#Papanicolaou smear

[ganitsoni]

Understanding Breast Cancer Treatment: Exploring Surgeries and Therapies

Breast cancer is a serious illness that requires careful treatment. There are different ways to treat breast cancer, including surgeries and therapies. In this article, we'll look at the types of surgeries and therapies used to treat breast cancer. We'll explain what they are, how they work, and why they're important.

Types of Surgeries:

Lumpectomy: A lumpectomy is a surgery where doctors remove the tumor and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissue from the breast. It's often used for early-stage breast cancer to help keep as much of the breast as possible.

Mastectomy: Mastectomy is when doctors remove the whole breast to treat breast cancer. There are different types of mastectomy, depending on how much tissue is removed.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: This surgery helps doctors see if the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Doctors find and remove a few lymph nodes to check for cancer cells.

Types of Therapies:

Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses special beams to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It's often used after surgery to make sure any leftover cancer cells are gone.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is when patients take special drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. It's used before or after surgery to help get rid of cancer cells and prevent them from coming back.

Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy blocks hormones that can make breast cancer grow. It's used for hormone-sensitive breast cancer to stop cancer cells from growing.

Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy attacks specific parts of cancer cells to stop them from growing. It's a newer type of treatment that can be very effective for certain types of breast cancer. Combination Therapies:

Neoadjuvant Therapy: This therapy is given before surgery to shrink tumors and make them easier to remove. It helps make surgery more successful.

Adjuvant Therapy: Adjuvant therapy is given after surgery to help lower the risk of cancer coming back. It can include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Conclusion: Breast cancer treatment is complex, but there are many ways to fight it. Surgeries and therapies play a big role in helping people beat breast cancer. By understanding the different types of surgeries and therapies available, patients and their doctors can work together to come up with the best treatment plan for each person. With the right treatment, many people with breast cancer can go on to live long, healthy lives.

[ganitsoni9951]

Understanding Cervical Cancer Treatment in Hyderabad

Cervical cancer is a significant health issue for women in Hyderabad, India. However, with advancements in medical science, there are more treatment options available. Dr. Chinnababu, a renowned oncologist, is leading the way in providing effective treatments for cervical cancer patients in Hyderabad.

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer starts in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It is usually caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), but other factors like smoking and weakened immune systems can also contribute. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment.

Diagnosis

In Hyderabad, doctors use various tests to diagnose cervical cancer. These include Pap smears, HPV testing, colposcopy, and biopsy. These tests help doctors determine the stage and severity of the cancer, which guides treatment decisions.

Treatment Options

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on the stage of the disease and the patient's overall health. In Hyderabad, patients have access to several treatment options:

Surgery: Surgery may be recommended for early-stage cervical cancer. It can involve removing the cancerous tissue or the entire uterus. Dr. Chinnababu specializes in minimally invasive surgeries, which have shorter recovery times and fewer complications.

Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It can be delivered externally or internally through brachytherapy. Hyderabad has advanced radiation therapy equipment to deliver precise treatment.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It can be given alone or in combination with other treatments. Dr. Chinnababu designs personalized chemotherapy plans for each patient.

Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth. It can be used for advanced or recurrent cervical cancer. Immunotherapy is a type of targeted therapy that boosts the body's immune system to fight cancer cells.

Conclusion

Cervical cancer treatment in Hyderabad offers hope for patients. Dr. Chinnababu and his team are dedicated to providing the best care possible. If you or someone you know is diagnosed with cervical cancer, don't hesitate to seek medical advice and explore treatment options available in Hyderabad. Early detection and personalized treatment plans can improve outcomes and quality of life for cervical cancer patients.

[ijcimr]

Prevalence of cervical epithelial cell dysfunction in Papanicolaou smears reports in low-risk population referred to Imam Reza hospital by Dr. Nahid Arian pour in International Journal of Clinical Images and Medical Reviews

Abstract

Background: Epithelial cell abnormality is the outcome of a viral infection. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main causative agent of cervical dysplasia. Cervical dysplasia caused as a consequence of infection by this sexually transmitted virus is characterized by abnormal cells on the cervix.

Various laboratory tests with varying specificity and sensitivity, have been set for diagnosis. The present study has been carried out in order to determine the prevalence rate of cervical epithelial cell dysfunction in Papanicolaou (Pap) smear reports in low risk population referred to Imam Reza hospital- Tehran- Iran from January 2019 till August 2020.

Methods: 676 women of low risk group referring to obstetrics and gynecology clinic - Imam Reza hospital- Tehran –Iran since January 2019 till August 2020 were the study cases. Information regarding presence of atrophy while examination, erosion, cervicitis, infection, Polyp, abnormal vascularity, candidiasis was collected from patients and were recorded in a check list. Patient's sample (pap smear) was collected for pathological examination. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.

Results: Pap smear examination revealed 662 out of 676 (97.5%) cases had no abnormality in cervical epithelial cells. In 12 cases abnormality was of ASCUS type (%1.77).

Conclusion: Results of Pap smear test revealed low frequency of cervical epithelial cell abnormality among low risk group. Out of the influencing factors, cervicitis, followed by erosion, abnormal vascularity and infection seem to be more common.

Key Words- Pap smear, Low risk group, Bethesda system, ASCUS, LSIL, HSIL, Cervical Dysplasia, Cervical Smear Test.

Introduction

Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable malignancies among human cancers. Infection of the uterine cervix with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main causative agent of cervical cancer [1]. About 15 high-risk types of human papilloma virus have been identified, which are responsible for cervical neoplasia and other related cancers [2]. Cervical cancer with worldwide distribution, though a preventable disease, is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women [1]. High risk HPV types lead to higher risk of developing cervical cancer compared to low risk types or are not being infected with HPV, at all [1]. The main characteristics of cervical dysplasia following infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is abnormal cells on the cervix. The main screening strategy to reduce cervical cancer incidence is to detect precancerous lesions that can be treated before evolving to cancer [3]. Detection of cervical pre-cancer lesions can be achieved on the basis of cytology, implemented decades ago, or by HPV screening for women aged 30 years or older [1]. In most industrial countries cytology-based prevention programs, led to a significant reduction in the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer [1]. In other words, screening reduced the incidence of cervical cancer by at least 60%, and cancer specific mortality by 20–60% [4]. Papanicolaou (Pap) test, both conventional and liquid type, is routinely used to detect cervical epithelial cell abnormality [5]. In spite of its merits as a diagnostic and screening test, Pap test is not 100% accurate [3]. The present study has been carried out in order to determine the prevalence rate of cervical epithelial cell dysfunction in Papanicolaou (Pap) smear reports in low risk population referred to Imam Reza hospital- Tehran- Iran from January 2019 till August 2020.

Materials and Methods

Patient selection: 676 patients referring to obstetrics and gynecology clinic of Imam Reza hospital, Tehran – Iran from January 2019 till August 2020 were the study cases. The patients were included in the study on the basis of the inclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria: Absence of risk factors for cervical cancer including having single partnership, pap smear test performed by a particular pathology laboratory, low risk cases.

Exclusion criteria : Multiple sex partners of herself or husband, pap smear test performed by other pathology laboratories, immune-suppressed patients, patients diagnosed suffering genital wart, presence of previous epithelial cell abnormality in PAP tests performed earlier, use of vaginal lubricant, gel or any cream or having intercourse 48 hours prior to sample collection, previous positive HPV test.

Study cases: Patients' age ranged from 20 up to 79 years. All the cases were married with different number of children born by Normal Vaginal Delivery (NVD) or cesarean section or both.

Methodology: Patients were examined for the presence of infection and any macroscopic abnormality. A pap smear was collected from every patient. An expert performed the PAP test sampling and fixation throughout the study to minimize the errors. Patients were asked to get the pathological examination of the smear done from a specific laboratory.

A questionnaire containing questions regarding the age, marriage age, number of sex partners, number of deliveries and abortions, kind of contraceptives used, … was filled by every patient. Result of pap smear and cervix outlook are the parameters considered in this study. A consent form was signed by each patient. Patients̛ grouping and complications are presented in Table 1. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis of the data.

Table 1: Common complications of different age groups.

Results

Study cases: Patients' age ranged from 20 up to 79 years with mean and median of 40±13.62 and 40.69±13.62 years respectively. Kolmogorov-Smirnov [6] and Shapiro-Wilk [7] tests indicate a normal distribution of the data (p>0.05). All the patients were married. Mean and median of their marriage age were 20±3.987 and 19.97±3.987 years respectively. Their minimum and maximum marriage age were 12 and 43 years respectively. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests indicate a normal distribution of the data of this variable (p>0.05). 97.5% of patients had one sex partner while 2.4% cases had married for the second time (considered as 2 partners). One case did not answer this question. 46.4% of patients had normal cervix. According to the information obtained from the questionnaire, 163 cases had given birth to child by both vaginal (41.5%) as well as cesarean section (58.5%) and 37 cases (18.5%) had no history of delivery. Maximum and minimum normal vaginal delivery were 8 and 0 respectively. 77 cases had delivery one year after first intercourse, while 2, 56,17, 7, 3 and 1 cases delivered their first child one and half, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years after the first intercourse, respectively. Total number of abortions reported was 170 out of 676 cases. Microscopic examination of pap smears revealed 662 out of 676 (97.5%) cases had no abnormality in cervical epithelial cells (Table 2). Microscopic findings of patients‘ sample are also illustrated in Table 2 revealing that 14 (%2.07) patients showed epithelial cell abnormality in their pap smears:  In 12 cases abnormality was of ASCUS type (%1.77). No patients had HSIL, 2 patients had LSIL, one in each age groups of 30-39 and 40-49 years. 16.1% of cases suffered cervical atrophy, 2 cases had vaginosis and 2 patients were infected with Candida. The commonest complication in this group was cervicitis which was observed in 6 cases, erosion was observed in 4 cases and infection due to Candidiasis in 2 cases, atrophy was observed by direct observation in 1 case. Out of these 14 cases, 3 had normal vaginal examination. The mean of ASCUS cases was 4.44 that was found in age group of 60-69 years. The marriage age was the only influencing variable on mild form (p<0.05) with about 9% increase in it.

Table 2: Cases with Normal epithelium

Different types of contraceptives used by patients are presented in Figure I. test was used to find out if the type of contraceptive used and inflammation caused while collecting sample for Pap smear are co-related. The statistical analysis using Phi test with Phi correlation coefficient of 0.175 and Cramer correlation coefficient of 0.087 indicates a non- significant relationship.

χ2 test was used to find out if the type of delivery and inflammation caused while collecting sample for Pap smear are co-related. The value of 5.36 indicates that there is non- significant relationship.

To find out if the number of deliveries and inflammation caused while collecting sample for Pap smear are co-related, χ2 test was used. Pearson Chi-Square test with 44 degrees of freedom is equal to 67.53 which is significant at 5% level. Their co-relation on the basis of Phi test with Phi correlation coefficient of 0.350 and Cramer correlation coefficient of 0.175 indicates a significant correlation.

To find out if the number of abortions and inflammation caused while collecting sample for Pap smear are co-related we used χ2 test. Pearson Chi-Square test shows a non- significant relationship. Their co-relation on the basis of Phi test with Phi correlation coefficient of 0.162 and Cramer correlation coefficient of 0.081 is non-significant.

To find out the relationship between patients' age and inflammation due to sample collection for PAP test using  relation coefficient, shows a weak significant relationship.

To find out the strongest relationship for a particular variable, scatter diagram – 1 is drawn. According to the scatter diagram - 1, age is the only determinant factor for ASCUS (p<0.05) and no other factor is so effective.  Also, by a single year increase in the age, the rate of ASCUS increases up to 8%; which is equal to 1.083 times its probability. Thereby, chance of infection increases by 8 percent for single unit increase in the age. 19.1% of all patients had mild inflammation, 23.8% had moderate and 7.2% suffered severe form of inflammation. Scatter diagram – 2 is drawn to study the correlations between the studied variables and to determine which variables are related. Logistic regression outcome reveals none of the studied variables has any effect on LSIL as the significance value of all the studied variables is more than 0.05. 50.1 percent had normal pap smear.

Figure 1: Type of contraceptive used by patients IUD= Intra Uterine Device OCP= Oral contraceptive pills, WD=withdrawal COND= condom TL= Tubal ligation VAS=Vasectomy

Scattered Diagram 1- Relationship between age and type of epithelial abnormality

Scattered Diagram 2

Discussion

Cervical cancer with an estimated 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths is the fourth cause of cancer death worldwide in 2020 [8]. Globally,528 000 new cases of this cancer were diagnosed in 2012; of these, about 85%, occurred in less developed parts of the world and 266000 women died of it throughout the world. In another word, 231000 women who lived in low- to middle income countries died of this type of cancer. While, only 35 000, or just 1 in 10 women suffering from cervical cancer lived and died in high-income countries [3]. Cervical cancer is one of the preventable cancers involving primary (HPV vaccine) and secondary (screening) preventive measures. More than 30% of women of low middle income countries (LMICs) had received HPV vaccination programs compared with less than 80% of high-income countries [8]. In Iran, this viral infection and its resultant disease has also been reported and nation-wide screening program has been performed since 1980s. In the present study, out of 676 study cases, 97.8% had normal epithelial cell and 46.45 percent cases had normal cervix examination. Only 2.2% of our patients suffered from signs related to epithelial cell abnormality.

According to Majidi et al. (2016) incidence of cervical cancer is low in Iran [9]. Crosbie et al. (2013) estimated average prevalence rate of cervical infection with HPV at a given point, and at any time is about 10·4%, with higher prevalence rate (16·9%) in women younger than 25 years. [2]. In contrast to Crosbie et al s findings, our findings indicate a lower incidence rate as our patients are chosen from low-risk population i.e. almost all are of ASCUS type. In Iran, like many other countries, routine screening for cervical cancer is based on the microscopic examination of smears collected from the cervical mucosa, performed by conventional Pap smear test. Screening by cervical cytology in United States in the mid20th century reduced mortality from squamous cell cervical cancer [10]. More so, it led to increased number of women being identified with HPV-negative, ASCUS-cytology results [11], as is the case in the present study. Whilst cervical cancer, once the most frequent cause of cancer death in women, now ranks 14th for cancer deaths [11]. High-quality screening with cytology (Pap testing) has markedly reduced mortality from squamous cell cervical cancer, which comprises 80–90% of cervical cancers [9-11].

Screening interval that varies between countries, is an important issue. Cervical screening is performed every 3 years in the United States, New Zealand, and Norway, while its interval is 5 years in Denmark, Finland, and the Netherlands [12]. In Iran, annual cervical cancer screening program was performed for age range of 20 to 65 years. Since 2017, it changed to 3 year intervals for women at the age of 30 to 59, following three consecutive normal results. Sawaya and Smith-McCune (2007) suggested that molecular DNA test performed for HPV diagnosis every 10 years for women at the age of 35 years and more is preferred as DNA HPV test is a novel and effective screening method [13]. There is no doubt that such screening programs reduce the incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer, globally [13].

Starting age of screening also varies in different countries. Screening starts at the age of 25 in United Kingdom, France, Italy and Portugal and at the age of 21 in the United States and Canada [12]. Cervical cancer screening in countries like Finland, Korea, the Netherlands and China begins at the age of 30 to 35 years [12]; while according to National Health service, cervical screening program is to be done every three years for women between the age of 25 - 49 years and every five years for women past 50 [14]. In spite of previous recommendation of annual or biannual cervical screening, as it seems that annual screening is of little benefit and leads to increased cost (15), some guidelines in Great Britain, recommended every three years for women under 50, and every five years for those who have passed fifty [14]. In the present study, patients' age ranged from 20 to 79 years. Based on the fact that the incidence of cervical cancer in Iran is low compared to other geographical areas, we recommend three-year interval for healthy women with no history of cytological screening.

CONCLUSIONS

Worldwide, cervical cancer is a common and deadly cancer among women. Screening programs and effective treatment of precancerous lesions are available to treat the patients. In most cases, slow progression of precancerous lesions, are accompanied by abnormal cells which are detected in Pap test. The cervical screening program using the Pap smear procedure has an influencing role in reducing the incidence and mortality rate of invasive cervical cancer in many countries, including Iran. The incidence of cervical cancer is low in Iran although its mortality is remarkable. In Iran, cervical cancer screening program was performed annually in the age range of 20 to 65 previously. Since 2017 screening is performed for women at the age of 30 to 59 at 3 year intervals after three consecutive normal results.

Conflict of interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

 Acknowledgments

Authors thank all patients who cooperated with us in publishing the data.

For more details: https://ijcimr.org/editorial-board/

[evaymarcelo]

Y si, estamos embarazados.

Un día Eva me dice que tiene una noticia para mí, y me dice que está el test le dio positivo. A los dos días, las indicaciones del Obstetra ( chatgpt) .

English

Obstetrician: "Based on the information provided and assuming conception occurred exactly one month ago, the Estimated Due Date (EDD) for your pregnancy is around June 25, 2024."

Regarding the initial prenatal visit, here are the typical tests and procedures:

Medical History: We discuss your overall health, past pregnancies, medical conditions, and any medications you are taking.

Physical Examination: A general physical checkup to assess your health.

Pelvic Exam: An examination of the pelvic region to check for any abnormalities.

Pap Smear: If it's time for one, a pap smear may be performed.

Blood Pressure Measurement: Monitoring blood pressure is important during pregnancy.

Blood Tests: Initial blood tests to check for blood type, Rh factor, anemia, and diseases such as HIV and syphilis.

Urinalysis: A urine sample is analyzed for signs of kidney or urinary tract infections.

Ultrasound: In some cases, an early ultrasound may be conducted to confirm the pregnancy and estimate gestational age.

As for your upcoming appointments:

Week 12-13: Nuchal translucency screening for genetic abnormalities.

Week 16-20: Mid-pregnancy ultrasound to check the baby's development.

Week 24-28: Gestational diabetes screening and routine checkup.

Week 28-32: Regular prenatal visit to monitor your health and the baby's growth.

Week 36 and beyond: Weekly checkups to prepare for delivery.

En español

Obstetra: "Basándonos en la información proporcionada y suponiendo que la concepción ocurrió exactamente hace un mes, la Fecha Estimada de Parto (FEP) para tu embarazo es alrededor del 25 de junio de 2024."

En cuanto a la primera visita prenatal, aquí se encuentran las pruebas y procedimientos típicos:

Historial Médico: Discutimos tu salud en general, embarazos anteriores, condiciones médicas y cualquier medicamento que estés tomando.

Examen Físico: Un chequeo físico general para evaluar tu salud.

Examen Pélvico: Un examen de la región pélvica para detectar cualquier anormalidad.

Papanicolaou (Pap): Si es necesario, se podría realizar un Papanicolaou.

Medición de la Presión Arterial: Es importante controlar la presión arterial durante el embarazo.

Análisis de Sangre: Pruebas de sangre iniciales para verificar el tipo de sangre, el factor Rh, la anemia y enfermedades como el VIH y la sífilis.

Análisis de Orina: Se analiza una muestra de orina en busca de signos de infecciones renales o del tracto urinario.

Ecografía: En algunos casos, se podría realizar una ecografía temprana para confirmar el embarazo y estimar la edad gestacional.

En cuanto a tus próximas citas:

Primera Cita (Consulta Inicial):

Fecha: 25 de septiembre de 2023 (ya realizada).

Cita de las 12-13 Semanas:

Fecha: Alrededor del 16 de diciembre de 2023.

Cita de las 16-20 Semanas (Ecografía a Mitad del Embarazo):

Fecha: Alrededor del 27 de enero de 2024.

Cita de las 24-28 Semanas (Prueba de Diabetes Gestacional):

Fecha: Alrededor del 10 de marzo de 2024.

Cita de las 28-32 Semanas (Control de Rutina):

Fecha: Alrededor del 7 de abril de 2024.

Citas Semanales a Partir de la Semana 36 (Preparación para el Parto):

A partir del 5 de mayo de 2024 y cada semana hasta el parto.

[ivfrisaa]

Pap Smear Test: When, Why & How It’s Done? Know Everything

Are you looking for a Pap smear test near me? A Pap smear is a screening test that helps detect cervical cancer and other issues at an early stage. It is recommended for women aged 21 and above and especially those who are sexually active. The procedure is simple and quick. Also, it can identify precancerous changes to help you start a treatment in time. 

At RISAA IVF, we offer advanced diagnosis for every woman. Dr. Rita Bakshi, senior gynecologist ensures that everyone is comfortable and gets proper care. Today, in this blog, we are going to explain everything about the Pap smear test. We will include its procedure, before & after the test, and when you should get one.

What Is Pap Smear Test And How Is It Done?

A Pap smear test is a routine screening. It is basically used to check for cervical cancer and other issues in the cervix. This test collects a small sample of cells from the cervix by using a soft brush or spatula. Then, your doctor will examine it under a microscope for any signs of infection, inflammation, or precancerous changes. 

The test is quick and usually painless. Additionally, it plays an important role in detecting and preventing any issue early. Some also use a Pap smear test kit for home collection. However, doctor guidance is important to ensure accuracy and proper evaluation.

Let us now discuss the meaning of a Pap smear and its procedure. Continue reading to know everything about this important screening test.

Pap Smear Test Means

A Pap smear is a simple screening method which is used to detect abnormalities in women. The full form of Pap smear test is Papanicolaou Smear Test. It was named after Dr. George Papanicolaou, who developed it. It helps identify abnormal cell changes in the cervix before they become cancerous. Pap smear test in Hindi is called पैप स्मीयर परीक्षण.

Now, let’s see how you can prepare yourself if you’re going for a pap smear. We will also tell you about the whole procedure and what you can expect after this test.

How Should I Prepare for a Pap Smear?

It’s important to prepare yourself if you’re going for a pap smear test. It will ensure that you get accurate results and a comfortable experience. Here are some guidelines that you can follow, including:

Avoid vaginal activities: Avoid sex, douching, and vaginal products for at least two days before the test. They might wash away or hide abnormal cells which can affect accuracy.

Schedule wisely: Try to schedule your Pap test when you’re not on your periods. Because heavy bleeding can affect the accuracy of the results. 

Maintain normal hygiene: You can shower as usual before your appointment. However, avoid tub baths for 24 hours before the test.

Stay hydrated: You might be asked to provide a urine sample. So, it’s advisable to drink lots of water on your appointment day.

Communicate with your Doctor: Inform your doctor about any medications you’re taking or any health conditions you have.

Pap Smear Test Process

The Pap smear is a simple and quick test. It is usually painless but some women may experience slight discomfort. The entire process takes just a few minutes and is performed in a doctor’s clinic. Let’s see what are steps in this process:

Process Of Pap Smear Test

Preparation: You will lie on an exam table with your feet in stirrups. This position helps the doctor get a clear view of the cervix.

Insertion of Speculum: The doctor will gently insert a speculum into your vagina. This medical tool helps open the vaginal walls so that the cervix can be easily examined. This may feel slightly uncomfortable but it is not usually painful.

Cell Collection: Using a small soft brush or spatula, the doctor will collect a sample of cells from the cervix. This step is quick and might cause mild pressure or a slight scraping sensation.

Sample Analysis: The collected cervical cells are then sent to a laboratory where they are examined under a microscope for any abnormal changes or infections.

Results: The test results are usually available within a few days. No further action is required if the results are normal. If abnormalities are detected, your doctor may recommend follow-up tests or further evaluation.

What Should I Expect After a Pap Smear?

After a Pap smear, most women can resume their normal activities immediately. The procedure is quick and usually painless. However, some women may feel mild side effects after a pap smear. Here’s what you can expect:

Possible After-Effects:

Mild discomfort: You may feel slight cramping similar to menstrual cramps, but it should go away quickly.

Light spotting: Some women experience mild spotting or light bleeding. This is normal and should stop within a day.

Temporary sensitivity: The cervix may feel slightly irritated, but this does not require medical attention.

When to Contact a Doctor?

If you experience heavy bleeding, severe pain, or unusual discharge after the test.

If symptoms remain for more than a couple of days.

Your Pap smear results typically arrive within a few days to a few weeks. If abnormal cells are detected, your doctor may recommend further tests or monitoring.

What do Pap Smear Test Results Mean?

A Pap smear test helps to show the health of your cervix. The results generally fall into two categories, Normal and Abnormal. Let’s understand this through a table:

Result Type

Meaning

Next Steps

Normal (Negative)

No abnormal cells detected.

No further action needed until your next routine screening.

Atypical Cells

Slight cell changes, often due to infections or HPV.

May need follow-up testing to monitor changes.

Low-Grade Changes

Mild abnormalities, could be caused by HPV.

A repeat Pap test or HPV testing may be recommended.

High-Grade Changes

More significant abnormalities that may lead to cancer if untreated.

Your doctor may recommend a colposcopy or biopsy for further checks.

Precancerous or Cancerous Cells

Rare but indicates a risk of cervical cancer.

Immediate follow-up and treatment required.

How often do you need a Pap smear?

The frequency of Pap smear tests depends on your age, medical history, and risk factors. Here are the general guidelines:

Age Group

Recommended Frequency

Under 21 years

Not needed

21-29 years

Every 3 years

30-65 years

Every 3 years (Pap smear only) or every 5 years (if combined with HPV test)

65+ years

May stop if previous tests were normal and no high risk exists

Important Note: Always consult your doctor for personalized screening recommendations. You can also consult the Dr. Rita Bakshi, the best gynecologist in Delhi, for better guidance.

Cost For Pap Smear Test

The Pap Smear Test Price in India varies depending on the location, diagnostic center, and the method used. Prices can range from as low as ₹240 to ₹2,000 or more. At RISAA IVF, we provide high-quality healthcare services at patient-friendly prices. Our Pap smear test pricing is affordable. We ensure that every woman has access to essential cervical health screenings. For precise pricing details, we encourage you to contact our clinic directly.

Closing Line

In this blog, we have covered everything you need to know about the Pap smear test. We have explained its meaning, procedure, preparation, results, and importance. Regular screening helps to find cervical issues at an early stage. If you have any concerns, consulting a doctor is always recommended.  

At RISAA IVF, Dr. Rita Bakshi and her team are here to provide expert care. We ensure the best medical care for every woman. Feel free to contact us at the given number or email for any queries or appointments.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Do you need a Pap smear if not sexually active?

Yes, doctors still recommend Pap smears for women aged 21 and above, even if they are not sexually active, as cervical cancer can develop due to other factors besides sexual activity.

Does a Pap smear hurt?

A Pap smear is usually not painful, but some women may feel mild discomfort or pressure when the doctor collects the cell sample from the cervix. The procedure is quick and lasts only a few minutes.

At what age should I start getting a Pap smear?

Women should begin Pap smear tests at 21, no matter their sexual activity.

Do I need a Pap smear after menopause?

Yes, women between 50-65 should continue regular screenings unless advised otherwise by a doctor.

Can a Pap smear detect sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

No, a Pap smear doesn’t detect STIs. However, there are other tests that can be done if needed.

How long does a Pap smear test take?

The procedure takes only a few minutes to complete.

Source: https://risaaivf.com/

[drvinayakdas12]

Essential Women’s Health check-ups: When and why you need them?

Women’s health is extremely important but frequently overlooked in the chaos of daily living. Routine health screenings are important for identifying and preventing multiple health issues, making them an important part of self-care. A top gynecologist in Siliguri suggests routine check-ups to guarantee overall well-being. Neglecting this check-up can lead to undetected conditions that could escalate over time. It is crucial to understand that some health complications might now show instant symptoms, making frequent check-ups even more important. A hands-on approach to women’s health can mitigate the challenges and risk of serious health complications and foster a healthier and longer life.

The Significance of Routine Health Assessments for Women

Routine health check-ups are extremely important for maintaining perfect health and identifying potential issues early on. For women, this examination should involve screenings for diabetes, heart disease, and fertility health.  Early identification can contribute to timely interventions and mitigate more complex issues shortly. Seeking expert guidance and help from the top gynecologist in Siliguri guarantees that hormonal and reproductive health is consistently tracked, assisting women to stay on top of conditions like endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and many more. In addition, these check-ups grant an opportunity to talk about health changes and receive customized support and treatment.

When is the perfect time for women to begin Annual Gynaecological Exams?

Gynecological examinations are important for evaluating women’s reproductive health and well-being throughout their life. It is advised for women to start these exams by the age of 21 or when they become sexually active. Yearly visits to the gynecologist can assist in detecting complications such as fibroids, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), or ‘sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These assessments also encourage open dialogue regarding contraception, the menstrual cycle, and any concerns related to fertility. On-time intervention and regular monitoring are essential to secure reproductive well-being.

Breast Cancer Check-up Why it is Important for Women over 40?

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women, but when identified at an early stage, it can be addressed more efficiently. Women over 40 must have frequent mammograms and conduct self-assessments to identify early signs and symptoms of breast cancer. The best gynecologist in Siliguri can offer tailored guidance and support on the right time to start assessments based on risk factors and family medical history. In conjunction with mammograms, a gynecologist might advise for MRI scans and ultrasound screenings, if an individual has high-density breast tissue or other contributing factors. Timely identification can considerably enhance results, making regular assessment an essential part of the healthcare routine.

The Role of Pap Smears in Avoiding Cervical Cancer

Pap smears also known as the Papanicolaou test, is a process that detects cervical cancer and other complications in the cervix. It is a vital resource in preventing cervical cancer. It is crucial for women to start getting Pap smears at the age of 21 and should continue every 3-5 years, depending on doctors’ advice. The test examines irregular cervical cells that may point to precancerous alterations or an infection like ‘Human Papillomavirus’ (HPV), which is a key cause of cervical cancer. Frequent screening by the best gynecologist in Siliguri guarantees that irregularities are addressed quickly, lowering the challenges and risk of cervical cancer. Timely identification through Pap smears can pave the way for effective treatment options and a higher possibility of successful outcomes.

Regulating Hormonal Health: Thyroid and Menopause Tests

Hormonal health is important for general wellness, and imbalances can give birth to various complications and issues, especially as women age. Thyroid disorders like hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism are common issues and can negatively impact mood, energy levels, and metabolism. Menopause, which mostly occurs in women aged 45 to 55, also brings hormonal fluctuations that can impact cardiovascular health, bone density, and emotional stability. Timely consultations with the best gynecologist in Siliguri ensure an individual has an in-depth understanding of how hormonal changes are impacting their health and overall well-being.

CONCLUSION Frequent health assessments are crucial for preserving a woman’s overall health. From yearly gynaecological assessments to breast cancer screenings and Pap smears, being proactive in maintaining your health can aid in preventing multiple serious complications. As women slowly age, it becomes even more important and compulsory to closely supervise hormonal health and other complications and changes that may arise. Consulting with a top Gynaecologist in Siliguri guarantees that the patient gets professional guidance, a tailored treatment plan, and timely detection for any health concerns.

[knick-nudiex]

A Pap smear, also known as a Papanicolaou test, is a screening procedure that examines cells from the cervix for signs of cervical cancer or precancerous conditions. 

Purpose: 

To detect early signs of cervical cancer, which is one of the most preventable cancers in women. 

To identify precancerous cell changes that can be treated before they develop into cancer. 

Procedure: 

A healthcare professional inserts a thin, cotton swab-like device (speculum) into the vagina to open it. 

A small brush is used to collect cells from the cervix and the vaginal wall. 

The cells are sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope. 

Frequency: 

The American Cancer Society recommends that women between the ages of 21 and 65 have a Pap smear every 3 years until they are 65, and then every 5 years if they have had three consecutive normal results. 

Women over 65 who have had a total hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and cervix) do not need to continue having Pap smears. 

Women with a history of abnormal Pap smears or cervical cancer may need to have Pap smears more frequently. 

Results:

Normal: The cells appear healthy and there are no signs of cancer or precancerous conditions. 

Abnormal: The cells show changes that may indicate precancerous conditions or cancer. Further testing, such as a biopsy, may be recommended. 

Benefits: 

Early detection and treatment of cervical cancer can significantly improve survival rates. 

Pap smears are a relatively inexpensive and non-invasive procedure. 

Risks: 

There are very few risks associated with Pap smears. 

Some women may experience mild discomfort or cramping during the procedure. 

Note: It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized recommendations regarding Pap smear screening based on individual factors such as age, health history, and vaccination status.

[anyu-blue]

As someone who has gone through WAY more pap smears than the average person may ever have- get them. My own sisters had no idea what they are- and one is older than I am!! Here’s some of the questions they had you might have too:

Why is it called a Pap Smear?

“Pap” stands for “Papanicolaou“ - That’s just the name of the test- and the “smear” part Is because they take a swab, swipe the cervix, and then do a cell smear when it's time to run it- smear the cells onto a plate to look at under the microscope. It’s the same they do if a “blood smear” comes up in your bloodwork paperwork (usually to count for white, red, or other types of cells- including those of disease)!

Why can’t they just check my blood for HPV or cancer cells?

They can to an extent for strains of HPV and cancers, however (as stated above in this post) the dangerous cells are often few and present only at the site they’ll cause problems many years before they start causing said problems. If the cells/immune response indictive of cancer are detected in the blood at all, it’s usually far too late. Gotta check the source for early detection~

I’ve heard too many horror stories, isn’t it going to hurt?

.... Much can indeed be done to minimize your discomfort. My reproductive organs are extremely sensitive (like the rest of me), small- very small-, and twisted in on/on top of themselves to an extreme angle on the left side of my body. It’s uncomfortable as heck for me- at first. Those who have worked with me before and those that are new always adjust accordingly to minimize the impact they have on my body. They also always listen to me and my experiences to try and get a feel for how best to go about the procedure. I’m always offered the smallest tiered-opening speculum, time to adjust, warnings and explanations of what they’re doing before they do it, and an encouragement whenever I need it to stay relaxed. They will also stop at any time you tell or ask them to- as they absolutely should. -That’s the other thing!! Relax. Seriously. I know it’s super awkward with your bum out in the air and your legs awkwardly up in the stirrups, but the more you can do to let all of your muscles rest and avoid tensing, the less discomfort you will have. Trust me. As someone often asked to have a student or two in the room with me and the working professional because my body is so divergent from the norm... just breathe. It will go smoothly and you will be okay. Also, in my experience, if you can go to a dedicated OBGYN, do. It’s WAY less awkward, way MORE comfortable, and just a much better environment all around because it’s what they do.

I’ve been assaulted in the past- will they respect that?

YES. Oh my goodness, YES. Dedicated OBGYN clinics especially especially. You don’t have to give them details. You don’t even need to tell them if the event was traumatic or why you’re not comfortable for any reason. As long as you communicate as best you can overall with the staff and let them know you’re not sure or comfortable, they will listen. Some clinics even have opportunities for people to come and get comfortable with the clinic and/or tools in advance. Some will allow you to ask only one thing is done per visit or you can request all at once even if you’re not due or slated to need a specific test (like a mammograms or even a pap smear itself).  Some can even prescribe things to help you for the day of- and most will recommend what has helped them or one of their patients. This includes therapists and counselors and whatever they can to make sure you get the care that you need. Also- Yes, you can request the gender of the professional performing the exam for you. Sometimes you can request specific people in the clinic if you have a smaller range of comfort. Also also- you’re allowed to ask questions. As many as you like and/or need. About the procedures, about the body, about the clinic, ect ect ect. GO right ahead- most of the veterans have heard or seen it all (my professionals and their students, specifically, have now seen a very strange me and have that under their belts for if someone else like me ever comes in, and they have the experience to offer the best support they can to that person. You’re very likely to be pretty normal though and experience even less discomfort and awkwardness than I do because you’ll have nothing of note to have discussed- no learning curves to discover. I hope that brings you comfort).

Attn: People With Cervixes!

When was your last Pap smear?

Because I am tired of seeing young people (think 40 year olds!) die horribly of an almost completely preventable disease, and I haven't seen the obligatory Tumblr PSA about it, so I'm making my own.

1. CERVICAL CANCER IS REALLY BAD

Cancers that have a good prognosis are usually cancers that can be caught early--like skin cancer, which is easily seen, and therefore usually treated very early. Cervical cancer does not give you symptoms until you have very advanced disease, which means unless someone is regularly testing your cervix, you will likely not be diagnosed early. More than half of people diagnosed with cervical cancer present with advanced disease. 75% of them will be dead within 5 years. For comparison, when caught in the earliest stage, there is a 90% 5 year survival rate. Treatment for those diagnosed is chemo and radiation, and believe me, those are not fun. If you do happen to be in the lucky 25% of survivors, if your cancer comes back, you have an 85% chance of dying within a year. Also! We think of cancer as something that happens to old people, but the average age of diagnosis for cervical cancer is 50.

2. WHO GETS CERVICAL CANCER?

Cervical cancer used to be the most common cause of cancer-related death in women in America, but at this point it's basically a disease of People Without Pap Smears--developing countries, immigrants, low socioeconomic status, BIPOC, rural communities, LGBTQ, etc.

3. HOW DO PAP SMEARS SAVE YOUR LIFE?

A Pap smear is a screening test for two things: HPV, and your cervical cells. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. Literally half of the people in America have some strain of HPV on their body. Most HPV infections go away on their own (in people with healthy immune systems), but some strains are Very Bad, and some people are just Very Unlucky, and the HPV starts causing your cervical cells to turn cancerous. 91% of all cervical cancers are caused by HPV. So a Pap smear looks to see if your have HPV, and if so, is it one of the bad ones? And also, do you have any cancerous cells hanging about in your cervix? And! It takes 10-30 years for HPV to turn those cells into cancer, which means you have a really really long time to catch it before it becomes cancer and cut those pre-cancer cells out!

4. WHAT ABOUT THAT VACCINE?

The thing my dad said I shouldn't get because it might make me a slut. Yes! There is an HPV vaccine! You should get it! It protects you against the nine most common cancer-causing types of HPV. It's recommended starting at age 11, and you can get it up to age 45 now! (It used to be 26, but as of 2020, it's now extended.)You can get it from most primary care doctors, or from Planned Parenthood, CVS, Walgreens, etc. If you get the vaccine you still need Pap smears.

5. I HEARD YOU CAN ONLY GET THE VACCINE IF YOU'RE A VIRGIN

Fake news. While the vaccine does not treat old infections of HPV, it does prevent new ones, so while the benefits are theoretically decreased in those who have already been sexually active, it does not mean you will not benefit from having it!

6. WHO GETS PAP SMEARS?

Everyone with a cervix starting at age 21, until you lose your cervix or until you're 65. You should get them every 3-5 years (depending on your exact age and what test your doctor does).

7. BUT I GOT THE VACCINE

Nice! You still need Pap smears.

8. I HAD ONE AND IT WAS HORRIBLE/I'M SCARED OF THE EXAM

Talk to your doctor about this in advance! Good gynecologists (and other providers) will work with you to minimize discomfort as much as possible. They can use a small speculum and lots of gel, prescribe anti-anxiety medications to take in advance, and some people will even use numbing creams and/or laughing gas.

9. BUT I DON'T HAVE/CAN'T SEE A GYN

Most primary care physicians can do them! So do a lot of urgent care centers!

10. BUT I'M A LESBIAN

HPV can be transmitted through oral/genital contact, hand/genital, and even hand-to-hand-then-genital, so you still need Pap smears.

11. BUT I'M A VIRGIN/ASEXUAL

You still need Pap smears. HPV can be transmitted not just through penetrative sex, but also through oral/genital, hand/genital, and hand-to-hand-then-genital, and also 9% of cervical cancers are not caused by HPV.

12. BUT I'M A TRANSGENDER MAN

If your cervix was removed, then congrats! You do not need Pap smears. Otherwise, unfortunately, you are still at risk for cervical cancer and need to be screened.

13. BUT I'M A TRANSGENDER WOMAN

Neovaginas do not need Pap smears! Congrats! Consider getting the vaccine, though, to prevent spreading HPV to others.

14. BUT I'M A CIS-GENDERED MAN

Congrats! You do not need Pap smears! You should still consider the vaccine though, not only to prevent the spread of HPV to others, but also because HPV causes 50% of all penile cancers as well.

In summary: please please please go get your pap smear. Go get vaccinated. The spread of HPV can be prevented, and cervical cancer can be caught and treated before it even becomes cancer.

DON'T FEAR THE SMEAR

[nurseslabs]

Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear, cervical smear) is a safe, noninvasive cytological examination for early detection of cervical cancer. During the 1900s, cervical cancer was one of the leading cause of death among women. It was until the year 1928, where a greek physician George Nicholas Papanicolaou was able to discover the difference between normal and malignant cervical cells by viewing the samples microscopically, hence Pap smear was invented.

For women ages 30 and above, this procedure can be done in conjunction with a test on Human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted disease and primary causative agent for cervical cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends a Pap smear at least once every three years for women ages 21 to 29 who are not in a high-risk category and who have had negative results and who have had negative results from three previous Pap tests. While a Pap test and an HPV test is recommended every five years for women ages 30 to 65 years old. If a Pap smear is positive or suggests malignancy, a cervical biopsy can confirm the diagnosis.

Nurses play an important role in promoting public health awareness to inform, encourage and motivate the public in considering health screening such as pap smear. This pap smear study guide can help nurses understand their tasks and responsibilities during the procedure.

[toc]

Indications of Pap Smear

Pap smear is indicated for the following reasons:

Identify the presence of sexually transmitted disease such as human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes, chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, Actinomyces spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, and Candida spp.

Detect primary and metastatic neoplasms

Evaluate abnormal cervical changes (cervical dysplasia)

Detect condyloma, vaginal adenosis, and endometriosis

Assess hormonal function

Evaluate the patient’s response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy

Interfering Factors

These are factors or conditions that may alter the outcome of the study

Delay in fixing a specimen, allows the cells to dry therefore destroying the effectiveness of the stain and makes cytologic interpretation difficult

Improper collection site may cause rejection of the specimen. Samples for hormonal evaluation are taken from the vagina while samples for cancer screening are obtained from the vaginal fornix

Use of lubricating jelly on the speculum that may affect the viability of some organisms

Specimen collection during normal menstruation since blood can contaminate the sample

Douching, using tampons, or having sexual intercourse within 24 hours before the exam can wash away cellular deposits

Existing vaginal infections that may interfere with hormonal cytology

Pap Smear Procedure 

Pap smear is performed by a practitioner and takes approximately about 5 to 10 minutes. The step-by-step procedure is as follows:

The patient is positioned. The client is assisted in a supine, dorsal lithotomy position with feet in stirrups.

A speculum is inserted. The practitioner puts on gloves and inserts an unlubricated plastic or metal speculum into the vagina and is opened gently to spread apart the vagina to access the cervix. The speculum may be moistened with saline solution or warm water to make insertion easier.

Cervical and vaginal specimens collection. After positioning the speculum, specimen from the vagina and cervix are taken. A cytobrush is inserted inside the cervix and rolls it firmly into the endocervical canal. The brush is then rotated one turn and removed. A plastic or wooden spatula is utilized to scrape the outer opening of the cervix and vaginal wall.

Collection technique (Using the conventional collection). The specimen from the brush and spatula is wiped on the slide and fixed immediately by immersing the slide in equal parts of 95% ethanol or by using a spray fixative.

Collection technique (Using the ThinPrep collection). The brush and spatula are immediately immersed in a ThinPrep solution with a swirling motion to release the material. The brush and spatula are then removed from the solution and the bottle lid is replaced and secured.

Label the specimen The slides are properly labeled with the patient’s name, age, initials of the health care provider collecting the specimen, date, and time of collection.

Specimens are sent to the laboratory The specimens are transported to the laboratory for cytologic analysis.

Bimanual examination may follow. After the removal of the speculum, a bimanual examination may be performed wherein the health care provider will insert two fingers of one hand inside the vaginal canal to feel the uterus and ovaries with the other hand on top of the abdomen.

Nursing Responsibility for Pap Smear

The following are the nursing interventions and nursing care considerations for a patient indicated for Pap smear.

Before the procedure

The following are the nursing interventions prior to pap smear:

Secure patient’s consent. The test must be adequately explained and understood by the patient before a written, and informed consent is obtained.

Obtain the patient’s health history. These include parity, date of last menstrual period, surgical status, contraceptive use, history of vaginal bleeding, history of previous Pap smears, and history of radiation or chemotherapy.

Ask lists of the patient’s current medications. If a patient is taking a vaginal antibiotic, the pap smear is delayed for one month after the treatment has been completed.

Explain that Pap smear is painless. The test requires that the cervix may be scraped and may experience minimal discomfort but no pain from the insertion of the speculum.

Avoid interfering factors. Having sexual intercourse within 24 hours, douching within 48 hours, using a tampon, or applying vaginal creams or lotions is avoided before the test since it can wash away cellular deposits and change the ph of the vagina.

Empty the bladder. Pap smear involves the insertion of the speculum into the vagina and could press down the lower abdomen.

After the procedure

The nurse should note the following nursing interventions after pap smear:

Cleanse the perineal area. Secretions or excess lubricant from the vagina are removed and cleansed.

Provide a sanitary pad. Slight spotting may occur after the pap smear.

Provide information about the recommended frequency of screening. The American Cancer Society recommends screening every three years for women aged 21 to 29 years old and co-testing for HPV and cytological screening every five years for women aged 30 to 65 years old.

Answer any questions or fears by the patient or family. Anxiety related with the pending test results may occur. Discussion of the implications of abnormal test results on the patient’s lifestyle may be provided to the patient.

Results

Normal findings in a Pap smear will indicate a negative result which means that no abnormal, malignant cells or atypical cells are found. While a positive result signifies that there are abnormal or unusual cells discovered, it is not synonymous to having cervical cancer.

The Bethesda System (TBS) is the current method for interpreting cervical cytology and it includes the following components.

1. Adequacy of specimen

Satisfactory for evaluation: Describe the presence or absence of endocervical transformation zone component and other quality indicators such as partially obscuring blood, inflammation.

Unsatisfactory for evaluation: Specimen is rejected (specify reason) or the specimen is processed and examined but unsatisfactory for evaluation of epithelial abnormalities (specify reason)

2. Interpretation/result

Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy

Showing evidence of organism causing infection:

Trichomonas vaginalis; fungal organisms morphologically consistent with Candida spp.; a shift in flora indicative of bacterial vaginosis (coccobacillus); bacteria consistent with Actinomyces spp.; cellular changes consistent with herpes simplex virus.

Other non-neoplastic findings:

Reactive cellular changes related to inflammation (includes repair), radiation, intrauterine device use, atrophy, glandular cell status after hysterectomy.

Epithelial cell abnormalities

Squamous cell abnormalities

Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H):

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) encompassing HPV, mild dysplasia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) grade 1

High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) encompassing moderate and severe dysplasia, CIS/CIN grade 2 and CIN grade 3 with features suspicious for invasion (If invasion is suspected).

Squamous cell carcinoma: indicate the presence of cancerous cells.

Glandular cell

Atypical glandular cells (not otherwise specify)

Atypical glandular cells, favor neoplastic (not otherwise specify)

Endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ

Adenocarcinoma

Others

Endometrial cells (in woman >=40 years of age)

Gallery

Related images to help you understand pap smear better.

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References and Sources

Additional resources and references for the Pap Smear study guide:

Adele Pillitteri. Maternal and Child Health Nursing:Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Anne M. Van Leeuwen, Mickey Lynn Bladh. Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests with Nursing Implications: Davis’s

Solomon, D., Davey, D., Kurman, R., Moriarty, A., O’connor, D., Prey, M., … & Young, N. (2002). The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. Jama, 287(16), 2114-2119. [Link]

Suzanne C. Smeltzer. Brunner & Suddarth’s Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Pap Smear Nursing Care Planning and Responsibilities – Diagnostic and Procedure

Pap Smear (Papanicolaou Smear) Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear, cervical smear) is a safe, noninvasive cytological examination for early detection of cervical cancer.

[i-was-today-years-old-when]

i learned that Andromachi Papanicolaou, the wife of the man who invented the Pap smear volunteered to have her cervix sampled every day for 21 years to help with his research. Their findings went on to save the lives of millions of women by preventing the development of cervical cancer through early detection (x)

[killed-by-choice]

“Georgia Roe,” 27 (USA 1975)

In 1975, a 27-year-old who was later given the name “Georgia” after her state underwent an abortion at 10 weeks pregnant.

Georgia’s medical history was noted in a later case report. At the age of 8, she had surgery for severe pectus excavatum. Her heart had stopped for 20 minutes, but circulation was maintained and she had no further issues noted until age 20, when possible cardiac enlargement and/or pulmonary edema was noted. A brief course of treatment relieved her and she was noted to have been living a “normal life”.

But at the age of 27, she underwent a hysterectomy abortion (removing the uterus with the fetus still inside) at 10 weeks pregnant.

It is possible that Georgia thought that the abortion would preserve her health. At some point after having three uneventful and healthy births, she had started experiencing pelvic pain, which was identified as chronic cervicitis. At the time of the abortion, she’d had a class 3 Pap smear* and a cervical biopsy showed atypical squamous metaplasia**.

It is also possible that she had the abortion because she just didn’t want another child. She had already given birth to three babies, each one born full-term with no complications from the pregnancy or birth. The reason for the abortion remains unknown.

In the recovery room, Georgia had an occasionally irregular heartbeat and ST depression was noted. Another EKG 2 days later showed "possibly a little more" ST depression. Despite this, the hospital released her after 5 days and did not have her see a doctor for a follow-up.

Georgia’s family members reported that in her last few weeks alive, she suffered from continuous vaginal bleeding. Despite her alarming symptoms and her medical history, Georgia still was not given any follow-up medical treatment.

5 weeks after the abortion, Georgia was in her car on the way to a relative’s funeral. When she got out of the car, she suddenly collapsed and died.

A doctor who had occasionally seen Georgia during her life but had not seen or treated her at any point after the abortion listed her cause of death as “coronary occlusion”, but no autopsy was ever performed.

Georgia was 1 out of 10 known deaths in the state of Georgia to happen to a client who had recently had a legal abortion in 1975. Due to a voluntary and largely ineffective reporting system, it is unknown how many more cases go unreported.

* The now-obsolete class system for papanicolaou smear testing marked the results as a class 3. This means that abnormal cells were detected, but it doesn’t confirm the presence of a dangerous problem and cells marked as class 3 will sometimes become normal again without any treatment at all. The biopsy may have been ordered after the results came back.

** Atypical squamous metaplasia can be precancerous or fully benign. It can come from a virus, hormonal conditions, polyps, menopause and more. It does not necessarily mean that the patient has or will develop cancer, but follow-up testing is usually in order.

[cripple-punk-dad]

Here took me literally five minutes. There is no mention of transgender people here, they just decided that cis women who have sex with cis women and cis women who have sex with cis women and cis men should be in the same article because of the overlap of those groups and the overlapping risks there of. I won't deny that there is a lack of research done on sexual health for queer folks but don't blame that on trans people and inclusive terminology, because guess what? most medical studies don't use inclusive terminology in the first place.

Image id: A screenshot of the CDC website that reads "HPV can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, and sexual transmission of HPV likely occurs between WSW (301–303). HPV DNA has been detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based methods from the cervix, vagina, and vulva among 13%–30% of WSW (301,302) and can persist on fomites, including sex toys (304). Among WSW who report no lifetime history of sex with men, 26% had antibodies to HPV-16, and 42% had antibodies to HPV-6 (301). High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) have been detected on Papanicolaou smears (Pap tests) among WSW who reported no previous sex with men (301,302). WSWM are at risk for acquiring HPV" end ID.

Thinking about how hard it was to get accurate sex ed info for lesbians when I first came out and how much harder it is now that lesbian is a meaningless word. I want to know if I only have sex with women (no TIMs) what my actual risk of certain stds, especially hpv, is but there are almost no studies that looks at women who only have sex with women and now I have to use word salad “vulva haver having sexual encounters that don’t involve a penis” or whatever.

[aspiradiagnostic]

What exactly is a Pap smear?

A Pap smear is a test for women that may aid in the detection of cervical cancer. Cells are taken from the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that exits into the vagina, during the procedure. The cells are examined for malignancy or indicators that they may develop into cancer. These are known as precancerous cells. Cervical cancer may be prevented by detecting and treating precancerous cells. The Pap smear is a reliable method of detecting cancer early on, when it is most treatable.

A Pap smear is also known as a Pap test, cervical cytology, Papanicolaou test, Pap smear test, and vaginal smear procedure.

If you are looking for a diagnostic center, Visit Aspira Pathlab & Diagnostics Limited one of the best Diagnostic centre in Mumbai.

[ihearthisto]

🦖 Dinosmear 🦖

A rare sighting of the rawrsome Papanicolaous Rex!

i♡histo

The cells in this image are the squamous epithelial cells that line the region of the ectocervix the region of the hole (os) in the cervix where it protrudes into the vagina.

Doctors obtain these cells by scraping the cervix. The cells are then smeared onto a slide and stained with the Papanicolaou stain during the pap smear. Cytologists examine the cells for any signs of abnormal morphology that could be an indicator of cervical cancer or other pathology.

Image based on the original by @mik__e [Insta]

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Analysis of the Excess of Papanicolaou Tests in Brazil from 2006 to 2015

[Image description: Papanicolaou tests collected per year in Brazil, by Federative unit.]

Objective

To analyze the quantity of cervical smears, also designated Papanicolaou tests, between 2006 and 2015 in all the Federal units of Brazil, as well as to verify the quantity of exams collected outside the recommended age range and the economic impact of such excess.

Methods

The data was collected from the Ministry of Health’s database called Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo de Útero (SISCOLO), which contains all the test results collected nationwide by the Unified Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym). From that, the number of exams and the age range of thewomen who underwent them were analyzed; besides, these numbers were stratified according to the state of where the exam was performed. The quantity of exams collected outside the recommended age range was verified, and, so, the economic impact generated was noted.

Results

Between 2006 and 2015, 87,425,549 Papanicolaou tests were collected in Brazil. Of these, 20,215,052 testswere collected outside the age range recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health; this number corresponded to 23.12% of all exams. From such data, considering that each Pap smear collected by SUS generates a cost of BRL 7.30 to the government, according to the information in the Tabela SUS dated September 2018, there was a total charge of BRL 147,569,880 for tests collected outside the protocol.

Conclusion

In Brazil, according to the Ministry of Health’s protocol about the recommended practices on collecting Pap smears, whose newest edition dates of 2016, it is recommended that Pap smears are collected inwomen from a specific age range, inwhom the potential diagnosing advantages overcome the onus of overdiagnosis or of a lesion with great regression potential. However, such protocols have not been correctly followed, promoting more than 20 million tests in excess, and an exorbitant cost for the Brazilian public health system. It is relevant to take measures to correctly use the official protocol, reducing the patients risks, as well as the economic impact for SUS.

Read the paper.

[neige-leblanche]

doxxing myself as working at a clinic w a lot of spanish speaking patients by full government naming the papanicolaou smear test

who is papa nicolaou and what does he want up there