#Prussia 1806

[josefavomjaaga]

Got myself a birthday present for Davout's birthday 😊.

That's the only image of him in the book I could find at first glance.

[nordleuchten]

The Prussian Power is no more. Every Prince on this Side of the Vistula is depending on the Conqueror’s Nod for his Reward or punishment. The french arms have been this fall more irresistible than ever. The European Continent will be in the Course of the Winter New Modelled as far as novelty Can be produced in Royal Moulds. My Son and Son in Law have hitherto been unhurt. The Atchievements of this Campaign are truly marvellous.

Marquis de La Fayette to James Madison, November 15, 1806

“To James Madison from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 15 November 1806,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/99-01-02-1076. [This is an Early Access document from The Papers of James Madison. It is not an authoritative final version.] (01/21/2024)

[empirearchives]

Scenes from the War of the Fourth Coalition:

The British bombardment of Copenhagen (1807) — Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg

Louise von Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia — Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun

Medallion with a miniature portrait of Napoleon and Alexander I on the theme of the Peace of Tilsit — Anonymous

Greater Poland uprising of 1806. Jan Henryk Dabrowski entering Poznań — Jan Gładysz

Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau — Antoine-Jean Gros

Napoleon I receiving the Persian Envoy Mirza Mohammed Reza Qazvini at the Finkenstein Castle — Francois-Henri Mulard

[cicerenella]

Omg please give us more info of HRE and Italy 😙 what is their story?

(Of course dear anon! But first, I have to warn y'all: HRE's canon characterization is...a big mess. As a history nerd, I tried to find a more "accurate" way to depict him, so if it distances a bit from canon I am sorry! Also chibitalia makes no sense along with chibiromano, so we scrap them here. Long post ahead.)

Italy-HRE relationship: my take on it!🇮🇹

Before actually starting to look at their relationship, I think I have to make it clear that I envision HRE as Germania's son rather than grandson. That is because it is a general conception that both Prussia and Germany are Germania's sons, and so to make HRE his grandson (mind you, HRE is older than germany!) makes...no sense. Also, if you think HRE is Germany, this depiction might help. Moreover, this headcanon is more of an help to keep the plot linear rather than an historical fact.

Another point is his age. I really do not like chibitalia, and think that the whole thing of making Feli dress like a girl is...creepy? So again, I scrap this whole bullshit, since HRE and Italy are already several centuries old when they start having a relationship. HRE officially was created in 800 with Charlemagne, but similar to the Italy Brothers case, I depict HRE being "born" a bit before that, since he is Germania's son and was most likely alive before his dad died (poor guy). That makes him a bit younger than Feli.

So we come to the year 800! A 11 year old looking Feli is brought in the new and shining Holy Roman Empire and he...is not enthusiast about it.

HRE says in canon that he started loving Italy ever since the 900s, and I actually really like this touch. The first century is most likely feli getting used to live in such a different context, and their relationship was not good at the start. So HRE actually having a middle school kinda crush for one of his territories is actually so cute. Mind you that here they were still fairly young looking, so it was mostly puppy (for now unrequited) love between a young empire and his conquered land.

Fast forward to roughly 4 centuries! Both HRE and Feli grew up to their late teens/early adulthood, and the latter in particular started to gain more and more autonomy from his "young emperor". Venice was starting to affirm in Europe as a powerful Republic, the duchy of Tuscany flourishing with arts, Genoa becoming a maritime power... y'know, he was getting bitches around Europe.

And HRE? The crush for Italy just never left, and it only got stronger as they grew. Feli was now his sorta-equal, and he admired him so much at this point. And so I hc that roughly around the second half of the XIV century, they started "dating". (Oh and to make it clear, I don't make the whole "HRE thinks italy is a girl blah blah" because gay rights♡♡) whereas it was their first serious relationship with another nation.

I like to hc that HRE gave Feli his "Veneziano" nickname, since he used to call him "his beautiful veneziano" everytime they met. because they both struggled a lot during that time, with Feli trying to manage the rivalries between Tuscan cities and HRE managing whatever the hell was his empire (LMAOO).

now, regarding the death of HRE, the official date of dissolution of the empire was around 1806. in hetalia however, it is implied that HRE died in the Thirty Years War, and so that bring us almost two centuries before in 1648. I honestly want to keep this as the period that he died, mostly because it adds more...tragicness? to it. although I have to bang my head against a wall trying to understand who the hell replaced this guy after his death. (Prussia?? Austria??)

anyways, this guy goes to war and he NEVER returns. nation death is not common, and especially not something that happens everyday, so across Europe it was a big shock to hear when across the battlefield the corpse of the once Holy Roman Empire was retrieved. And you can also imagine the utter shock that feli upon learning about his lover's death.

It scarred him, a lot. HRE was his "first love" and he was the one that gave him the utmost respect. even months after his funeral, feli still waited for a letter from him hell, one singular word even! but of course, this was just a product of his grief stricken head. this is also why I headcanon him as being very frivolous in his sentimental life, since the only time he had love, it had been ripped away from him in the cruellest way possible.

[visit-new-york]

Who was the chief engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge?

The Brooklyn Bridge, an iconic symbol of engineering marvel and architectural beauty, stands proudly across the East River, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn in New York City. While the bridge itself is a testament to human ingenuity, one individual played a pivotal role in its construction as the chief engineer. This unsung hero, largely overshadowed by the fame of the bridge, was John Augustus Roebling.

Early Life and Education:

John A. Roebling was born on June 12, 1806, in Mühlhausen, Prussia (now Germany). He pursued his passion for engineering and studied at the Royal Polytechnic Institute in Berlin. After completing his education, Roebling worked in various engineering capacities, gaining experience and expertise that would later prove invaluable for his grand undertaking – the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge.

Emigration to the United States:

In 1831, John Roebling emigrated to the United States with his brother, Carl, and settled in western Pennsylvania. Here, he began working as a civil engineer, initially focusing on designing and constructing canals and aqueducts. Roebling's innovative ideas and dedication to his work quickly gained him recognition in engineering circles.

Wire Rope Innovations:

Roebling's most significant contribution to engineering was his development of wire rope. In 1841, he patented a method for manufacturing a superior quality twisted wire rope, which would prove instrumental in the construction of suspension bridges. This innovation marked a turning point in the history of bridge construction, as it allowed for longer spans and increased strength.

The Dream of a Great Bridge:

John Roebling harbored a lifelong dream of constructing a bridge that would span the East River and connect Manhattan and Brooklyn. However, tragedy struck in 1869 when Roebling, while surveying the site for the bridge, sustained a foot injury that led to tetanus, and he tragically passed away.

Washington Roebling Takes the Reins:

Following the death of John Roebling, his son, Washington Roebling, assumed the role of chief engineer for the Brooklyn Bridge. Washington had been working alongside his father and had gained considerable knowledge and experience in bridge construction and engineering. Despite facing numerous challenges, including the debilitating effects of decompression sickness (caisson disease), Washington Roebling persevered and continued his father's vision.

Construction Challenges:

The Brooklyn Bridge posed several engineering challenges, including the need for deep caissons to support the massive towers and the span required to navigate the East River. The construction of the caissons involved working in pressurized environments, leading to the aforementioned decompression sickness that affected many workers, including Washington Roebling.

Completion and Legacy:

Despite the hardships, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed and opened to the public on May 24, 1883. Washington Roebling's dedication and leadership were crucial to the project's success, and the bridge stood as a testament to the Roebling family's engineering prowess. The Brooklyn Bridge was, at the time, the longest suspension bridge in the world, and its completion marked a historic moment in civil engineering.

Conclusion:

While the Brooklyn Bridge is celebrated as a symbol of human achievement, it's essential to recognize the pivotal role played by John A. Roebling, the visionary chief engineer whose wire rope innovations laid the foundation for this iconic structure. Additionally, Washington Roebling's perseverance and leadership ensured the realization of his father's dream. The Brooklyn Bridge stands not only as a physical connection between two boroughs but also as a lasting tribute to the brilliance and tenacity of the Roebling family in the field of civil engineering.

[0mega-x]

Some nations and their birth/death date

- Britannia : born around 800BCE (beginning of British Iron Age); died around 500CE, but she had been getting weaker ever since Rome's forces left.

- Rome : born in 753BCE (Rome's fonding); died in 476CE, for obvious reasons

- Gaul (celtic) : born around 700BCE (between the Halstatt and La Tène cultures); died not long after the Gallic wars in 52BCE

- Germania : born around 750BCE (Nordic Iron Age) died not long after Rome's fall

- Frankish Kingdom/Empire: died in 843 (Treaty of Verdun), son of Germania

- Burgundian Kingdom/State: died in 1482 (end of the Burgundian War of Succession), daughter of Germania

- Frisian Kingdom: died 1523 (end or Frisian Freedom after a failed Frisian rebellion), son of Germania (and is either the biological or the adopted father of the Low Countries (or at least the Netherlands))

- France: born shortly before the Gallic Wars, son of Gaul

- England: born around 500 CE (first Anglo-Saxon kingdoms), he would fully become his "own" in 927 with the Kingdom of England, son of Britannia

- Spain: born somewhere during the Roman era, son of Rome

- Portugal: same as Spain, but earlier, son of Rome

- Netherlands: born shortly before the Roman conquest of Gaul (Belgae), son of idk who yet

- HRE: born in 486CE, when the Franks beat the Soissons Domain; died 1806 for obvious reasons, son of the Frankish Kingdom

- Middle Francia/Lotharingia: born in 843CE (Treaty of Verdun); died either 958CE (division of the Kingdom of Lotharingia) or 1190CE (Lower Lotharingia lost its territorial authority), daughter of the Frankish Kingdom

- Austrasia & Neustria: born in 511CE, died in 751CE, those boys were literally twins and they started the tradition of ✨️fratricide✨️ in the family (later carried on by France killing HRE), sons of the Frankish Kingdom

- Prussia: born 1226CE (creation of the State of the Teutonic Order)/born 1th century CE if we consider him an Old Prussian (Baltic tribe), son of how do I know

- Germany: born...1806(Confederation of the Rhine), 1815(German Confederation), 1866 (North German Confederation) or 1871 (Proclamation of the Reich)

Or he's HRE according to some... I don't know he's complicated...

[whencyclopedia]

War of the Fourth Coalition

The War of the Fourth Coalition (October 1806 to June 1807) was a major conflict during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). The Fourth Coalition consisted of Russia, Prussia, Saxony, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, against the First French Empire, the Confederation of the Rhine, Polish rebels, and Spain. The war resulted in a French victory, solidified by the Treaties of Tilsit.

Continue reading...

[doueverwonder]

anyway Germany's name being Friedrich Ludwig is supposed to be because Austria and Prussia couldn't agree on anything so they just gave him 2 names :\

Gilbert named him Friedrich because he was unaware other names existed after Frederick the Great because of course he did. He also wanted Ludwig's second name to be Wilhelm and Roderich vetoed it so quickly. was like i'll concede to Friedrich but no Wilhelm. Gil also tended to call him Fritz (keep that in mind)

After Gilbert conceded to a second name, and got over said second name being Wilhelm, Roderich chose Ludwig after Beethoven of course, who i need noted in 1806 was still alive and would be for another 20 years. But Roderich was like no we gotta get this is now, trust me Gilbert people will remember him when he's gone. Roderich called him Ludwig, no shortening, one of those 'if i was going to call him a nickname i would have named him that' people.

In the 1970's Germany decided it was rebranding time, he didn't want to go by Fritz anymore than he wanted to go by Ludwig, and in the process of picking something new had people call him Lutz and then got so used to that he forgot to pick something new. And by this point he's good with that, and is pretty sure it would appease both the dads, Roderich is at 'your an adult idc what you want to be called' while Gilbert, as said previously, is rolling in his grave over Friedrich/Fritz being dropped.

[microcosme11]

Hero's death of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia at Saalfeld on 10 October 1806. Richard Knötel (1857-1914).

A tragic loss to the world, he was a great musician and composer.

[nobility-art]

Portrait of Napoleon III

Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter  (German, 1805–1873)

Genre: Portrait

Depicted People: Napoleon III

Date: circa 1853

Medium: Oil on Canvas

Collection: Napoleonic Museum, Rome, Italy

Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.

Prior to his reign, Napoleon III was known as Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. He was born in Paris as the son of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland (r. 1806–1810), and Hortense de Beauharnais. Napoleon I was Louis Napoleon's paternal uncle, and one of his cousins was the disputed Napoleon II. Louis Napoleon was the first and only president of the French Second Republic, elected in 1848. He seized power by force in 1851 when he could not constitutionally be re-elected. He later proclaimed himself Emperor of the French and founded the Second Empire, reigning until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by Prussia and its allies at the Battle of Sedan in 1870.

Napoleon III was a popular monarch who oversaw the modernization of the French economy and filled Paris with new boulevards and parks. He expanded the French colonial empire, made the French merchant navy the second largest in the world, and personally engaged in two wars. Maintaining leadership for 22 years, he was the longest-reigning French head of state since the fall of the Ancien Régime, although his reign would ultimately end on the battlefield.

Napoleon III commissioned a grand reconstruction of Paris carried out by prefect of the Seine, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann. He expanded and consolidated the railway system throughout the nation and modernized the banking system. Napoleon promoted the building of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made the country an agricultural exporter. He negotiated the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Free Trade Agreement with Britain and similar agreements with France's other European trading partners. Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike, the right to organize, and the right for women to be admitted to a French university.

In foreign policy, Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world. In Europe, he allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War (1853–1856). His regime assisted Italian unification by defeating the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence and later annexed Savoy and Nice through the Treaty of Turin as its deferred reward. At the same time, his forces defended the Papal States against annexation by Italy. He was also favourable towards the 1859 union of the Danubian Principalities, which resulted in the establishment of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Napoleon doubled the area of the French colonial empire with expansions in Asia, the Pacific, and Africa. On the other hand, the intervention in Mexico, which aimed to create a Second Mexican Empire under French protection, ended in total failure.

From 1866, Napoleon had to face the mounting power of Prussia as its minister president Otto von Bismarck sought German unification under Prussian leadership. In July 1870, Napoleon reluctantly declared war on Prussia after pressure from the general public. The French Army was rapidly defeated, and Napoleon was captured at Sedan. He was swiftly dethroned and the Third Republic was proclaimed in Paris. After he was released from German custody, he went into exile in England, where he died in 1873.

[josefavomjaaga]

An order by Marshal Soult to his corps, 1806

Looking for interactions between Soult and Ney (because I love those) I came across this volume full of documents from the Prussian campaign. Among them, in a footnote, is a very long order by Soult to his army corps, trying to bring back some order into its ranks, and reminding everyone why he was called "bras de fer" by his subordinates:

4e Corps d’armée. - Order Hadmersleben, 21 October 1806.

The marshal commanding in chief is very sorry to be obliged to take rigorous measures to stop the disastrous effects of indiscipline in his army corps; but the evil is so great that the remedy cannot be either too swift or too violent. The traces of the corps are marked by arson, devastation and atrocious crimes that are difficult to grasp. The voice of the leaders is ignored, the lives of the officers are often put in jeopardy and, to make matters worse, the food resources that the country had to offer are destroyed as soon as the French troops appear. In order to remedy this state of affairs and to render the reputation of the troops of the Corps exempt from all reproach, the Marshal-in-Chief orders the following measures:

Art. 1. - Any member of the armed forces who is arrested in a house where looting has been committed shall be considered to have committed this offence and shall immediately be handed over to a military commission to be judged in accordance with the full rigour of the law. Art. 2 - Any member of the military who is arrested taking stolen effects or furniture for any use whatsoever, will be considered as a pillager and marauder and will subsequently be handed over to a military commission.

Art. 3 - Any soldier who is arrested in a village and within range of houses with torches or a lighted candle in his hand, will be considered an arsonist and will also be handed over to a military commission. Art. 4 - Every 4 days, bags in the infantry and portmanteaux in the artillery and cavalry will be inspected to check whether any soldiers have looted or stolen belongings, and whether any have money taken from the inhabitants; those found guilty of one of these offences will be immediately arrested and handed over to the commission. - Stolen goods and money will be seized and returned.

Art. 5 - Food sellers and laundresses, officers' servants and all other persons following the army, who are convicted of looting or of having concealed stolen goods, will be considered as perpetrators of the offence, and will also be handed over to the military commission. For this purpose, their vehicles will also be inspected every 4 days. Whenever a woman, whether a vivandière or a washerwoman, has pillaged or encouraged pillaging by storing stolen goods, her carriage will be taken before the regiment to which she belongs and delivered to the flames with all the goods contained therein, after which the vivandière will be dressed in black, paraded around the camps and expelled from the army. Art. 6 - It is expressly forbidden for any member of the military to stop the transport vehicles used by the administration, or to take any horse from private individuals. Those who allow themselves to commit similar excesses in the future will also be considered as marauders and will also be handed over to a military commission.

Art. 7 - On receiving the present order, the regimental commanders will gather together all the horses taken in the country by soldiers, and they will have them taken to the artillery of their respective divisions. The only exceptions to this provision in the infantry will be officers who are entitled by law to have horses, and those who have obtained written authorisation from the Marshal-in-Chief to keep horses for their own use. Art. 8 - During marches, any soldier who strays from the column for no service reason, and once the troops have taken up their positions, any soldier who goes to forage without being led by an armed man, will also be considered as looters and handed over as such to the military commission.

Art. 9 - It is forbidden for any soldier belonging to a corps to lodge in the villages or even to place officers' horses there: everyone, without exception, even musicians, vivandières, etc., must be in camp when the troop is encamped. Art. 10 - Orders have been given for all tasks to be carried out by officers and armed personnel. In future, this provision will be carried out with the utmost rigour, and when the regiments send out for wood, water, straw and other distributions, the officer commanding the corvée will have all the objects he has to take gathered at one point, will check to see if there is any furniture or looted effects, and will have what the troop is entitled to have transported to the camp. The officer in command of a task force will always be responsible for any damage caused by the troop.

Art. 11 - When there is a fire, the whole troop will take up arms until the fire is extinguished, and the closest regiment will send a detachment of armed men to maintain the police, and a detachment of unarmed men to work. In the event of a fire, the troop closest to the fire is always responsible for the event, and it is up to the commanding officer to take measures to prevent it. Art. 12 - Military personnel accused of other crimes such as murder, rape and disobedience to officers will also be handed over to a military commission.

Art. 13 - The generals of division are authorised to form military commissions whenever guilty parties are arrested, and whenever in execution of the present order it will be necessary to bring them to trial. Art. 14 - The commissions that will be formed in execution of this order will be composed of 5 members, including 1 colonel, 1 battalion or squadron commander and 3 captains; their judgement will be final and executed immediately before the assembled troops.

Art. 15 - This order will be read every 4 days at the head of the companies and the generals will take all necessary measures to ensure its execution. The Marshal commander in chief calls upon all the officers of the corps, and he implores them in the name of honour and sentiment, of the zeal and devotion which animates them for the service of the Emperor, to support him by all their efforts to re-establish order and discipline in the corps, so that the troops which compose it are always worthy of the confidence of the Emperor and continue to merit his grace. Maréchal Soult

Soult's serious tone makes it sound as if discipline was so bad, that implementing this order might have decimated his army corps by half. Considering they still fought during that campaign, the military commissions cannot have had all that much to do. But it is interesting what kind of crimes were apparently committed by regular soldiers as soon as they were in conquered countries, faced powerless civilians and felt they could get away with it - and how many people not in the employ of the army also committed similar misdeeds.

[suspiciousmammal]

As it turns out, importing quality horses for your cavalry is quite expensive. And so it was probably frugality and not some equestrian passion that inspired Friedrich Wilhelm I, king of Prussia, to have a stud farm built in the boggy eastern region of his country.

In 1731, the Crown Stud Farm Trakehnen ( “Königliches Stutsamt Trakehnen”) was established. Some decades later it was renamed to Prussian Main State Stud Farm Trakehnen ( “Preußisches Hauptgestüt Trakehnen”). They started off with around 1100 horses, more than 500 of which were broodmares.

The house of the stable master in Trakehnen

While Friedrich Wilhelm I’s successor Friedrich II still preferred to import his cavalry mounts from eastern Europe, the stud farm persisted. Very few horses were imported to improve the breed during his reign. Mainly because Friedrich did not actually give the stud farm in Trakehnen the money to do so, instead demanding that Trakehnen be profitable on its own.

Nevertheless, some Thoroughbred stallions (like the stallions Admiral, Hake and Pitt) and some Turkish and Persian stallions found their way to Prussia. These were notable foundational stallions that helped refine the breed in its early years.

In 1779 Trakehnen’s stable master Domhardt coined the idea of keeping state stallions (so-called “Landbeschaler”) to be used by local private breeders, both for financial gains and to directly improve the overall quality of the horses bred in and around Trakehnen. Initially, 11 state stallions were kept in Trakehnen. This number was increased to 21 once the success of the state stallions became apparent.

A few years later in 1787, breeding practices in the farm were changed quite drastically: Carl Heinrich August Graf von Lindenau, who’d been tasked with managing the state stud farms in Prussia, inspected the breeding stock in Trakehnen. He deemed 25 of the 38 stallions and 144 of the 356 broodmares to be unsuitable for breeding purposes. During this time the broodmares were sorted into different herds based on type and color. They were divided into carriage/heavy herds, riding herds and a light herd.

As far as I’ve read, the heavy herd was divided into a chestnut, bay and black herd, with the riding herd only being further split by color some years later when their numbers grew.

The black herd out on pasture (x)

1787 was also the year when the elk antlers were introduced as the brand for Trakehner horses.

During the Neapolitan wars, the breeding stock had to be evacuated twice to flee from the French troops: once in 1806, and then again in 1812.

This, and the fact that Prussia had lost more than 90 000 horses during the wars, decimated the breeding stock to a point where only around 600 horses suitable for breeding returned to Trakehnen in 1813.

But with patience and persistence the Trakehner horses recovered from the wars. In 1831, the Prussian cavalry finally managed to entirely rely on Prussian-bred horses, instead of importing their mounts. That had been the initial goal when the farm was established one century ago. 

In the 1800s we once again realise that you can’t read about any horse-related history without stumbling over some Thoroughbreds and Arabians. Stallions like Artald, Meteor or the Arabian Nedjed ox were used to refine the breed during this century. 

Thoroughbred stallions like Perfectionist xx continuted to have an impact well into the 1900s.

Nedjed ox (x)

The Trakehners became larger in frame towards the end of the 19th century. Vorwärts (1859) is a nice representative of the Trakehners of this time. In the 1880s, some experimental crossings of Trakehner mares with Hanoverian stallions were done, but the resulting horses weren’t exactly what their breeders had hoped for. So instead, Trakehnen stuck to using English Thoroughbreds.

Apart from the main farm Trakehnen, the state stud farm was expanded upon to include several smaller (that’s relatively speaking.) external farms. There, youngstock was raised, horses were quarantined and certain broodmare herds were kept.

Trakehners became less popular as actual agricultural work horses in the early 1900s. Mainly because, by this time, the breed had a high amount of “blood”, which made them spirited and energetic, and not particularly suitable for the plough.

However, they did become known as exceptional military horses. The methods of selection also tended to favour the athletic, high-energy horses over the quieter, heavy ones.

Unfortunately, war struck once again.

In 1914, Trakehnen had to be evacuated for the third time in its history, this time to flee from the approaching Russians. Lots of mares lost their foals and the youngstock suffered under the stress.

In 1918 they returned to Trakehnen. Several buildings had to be rebuilt, and the wartime crops were small and runty, but the breed survived.

The stallions’ stabling compex, partially destroyed (x)

The Great War is over but the cavalry has proven to be useless in modern warfare. And so the breeding goal for the Trakehner shifts again, from military to agriculture and sports. They moved away from the Arabian-influenced square frame to a more rectangular build with a wider ribcage and a longer back.

This was actually accomplished without much outcrossing. Instead, breeders relied on heavier lines that were already present within the Trakehner population. The stallion Dampfroß is a product of this time.

The Trakehner stallion Dampfroß (x)

Trakehners from this time won the Pardubice Steeplechase, the Derby in Hamburg or dressage and eventing medals in the Olympics.

In 1926, a stallion inspection facility was established in Zwion. Here, the three year old Trakehner stallions could be tested in their ability and quality in direct comparison to one another.

The facility in Zwion was the first of its kind. Breeders liked having formal judgings on the studs available to them, so soon they called for “a Zwion for every studbook”.

We’re approaching the 1930s. The Trakehners are an established, now modernised breed. 350 broodmares in Trakehnen produced around 40 to 50 young studs every year, which, once they’d reached maturity, either remained in Trakehnen or got sent out to various other stud farms.

Thoroughbred and Arabian blood was still used in small doses, now that a heavier type had been established. This time even saw the introduction of a small (less than 20 mares) broodmare herd of Arabians in one of the external farms. Fetysz ox is one of the more well-known Arabian influences of this period.

Fetysz ox (x)

During the 2nd World War, Prussian civilians were prohibited from evacuating even when the impending loss of the Germans had become obvious. Any form of evacuation would’ve gone against the promise of certain victory.

With that, evacuation orders were eventually given in 1944 once the Russian army was only mere kilometers away. Trakehnen was abandoned in a matter of hours.

Of the roughly 15 000 registered Trakehners, only around 700 were still around after the war. I’ll talk about the details of these losses in a separate post. This has gotten a bit lengthier than expected.

[clevermann]

Khám Phá Đất Nước Của Trí Tuệ - Du Học Đức

I. Lịch sử nước đức

Lịch sử của nước Đức rất phong phú và đa dạng, bắt đầu từ thời kỳ tiền lịch sử với sự hiện diện của các bộ tộc Germanic. Dưới đây là một cái nhìn tổng quan về lịch sử của Đức qua các giai đoạn chính:

1. Thời kỳ tiền lịch sử: Khu vực của nước Đức ngày nay từng là một phần của các bộ tộc Germanic như Quadi, Marcomanni, và Teutons. Các bộ tộc này có ảnh hưởng sâu rộng đến văn hóa và lịch sử của vùng này.

2. Thời Trung cổ và Đế quốc La Mã Sacrusa: Sau khi Đế quốc La Mã sụp đổ, các bộ tộc Germanic nắm quyền và hình thành các quốc gia và lãnh thổ riêng của họ. Trong thế kỷ IX, Otto I của Đế quốc Sacrusa (còn gọi là Đế quốc La Mã Thần thánh) thống nhất một phần lớn của Đức hiện đại và trở thành Hoàng đế.

3. Thời kỳ Trung cổ muộn và Thời kỳ phục hưng (1400-1600): Các quốc gia và vương quốc nhỏ hình thành và chiến đấu với nhau để giành quyền kiểm soát. Trong giai đoạn này, phong trào cải cách của Martin Luther đã bắt đầu, dẫn đến sự chia rẽ tôn giáo và các cuộc chiến tranh tôn giáo, đặc biệt là Chiến tranh Ba mươi Năm.

4. Thời kỳ cổ điển và Thời kỳ đế chế (1700-1806): Phong trào cải cách và sự phát triển kinh tế đã tạo điều kiện cho sự mở rộng của các quốc gia như Prussia và Áo. Trong giai đoạn này, Frederich II của Prussia, hay còn được gọi là Frederich Đại đế, đã thực hiện các biện pháp cải cách và mở rộng lãnh thổ.

5. Thế chiến I và Thế chiến II: Đức đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong cả hai cuộc chiến tranh thế giới, với sự lên nắm quyền của Đảng Quốc xã dưới sự lãnh đạo của Adolf Hitler trong Thế chiến II, dẫn đến các hậu quả đại trà đối với đất nước và toàn cầu.

6. Sau Thế chiến II và sự thống nhất (1945-1990): Đức đã chia cắt thành hai phần, với Cộng hòa Liên bang Đức (Tây Đức) và Cộng hòa Dân chủ Đức (Đông Đức). Việc thống nhất Đức vào năm 1990 đã làm thay đổi bức tranh chính trị của châu Âu.

7. Hiện đại: Sau thống nhất, Đức đã trở thành một trong những quốc gia mạnh mẽ và ảnh hưởng nhất châu Âu, là thành viên của Liên minh châu Âu và NATO, đồng thời là một trong những nền kinh tế lớn nhất thế giới.

II. Biểu tượng nước đức

Nước Đức có nhiều biểu tượng quan trọng, bao gồm cả biểu tượng quốc gia và các biểu tượng văn hóa, lịch sử. Dưới đây là một số biểu tượng nước Đức đặc trưng:

1. Cờ Đức: Cờ Đức có ba dải ngang màu đen, đỏ và vàng. Cờ này đã trở thành biểu tượng quốc gia của Đức từ khi thống nhất năm 1871 và được sử dụng cho cả Đông và Tây Đức sau khi nước này thống nhất lại vào năm 1990.

2. Huy hiệu liên bang Đức: Huy hiệu liên bang Đức bao gồm một con đại bàng màu vàng trên nền màu đen đặt trên một hình tròn màu đỏ. Đây là biểu tượng chính thức của chính phủ liên bang Đức.

3. Bức tượng đại bàng: Đại bàng là một biểu tượng quan trọng của Đức, thường được sử dụng để đại diện cho sức mạnh và uy quyền. Nó thường được sử dụng trong nghệ thuật, kiến trúc và cả trong huy hiệu của một số tỉnh.

4. Các công trình kiến trúc lịch sử: Đức có nhiều công trình kiến trúc lịch sử nổi tiếng như Cung điện Reichstag ở Berlin, Lâu đài Neuschwanstein ở Bayern, Cổng Brandenburg ở Berlin, và nhiều nhà thờ cổ và lâu đài khác.

5. Các biểu tượng văn hóa: Nước Đức cũng có nhiều biểu tượng văn hóa nổi tiếng như bia Oktoberfest, đồng hồ Cuckoo, những bài hát dân ca và các câu chuyện cổ tích như câu chuyện của anh em Grimm.

III. Diện tích nước đức

IV. Văn hóa nước đức

Văn hóa của Đức là một phần quan trọng của di sản văn hóa thế giới, đóng góp đa dạng và giàu có vào sự phát triển của nền văn hóa toàn cầu. Dưới đây là một số điểm nổi bật của văn hóa nước Đức:

1. Ngôn ngữ và văn học: Tiếng Đức là ngôn ngữ chính thức và được nói rộng rãi ở Đức. Văn học Đức có một lịch sử lâu dài và phong phú, từ các tác phẩm của Goethe, Schiller, Kafka, Nietzsche đến các tác phẩm hiện đại của Günter Grass, Hermann Hesse, và Thomas Mann.

2. Âm nhạc: Đức là quê hương của nhiều nhà soạn nhạc và nhạc sĩ nổi tiếng như Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (người sống tại thành phố Salzburg, nay thuộc nước Áo, nhưng sinh ra ở Leipzig, Đức), và Richard Wagner. Nước Đức cũng có một truyền thống dày đặc trong các thể loại như nhạc cổ điển, nhạc dân gian và nhạc điện tử.

3. Kiến trúc và nghệ thuật: Đức có một lịch sử kiến trúc và nghệ thuật đa dạng, từ các công trình kiến trúc cổ điển như lâu đài và nhà thờ Gothic cho đến các trường phái nghệ thuật hiện đại như Bauhaus và dòng chảy hậu cảm biến đổi.

4. Bia và lễ hội: Đức nổi tiếng với nền văn hóa bia của mình. Oktoberfest ở Munich là một trong những lễ hội bia nổi tiếng nhất thế giới, thu hút hàng triệu du khách mỗi năm. Ngoài ra, còn có các lễ hội bia khác và các lễ hội dân gian khác trên khắp Đức.

5. Thể thao: Bóng đá là một phần quan trọng của văn hóa thể thao ở Đức, với Bundesliga (hạng đấu cao nhất) được coi là một trong những giải đấu hàng đầu thế giới. Các môn thể thao khác như bóng rổ, bóng chuyền và điền kinh cũng rất phổ biến ở Đức.

6. Văn hóa ẩm thực: Ẩm thực Đức đa dạng và phong phú, từ các món ăn truyền thống như Bratwurst (xúc xích chiên) và Sauerkraut (bắp cải chua) đến các món ăn đặc trưng của các vùng địa lý khác nhau trong nước.

V. Kết luận

Đức không chỉ là một điểm đến của công nghệ và kinh tế mà còn là một điểm đến tinh tế và đầy màu sắc. Nếu bạn cũng bị cuốn hút bởi những nét văn hoá nước Đức đa dạng và muốn trải nghiệm nền văn hoá này, bạn muốn du học Đức, du học nghề Đức nhưng chưa biết phải bắt đầu từ đâu? Liên hệ ngay với Clevermann để được tư vấn miễn phí bởi đội ngũ chuyên gia.

[mishijl]

HISTORY

hello, I am Myiesha Hanne Cortes Quiban from Grade 6-Faith, I like learning, History, Geography, Politics and culture. and I will introduce you Napoleon Bonaparte History is the study of change over time, and it covers all aspects of human society. Political, social, economic, scientific, technological, medical, cultural, intellectual, religious and military developments are all part of history.

later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary war. He was the leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then of the French Empire as Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and briefly again in 1815. His political and cultural legacy endures as a celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many enduring reforms, but has been criticized for his authoritarian rule. He is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, although historians still debate whether he was responsible for the Napoleonic Wars in which between three and six million people died.

Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica into a family descending from Italian nobility. He was resentful of the French monarchy, and supported the French Revolution in 1789 while serving in the French army, trying to spread its ideals to his native Corsica. He rose rapidly in the ranks after saving the governing French Directory by firing on royalist insurgents. In 1796, he began a military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring decisive victories, and became a national hero. Two years later he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. In 1804, to consolidate and expand his power, he crowned himself Emperor of the French.

Differences with the United Kingdom meant France faced the War of the Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with victories in the Ulm campaign and at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him. Napoleon defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Austerlitz , marched the Grande Armée into Eastern Europe, and defeated the Russians in June 1807 at Friedland, forcing the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to accept the Treaties of Tilsit. Two years later, the Austrians challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram.

Hoping to extend the Continental System, his embargo against Britain, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted in the Peninsular War aided by a British army, culminating in defeat for Napoleon's marshals. Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic retreat of Napoleon's Grande Armée. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France, resulting in a large coalition army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig. The coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba, between Corsica and Italy. In France, the Bourbons were restored to power.

Napoleon escaped in February 1815 and took control of France. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic, where he died in 1821 at the age of 51.

Napoleon had a lasting impact on the world, bringing modernizing reforms to France and Western Europe and stimulating the development of nation states. He also sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803, doubling the size of the United States. However, his exploitation of conquered territories, mixed record on civil rights, reintroduction of slavery in France's colonies, and repression of the Haitian Revolution are controversial and adversely affect his reputation. and that's all I hope you enjoyed it thank you

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 1.18 (before 1970)

474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chinese throne in favour of his son Emperor Qinzong. 1486 – King Henry VII of England marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York. 1562 – Pope Pius IV reopens the Council of Trent for its third and final session. 1586 – The magnitude 7.9 Tenshō earthquake strikes Honshu, Japan, killing 8,000 people and triggering a tsunami. 1670 – Henry Morgan captures Panama. 1701 – Frederick I crowns himself King in Prussia in Königsberg. 1778 – James Cook is the first known European to discover the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the "Sandwich Islands". 1788 – The first elements of the First Fleet carrying 736 convicts from Great Britain to Australia arrive at Botany Bay. 1806 – Jan Willem Janssens surrenders the Dutch Cape Colony to the British. 1866 – Wesley College is established in Melbourne, Australia. 1871 – Wilhelm I of Germany is proclaimed Kaiser Wilhelm in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles (France) towards the end of the Franco-Prussian War. Wilhelm already had the title of German Emperor since the constitution of 1 January 1871, but he had hesitated to accept the title. 1886 – Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. 1896 – An X-ray generating machine is exhibited for the first time by H. L. Smith. 1911 – Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania anchored in San Francisco Bay, the first time an aircraft landed on a ship. 1913 – First Balkan War: A Greek flotilla defeats the Ottoman Navy in the Naval Battle of Lemnos, securing the islands of the Northern Aegean Sea for Greece. 1915 – Japan issues the "Twenty-One Demands" to the Republic of China in a bid to increase its power in East Asia. 1919 – World War I: The Paris Peace Conference opens in Versailles, France. 1919 – Ignacy Jan Paderewski becomes Prime Minister of the newly independent Poland. 1941 – World War II: British troops launch a general counter-offensive against Italian East Africa. 1943 – Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: The first uprising of Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto. 1945 – World War II: Liberation of Kraków, Poland by the Red Army. 1958 – Willie O'Ree, the first Black Canadian National Hockey League player, makes his NHL debut with the Boston Bruins. 1960 – Capital Airlines Flight 20 crashes into a farm in Charles City County, Virginia, killing all 50 aboard, the third fatal Capital Airlines crash in as many years. 1967 – Albert DeSalvo, the "Boston Strangler", is convicted of numerous crimes and is sentenced to life imprisonment. 1969 – United Airlines Flight 266 crashes into Santa Monica Bay killing all 32 passengers and six crew members.

[empirearchives]

Revolts (or lack thereof) in the French Empire post 1812 Campaign:

“If Napoleon’s imperial rule had been tyrannical, one would have expected those parts of Europe that had endured it for the longest to be the first to rise up once he had been comprehensively humiliated, yet that was not what happened. East Prussia and Silesia, which hadn’t been occupied by the French, revolted in 1813, but the parts of Prussia that had been occupied since 1806, such as Berlin and Brandenburg, did not. Similarly Holland, Switzerland, Italy and much of the rest of Germany either didn’t rise against him at all or waited for their governments to declare against him, or sat passively until the Allied armies arrived. In France itself, apart from some bread riots in Brittany and minor trouble in the Vendée and Midi, no risings materialized – in 1813, 1814 or indeed 1815.”

— Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life