't, in the end, ethical to be charitable. Maybe your destiny was right all along, save for the mindset. Maybe you are one of them. Maybe you should rob the city of every last story from every last crevice, keep it all for you to read, and tear up two more cities when you leave with the rest of your bat-kin.

Maybe those ingrates just plain don't deserve to see what happens.

[mirtola87]

"Tale as old as time", or how Good Omens planted a seed in my soul that's growing more and more (bettah) [1/2]

Hi everyone, I'm new here, and I just wanted to share my totally-personal-maybe-relatable experience with Good Omens, trying to figure out why it became sort of an obsession for me. This is a 9-years story so far, and - spoiler alert! - the passage of time played a major role in the evolution of my perception. (English is not my native language, so please forgive my faults!) I first read the book about nine years ago. I was in a public library in Bologna doing research for my PhD in literature, when I stumbled upon the Italian edition. I was driven by the funny title, which was translated as "Buona Apocalisse a tutti!" (we could back-translate it to English as something like "Merry Apocalypse!" or "Happy Armageddon Everyone!"). I was Christian raised, and among all the books of the Bible, St. John's Apocalypse had always fascinated me, I guess because it was the one that most resembled a fantasy book. So I took the book from the shelf and started reading it. Soon I realized that I didn't need it for my thesis because it didn't fit the topic (I did use Coraline, Mirror Mask and Sandman, instead!), but it bewitched me right from the first lines, so I decided to put the library copy back on the shelf, purchase a copy in English and read it for pure pleasure. I enjoyed it so much that it became one of my favourite books ever. I was young and bold and had no idea that almost ten years later that story was going to mean so much to me and tear me apart. Time passed by, and my life went on. In 2019, when the show came out, I was eager to watch it. The book was a masterpiece, and the show proved to live up to it. David Tennant and Michael Sheen were absolutely perfect in their interpretations and made me love the characters even more. While reading the book, I had found the relationship between Aziraphale and Crowley fascinating and irresistibly funny, but I didn't sense any love vibrations between them (and apparently they weren't supposed to be there yet, as we know from Neil that the love story is canon for the series but not for the book). I didn't read anything about the show before watching it, so I was quite surprised when I realized that there was something between the angel and the demon that I hadn't noticed 5 years before. I didn't see it coming at all, and I was all like, "Wait a sec... are they FLIRTING? I didn't remember that..." It was as in one of my all-time favourite songs: "Barely even friends, then somebody bends, unexpectedly". This unexpected twist left me somewhat bewildered: it was like I had suddenly realized that two long-time friends of mine were having a crush on each other. It was a bit odd as I was totally clueless about it before that moment, but then the season ended more or less like the book did, the way I already knew. That was cozy and reassuring, and all those longing glances between Crowley and Aziraphale were just an extra icing on the cake. At the end of the story, their love hadn't been named (yet), just suggested. That happy ending was nice, gentle and romantic, leaving their relationship open to interpretation and imagination. I turned off my TV with a deep sense of amusement and satisfaction, and kept on with my life. Four more years passed, then a friend of mine told me that S2 was out (I'm not very good at keeping up with news myself, I admit). I knew that there wasn't any sequel of the book, so I was surprised and really didn't know what to expect, but I knew Neil Gaiman himself wrote the script, so I was confident it had to be good. And of course it was. Since my partner hadn't watched S1, I decided to rewatch it with him before starting S2. This time I KNEW that there was something going on between Aziraphale and Crowley, and the bewilderment of the first watch gave way to something different, a sort of complicity. I found myself shipping them fondly and smiling at every little clue of their untold love. "Ever just the same / Ever a surprise / Ever as before / Ever just as sure / As the sun will rise." Life was good. [Continues in Part 2]